malaysian palm oil board - strategies for the...

STRATEGIES FOR THE

DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE

OIL PALM PLANTING MATERIALS

RAJANAIDU, N & KUSHAIRI, A

MALAYSIAN PALM OIL BOARD

(MPOB)

THIS PRESENTATION COVERS :

1. PRODUCTIVITY OF OIL PALM

* Theoretical

* Crop yields

* National yields

* Plantation yields

2. PLANTING MATERIALS

* D x P (value-added)

* Semi - clonal

* Bi – clonal

* Clonal

* Hybrids and backcrosses

* Transgenic oil palm

* Time frame

3. MOLECULAR BREEDING

* Genetic diversity studies

* Genetic finger – printing

* Mapping and Marker Assisted Selection (MAS)

4. CONCLUSION

Too tall

Difficult to mechanize

Oil quality (I.V. 52)

Linkage Of Oil Palm Sectors

CustomersSeedlings

&

Nursery

R&D

(Tissue

Culture)Estate Mill

Refinery

&

Kernel

Crushing

Oleo-

Chemical

Plant

Speciality

Oils & Fats

Plant

Customers

Customers

Transport

Transport

Transport

Transport

Main components of simulation models of Productivity as applied to oil palm

Radiation at surface

Light interception

Gross assimilation

Maintenance

respiration

Solar radiation

LAI

VDM

Reproductive growth

Vegetative growth

Growth respiration

Growth respiration

BDM

(OIL)

VDM = Vegetative dry matter,

BDM = bunch dry matter,

LAI = Leaf area index

For further details see text.

Yield Classes of Oil Palm

Yield class

Wild groves

Average national yields

Nigeria

Indonesia

Malaysia

Colombia

Papua New Guinea

Good commercial yield: Malaysia

Best experimental yields

Best plots

Best progenies

Best individual palms

Theoretical yield

Oil yield

(t/ha/yr)

0.2

2.1

3.3

3.8

3.6

4.0

5.5

8.6

11.5

14.9

18.5

Source

Ejemba (1989)

MPOB, Oil world (2003)





MPOB,

Corley et al. (1976)

Jalani (1999)

MPOB

Corley (1998)

Yield of Different Oil Crops

Crops Oil(kg/ha/yr)

Oil palm 2500 - 7000

Coconut 600 - 2500

Rapeseed 600 - 1000

Olive 500 - 1000

Sunflower 280 - 700

Ground nut 340 - 440

Soyabean 300 - 450

Productivity of Oil Palm and Soybean

15 TIMES !

Productivity Per Hectare

Crop

Soybean

Oil Palm

Yield/ha

3t

4t

Gross(US$)

600 (3 x 200)

1,400 (4 x 350)

Cost of

Prod.(US$)

300 (3 x 100)

1,000 (4 x 250)

Net (US$)

300 (3 x 100)

400 (4 x 100)

Productivity Per Man

Crop

Soybean

Oil Palm

Yield/ha

3t

4t

Ha/man

200

10

Total (t)

600

40

Gross (US$)

120, 000

14,000

Net (US$)

60, 000

4,000

Soybean and Oil Palm Yields

In Selected Countries (t/ha)

Country

USA (Soy)

Argentina (Soy)

Brazil (Soy)

Malaysia (Palm Oil)

03/04F

2.65

2.72

2.77

3.83

02/03

2.54

2.78

2.78

3.83

01/02

2.66

2.64

2.62

3.87

99/00

2.46

2.41

2.50

3.85

00/01

2.56

2.63

2.80

3.73

Source : Oil World Annual (2003)

Oil Palm Yield (t/ha)

Country

Colombia

Ecuador

Costa Rica

Indonesia

Thailand

Malaysia

Papua New Guinea

03/04F

3.79

2.43

3.51

3.27

2.77

3.83

3.92

02/03

3.59

2.15

3.54

3.30

2.69

3.83

4.03

01/02

3.97

2.01

3.50

3.26

2.90

3.87

4.39

00/01

3.91

2.24

3.59

3.19

2.56

3.73

4.69

Oil Palm Yield (t/ha)


Country

Colombia

Ecuador

Costa Rica

Malaysia

Indonesia

Thailand

Papua New Guinea

03/04F

580

250

144

12700

9600

620

325

02/03

528

217

140

11908

9020

590

318

01/02

548

201

138

11804

8030

620

329

00/01

524

222

138

10804

7050

525

336

Palm Oil Production (1000t)


Time-frame and oil palm material development

Time frame (yrs)

1-15

5-15

10-15

>15

Type of materials

DXP seeds

Semi/bi-clonal seeds

Clones via solid medium and

liquid suspension culture

Transgenic palms

Current planting material

Genetic Background of DxP

Deli dura x Avros

Deli dura x Yangambi (718, EX5, H5, EX5xF5)

Deli dura x Ekona (2/2311)

Deli dura x WT (Nifor 32.3005)

Deli dura x La Me (L2T)

Deli dura x Dumpy Avros pisifera

Deli dura x URT pisifera

Deli dura x Nigerian population 12 pisifera

Germplasm Collections

Elaeis guineensisNigeria

AngolaZaire

Tanzania

Cameroon

Guinea

Sierra Leone

Senegal

Gambia

MadagascarGhana

Africa

Strategies to utilize elite germplasm

Direct selection of individuals

• cloning

• introgression

Progeny testing (duras, teneras, pisiferas)

• Deli Duras x Nigerian Teneras

• Deli Duras x Nigerian Pisiferas

• African Duras x AVROS etc.

• African Duras x African Pisiferas

Broaden genetic base of Deli duras

Broaden genetic base of current teneras/pisiferas

Foundation breeding programme

Value Addition For Oil

Highest oil bearing species

Past 10 years oil yield/ha/yr was

stagnant in Malaysia (3.5t/ha)

Yield improvement is vital to be

competitive.

New germplasm tested extensively

with industry

110105F 21

103119R 1112113E 41

108110L 10113105F 12

109114R 6115108E 11

Oil Yield

(% over SC 3)

FFB

(% over SC 3)ProgenyOil Yield

(% over SC 1)

FFB

(% over SC 1)Progeny

• Progeny E 11 (highest oil yield) was reproduced as FS 1 DxP

for large scale testing

Performance of Deli dura x NPM tenera and

NPM dura x AVROS peskier crosses

Progeny E 11 (Ulu Remis x 18-8)

* Highest oil yield

* Slower height increment (0.34 m/yr)

10 year-old palm

Relative Performance Of Deli-NPM x Yangambi

-100Deli x Yangambi (SC 3)

295 – 9997Yangambi-NPM x Yangambi

1-88NPM x AVROS

1-115NPM x La Me

1471 – 130108 + 4NPM x Yangambi

13104 – 118112 + 1Deli-NPM x La Me

696 – 111103 + 3Deli-NPM x NPM

876 – 10193 + 3Deli-NPM x AVROS

3956 – 173115 + 4Deli-NPM x Yangambi

RangeMean + S.E.

Number of

progenies

involved

FFB

Group

Source : Chin , C. W (2003)

Deli-NPM x Yangambi (Prog. HOR)

- FFB 30% > SC 1

Reduction In Stem Height

Deli x AVORS, Deli x Yangambi, Deli x Ekona, Deli x Calabar (common planting materials)

Height Increment 45 – 75 cm/yr

Dwarf genes in MPOB germplasm collection (Population 12, E. oleifera)

Progeny Test Deli Duras with Nigerian teneras (Trial 0.864)

Date Planted : August 1993 Material : D x T NGA Breeding Design : Selfs Statistical Design : RCBD Location: EPA Rengam

FAMILY PEDIGREE FFB

(kg/p/yr)

(1997-2002)

MFW

(g)

M/F

(%)

O/B

(%)

K/B

(%)

O/P/Y

(kg)

HT

(m)

(2001)

01DT83

01DT84

02DT79

02DT86

03DT73

03DT78

04DT80

05DT82

06DT74

07DT77

R-6-49CX0.150/454(10.13)

R-103-27FX0.150/451(10.13)

R-10-2BX0.150/6566(18.04)

R-9-64CX0.150/6566(18.04)

R-48-18EX0.150/7748(15.23)

R-40-3BX0.150/7748(15.23)

R-118-

21MX0.150/1791(18.08)

R-121-

28MX0.150/2190(18.23)

R-13-35AX0.150/2422(10.02)

R-62-6EX0.150/7788(15.23)

132

168

185

175

169

163

164

178

176

181

8.4

8.8

9.9

9.2

8.1

9.1

8.9

8.2

10.3

9.6

80.6

77.4

85.9

80.3

79.7

83.4

81.1

76.3

88.7

86.6

25.1

24.2

26.6

22.9

25.4

25.3

27.7

24.6

27.1

27.5

3.9

5.2

3.4

4.3

4.7

3.9

4.9

5.1

2.4

2.9

33.1

40.7

49.2

40.1

42.9

41.3

45.4

43.8

47.7

49.8

1.38

1.17

1.48

1.56

1.76

1.58

1.57

1.41

1.46

1.48

MEAN 169.1 9.1 82.6 25.8 3.9 43.4 1.51

Best cross : FFB 26.8t Ht increment : 25 cm/yr

oil/ha 7.37

High yield progeny DT 77

FFB – 26.8 t/ha (1999-2002)

O/B – 27.5 %

Oil/ha (t) – 7.37

Height increment 25 cm/yr

Progeny Source FFB

(%)

Oil Yield

(%)

R2

SC3

Banting x 12.01

CIRAD x Yangambi

109

100

106

100

Chin et. al (2002) :

• Distinctly shorter

• Smaller canopy (higher density 160-170)

PROGENY TESTING POPULATION 12

Prog. R2 (Banting x 12.01)

* shorter with smaller canopy8 year-old palm

Performance of PS2

FFB

(kg)

O/B

(%)

I.V.

1999 2000 2001 2002

68.7 124.4 213.7 195.3 24.7 56.0

High I.V. duras selfed

Planted in Trial 0.282 at Hulu Paka

Selected high I.V duras and tested with AVROS

Potential FFB yield 31 t/ha

Oil yield 7.8 t/ha

Iodine Value about 56 % (vs 52 %)

Virescens DxP planting materials

Determined by a single gene

Young fruit (green) mature fruit (bright orange)

Good indicator for harvesting ripe bunches

Nigrescens (Dura) x Virescens (Pisifera)

100 % Virescens

Reservation to plant virescens DxP

FFB yield and O/B – no difference

Characteristics of Virescens and Nigrescens DxP

DP

Family

DP413

DP414

DP415

Fruit

Color

Green

Black

Green

Black

Green

Black

%

O/B

30.3

30.1

30.5

30.1

30.6

29.6

7-Year

Mean

FFB/Palm

239

241

226

227

242

238

Year

2000

FFB/Palm

253

260

220

235

237

248

No.

Of

Palms

24

24

17

29

24

24

%

K/B

4.1

4.1

5.6

5.5

5.8

6.6

%

M/F

85.5

85.3

76.4

81.3

80.3

77.6

%

S/F

7.9

8.2

10.4

10.3

11.2

12.7

MFW

(gm)

10.3

11.3

14.3

15.5

12.1

11.0

7-Year

TEP

(kg/p/yr)

78.3

78.5

76.5

75.8

82.5

79.9

Planting

Material

DxDxCI/UA C/SP

DxDxAVROS

DxDxAVROS

DxDxAVROS

DxDxDY-AVROS

DxDxAVROS

DxDxYangambi

DxDxYangambi

DxDxNigeria

Yield Performance of Planting material Reported by

Various Seed Producers in Malaysia

Year

Planted

1962

1964

1968

1970

1979

1979

1988

1991

1991

FFB yield

(t/ha/yr)

22.6

31.0

31.1

31.6

33.3

34.5

35.1

34.8

36.1

O/B

(%)

21.9

23.5

22.1

24.2

25.8

25.8

26.0

31.1

31.9

Oil yield

(t/hha/yr)

4.9

7.3

6.9

7.6

8.6

8.9

9.5

10.8

11.5

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

YEAR OF CROPPING (STARTING 36 MONTHS)

FF

B T

ON

NE

S P

ER

HA

.

PROGRESS COMMERCIAL PERFORMANCE OF DxP REPLANTS AT UP Bhd–

1990 Plantings

1980 Plantings

1970 Plantings

1960 Plantings

Semi and bi-clonal seed production

Current DxP - mixture of crosses

Best cross is about 10 – 20% higher than mean

Semi – clonal DxP

Bi - clonal

Dura

clone

Normal

Pisifera

Semi-clonal

DxP

Dura

clone

Pisifera

clone

Bi-clonal

DxP

x

x

Performance of DxP Progenies in Trial 31

No. Progeny

Code

Mean FFB Yield

(6 years)

T/Ha/Year

(6 years mean)

Kg/

palm/

year

T/

ha/

year

Oil

Yield

Palm

Kernel

Yield

Mesocarp/

Fruit

(%)

Shell/

Bunch

(%)

Kernel/

Bunch

(%)

Oil/

D.M

(%)

Oil/

Bunch

(%)

Bunch Characters

1

2

3

4

5

3033

3071

3074

3078*

3082

Trial

179.72

150.90

168.27

207.82

191.15

171.89

24.44

20.52

22.88

28.26

26.00

23.38

29.48

28.60

29.29

28.71

30.10

29.14

78.66

79.54

78.93

78.59

78.53

78.95

4.66

5.86

4.48

4.60

3.71

4.72

5.79

5.86

6.30

6.12

4.94

6.02

84.02

82.59

83.80

83.27

86.31

83.61

1.14

5.87

1.03

1.30

0.96

1.10

7.21

5.87

6.70

8.11

7.82

6.82

* Best cross

Comparative Performance of Semi and Bi clonal Seeds

Type of

Crosses

1st Year Yield

Data (2000)

Av.

Bunch

No.

Kgs. FFB

Per Palm

%

O/B

%

I.V

%

M/F

%

O/DM

%

K/B

Bunch Analysis (2000)

Semi-clonal DP

- B 24

- B 26

- B 29

Weighted Mean

Biclonal DP

Standard Cross DP

(UPB)

1

2

3

7

4

5

16#

1

1

30.8

28.2

29.8

29.8

26.2

4.7

194

179

179

186

181

167

24.4

28.6

26.8

26.2

25.6

Fruit

Size

(g)

6.3

6.0

6.8

6.4

4.8

76.8

78.5

77.7

77.5

75.3

79.2

81.7

79.6

80.0

84.7

52.8

54.8

53.9

53.6

53.7

9.9

9.7

8.7

9.5

10.3

Not Available

Cross – section : Bi-clonal seeds

The main advantages of semi and bi-clonal seed

The cost per seed is much lower than

tissue culture planlets

Need limited tissue culture facilities

Expect 10-20% yield gain compared to

DxP hybrid seeds

Exploit specific combining ability of a cross

Disadvantage

Clones

Clones projected to yield > 30% than DxP

Khaw et. Al. (2000) – showed abnormality < 1%

Yield 24 – 53% and O/B ranged 26 – 30%

Main constraint – to scale up

Recloning and suspension culture provide new

opportunity to scale up

CLONAL OIL PALM PERFORMANCE – FFB YIELD/HA

20

25

30

35

40

45

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7thYear of Harvest (starting 30 months)

FF

B Y

ield

(t/

ha

)

Mean of Top 5 Clones

Mean of 13 Clones

39.8

36.435.235.0

41.6

35.4

41.0

29.5

37.8

27.1

31.3

38.036.0

35.0

OIL YIELD OF UPB CLONES IN TRIALS

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

Year of Harvest (starting 30 months)

Oil Y

ield

(t/

ha)

Mean of Top 5 Clones

Mean of 13 Clones7.9

9.9

10.811.6

10.3 10.18.5

10.5

13.1

11.110.6

12.2

10.7

11.0

Liquid Suspension Culture (LSC)

Potential technique for mass production of

oil palm clones

LSC amenable to produce large number of

planlets

Latest results are promising

Trial Hybrid/Clone FFB O/B I.V.

23.91 Hybrid (128) 167 14.7 70.2

23.94 Hybrid (128) 128 13.7 70.7

23.94 Clone (A – 44) 203 14.6 67.0

23.97 Clone (B22) 258 26.7 65.0

23.97 128 Ortet (307) 225 24.5 76.7

23.97 128 Ortet (123) 254 25.8 72.8

Performance of Interspecific Hybrids

(based on 0.151/128) and clones

IMPROVED F1OG HYBRID WITH BIG FRUITS AND GOOD BUNCH

CHARACTERISTICS (IV = 68) COMPARED WITH E.GUINEENSIS DxP.

Note the Difference in Stem Height at 5+ Years from Planting

Performance of Hybrids (la Cabana)

Oct 1994 – April 2002

Good Area

Average : 21.5 t (12.3 – 30.0)

Poor Area

Average : 15.7 t (8.6 – 23.7)

Extraction rate (%)

Average : 17.96 (15.20 – 21.20)

Androgynous inflorescences on nine-year old OxG palms at

Hacienda La Cabana plantation, Villavicencio, Colombia

TrialYear

planted

No. of

crosse

s

No. of

populat

ions

PC

%

FFB

t/ha

O/B

%

HUGP 1Feb.

199721 8

0.0

7.5

33.3

9.4

15.6

20.1

11.2

18.1

23.8

HUGP

2

Nov.

199710 4

0.0

3.2

9.7

9.5

10.7

14.4

10.0

16.4

20.3

Performance of Embrapa F1 hybrids

in trials HUGP in Ecuador

With assisted pollination.

Values within a cell were arranged according to low, medium and high for the trait.

Underlined fifures indicate highest values within the low, medium and high categories.

PC = bud rot Pudricion del Cogollo, FFB = fresh fruit bunch, O/B = oil to bunch

The Compact Palm(ASD)

Concept

Short Trunk

Short Leaves

High Density Planting(160–200 palms / ha)

Compact

BC2F1

D x P AVROS

9 years after planting(ASD)

Characteristics of High Kernel to Fruit % in

MPOB Nigerian Dura Mother Palms

Palms Progeny FFB yield

(1982 – 86)

KF (%)

0.149/7021 3906 168.9 17.7

0.149/3077 4220 171.2 19.3

0.149/14376 4401 197.7 17.7

0.149/1094 4402 162.2 16.2

0.149/3231 4404 174.8 20.4

0.149/10702 4405 167.1 17.1

0.149/10426 4412 189.5 20.0

Current planting materials 8 - 11

Variation for Carotene content (ppm)

in E. oleifera

Country N Carotene

mean

Content (ppm)

range

Colombia 163 1650 319 – 2989

Panama 143 1949 313 – 3337

Costa Rica 140 2130 376 – 3371

Honduras 36 1285 414 – 2558

Suriname 53 1455 427 - 2722

Elaeis oleifera palms with IV > 80 and

carotene content > 3000 ppm

No. Palm No. Country of origin I.V. Carotene

(ppm)

1 0.211/142 Costa Rica 85.5 3021.1

2 0.211/143 Panama 87.6 3038.8

3 0.211/233 Panama 82.5 3042.5

4 0.211/991 Costa Rica 88.0 3083.5

5 0.211/1212 Panama 86.9 3106.2

6 0.211/1196 Panama 87.6 3110.0

7 0.211/1200 Panama 88.7 3115.6

8 0.211/1051 Costa Rica 88.9 3196.1

9 0.211/1151 Costa Rica 90.7 3208.9

10 0.211/1152 Costa Rica 92.3 3292.8

11 0.211/1144 Panama 88.9 3336.5

12 0.211/1131 Costa Rica 89.0 3377.0

Commercial DxP 50 - 53 500 - 700

VITAMIN E

Anti-cancer properties

CPO contains 600 – 1000ppm tocopherols and

tocotrienols

Collection from Cameron had the highest (>1058 ppm)

Palms > 1300 ppm identified for further breeding.

Tenera (0.151/500) from Population 12 had the highest

total vitamin E of > 2496ppm

This palm is short, ffb (246kg) oil/bunch (22.7%) and

bunch index (0.68)

GANODERMA TOLERANCE

Screened 12 month old seedlings

Most susceptible was progeny PK

2724 (Deli Elmina x Deli Elmina)

Most tolerant & was DxP PK 2567

(Zaire x Cameroon)

Could be used as the benchmark

to screen progenies

Ganoderma tolerance PALM Insects Resistance

Total Dry Matter Production

(TDMP)

Low Height

Biomass

Vegetative Reproductive YieldHigh

Bunch index

FFB Stalk/Spikelet

Long Stalk

Biomass

FRUITNon- abscission

MESOCARP NUT

KERNEL SHELL

High I.V

Low Lipase

Vitamin E

Carotene

High

Kernel

Biomass

Value – Addition in Oil Palm

Biomass

Transgenic clones, semi and bi-clonal seeds

Genetic engineering – powerful tool to insert

high value foreign genes into oil palm

MPOB – major project is to alter fatty acid

composition in oil palm

Objective is to reduce the level of palmitic

acid (44 15%) and increase the level of

oleic acid (39 75%)

Genes controlling are being isolated

TENERA

CALLUS

TRANSGENIC OIL PALM

BOMBARDMENT

(Basta gene)

Molecular Markers

Useful for :

Genetic diversity studies

Variety identifacion and pedigree analysis

Genetic mapping and QTL detection

Markers :

Microsatellite

AFLP

RFLP

RAPD

IOI’s Oil Yield

6.00

5.46

4.884.84

4.15

3.72

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (Est)

Oil Yield Trend

Our “Best of the Best”

J.Lalang

Permodalan 2

Terusan Baru

Sg. Sapi

Laukin

Permodalan 1

Baturong 1

Syarimo 3

Sagil

Estates CPO Yield/Ha

(FY03)

7.45

7.32

6.96

6.71

6.67

6.65

6.65

6.57

6.51

Hectare

2222

1800

1628

1212

1973

2123

2700

2316

1723

IOI’s Oil Yield

Peninsular

Malaysia

Sabah

Conclusions

Next 10 – 15 years, major development in

planting material technology

Greater integration of conventional breeding,

tissue culture, genetic engineering and genomics

Gradual shift from DxP hybrid seeds

semi/bi clonal seeds clones transgenic

Possible to improve the productivity and produce

high value nutraceuticals and pharmaceticals

malaysian palm oil board - strategies for the...

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