marine anthropogenic litter · furthermore, the ocean sustains nearly half of the global primary...
TRANSCRIPT
-
Mar
ine
Anth
ropo
geni
c Lit
ter
Mela
nie B
ergm
ann
Lars
Guto
wM
ichae
l Klag
es
Editors
Mar
ine
Ant
hrop
ogen
ic L
itter
-
Mel
anie
Ber
gman
n · L
ars
Gut
ow
Mic
hael
Kla
ges
Edi
tors
Mar
ine
Ant
hrop
ogen
ic L
itter
Edi
tors
Mel
anie
Ber
gman
nH
GF-
MPG
Gro
up f
or D
eep-
Sea
Eco
logy
an
d Te
chno
logy
A
lfre
d-W
egen
er-I
nstit
ut
Hel
mho
ltz-Z
entr
um f
ür P
olar
- un
d M
eere
sfor
schu
ngB
rem
erha
ven
Ger
man
y
Lar
s G
utow
Bio
scie
nces
| Fu
nctio
nal E
colo
gy
Alf
red-
Weg
ener
-Ins
titut
H
elm
holtz
-Zen
trum
für
Pol
ar-
und
Mee
resf
orsc
hung
Bre
mer
have
nG
erm
any
ISB
N 9
78-3
-319
-165
09-7
IS
BN
978
-3-3
19-1
6510
-3
(eB
ook)
DO
I 10
.100
7/97
8-3-
319-
1651
0-3
Lib
rary
of
Con
gres
s C
ontr
ol N
umbe
r: 2
0159
3521
5
Spri
nger
Cha
m H
eide
lber
g N
ew Y
ork
Dor
drec
ht L
ondo
n©
The
Edi
tor(
s) (
if a
pplic
able
) an
d T
he A
utho
r(s)
201
5. T
he b
ook
is p
ublis
hed
with
ope
n ac
cess
at
Spri
nger
Lin
k.co
m.
Ope
n A
cces
s T
his
book
is
dist
ribu
ted
unde
r th
e te
rms
of t
he C
reat
ive
Com
mon
s A
ttrib
utio
n N
on-
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mer
cial
Lic
ense
, w
hich
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mits
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non
com
mer
cial
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stri
butio
n, a
nd r
epro
duct
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in a
ny
med
ium
, pro
vide
d th
e or
igin
al a
utho
r(s)
and
sou
rce
are
cred
ited.
All
com
mer
cial
rig
hts
are
rese
rved
by
the
Publ
ishe
r, w
heth
er t
he w
hole
or
part
of
the
mat
eria
l is
co
ncer
ned,
spe
cific
ally
the
righ
ts o
f tra
nsla
tion,
repr
intin
g, re
use
of il
lust
ratio
ns, r
ecita
tion,
bro
adca
stin
g,
repr
oduc
tion
on m
icro
film
s or
in
any
othe
r ph
ysic
al w
ay,
and
tran
smis
sion
or
info
rmat
ion
stor
age
and
retr
ieva
l, el
ectr
onic
ada
ptat
ion,
com
pute
r so
ftw
are,
or
by s
imila
r or
dis
sim
ilar
met
hodo
logy
now
kno
wn
or h
erea
fter
dev
elop
ed.
The
use
of g
ener
al d
escr
iptiv
e na
mes
, reg
iste
red
nam
es, t
rade
mar
ks, s
ervi
ce m
arks
, etc
. in
this
pub
licat
ion
does
not
impl
y, e
ven
in th
e ab
senc
e of
a s
peci
fic s
tate
men
t, th
at s
uch
nam
es a
re e
xem
pt fr
om th
e re
leva
nt
prot
ectiv
e la
ws
and
regu
latio
ns a
nd th
eref
ore
free
for
gen
eral
use
.T
he p
ublis
her,
the
auth
ors
and
the
edito
rs a
re s
afe
to a
ssum
e th
at th
e ad
vice
and
info
rmat
ion
in th
is b
ook
are
belie
ved
to b
e tr
ue a
nd a
ccur
ate
at th
e da
te o
f pub
licat
ion.
Nei
ther
the
publ
ishe
r nor
the
auth
ors
or th
e ed
itors
giv
e a
war
rant
y, e
xpre
ss o
r im
plie
d, w
ith re
spec
t to
the
mat
eria
l con
tain
ed h
erei
n or
for a
ny e
rror
s or
om
issi
ons
that
may
hav
e be
en m
ade.
Mic
hael
Kla
ges
Sven
Lov
én C
entr
e fo
r M
arin
e Sc
ienc
esU
nive
rsity
of
Got
henb
urg
Fisk
ebäc
kski
lSw
eden
Thi
s pu
blic
atio
n is
Epr
int
ID 3
7207
of
the
Alf
red-
Weg
ener
-Ins
titut
Hel
mho
ltz-Z
entr
um f
ür P
olar
- un
d M
eere
sfor
schu
ng.
Perm
issi
on f
or p
hoto
on
cove
r: C
rab
Paro
mol
a cu
vier
i w
alki
ng o
ver
plas
tic l
itter
at
a de
ep-w
ater
cor
al
reef
off
San
ta M
aria
di
Leu
ca (
582
m d
epth
), I
taly
. A
lso
show
n: t
he c
oral
Mad
repo
ra o
cula
ta a
nd a
sp
onge
car
ried
by
the
fifth
per
eiop
ods
of th
e cr
ab a
s a
defe
nce.
The
imag
e w
as r
ecor
ded
duri
ng d
ive
728
of t
he r
emot
ely
oper
ated
veh
icle
QU
EST
(M
AR
UM
, B
rem
en U
nive
rsity
). R
epri
nted
with
per
mis
sion
fr
om A
. Fr
eiw
ald,
L.
Beu
ck, A
. R
ügge
berg
, M
. Ta
vian
i, D
. H
ebbe
ln,
and
R/V
Met
eor
Cru
ise
M70
-1
Part
icip
ants
. 20
09.
The
whi
te c
oral
com
mun
ity i
n th
e ce
ntra
l M
edite
rran
ean
Sea
reve
aled
by
RO
V
surv
eys.
Oce
anog
raph
y 22
(1):
58–7
4, h
ttp://
dx.d
oi.o
rg/1
0.56
70/o
cean
og.2
009.
06.
Prin
ted
on a
cid-
free
pap
er
Spri
nger
Int
erna
tiona
l Pub
lishi
ng A
G S
witz
erla
nd is
par
t of
Spri
nger
Sci
ence
+B
usin
ess
Med
ia
(ww
w.s
prin
ger.c
om)
-
For
Ros
a, F
rida
and
Pie
t.
vii
For
ewor
d
Synt
hetic
pol
ymer
s, c
omm
only
kno
wn
as p
last
ics,
hav
e m
ade
them
selv
es a
per
ma-
nent
par
t of
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
for
the
first
tim
e in
the
lon
g hi
stor
y of
pla
ne-
tary
sea
s. N
o se
dim
ent o
r ic
e co
re w
ill r
evea
l anc
ient
dep
osits
of
thes
e m
ater
ials
or
the
biol
ogic
al c
onse
quen
ces
asso
ciat
ed w
ith h
igh
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f sy
nthe
tic p
oly-
mer
s in
the
plan
et’s
pre
hist
oric
oce
an. H
owev
er, c
urre
nt ic
e an
d se
dim
ent c
ores
do
reve
al a
n ab
unda
nce
of th
is m
ater
ial.
Onl
y a
broa
d co
mbi
natio
n of
trad
ition
al fi
elds
of
sci
entifi
c in
quir
y is
ade
quat
e to
unc
over
the
eff
ects
of
this
new
pol
luta
nt, a
nd i
t se
ems
a pi
ty t
hat
a fie
ld o
f st
udy,
rat
her
than
spr
ingi
ng f
rom
ins
ight
s in
to n
atur
al
phen
omen
a, a
rise
s fr
om n
ew w
ays
that
nat
ural
phe
nom
ena
are
com
prom
ised
.R
epor
ts o
f pl
astic
s in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent b
egan
to a
ppea
r in
the
earl
y 19
70s.
A
t the
tim
e, E
dwar
d C
arpe
nter
of
the
Woo
ds H
ole
Oce
anog
raph
ic I
nstit
utio
n sp
ecu-
late
d th
at t
he p
robl
em w
as l
ikel
y to
get
wor
se a
nd t
hat
toxi
c, n
on-p
olym
eric
com
-po
unds
in
plas
tics
know
n as
pla
stic
izer
s co
uld
be d
eliv
ered
to
mar
ine
orga
nism
s as
a
pote
ntia
l ef
fect
. Car
pent
er’s
spe
cula
tions
wer
e co
rrec
t an
d pr
obab
ly m
ore
so t
han
he i
mag
ined
. T
he q
uant
ity o
f pl
astic
s in
oce
an w
ater
s ha
s in
crea
sed
enor
mou
sly,
an
d to
xic
plas
tic a
dditi
ves,
as
wel
l as
tox
ican
ts c
once
ntra
ted
by p
last
ics
from
the
su
rrou
ndin
g se
a w
ater
, hav
e be
en d
ocum
ente
d in
man
y m
arin
e sp
ecie
s.T
he r
apid
exp
ansi
on o
f th
e us
e of
syn
thet
ic p
olym
ers
over
the
las
t ha
lf c
entu
ry
has
been
suc
h th
at t
he c
hara
cter
izat
ion
of t
he c
urre
nt e
ra a
s th
e “A
ge o
f Pl
astic
s”,
seem
s ap
prop
riat
e. T
here
is
no r
eal
mys
tery
as
to w
hy p
last
ics
have
bec
ome
the
pred
omin
ant
mat
eria
l of
the
cur
rent
epo
ch.
The
use
val
ue o
f th
e m
ater
ial
is t
ruly
su
rpri
sing
. It
can
sub
stitu
te f
or n
earl
y ev
ery
trad
ition
al m
ater
ial
from
mill
iner
y to
m
etal
and
off
ers
qual
ities
unk
now
n in
nat
ural
ly o
ccur
ring
sub
stan
ces,
so
that
it
now
fee
ds a
wor
ldw
ide
indu
stry
. The
pla
stic
indu
stry
cre
ates
new
app
licat
ions
and
pr
oduc
ts w
ith g
row
th tr
endi
ng s
harp
ly u
pwar
d an
d sh
owin
g no
sig
ns o
f sl
owin
g in
th
e fo
rese
eabl
e fu
ture
. L
aser
pri
ntin
g us
ing
plas
tic “
ink”
will
gua
rant
ee e
xpan
ded
use
of p
olym
eric
fee
dsto
cks.
Alth
ough
the
maj
ority
of
plas
tics
prod
uced
tod
ay u
se p
etro
leum
res
ourc
es
whi
ch a
re fi
nite
, th
e ca
rbon
bac
kbon
e of
syn
thet
ic p
olym
ers
can
be f
ashi
oned
fr
om s
witc
hgra
ss,
soya
bea
ns,
corn
, su
gar
cane
or
othe
r re
new
able
res
ourc
es—
pric
e al
one
dete
rmin
es i
ndus
try’
s pr
efer
ence
. The
fac
t th
at s
ynth
etic
pol
ymer
s ca
n
-
Fore
wor
dvi
ii
be m
ade
from
row
cro
ps (
so-c
alle
d bi
opol
ymer
s) n
eed
have
not
hing
to
do w
ith
thei
r bi
odeg
rada
bilit
y. O
lefin
s ar
e st
ill o
lefin
s an
d ac
ryla
tes
are
still
acr
ylat
es, a
nd
beha
ve l
ike
thei
r pe
trol
eum
-fab
rica
ted
coun
terp
arts
. Fur
ther
mor
e, b
iode
grad
abili
ty
stan
dard
s ar
e no
t ap
plic
able
in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
and
mar
ine
degr
adab
ility
re
quir
es a
sep
arat
e st
anda
rd.
Mar
ine
degr
adab
le p
last
ics
have
a n
eglig
ible
mar
ket
shar
e an
d ar
e no
t poi
sed
to m
ake
head
way
into
the
cons
umer
pla
stic
s m
arke
t at t
he
pres
ent t
ime.
The
dif
ficul
ty o
f re
cycl
ing
plas
tics
has
mad
e th
eir
profi
tabl
e re
cove
ry
a pr
oble
m,
whi
ch i
n tu
rn r
esul
ts i
n fa
ilure
to
prov
ide
take
-bac
k in
fras
truc
ture
and
re
sults
in a
ccel
erat
ed p
ollu
tion.
Giv
en t
he p
rolif
erat
ion
of p
last
ics
into
all
sphe
res
of h
uman
act
ivity
, an
d th
eir
incr
easi
ng u
se v
alue
in th
e de
velo
ping
wor
ld, t
he p
heno
men
a as
soci
ated
with
pla
s-tic
pol
lutio
n of
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
will
con
tinue
to
mer
it sc
ient
ific
inve
sti-
gatio
n. T
hese
stu
dies
, ho
wev
er,
are
ham
pere
d by
the
lac
k of
bas
ic g
eosp
atia
l an
d qu
antit
ativ
e da
ta.
Est
imat
es a
boun
d ba
sed
on l
imite
d sa
mpl
ing
and
mod
elin
g, b
ut
the
ocea
n is
the
big
gest
hab
itat
on t
he p
lane
t by
far
and
kno
wle
dge
of i
ts p
las-
tic p
ollu
tion
will
req
uire
new
met
hods
of
data
acq
uisi
tion.
The
rol
e of
citi
zens
in
the
mon
itori
ng o
f pl
astic
pol
lutio
n w
ill i
ncre
ase
in t
he c
omin
g ye
ars,
and
the
tru
ly
“big
” da
ta th
ey d
ocum
ent m
ust b
ecom
e pa
rt o
f th
e sc
ienc
e of
pla
stic
pol
lutio
n. F
or
the
pres
ent,
it is
for
tuna
te t
hat
a fe
w p
ione
erin
g sc
ient
ists
aro
und
the
wor
ld a
re
enga
ged
in a
ttem
ptin
g to
und
erst
and
the
cons
eque
nces
of
the
plag
ue o
f pl
astic
that
co
ntam
inat
es o
ur p
reci
ous
ocea
n.
Lon
g B
each
Cap
tain
Cha
rles
Jam
es M
oore
http
://w
ww
.alg
alita
.org
ix
Pre
face
The
oce
an i
s of
em
inen
t im
port
ance
to
man
kind
. Tw
enty
-thr
ee p
er c
ent
of t
he
wor
ld’s
pop
ulat
ion
(~1.
2 bi
llion
peo
ple)
liv
e w
ithin
100
km
of
the
coas
t (S
mal
l an
d N
icho
lls 2
003)
, a
figur
e, w
hich
is
likel
y to
ris
e up
to
50 %
by
2030
(A
dger
et
al.
2005
). F
urth
erm
ore,
the
ocea
n su
stai
ns n
earl
y ha
lf o
f th
e gl
obal
pri
mar
y pr
o-du
ctio
n (F
ield
et a
l. 19
98),
a g
reat
sha
re o
f w
hich
fue
ls g
loba
l fish
erie
s (P
auly
and
C
hris
tens
en 1
995)
. T
he m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t ho
sts
a su
bsta
ntia
l bi
odiv
ersi
ty,
and
tour
ism
is
an i
mpo
rtan
t an
d co
nsta
ntly
gro
win
g ec
onom
ic s
ecto
r fo
r m
any
coas
tal
coun
trie
s. A
lthou
gh h
uman
wel
fare
is in
tric
atel
y lin
ked
with
the
sea
and
its n
atur
al
reso
urce
s, p
eopl
e ha
ve s
ubst
antia
lly a
ltere
d th
e fa
ce o
f th
e oc
ean
with
in o
nly
a fe
w
cent
urie
s. F
ishe
ries
, po
llutio
n, e
utro
phic
atio
n, d
eep-
sea
hydr
ocar
bon
expl
orat
ion,
oc
ean
acid
ifica
tion
and
glob
al o
cean
war
min
g ac
com
pani
ed b
y se
a-le
vel
rise
as
a co
nseq
uenc
e of
rap
id g
laci
er m
eltin
g an
d th
erm
al e
xpan
sion
of
sea
wat
er (
IPC
C
2014
) ar
e pr
omin
ent
exam
ples
of
man
-mad
e pr
essu
res
exer
ted
on t
he o
cean
s w
ith
seve
re e
colo
gica
l an
d so
cio-
econ
omic
rep
ercu
ssio
ns. A
s a
resu
lt, m
arin
e en
viro
n-m
enta
l pr
otec
tion
and
man
agem
ent
have
bec
ome
inte
gral
pol
itica
l an
d so
ciet
al
issu
es i
n m
any
coun
trie
s w
orld
wid
e. H
owev
er,
effe
ctiv
e en
viro
nmen
tal
man
age-
men
t re
quir
es a
pro
per
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
eco
logi
cal
impl
icat
ions
of
hum
an
activ
ities
an
d sh
ould
, th
eref
ore,
be
ac
com
pani
ed
by
soun
d m
ultid
isci
plin
ary
rese
arch
, sci
entifi
c ad
vice
, edu
catio
n an
d pu
blic
out
reac
h.In
rec
ent
deca
des,
the
pol
lutio
n of
the
oce
ans
by a
nthr
opog
enic
litt
er h
as b
een
reco
gniz
ed a
s a
seri
ous
glob
al e
nvir
onm
enta
l co
ncer
n. M
arin
e lit
ter
is d
efine
d as
“a
ny p
ersi
sten
t, m
anuf
actu
red
or p
roce
ssed
sol
id m
ater
ial
disc
arde
d, d
ispo
sed
of
or a
band
oned
in th
e m
arin
e an
d co
asta
l env
iron
men
t” (
UN
EP
2009
). S
ince
its
first
m
entio
n in
the
scie
ntifi
c lit
erat
ure
in th
e 19
60s,
res
earc
h ef
fort
s ad
dres
sing
mar
ine
litte
r ha
ve c
onst
antly
gro
wn
as h
as t
he a
mou
nt o
f lit
ter
in t
he o
cean
s. M
any
stud
-ie
s ha
ve s
how
n th
at i
t co
nsis
ts p
rim
arily
of
plas
tics
with
a c
ontin
uous
ly i
ncre
as-
ing
glob
al a
nnua
l pr
oduc
tion
of 2
99 m
illio
n t
(Pla
stic
sEur
ope
2015
). I
t ha
s be
en
estim
ated
tha
t 10
% o
f al
l pl
astic
deb
ris
ends
up
in t
he o
cean
s (T
hom
pson
200
6),
and
Bar
nes
(200
5) s
ugge
sted
tha
t th
e 19
82 fi
gure
of
8 m
illio
n lit
ter
item
s en
teri
ng
the
ocea
ns e
very
day
pro
babl
y ne
eds
to b
e m
ultip
lied
seve
ral
fold
. E
riks
en e
t al
. (2
014)
est
imat
e a
min
imum
of
5.25
trill
ion
plas
tic p
artic
les
wei
ghin
g 26
8,94
0 to
ns
-
Pref
ace
x afloa
t in
the
sea
, but
thi
s fig
ure
does
not
inc
lude
deb
ris
on t
he s
eaflo
or o
r be
ache
s.
The
inc
reas
ing
use
of s
ingl
e-us
e pr
oduc
ts,
unco
ntro
lled
disp
osal
of
litte
r al
ong
with
poo
r w
aste
man
agem
ent
and
recy
clin
g pr
actic
es i
s th
e m
ain
reas
on f
or t
he
accu
mul
atio
n of
litte
r in
the
sea.
Inc
reas
ing
quan
titie
s of
litte
r ar
e lo
st f
rom
mun
ic-
ipal
was
te s
trea
ms
and
ente
r th
e oc
eans
(B
arne
s et
al.
2009
). T
he u
biqu
ity o
f lit
ter
in th
e op
en o
cean
is p
rom
inen
tly il
lust
rate
d by
num
erou
s im
ages
of
float
ing
debr
is
from
the
oce
an g
arba
ge p
atch
es a
nd b
y th
e fa
ct t
hat
the
sear
ch f
or t
he m
issi
ng
Mal
aysi
a A
irlin
es fl
ight
MH
370
in M
arch
201
4 pr
oduc
ed q
uite
a f
ew m
isid
entifi
-ca
tions
cau
sed
by li
tter
float
ing
at th
e w
ater
sur
face
.Si
nce
plas
tic a
ccou
nts
for
the
maj
ority
of
litte
r ite
ms
in t
he s
ea,
the
chap
ters
of
this
boo
k pr
imar
ily f
ocus
on
plas
tic l
itter
and
its
im
plic
atio
ns f
or t
he m
arin
e en
vi-
ronm
ent.
Num
erou
s qu
antit
ativ
e re
port
s on
mar
ine
anth
ropo
geni
c lit
ter
from
var
i-ou
s pa
rts
of t
he w
orld
’s o
cean
s in
dica
te t
hat
anth
ropo
geni
c lit
ter
is u
biqu
itous
at
the
shor
es a
s w
ell a
s in
the
pela
gic
and
bent
hic
real
ms.
Glo
bal s
urve
ys r
evea
led
that
pla
s-tic
s ha
ve a
lrea
dy r
each
ed t
he s
hore
s of
the
rem
otes
t is
land
s (B
arne
s 20
05)
and
even
po
lar
wat
ers
far
off
urba
n ce
ntre
s (B
arne
s et
al.
2010
; B
ergm
ann
and
Kla
ges
2012
).
The
use
of
adva
nced
tech
nolo
gy, s
uch
as r
emot
ely
and
auto
nom
ousl
y op
erat
ed v
ehi-
cles
, re
veal
ed t
hat
anth
ropo
geni
c lit
ter
has
conq
uere
d th
e de
ep s
ea b
efor
e m
anki
nd
set e
ye u
pon
it su
gges
ting
that
the
deep
sea
floor
may
con
stitu
te th
e ul
timat
e si
nk f
or
mar
ine
litte
r (P
ham
et
al. 2
014)
. How
ever
, we
are
just
beg
inni
ng t
o un
ders
tand
how
lit
ter
actu
ally
“be
have
s” a
t se
a an
d to
ide
ntif
y th
e dr
iver
s of
the
tem
pora
l an
d th
e sp
atia
l dis
trib
utio
n of
litte
r in
the
ocea
ns. S
till,
we
have
alr
eady
sta
rted
to g
ener
ate
a m
anki
nd m
emor
y m
ade
out o
f pl
astic
in th
e w
orld
oce
an.
Mar
ine
anth
ropo
geni
c lit
ter
caus
es h
arm
to
a w
ide
rang
e of
mar
ine
biot
a.
Seab
irds
, fis
h, t
urtle
s an
d m
arin
e m
amm
als
suff
er f
rom
ent
angl
emen
t w
ith a
nd
inge
stio
n of
mar
ine
litte
r ite
ms
as i
llust
rate
d by
cou
ntle
ss p
ictu
res
of a
nim
als
inju
red
and
stra
ngle
d by
dis
card
ed fi
shin
g ge
ar i
n th
e pu
blic
med
ia.
How
ever
, w
e ha
ve o
nly
limite
d kn
owle
dge
abou
t th
e im
plic
atio
ns o
f m
arin
e lit
ter
for
the
man
y le
ss
char
ism
atic
in
vert
ebra
te
spec
ies
that
ea
sily
es
cape
pu
blic
pe
rcep
-tio
n bu
t pl
ay i
mpo
rtan
t ro
les
in m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s. A
lthou
gh a
lrea
dy m
entio
ned
in t
he l
ate
1980
s (R
yan
1988
), i
t to
ok T
hom
pson
’s t
ime
seri
es (
Tho
mps
on e
t al
. 20
04)
to r
aise
pub
lic a
war
enes
s of
the
wid
espr
ead
pres
ence
of
mic
ropl
astic
s,
whi
ch a
re u
sed
in i
ndus
tria
l pr
oduc
tion
proc
esse
s, c
osm
etic
s an
d to
othp
aste
or
gene
rate
d th
roug
h de
grad
atio
n of
lar
ger
item
s. I
ndee
d, s
ubst
antia
l co
ncen
trat
ions
of
mic
ropl
astic
s w
ere
rece
ntly
rep
orte
d fr
om r
emot
e an
d pr
esum
ably
uns
poile
d en
viro
nmen
ts s
uch
as t
he d
eep
seafl
oor
(Woo
dall
et a
l. 20
14)
and
Arc
tic s
ea i
ce,
whi
ch i
s co
nsid
ered
a h
isto
ric
glob
al s
ink
at l
east
unt
il its
pla
stic
loa
d is
rel
ease
d in
to t
he o
cean
dur
ing
the
proj
ecte
d in
crea
se o
f ic
e m
elts
(O
bbar
d et
al.
2014
).
Mic
ropl
astic
s ar
e av
aila
ble
for
inge
stio
n by
a w
ide
rang
e of
org
anis
ms,
and
the
re
are
indi
catio
ns t
hat
mic
ropl
astic
s ar
e pr
opag
ated
ove
r tr
ophi
c le
vels
of
the
mar
ine
food
web
(Fa
rrel
l an
d N
elso
n 20
13;
Setä
lä e
t al
. 20
14).
How
ever
, sc
ient
ists
hav
e on
ly r
ecen
tly s
tart
ed t
o in
vest
igat
e w
heth
er t
he c
onta
min
atio
n of
mar
ine
orga
n-is
ms
with
pla
stic
s an
d as
soci
ated
che
mic
als
is c
ausi
ng h
arm
to
ecos
yste
ms
and
hum
an h
ealth
(B
row
ne e
t al
. 20
13;
Bak
ir e
t al
. 20
14;
De
Witt
e et
al.
2014
; V
an
Cau
wen
berg
he a
nd J
anss
en 2
014)
.
Pref
ace
xi
The
acc
umul
atio
n of
litt
er a
t se
a an
d al
ong
coas
tline
s w
orld
wid
e an
d th
e m
any
open
que
stio
ns c
once
rnin
g th
e am
ount
, di
stri
butio
n an
d fa
te o
f m
arin
e lit
ter
and
pote
ntia
l im
plic
atio
ns f
or m
arin
e w
ildlif
e an
d hu
man
s ha
ve r
aise
d pu
blic
aw
aren
ess,
st
imul
ated
sci
entifi
c re
sear
ch a
nd in
itiat
ed p
oliti
cal a
ctio
n to
tack
le th
is e
nvir
onm
enta
l pr
oble
m (
UN
EP
2014
). Id
entifi
catio
n, q
uant
ifica
tion
and
sam
plin
g of
mar
ine
litte
r do
no
t nec
essa
rily
req
uire
pro
fess
iona
l sci
entifi
c sk
ills
so th
at N
GO
s as
wel
l as
com
mit-
ted
citiz
ens
and
othe
r st
akeh
olde
rs h
ave
cont
ribu
ted
subs
tant
ially
to
the
colle
ctio
n of
da
ta o
n m
arin
e lit
ter
pollu
tion
and
to t
he g
loba
l pe
rcep
tion
of t
he p
robl
em (
Ros
evel
t et
al.
2013
; And
erso
n an
d A
lfor
d 20
14; S
mith
and
Edg
ar 2
014)
. Sci
entis
ts, p
oliti
cian
s,
auth
oriti
es,
NG
Os
and
indu
stri
es h
ave
star
ted
to s
hare
kno
wle
dge
at i
nter
natio
nal
conf
eren
ces
aim
ed a
t de
velo
ping
man
ager
ial
solu
tions
. T
hese
joi
nt a
ctiv
ities
, pu
blic
aw
aren
ess
and,
fina
lly,
the
scie
ntifi
c cu
rios
ity o
f nu
mer
ous
com
mitt
ed r
esea
rche
rs
have
stim
ulat
ed a
rap
idly
inc
reas
ing
num
ber
of p
ublic
atio
ns f
rom
var
ious
sci
entifi
c di
scip
lines
in d
edic
ated
vol
umes
(C
oe a
nd R
oger
s 19
97; T
hom
pson
et a
l. 20
09).
Thi
s la
test
vol
ume
on M
arin
e A
nthr
opog
enic
Litt
er w
as in
spir
ed b
y th
e re
mar
kabl
e re
cent
pr
ogre
ss i
n m
arin
e lit
ter
rese
arch
. A l
arge
pro
port
ion
of t
he r
efer
ence
s re
view
ed i
n th
is b
ook
was
pub
lishe
d in
the
las
t th
ree
year
s de
mon
stra
ting
the
topi
calit
y of
thi
s bo
ok a
nd th
e is
sue
as a
who
le. B
ecau
se o
f th
e hi
gh d
ynam
ics
in th
is fi
eld
of r
esea
rch,
th
is v
olum
e m
ay a
lrea
dy b
e ou
tdat
ed w
hen
publ
ishe
d.T
his
book
con
sist
s of
five
maj
or s
ectio
ns. I
n th
e fir
st s
ectio
n, P
eter
Rya
n gi
ves
a hi
stor
ical
syn
opsi
s of
mar
ine
litte
r re
sear
ch s
tart
ing
from
the
firs
t m
entio
n of
flo
atin
g de
bris
in
the
fam
ous
nove
l 20
,000
Lea
gues
Und
er t
he S
ea b
y Ju
les
Ver
ne
in 1
870
but
with
a f
ocus
on
the
past
50
year
s, w
hich
hav
e se
en a
str
ong
incr
ease
in
the
pro
duct
ion
of p
last
ics.
The
rea
der
will
lea
rn a
bout
the
rap
id d
evel
opm
ent
of t
his
rese
arch
fiel
d, a
nd a
ser
ies
of i
nter
natio
nal
key
conf
eren
ces
such
as
the
“Hon
olul
u C
onfe
renc
es”,
whi
ch b
roug
ht t
oget
her
scie
ntis
ts,
envi
ronm
enta
lists
, in
dust
ry,
NG
Os
and
polic
y m
aker
s an
d fu
elle
d nu
mer
ous
publ
icat
ions
and
new
re
sear
ch a
nd m
anag
emen
t sch
emes
.T
he s
econ
d se
ctio
n of
the
boo
k ad
dres
ses
abio
tic a
spec
ts o
f m
arin
e lit
ter
pol-
lutio
n. F
ranç
ois
Gal
gani
, G
eorg
Han
ke a
nd T
hom
as M
aes
port
ray
the
abun
danc
e,
glob
al d
istr
ibut
ion
and
com
posi
tion
of m
arin
e lit
ter,
whi
ch i
llust
rate
s th
e ub
iq-
uity
of
litte
r in
the
oce
ans
from
the
urb
an c
entr
es o
f hu
man
act
ivity
to
the
Ear
th’s
re
mot
est s
ites.
Ant
hony
L. A
ndra
dy d
escr
ibes
the
phys
ical
and
che
mic
al p
roce
sses
in
volv
ed in
the
degr
adat
ion
of p
last
ics
in th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t.T
he t
hird
sec
tion
of t
he b
ook
cove
rs t
he b
iolo
gica
l an
d ec
olog
ical
im
plic
atio
ns
of m
arin
e lit
ter.
Susa
nne
Küh
n, E
lisa
L. B
ravo
Reb
olle
do a
nd J
an A
. van
Fra
neke
r su
mm
ariz
e th
e de
lete
riou
s ef
fect
s of
litt
er o
n m
arin
e w
ildlif
e. T
he a
utho
rs c
om-
pile
d an
ext
ensi
ve l
ist
of 5
80 s
peci
es,
rang
ing
from
inv
erte
brat
es t
o fis
h, t
urtle
s,
bird
s an
d m
amm
als
that
hav
e be
en s
how
n to
suf
fer
from
the
eff
ects
of
mar
ine
litte
r. To
xici
ty o
f co
ntam
inan
ts a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith m
arin
e pl
astic
deb
ris
as w
ell
as
heal
th i
mpl
icat
ions
is
desc
ribe
d by
Che
lsea
Roc
hman
who
dem
onst
rate
s th
at p
las-
tics
are
mor
e th
an a
mec
hani
c th
reat
to
mar
ine
biot
a. T
im K
iess
ling,
Lar
s G
utow
an
d M
artin
Thi
el s
how
how
mar
ine
litte
r fa
cilit
ates
the
dis
pers
al o
f m
arin
e or
gan-
ism
s, w
hich
are
cap
able
of
colo
nizi
ng l
itter
ite
ms
float
ing
at t
he s
ea s
urfa
ce.
The
au
thor
s co
mpi
led
a lis
t of
387
tax
a th
at h
ave
been
fou
nd r
aftin
g on
floa
ting
litte
r,
-
Pref
ace
xii
and
they
eva
luat
e ho
w m
arin
e lit
ter
mig
ht f
acili
tate
the
spr
ead
of i
nvas
ive
spec
ies.
T
his
may
alte
r th
e fa
ce o
f bi
odiv
ersi
ty w
ith y
et u
nkno
wn
cons
eque
nces
for
eco
sys-
tem
fun
ctio
ning
.T
he f
ourt
h se
ctio
n of
thi
s bo
ok i
s de
dica
ted
entir
ely
to t
he y
oung
but
rap
idly
ex
pand
ing
field
of
mic
ropl
astic
res
earc
h. S
ince
the
rec
ent
rise
in
publ
ic a
war
enes
s of
mic
ropl
astic
s in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent,
inte
nsiv
e re
sear
ch o
n th
is t
opic
has
yi
elde
d a
cons
ider
able
am
ount
of
impo
rtan
t sc
ient
ific
resu
lts.
Acc
ordi
ngly
, th
is
topi
c de
serv
es a
n en
tire
sect
ion,
whi
ch i
s in
trod
uced
by
a sy
nops
is o
f m
icro
plas
-tic
res
earc
h by
Ric
hard
C. T
hom
pson
. The
var
ious
pri
mar
y an
d se
cond
ary
sour
ces
of m
icro
plas
tics
and
the
path
way
s th
roug
h th
e en
viro
nmen
t to
the
bio
ta a
re o
ut-
lined
by
Mar
k A
. B
row
ne w
ho a
lso
high
light
s th
e ne
ed f
or h
ypot
hesi
s-dr
iven
ap
proa
ches
in m
icro
plas
tic r
esea
rch.
Bec
ause
of
the
smal
l siz
e an
d th
e di
vers
ity o
f pl
astic
pol
ymer
s, t
he d
etec
tion,
pro
per
iden
tifica
tion
and
quan
tifica
tion
of m
icro
-pl
astic
s ar
e ch
alle
ngin
g, w
hich
ham
pers
the
com
para
bilit
y of
res
ults
fro
m d
iffe
r-en
t st
udie
s. T
here
fore
, M
artin
G.J
. L
öder
and
Gun
nar
Ger
dts
com
pose
d a
criti
cal
appr
aisa
l of
met
hods
and
pro
cedu
res
appl
ied
in t
his
field
inc
ludi
ng a
cas
e st
udy
that
dem
onst
rate
s ho
w i
mpr
oper
met
hodo
logy
eas
ily l
eads
to
a m
isev
alua
tion
of
the
cont
amin
atio
n of
hab
itats
and
org
anis
ms.
The
glo
bal
dist
ribu
tion
and
the
envi
-ro
nmen
tal
effe
cts
of m
icro
plas
tics
are
sum
mar
ized
by
Am
y L
ushe
r. Sh
e co
mpi
led
a lis
t of
172
taxa
, whi
ch h
ave
been
fou
nd to
inge
st m
icro
plas
tics
eith
er in
the
field
(1
31)
or i
n la
bora
tory
exp
erim
ents
(46
) w
ith v
aria
ble
effe
cts
on t
he b
ehav
ior
and
heal
th s
tatu
s of
the
orga
nism
s.A
lthou
gh d
elet
erio
us e
ffec
ts o
f m
icro
plas
tics
have
bee
n de
mon
stra
ted
for
a co
nsid
erab
le n
umbe
r of
mar
ine
orga
nism
s, t
he r
ole
of t
hese
par
ticle
s as
vec
tors
fo
r ch
emic
als
from
the
env
iron
men
t to
the
org
anis
ms
is s
ubje
ct t
o in
tens
e de
bate
. A
lber
t A
. K
oelm
ans
used
a m
odel
ing
appr
oach
to
criti
cally
eva
luat
e th
e tr
ansf
er
of e
nvir
onm
enta
l co
ntam
inan
ts t
o m
arin
e or
gani
sms.
Nan
opar
ticle
s ar
e of
eve
n sm
alle
r pa
rtic
le s
ize
(<1
μm).
The
y ar
e of
par
ticul
ar c
once
rn a
s th
ey a
re m
ore
likel
y to
pas
s bi
olog
ical
mem
bran
es a
nd a
ffec
t th
e fu
nctio
ning
of
cells
inc
ludi
ng
bloo
d ce
lls a
nd p
hoto
synt
hesi
s. A
lber
t A
. K
oelm
ans,
Elle
n B
esse
ling
and
Won
J.
Shim
sum
mar
ize
wha
t lit
tle i
s kn
own
abou
t th
is l
itter
fra
ctio
n, w
hose
sig
nific
ance
in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent i
s ju
st c
omin
g to
ligh
t.T
he fi
nal
sect
ion
of t
his
book
mov
es a
way
fro
m n
atur
al s
cien
ce t
owar
ds t
he
soci
o-ec
onom
ic i
mpl
icat
ions
of
mar
ine
anth
ropo
geni
c lit
ter.
Tam
ara
S. G
allo
way
re
view
s th
e cu
rren
t kn
owle
dge
on h
ow c
hem
ical
s as
soci
ated
with
pla
stic
s m
ay
affe
ct h
uman
hea
lth. A
s to
p co
nsum
ers
of o
cean
-bas
ed f
ood
web
s, h
uman
s lik
ely
accu
mul
ate
cont
amin
ants
, w
hich
may
com
prom
ise
fecu
ndity
, re
prod
uctio
n an
d ot
her
som
atic
pro
cess
es.
The
acc
umul
atio
n of
litt
er i
n th
e oc
eans
can
be
cons
id-
ered
a r
esul
t of
mar
ket
failu
re o
n la
nd. T
he r
oot
of t
he p
robl
em i
s pr
obab
ly—
as s
o of
ten—
that
pro
duce
rs/m
anuf
actu
rers
of
good
s (p
last
ics)
are
not
eco
nom
ical
ly h
eld
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
prod
ucts
they
sel
l. St
epha
nie
New
man
, Em
ma
Wat
kins
, And
rew
Fa
rmer
, Pa
tric
k te
n B
rink
and
Jea
n-Pi
erre
Sch
wei
tzer
des
crib
e ec
onom
ic i
nstr
u-m
ents
tha
t w
ere
used
in
diff
eren
t pa
rts
of t
he w
orld
to
redu
ce l
itter
inp
uts
to t
he
sea.
Alth
ough
a n
umbe
r of
int
erna
tiona
l po
licie
s ha
ve b
een
in p
lace
for
qui
te s
ome
time
to m
anag
e th
e in
put o
f lit
ter
to th
e se
a, th
eir
shor
tcom
ings
mak
e th
em u
nlik
ely
Pref
ace
xiii
to r
esul
t in
sig
nific
ant
redu
ctio
ns o
f m
arin
e lit
ter
(Gol
d et
al.
2013
). C
hung
-Lin
g C
hen
desc
ribe
s an
d as
sess
es k
ey m
ultil
ater
al a
nd n
atio
nal
regu
lativ
e m
easu
res
with
res
pect
to
thei
r su
ffici
ency
to
tack
le m
arin
e lit
ter
pollu
tion.
Ano
ther
way
to
redu
ce th
e in
put o
f lit
ter
to th
e oc
ean
is s
uasi
on o
f ci
tizen
s an
d st
akeh
olde
rs, w
hich
re
quir
es p
ublic
aw
aren
ess
of th
e pr
oble
m th
roug
h ed
ucat
ion
and
outr
each
act
iviti
es
(Har
tley
et a
l. 20
15).
Ide
ally
, suc
h in
itiat
ives
als
o ge
nera
te d
ata
that
can
be
used
for
as
sess
men
ts o
f m
arin
e lit
ter
pollu
tion
and
dist
ribu
tion.
In
the
last
cha
pter
, Val
eria
H
idal
go-R
uz a
nd M
artin
Thi
el r
evie
w t
he p
oten
tial
of “
citiz
en s
cien
ce”
initi
ativ
es
for
supp
ortin
g re
sear
ch o
n th
is g
loba
l env
iron
men
tal i
ssue
.T
he s
olut
ion
of t
he m
arin
e lit
ter
prob
lem
req
uire
s ex
pert
ise
from
var
ious
sec
-to
rs, i
nclu
ding
indu
stri
es, s
cien
ce, p
olic
y, a
utho
ritie
s, N
GO
s an
d ci
tizen
s. W
e ho
pe
that
this
boo
k w
ill f
acili
tate
the
exch
ange
of
know
ledg
e am
ongs
t the
var
ious
act
ors
and
cont
ribu
te to
find
ing
solu
tions
to th
is c
halle
nge.
Bre
mer
have
n, F
iske
bäck
skil,
201
5 M
elan
ie B
ergm
ann
Lar
s G
utow
Mic
hael
Kla
ges
Ref
eren
ces
Adg
er,
W.
N.,
Hug
hes,
T.
P.,
Folk
e, C
., C
arpe
nter
, S.
R.,
& R
ocks
tröm
, J.
(20
05).
Soc
ial-
ecol
ogic
al r
esili
ence
to c
oast
al d
isas
ters
. Sci
ence
, 309
, 103
6–10
39.
And
erso
n, J
. A
., &
Alf
ord,
A.
B.
(201
4).
Gho
st fi
shin
g ac
tivity
in
dere
lict
blue
cra
b tr
aps
in
Lou
isia
na. M
arin
e Po
llut
ion
Bul
leti
n, 7
9, 2
61–2
67.
Bak
ir, A
., R
owla
nd, S
. J.,
& T
hom
pson
, R. C
. (20
14).
Enh
ance
d de
sorp
tion
of p
ersi
sten
t or
gani
c po
lluta
nts
from
m
icro
plas
tics
unde
r si
mul
ated
ph
ysio
logi
cal
cond
ition
s.
Env
iron
men
tal
Poll
utio
n, 1
85, 1
6–23
.B
arne
s, D
. K
. A.
(200
5).
Rem
ote
Isla
nds
reve
al r
apid
ris
e of
Sou
ther
n H
emis
pher
e, s
ea d
ebri
s.
The
Sci
enti
fic W
orld
Jou
rnal
, 5, 9
15–9
21.
Bar
nes,
D.
K. A
., G
alga
ni,
F.,
Tho
mps
on,
R.
C.,
& B
arla
z, M
. (2
009)
. Acc
umul
atio
n an
d fr
ag-
men
tatio
n of
pla
stic
deb
ris
in g
loba
l en
viro
nmen
ts. P
hilo
soph
ical
Tra
nsac
tion
s of
the
Roy
al
Soci
ety
B, 3
64, 1
985–
1998
.B
arne
s, D
. K
. A.,
Wal
ters
, A.,
& G
onça
lves
, L
. (2
010)
. M
acro
plas
tics
at s
ea a
roun
d A
ntar
ctic
a.
Mar
ine
Env
iron
men
tal R
esea
rch,
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.B
ergm
ann,
M.,
& K
lage
s, M
. (2
012)
. In
crea
se o
f lit
ter
at t
he A
rctic
dee
p-se
a ob
serv
ator
y H
AU
SGA
RT
EN
. Mar
ine
Poll
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n B
ulle
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41.
Bro
wne
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. A
., N
iven
, S.
J.,
Gal
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T. S
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S. J
., &
Tho
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Mic
ropl
astic
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es p
ollu
tant
s an
d ad
ditiv
es t
o w
orm
s, r
educ
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func
tions
lin
ked
to h
ealth
an
d bi
odiv
ersi
ty. C
urre
nt B
iolo
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oe,
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Mar
ine
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im
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ew Y
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Sp
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De
Witt
e, B
., D
evri
ese,
L.,
Bek
aert
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., et
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Qua
lity
asse
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ent
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he b
lue
mus
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ilus
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lis)
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n be
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n co
m-
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cial
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arin
e Po
llut
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n, 8
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55.
Eri
ksen
, M
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ebre
ton,
L.
C.
M.,
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S.,
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el,
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re,
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erro
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C.,
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astic
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lutio
n in
the
wor
ld’s
oce
ans:
Mor
e th
an 5
tri
llion
pla
stic
pie
ces
wei
ghin
g ov
er 2
50,0
00 to
ns a
float
at s
ea.
-
Pref
ace
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ell,
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& N
elso
n, K
. (2
013)
. T
roph
ic l
evel
tra
nsfe
r of
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ropl
astic
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ytil
us e
duli
s (L
.) t
o C
arci
nus
mae
nas
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. Env
iron
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tal P
ollu
tion
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eld,
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B.,
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kow
ski
P. (
1998
). P
rim
ary
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uctio
n of
th
e bi
osph
ere:
Int
egra
ting
terr
estr
ial a
nd o
cean
ic c
ompo
nent
s. S
cien
ce, 2
81, 2
37–2
40.
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d, M
., M
ika,
K.,
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owitz
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eitn
er, L
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Ste
mm
ing
the
tide
of p
last
ic
mar
ine
litte
r: A
glo
bal a
ctio
n ag
enda
. Pri
tzke
r Po
licy
Bri
ef, 5
.H
artle
y, B
. L
., T
hom
pson
, R
. C
., &
Pah
l, S.
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15).
Mar
ine
litte
r ed
ucat
ion
boos
ts c
hild
ren’
s un
ders
tand
ing
and
self
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orte
d ac
tions
. Mar
ine
Poll
utio
n B
ulle
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CC
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Clim
ate
chan
ge:
Synt
hesi
s re
port
. C
ontr
ibut
ion
of w
orki
ng g
roup
s I,
II
and
III
to t
he fi
fth
asse
ssm
ent
repo
rt o
f th
e in
terg
over
nmen
tal
pane
l on
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ate
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ge (
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. G
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a, S
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Obb
ard,
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., Sa
dri,
S., W
ong,
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. C. (
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loba
l w
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ropl
astic
lega
cy f
roze
n in
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tic S
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arth
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utur
e, 2
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& C
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Prim
ary
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n re
quir
ed t
o su
stai
n gl
obal
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s, M
., et
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Mar
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r di
stri
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n an
d de
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in
Eur
opea
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as,
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e Fa
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icse
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e.fr
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e-fa
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OC
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each
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onte
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The
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ce
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Phi
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Tran
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ll, R
. P.
, D
avis
, A
., R
owla
nd,
S. J
., Jo
hn,
A.
W.
G.,
et a
l. (2
004)
. Los
t at s
ea: w
here
is a
ll th
e pl
astic
? Sc
ienc
e, 3
04, 8
38.
UN
EP.
(20
09).
Mar
ine
litt
er:
A g
loba
l cha
llen
ge. N
airo
bi.
Van
Cau
wen
berg
he,
L.,
& J
anss
en,
C.
R.
(201
4).
Mic
ropl
astic
s in
biv
alve
s cu
lture
d fo
r hu
man
co
nsum
ptio
n. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pol
luti
on, 1
93, 6
5–70
.W
ooda
ll, L
. C.,
Sanc
hez-
Vid
al, A
., C
anal
s, M
., Pa
ters
on, G
. L. J
., C
oppo
ck, R
., Sl
eigh
t, V
., et
al.
(201
4). T
he d
eep
sea
is a
maj
or s
ink
for
mic
ropl
astic
deb
ris.
Roy
al S
ocie
ty O
pen
Scie
nce,
1,
1401
37.
xv
Ack
now
ledg
men
ts
We
are
grat
eful
for
fina
ncia
l su
ppor
t fr
om t
he A
lfre
d-W
egen
er-I
nstit
ut H
elm
holtz
-Z
entr
um
für
Pola
r-
und
Mee
resf
orsc
hung
, U
nive
rsity
of
E
xete
r, U
nive
rsity
of
G
othe
nbur
g, W
agen
inge
n U
nive
rsity
, IM
AR
ES,
G
alw
ay
May
o In
stitu
te
of
Tech
nolo
gy a
nd I
FRE
ME
R, w
hich
ena
bled
ope
n ac
cess
to
this
boo
k. T
his
is p
ub-
licat
ion
num
ber
3720
7 of
the
Alf
red-
Weg
ener
-Ins
titut
Hel
mho
ltz-Z
entr
um f
ür
Pola
r- u
nd M
eere
sfor
schu
ng.
We
wou
ld l
ike
to a
ckno
wle
dge
the
inva
luab
le s
up-
port
of
the
revi
ewer
s w
hose
com
men
ts h
elpe
d to
impr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f th
e bo
ok:
Em
met
t Cla
rkin
(Q
ueen
’s U
nive
rsity
, UK
)M
onic
a F.
da
Cos
ta (
Fede
ral U
nive
rsity
of
Pern
ambu
co, B
razi
l)Sa
tosh
i End
o (O
saka
City
Uni
vers
ity, J
apan
)D
avid
Fle
et (
The
Sch
lesw
ig-H
olst
ein
Age
ncy
for
Coa
stal
Def
ence
, N
atio
nal
Park
an
d M
arin
e C
onse
rvat
ion,
Ger
man
y)Fr
anço
is G
alga
ni (
IFR
EM
ER
, Fra
nce)
Mir
iam
Gol
dste
in (
form
erly
of
Scri
pps
Inst
itutio
n of
Oce
anog
raph
y, U
SA)
Rol
f H
alde
n (A
rizo
na S
tate
Uni
vers
ity, U
SA)
Cla
udia
Hal
sban
d (A
kvap
lan-
niva
, Nor
way
)Je
sse
Har
riso
n (U
K C
entr
e fo
r Ast
robi
olog
y, U
K)
Em
ily H
astin
gs (
Jam
es H
utto
n In
stitu
te, U
K)
Iván
A. H
inoj
osa
(Uni
vers
ity o
f Ta
sman
ia, A
ustr
alia
)Pa
tric
ia H
olm
(U
nive
rsitä
t Bas
el, S
uiss
e)Jö
rg K
lasm
eier
(U
nive
rsity
of
Osn
abrü
ck, G
erm
any)
Alb
ert A
. Koe
lman
s (I
MA
RE
S, T
he N
ethe
rlan
ds)
Ang
ela
Köh
ler
(Alf
red
Weg
ener
Ins
titut
e, H
elm
holtz
Cen
tre
for
Pola
r an
d M
arin
e R
esea
rch,
Ger
man
y)Sc
ott L
ambe
rt (
Scie
ntifi
c C
onsu
lting
Com
pany
Gm
bH, U
K)
Mic
hael
Mat
thie
s (U
nive
rsity
of
Osn
abrü
ck, G
erm
any)
Alis
tair
McI
lgor
m (
Uni
vers
ity o
f Wol
long
ong,
Aus
tral
ia)
Luc
a M
ontic
elli
(CN
RS
Inst
itute
of
Prot
ein
Bio
logy
and
Che
mis
try,
Fra
nce)
Cap
tain
Cha
rles
Jam
es M
oore
(A
lgal
ita, U
SA)
Ram
ani N
aray
an (
Mic
higa
n St
ate
Uni
vers
ity, U
SA)
-
Ack
now
ledg
men
tsxv
i
Jenn
ifer
Pro
venc
her
(Car
leto
n U
nive
rsity
, Can
ada)
Car
olyn
Ros
evel
t (N
ASA
-Am
es/C
SU M
onte
rey
Bay
Coo
pera
tive
Agr
eem
ent,
USA
)R
einh
ard
Sabo
row
ski
(Alf
red
Weg
ener
Ins
titut
e, H
elm
holtz
Cen
tre
for
Pola
r an
d M
arin
e R
esea
rch,
Ger
man
y)R
ob T
inch
(E
cono
mic
s fo
r th
e E
nvir
onm
ent C
onsu
ltanc
y, U
K)
Lau
ra N
. Van
denb
erg
(Uni
vers
ity o
f M
assa
chus
etts
, USA
)St
efan
ie W
erne
r (G
erm
an F
eder
al E
nvir
onm
ent A
genc
y, G
erm
any)
Chr
istia
ne Z
arfl
(Lei
bniz
-Ins
titut
e of
Fre
shw
ater
Eco
logy
and
Inl
and
Fish
erie
s,
Ger
man
y)
xvii
Con
tent
s
1 A
Bri
ef H
isto
ry o
f M
arin
e L
itte
r R
esea
rch .
....
....
....
....
....
. 1
Pete
r G
. Rya
n
Par
t I
Abi
otic
Asp
ects
of
Mar
ine
Lit
ter
Pol
luti
on
2 G
loba
l Dis
trib
utio
n, C
ompo
siti
on a
nd A
bund
ance
of
Mar
ine
Lit
ter
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
29
Fran
çois
Gal
gani
, Geo
rg H
anke
and
Tho
mas
Mae
s
3 P
ersi
sten
ce o
f P
last
ic L
itte
r in
the
Oce
ans
....
....
....
....
....
..
57A
ntho
ny L
. And
rady
Par
t II
B
iolo
gica
l Im
plic
atio
ns o
f M
arin
e L
itte
r
4 D
elet
erio
us E
ffec
ts o
f L
itte
r on
Mar
ine
Lif
e. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. 75
Susa
nne
Küh
n, E
lisa
L. B
ravo
Reb
olle
do
and
Jan
A. v
an F
rane
ker
5 T
he C
ompl
ex M
ixtu
re, F
ate
and
Toxi
city
of
Che
mic
als
A
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
Pla
stic
Deb
ris
in t
he M
arin
e E
nvir
onm
ent
....
....
11
7C
hels
ea M
. Roc
hman
6 M
arin
e L
itte
r as
Hab
itat
and
Dis
pers
al V
ecto
r ..
....
....
....
....
14
1T
im K
iess
ling,
Lar
s G
utow
and
Mar
tin T
hiel
-
Con
tent
sxv
iii
Par
t II
I
Mic
ropl
asti
cs
7 M
icro
plas
tics
in t
he M
arin
e E
nvir
onm
ent:
Sou
rces
, C
onse
quen
ces
and
Solu
tion
s. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .
185
Ric
hard
C. T
hom
pson
8 M
etho
dolo
gy U
sed
for
the
Det
ecti
on a
nd I
dent
ifica
tion
of
Mic
ropl
asti
cs—
A C
riti
cal A
ppra
isal
...
....
....
....
....
....
..
201
Mar
tin G
.J. L
öder
and
Gun
nar
Ger
dts
9 So
urce
s an
d P
athw
ays
of M
icro
plas
tics
to
Hab
itat
s ..
....
....
....
22
9M
ark
A. B
row
ne
10
Mic
ropl
asti
cs in
the
Mar
ine
Env
iron
men
t: D
istr
ibut
ion,
In
tera
ctio
ns a
nd E
ffec
ts .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
24
5A
my
Lus
her
11
Mod
elin
g th
e R
ole
of M
icro
plas
tics
in B
ioac
cum
ulat
ion
of
Org
anic
Che
mic
als
to M
arin
e A
quat
ic O
rgan
ism
s.
A C
riti
cal R
evie
w .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 30
9A
lber
t A. K
oelm
ans
12
Nan
opla
stic
s in
the
Aqu
atic
Env
iron
men
t. C
riti
cal R
evie
w .
....
...
325
Alb
ert A
. Koe
lman
s, E
llen
Bes
selin
g an
d W
on J
. Shi
m
Par
t IV
So
cio-
econ
omic
Im
plic
atio
ns o
f M
arin
e A
nthr
opog
enic
Lit
ter
13
Mic
ro-
and
Nan
o-pl
asti
cs a
nd H
uman
Hea
lth
....
....
....
....
...
343
Tam
ara
S. G
allo
way
14
The
Eco
nom
ics
of M
arin
e L
itte
r ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
36
7St
epha
nie
New
man
, Em
ma
Wat
kins
, And
rew
Far
mer
, Pa
tric
k te
n B
rink
and
Jea
n-Pi
erre
Sch
wei
tzer
15
Reg
ulat
ion
and
Man
agem
ent
of M
arin
e L
itte
r .
....
....
....
....
. 39
5C
hung
-Lin
g C
hen
16
The
Con
trib
utio
n of
Cit
izen
Sci
enti
sts
to t
he M
onit
orin
g
of M
arin
e L
itte
r ...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 42
9V
aler
ia H
idal
go-R
uz a
nd M
artin
Thi
el
1
Cha
pter
1A
Bri
ef H
isto
ry o
f M
arin
e L
itte
r R
esea
rch
Pet
er G
. Rya
n
© T
he A
utho
r(s)
201
5 M
. Ber
gman
n et
al.
(eds
.), M
arin
e A
nthr
opog
enic
Lit
ter,
D
OI
10.1
007/
978-
3-31
9-16
510-
3_1
Abs
trac
t T
his
chap
ter
trac
es t
he h
isto
ry o
f m
arin
e lit
ter
rese
arch
fro
m a
necd
otal
re
port
s of
ent
angl
emen
t an
d pl
astic
ing
estio
n in
the
196
0s t
o th
e cu
rren
t fo
cus
on m
icro
plas
tics
and
thei
r ro
le i
n th
e tr
ansf
er o
f pe
rsis
tent
org
anic
pol
luta
nts
to
mar
ine
food
web
s. T
he r
epor
ts i
n Sc
ienc
e of
lar
ge n
umbe
rs o
f pl
astic
pel
lets
in
the
Nor
th A
tlant
ic i
n th
e ea
rly
1970
s st
imul
ated
res
earc
h in
tere
st i
n pl
astic
litt
er
at s
ea,
with
pap
ers
repo
rtin
g pl
astic
s on
the
sea
floor
and
im
pact
ing
a va
riet
y of
m
arin
e an
imal
s. T
he f
ocus
the
n sh
ifte
d to
hig
h co
ncen
trat
ions
of
plas
tic l
itter
in
the
Nor
th P
acifi
c, w
here
nov
el s
tudi
es r
epor
ted
the
dyna
mic
s of
str
ande
d be
ach
litte
r, th