ludwig witt gen stein - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Ludwig Wittgenstein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ludwig Wittge

Ludwig WittgensteinFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889

– 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-born philosopher

who held the professorship in philosophy at the

University of Cambridge from 1939 until 1947.[1]

Described by Bertrand Russell as "the most perfect

example I have known of genius as traditionally

conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and

dominating," Wittgenstein inspired two of the

century's principal philosophical movements, logicalpositivism and ordinary language philosophy, though

in his lifetime he published just one book review,

one article, a children's dictionary, and the 75-page

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921)—25,000

words of philosophical writing published when he

was alive, and three million unpublished. Professional

philosophers have ranked his posthumously published

Philosophical Investigations (1953) as the most

important book of 20th-century philosophy.[2]

Born into one of Austria-Hungary's wealthiest

families in Vienna at the turn of the century—a city

and time that also produced Sigmund Freud, Karl

Kraus, Erwin Schrödinger, Karl Popper, Theodor

Herzl, and Adolf Hitler—he gave away his massiveinheritance, and subsequently worked as a teacher

and gardener, serving on the front-lines during the

First World War and being commended by the

Austrian army for his courage and sang-froid (http://

en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sang-froid) . He was

homosexual, as was at least one of his brothers, three

of whom committed suicide, with Wittgenstein and

the remaining brother contemplating it too. Thosewho knew him described him as tortured and

domineering: Richard Rorty writes that he took out

his intense self-loathing on everyone he met. He

Coordina




Photographed by Ben Richards1947

Born April 26, 1889

Vienna, Austria-Hun

Died April 29, 1951 (age

Cambridge, United

Cause of

death

Prostate cancer

Resting

place

Ascension Parish

Cambridge

Education PhD (Cantab)

Alma mater Berlin TechnischeUniversity of Manch

Cambridge

Occupation Philosopher, schoolt

gardener

Known for Private language arg

game, family resembof language, rule-

Notable

works

Tractatus Logico-Ph

Philosophical Investi

of philosophy as correcting misconceptions about

language through logical abstraction. The later

Wittgenstein rejected many of the conclusions of the

Tractatus, and provided a detailed account of the

many possible uses of ordinary language, calling

language a series of interchangeable language-gamesin which the meaning of words is derived from their

public use. Despite these differences, similarities

between the early and later periods include a

conception of philosophy as a kind of therapy, a

concern for ethical and religious issues, and a literary

style often described as poetic. Terry Eagleton called

him the philosopher of poets and composers,

playwrights and novelists.[4]

Contents

1 Background

1.1 The Wittgensteins

1.2 Early life

1.3 Brothers' suicides

2 1903–1906: Realschule in Linz

2.1 School years

2.2 Jewish background and Hitler

2.3 Loss of faith

2.4 Influence of Otto Weininger

3 1906–1913: University

3.1 Engineering at Berlin and

Manchester

3.2 Arrival at Cambridge

3.3 Moral Sciences Club and

Apostles

3.4 Relationship with David

Pinsent

4 1913–1920: World War I and the

Tractatus

4.1 Work on Logik




Karl Wittgenstein wasone of the richest men in

Austro-Hungary.[5]

5.5 Haidbauer incident, Otterthal

5.6 Haus Wittgenstein

6 1929–1941: Fellowship at Cambridge

6.1 PhD and fellowship

6.2 Anschluss

6.3 Professor of philosophy6. 4 World War II and working in

Guy's Hospital

7 1947–1951: Final years

8 1953: Publication of the Philosophical

Investigations

9 Works

10 See also11 A biographic film

12 Notes

13 References

14 Further reading

BackgroundThe Wittgensteins

Further information: Karl Wittgenstein

According to a family tree prepared in Jerusalem after the

Wittgenstein's paternal great-grandfather was Moses Meier

who lived with his wife, Brendel Simon, in Bad LaaspheWittgenstein, Westphalia.

[6]In July 1808 there was a Napo

must adopt an inheritable family surname, and so Meier's

the name of his employers, the Sayn-Wittgensteins, and bec

Wittgenstein.[7] His son, Hermann Christian Wittgenstein

name "Christian " to distance himself from his Jewish backg

Figdor, also Jewish, who converted to Protestantism just be

the couple went on to found a successful business tradingfrom their Jewish origins.[8] Ludwig' s grandmother, Fanny

cousin of the famous violinist Joseph Joachim. [9] They had

forbidden by Hermann to marry Jews—among them Wittge




Lud

pai

for

Wittgenstein was born to Karl and his wife, Leopoldine Kalmus—Jewish on her

father's side and Roman Catholic on her mother's—at 8:30 in the evening on 26

April 1889 in the Palais Wittgenstein at Alleegasse 16, now the

Argentinierstrasse, near the Karlskirche at the heart of Vienna's Innere Stadt. [11]

Karl and Poldi, as she was known, had nine children in all. There were four

girls: Hermine, Margaret (Gretl)—who was analysed by Sigmund Freud in theearly 1930s—Helene, and a fourth daughter who died as a baby; and five boys:

Johannes (Hans), Kurt, Rudolf (Rudi), and Paul, who became a concert pianist

despite losing an arm in the war, and for whom Maurice Ravel wrote his Piano

Concerto for the Left Hand . Ludwig was the youngest of the family. [12]

The children were baptized as Catholics, and raised in an exceptionally intense

environment. The family sat at the center of Vienna's cultural life, with Bruno

Walter describing life at Palais Wittgenstein as an "all-pervading atmosphere of

humanity and culture."[13]

Karl was a leading patron of the arts, commissioning

works by Auguste Rodin and financing the city's exhibition hall and art gallery,

the Secession Building. Gustav Klimt painted Wittgenstein's sister for her

wedding portrait, and Johannes Brahms and Gustav Mahler gave regular concerts

in the family's numerous music rooms, though Alexander Waugh writes that the

firstborn, Hermine, was so nervous of Brahms that, when once invited to sit with

him at dinner, she spent most of the evening vomiting in one of the bathrooms.[14]

Brothers' suicides

Karl's aim was to turn his sons into captains of

writes that they were not sent to school lest they

were educated at home to prepare them for work

empire.[15]

Instead, three of them committed suici

concert pianist, and Wittgenstein a philosopher aft

engineer.[16]

The Irish psychiatrist Michael Fitzge

was a harsh perfectionist who lacked empathy, an

mother was anxious and insecure, unable to stand

Whatever the reason, the family had a strong strea

running through it , or what Anthony Gottlieb call

extreme nervous tension. He tells a story about

on one of the family's seven grand pianos. He lea

Wittgenstein in the next room: "I cannot play whe




Adolf Hitl Realschule

been claim

bottom left

the photo

indicate there may have been an early romantic relationship with Dr. Stigl's son, Pepi, wh

" Mist! [Rubbish!] Relation to the Jews. Relation to Pepi. Love and pride. Knocking hat

Suffering in class." [24]

According to Waugh, Wittgenstein was a misfit at the school, insisting the other children

formal German "Sie", and was often absent. [23] The other boys made fun of him, singing"Wittgenstein wandelt wehmütig widriger Winde wegen Wienwärts" ("Wittgenstein wends

Vienna-wards").[26] In his leaving certificate, he received a top mark only once, in religio

conduct and English, 3 for French, geography, history, mathematics and physics, and 4

geometry and freehand drawing. He had particular difficulty with spelling and failed his

because of it. He wrote in 1931: "My bad spelling in youth, up to the age of about 18 or

the whole of the rest of my character (my weakness in study)." [24]

Jewish background and Hitler

Further information: Austrian Jews

There is much debate about the extent to which Wittgenstein and his siblings saw themsel

issue has arisen in particular regarding Wittgenstein's schooldays, because Adolf Hitler was

for part of the same time.[27] Laurence Goldstein argues it is "overwhelmingly probable

other: that Hitler, vicious and aggressive, would have hated and envied Wittgenstein, a "

precious, aristocratic upstart ..." [28] Other commentators have dismissed as irresponsible

suggestion that Wittgenstein's wealth and unusual personality may have fed Hitler's antise

there is no indication that Hitler would have seen Wittgenstein as Jewish.[29]

Vienna was at that time one of the most antisemitic cities in Europe, and

any hint of a Jewish heritage had the potential to weigh heavily on a

family. Certainly the Wittgenstein children were aware of their ancestry.

Paul had created a family tree showing their descent from the Chief

Rabbi Samson Wertheimer (1678–1724), the banker Samuel

Oppenheimer (1678–1724), and the composers Giacomo Meyerbeer

(1791–1864) and Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847). There was

nevertheless a streak of antisemitism among them. Wittgenstein famously

compared the Jewish people to a Beule (boil or tumour) on Austrian

society.[31] His grandfather, Hermann Christian Wittgenstein, himself aJew, had refused to allow his children to marry other Jews, and

Wittgenstein's father had said that " in matters of honour one does not

consult a Jew." McGuinness argues that Wittgenstein saw himself as

completely German[27]—Ray Monk writes that when Wittgenstein and




Otto Weininger (1880–

1903): Wittgenstein was

greatly influenced by his

suicide.

with him, but only because his reticence and certain actions of his warned us to be discree

companions and myself formed no particular opinion in regard to him." [34] Several comm

that a school photograph of Hitler (see above right; Hitler is on the top right) may show

lower left corner,[30] but Hamann says the photograph stems from 1900 or 1901, before

Loss of faith

It was while he was at the Realschule that he decided he had lost his faith in God,

or rather had had none to begin with, and that he could not believe any of the

things a Christian was supposed to believe. He nevertheless clung to the

importance of the idea of confession, something he engaged in several times

throughout his life, where he confessed to friends and family that he had lied, or

had said or done something that meant he had not been true to himself. He wrotein his diaries about having made a major confession to his oldest sister, Hermine,

while he was at the Realschule; Monk writes that it may have been about his loss

of faith. He also discussed it with Gretl, his other sister, who directed him to

Arthur Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation. Schopenhauer's

idealism is a version of Immanuel Kant's: that the world of the senses is mere

appearance, and the ethical will the only reality, a view that Wittgenstein adopted

until he abandoned it when he began to study Gottlob Frege and logic, just before

he went to Cambridge, though Monk writes he returned to it in the Tractatus,

where his views on idealism and realism collided.[36]

Influence of Otto Weininger

During Wittgenstein' s first term at the Realschule,

on 3 October 1903, the Viennese philosopher Otto Weining

the house at Schwarzspanierstrasse 15, Vienna, that Beethovshot himself. His book Geschlecht und Charakter (Sex and

published to mostly terrible reviews a few months earlier,

great review from August Strindberg; that and his suicide

cult figure, and someone Wittgenstein came to admire. Mon

Wittgenstein was ashamed that he had not also killed himsel

suicide as an ethical deed in a rotten world—a world that

composed of superficial anarchy and a materialist interpretat

there are no great philosophers or artists, and where genius

—and recommended to everyone that they read Weininger

Weininger—who like Wittgenstein was gay and had Jewish




The old Technische Hochschule in

Charlottenburg, Berlin

Witttgenstein staye

1908 while he con

Glossop, writing to

the isolation, but

the toilet

1906–1913: University

Engineering at Berlin and Manchester

He began his studies in mechanical engine

Technische Hochscule in Charlottenburg1906, lodging with the family of a profess

attended for three semesters, and was awar

May 1908, after developing an interest in

He arrived at the Victoria University of

of 1908 to do his doctorate, full of plans

projects, including designing and flying his

conducted research into the behavior of kit

atmosphere, experimenting at a meteorolog

near Glossop, and living nearby at the Gro

Chunal Road, Derbyshire, where he was

along with a Mr. Rimmer.[39] He also worked on the design of a propeller with small jet

its blades, something he patented in 1911 and which earned him a research studentship fro

autumn of 1908.[40]

It was around this time that he became interested in the

foundations of mathematics, particularly after reading Bertrand

Russell's The Principles of Mathematics (1903), and Gottlob

Frege's Grundgesetze der Arithmetik , vol. 1 (1893) and vol. 2

(1903).[41]

Wittgenstein's sister Hermine said he became

obsessed with mathematics as a result, and was anyway losing

interest in aeronautics. He decided instead that he needed tostudy philosophy, describing himself as in a "constant,

indescribable, almost pathological state of agitation."[40]

In the

summer of 1911 he decided to visit Frege at the University of

Jena to show him some philosophy he had written, and to ask

whether it was worth pursuing; the work did not survive, perhaps

because, as he said, Frege wiped the floor with him.[42]

He

wrote:

I was shown into Frege's study. Frege was a small, neat man with a pointed beard

around the room as he talked. He absolutely wiped the floor with me, and I felt

the end he said "You must come again," so I cheered up. I had several discussion




Bert

... an unknown German appeared, speaking very little English but refusing to spea

out to be a man who had learned engineering at Charlottenburg, but during this co

himself, a passion for the philosophy of mathematics & has now come to Cambrid

hear me.[42]

He was soon not only attending Russell's lectures, but dominating them. Thelectures were poorly attended and Russell often found himself lecturing only to

C.D. Broad, E.H. Neville, and H.T.J. Norton, so he was quite pleased at first

when Wittgenstein turned up, though less so as the weeks wore on.[42]

Wittgenstein started following him after lectures back to his rooms to discuss

more philosophy, until it was time for the evening meal in Hall. Russell grew

irritated; he wrote to his lover Lady Ottoline Morrell: "My German friend

threatens to be an infliction ."[45]

Russell revised his opinion, and in fact came to be overpowered by

Wittgenstein's forceful personality. He wrote in November 1911 that he had at

first thought Wittgenstein might be a crank , but soon decided he was a genius:

"Some of his early views made the decision difficult. He maintained, for

example, at one time that all existential propositions are meaningless. This was

in a lecture room, and I invited him to consider the proposition: 'There is no

hippopotamus in this room at present.' When he refused to believe this, I

looked under all the desks without finding one; but he remained unconvinced." [45] Three

Wittgenstein's arrival he told Morrell: "I love him & feel he will solve the problems I am

is the young man one hopes for." [46] The role-reversal between him and Wittgenstein was

1916, after Wittgenstein had criticized his own work: "His criticism, 'tho I don't think he

was an event of first-rate importance in my life, and affected everything I have done since

right, and I saw that I could not hope ever again to do fundamental work in philosophy.

Moral Sciences Club and Apostles

Main articles: Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club and Wittgenstein's Poker

In 1912 Wittgenstein joined the Cambridge Moral Sciences Club, an influential discussion

dons and students, delivering his first paper there on 29 November that year, a four-minut

philosophy as "all those primitive propositions which are assumed as true without proof

sciences."[48] From that point on he dominated the society, to the point where special sta

be organized which dons were not to attend, though everyone knew the arrangement was

Wittgenstein. He had to stop attending entirely in the 1930s after complaints that he gave

to speak.[49]




stormed out. It was the only time the philosophers, three of the most eminent in the world

same room together.[50] The minutes record that the meeting was "charged to an unusual

controversy."[51]

John Maynard Keynes also invited him to join the Cambridge Apostles, an elite secret soc

which both Russell and Moore had joined as students, but Wittgenstein did not enjoy itinfrequently. Russell had been worried that Wittgenstein, with his literal-mindedness, woul

group's humour or the fact that the members were in love with each other. [52] Lytton Stra

on 17 May 1912 about an Apostles meeting where Wittgenstein was present, calling him

"Oliver and Herr Sinckel-Winckel hard at it on universals and particulars. The latter oh!

souffrance! Oh God! God! "If A loves B"—"There may be a common quality"—"Not ana

but the complexes have certain qualities." How shall I manage to slink off to bed?" [53]

Relationship with David Pinsent

It was Russell who introduced Wittgenstein to David Hume Pinsent (1891–1918) in the

mathematics undergraduate and descendant of David Hume, Pinsent became what Wittgen

and only friend,[54] and is widely regarded as the first of three or four men Wittgenstein

followed by Francis Skinner in 1930, Ben Richards in the late 1940s, and to a lesser exte

—though Pinsent and Kirk did not respond in kind. [55]

The men worked together on experiments in the psychology laboratory about the role of

appreciation of music, and Wittgenstein delivered a paper about it to the British Psycholo

Cambridge in 1912. They also travelled together, including to Iceland in September 1912

Wittgenstein's father, including first-class travel, and new clothes and spending money for

Norway. Pinsent's diaries have provided researchers with a wealth of material about Wittg

and what comes across strongly is how sensitive and nervous he was, attuned to the tiniest

mood from Pinsent, with Pinsent regularly writing that Wittgenstein was in a huff about

wrote about shopping for furniture with Wittgenstein in Cambridge when the latter was

most of what they found in the stores was not frugal enough for Wittgenstein's taste: "I

interview a lot of furniture at various shops ... It was rather amusing: he is terribly fastidi

shopman a frightful dance, Vittgenstein [sic] ejaculating "No—Beastly!" to 90 percent of

us!"[53]

He wrote in May 1912 that Wittgenstein had just begun to study philosophy: "[h]e expresssurprise that all the philosophers he once worshipped in ignorance are after all stupid and

disgusting mistakes!"[53] The last time they saw each other was at Birmingham train stati

when they said goodbye before Wittgenstein left to live in Norway. Despite the physical




The original manus

Notes on Logic

Library, Trinity

1913–1920: World War I and the Tractatus

Work on Logik

Karl Wittgenstein died on 20 January 1913, and on receiving his

inheritance Wittgenstein became one of the wealthiest men in

Europe.[57] He donated some of it, initially anonymously, to

Austrian artists and writers, including Rainer Maria Rilke and

Georg Trakl. Wittgenstein came to feel that he could not get to

the heart of his most fundamental questions while surrounded by

other academics, and so in 1913 he retreated to the village of

Skjolden in Norway, where he rented the second floor of a house

for the winter. He later saw this as one of the most productiveperiods of his life, writing Logik ( Notes on Logic), the

predecessor of much of the Tractatus.[44]

At Wittgenstein's insistence, Moore visited him in Norway in

1914, reluctantly because Wittgenstein exhausted him. David

Edmonds and John Eidinow write that Wittgenstein regarded

Moore—an internationally known philosopher—as an example of how far someone could

"absolutely no intelligence whatsoever ."[58] In Norway it was clear that Moore was expe

Wittgenstein's secretary, taking down his notes, with Wittgenstein falling into a rage whe

wrong.[58] When he returned to Cambridge, Moore asked the university to consider accep

for a bachelor's degree, but they refused, saying it wasn't formatted properly: no footnotes

Wittgenstein was furious, writing to Moore in May 1914:

If I am not worth your making an exception for me even in some STUPID details

to Hell directly; and if I am worth it and you don't do it then—by God— you mig

Moore was apparently distraught; he wrote in his diary that he felt sick and could not get

head.[59] The men didn't speak again until 1929.[58]

Military service

The outbreak of World War I the next year left Wittgenstein in deep shock. He volunteereHungarian army, first serving on a ship and then in an artillery workshop. In March 1916

fighting unit on the front line of the Russian front, as part of the Austrian 7th Army, whe

involved in some of the heaviest fighting, defending against the Brusilov Offensive. [60]




Throughout the war, he kept notebooks in which he frequently wrote philosophical reflecti

remarks, and in them he records his contempt for the baseness of soldiers in wartime. He

Tolstoy's The Gospel in Brief at a bookshop in Galicia, and carried it everywhere, recom

distress, to the point where he became known to his fellow soldiers as "the man with the

said he returned from the war a changed man, one with both a more mystical and more

Completion of the Tractatus

In the summer of 1918 Wittgenstein took military leave and went to stay in his family's

Neuwaldegg, in Vienna. It was there in August 1918 that he completed the Tractatus, whi

the title Der Satz (The Proposition) to the publishers Johada and Siegel.[65]

A series of events around this time left him deeply upset. On 13 August, his uncle Paullearned that Johada and Siegel had decided not to publish the Tractatus, and on 27 Octobe

killed himself, the third of his brothers to commit suicide. It was around this time he recei

David Pinsent's mother to say that Pinsent had been killed in a plane crash on 8 May. [66

distraught to the point of suicidal. He was sent back to the Italian front after his leave an

November in Trent, spending nine months in prison. He returned to his family in Vienna

all accounts physically and mentally spent. He apparently talked incessantly about suicide

and Paul. He decided to do two things: to enroll in teacher training college as an elementa

to get rid of his fortune. In 1914 it had been providing him with an income of 300,000

1919 was worth a great deal more because it had been invested in the United States and

among his siblings, except for Margarete who was already wealthy in her own right, insist

in trust for him. His family saw him as ill, and acquiesced. [65]

1920–1928: Teaching, the Tractatus, Haus Wittgenstein

Teacher training in Vienna, the Prater

In September 1919 he enrolled in the Lehrerbildungsanstalt (teacher training college) in

Vienna. His sister Hermine said that Wittgenstein working as an elementary teacher was

instrument to open crates, but the family decided not to interfere. [67]

He moved out of the family home and into lodgings in Untere Viaduktgasse in Vienna's

during this period that, according to William Warren Bartley, a professor of philosophyengaged in a series of rough, casual homosexual encounters in an area of the city called

walking distance of his lodgings. It is a controversial claim, one that Bartley first made

Wittgenstein, and denied at the time by Wittgenstein's executors and friends in England,

that, although Wittgenstein was not heterosexual, he had not actually engaged in gay sex




"The main point is the theory of what can be

expressed (gesagt) by prop[osition]s—i.e. bylanguage—(and, which comes to the same

thing, what can be thought ) and what can

not be expressed by pro[position]s, but only

shown (gezeigt); which, I believe, is the

cardinal problem of philosophy."

— Wittgenstein, letter to Russell, 19 August

1919.[75]

Teaching posts in Austria

In 1920 he was given his first job as a primary school teacher in Trattenbach, a village

His first letters describe it as beautiful, but in October 1921, he wrote to Russell: "I am

surrounded, as ever, by odiousness and baseness. I know that human beings on the averag

anywhere, but here they are much more good-for-nothing and irresponsible than elsewhereobject of gossip among the villagers, who found him eccentric at best. He didn't get on

teachers; when he found his lodgings too noisy, he made a bed for himself in the school

enthusiastic teacher, offering late-night extra tuition to several of the boys, something that

the parents, though some of the boys came to adore him; his sister Hermine occasionally

said the students "literally crawled over each other in their desire to be chosen for answers

demonstrations."[72]

To the less abled, it seems that he became something of a tyrant. The first two hours of

to mathematics, hours that Monk writes some of the pupils recalled years later with horror

caned the boys and boxed their ears, and also that he pulled the girls' hair;[73] this was

for boys, but for the villagers he went too far in doing it to the girls too; girls were not

algebra, much less have their ears boxed over it . The physicality apart, he quickly became

shouting "Krautsalat!" when the headmaster played the piano, and "Nonsense!" when a

children's questions.[74]

Publication of the Tractatus

Further information: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Logical atomism, Picture theor

Russell's theory of descriptions

While Wittgenstein was living in isola

the Tractatus was published to considGerman in 1921 as Logisch-Philosoph

of Wilhelm Ostwald's journal Annalen

though Wittgenstein was not happy

it a pirate edition. Russell had agreed

introduction to explain why it was im

otherwise unlikely to have been publis

not impossible to understand, and Witt

in philosophy.[76] But Wittgenstein

Russell's help. He had lost faith in Russell, finding him glib and his philosophy mechanisti

fundamentally misunderstood the Tractatus.[77]




Fr

un

was poor at the time, and Ramsey was a teenager who had only recently learned

German, so philosophers often prefer to use a 1961 translation by David Pears and

Brian McGuinness.[79]

The aim of the Tractatus is to reveal the relationship between language and the

world: what can be said about it, and what can only be shown. Wittgensteinargues that language has an underlying logical structure, a structure that provides

the limits of what can be said meaningfully, and therefore the limits of what can

be thought. The limits of language, for Wittgenstein, are the limits of thought.

Much of philosophy involves attempts to say the unsayable, and by implication the unthin

say at all can be said clearly," he argues. Anything beyond that—religion, ethics, aestheti

cannot be discussed. They are not in themselves nonsensical, but any statement about the

wrote in the preface: "The book will, therefore, draw a limit to thinking, or rather—not

expression of thoughts; for, in order to draw a limit to thinking we should have to be able

this limit (we should therefore have to be able to think what cannot be thought)."[81]

The book is devoted to explaining what a meaningful proposition is (what is asserted whe

meaningfully). It is 75 pages long—"As to the shortness of the book, I am awfully sorry

squeeze me like a lemon you would get nothing more out of me," he told Ogden—and

propositions (1–7), with various sub-levels (1, 1.1, 1.11):[82]

1. Die Welt ist alles, was der Fall ist .

The world is all that is the case.[83]

2. Was der Fall ist, die Tatsache, ist das Bestehen von Sachverhalten.

What is the case—a fact—is the existence of states of affairs.

3. Das logische Bild der Tatsachen ist der Gedanke.

A logical picture of facts is a thought.

4. Der Gedanke ist der sinnvolle Satz .

A thought is a proposition with a sense.

5. Der Satz ist eine Wahrheitsfunktion der Elementarsätze.

A proposition is a truth-function of elementary propositions.

6. Die allgemeine Form der Wahrheitsfunktion ist: . Dies ist die allg




A plaque on the house, now the

cultural department of the

Bulgarian Embassy

Wittgenstei

Wittgenstein bet

Piribauer tried to have Wittgenstein arrested, but the village's police station was empty,

the next day he was told Wittgenstein had disappeared. On 28 April 1926, Wittgenstein

to Wilhelm Kundt, a local school inspector , who tried to persuade him to stay, but Wittge

that his days as a schoolteacher were over.[87]

Proceedings were initiated in May, and the

psychiatric report; in August 1926 a letter to Wittgenstein from a friend, Ludwig Hänsel

were ongoing, but nothing is known about the case after that. Alexander Waugh writesand their money may have had a hand in covering things up. [88] Waugh writes that Haidb

afterwards of haemophilia; Monk says he died when he was 14 of leukaemia.[89]

Ten yea

appeared without warning at the homes of the families whose children he had hurt saying

personally. He visited at least four of the children, including Hermine Piribauer, who app

with a "Ja, ja," though some of the other children were more forgiving. [90]

Haus Wittgenstein

Main article: Haus Wittgenstein

In part to distract him from

the Haidbauer incident

Wittgenstein's sister Margaret

invited him to help with the

design of her new townhouse

in Vienna's Kundmanngasse.

The architect was Paul

Engelmann, someone

Wittgenstein had come to

know during the war when

they'd been in the trenches

together. Engelmanndesigned a spare modernist

house after the style of Adolf

Loos: three rectangular

blocks. Wittgenstein poured himself into the project for over two

years. He focused on the windows, doors , and radiators, demanding

that every detail be exactly as he specified, to the point where, as

Waugh writes, everyone involved in the project was exhausted. One

of the architects, Jacques Groag, wrote in a letter: "I come home

very depressed with a headache after a day of the worst quarrels,

disputes, vexations, and this happens often. Mostly between me and Wittgenstein."[91]

W

nearly finished he had a ceiling raised 30mm so that the room had the exact proportions




The house was finished by December 1928, and the family gathered there that Christmas

completion, but it was not greatly admired. Wittgenstein's sister Hermine wrote: "It seeme

more a dwelling for the gods." Paul disliked it, and when Margaret's nephew came to sell

so on the grounds that she had never liked it either.[91]

Wittgenstein himself found the

it had good manners, but no primordial life or health. [93] He nevertheless seemed commit

becoming an architect: the Vienna City Directory listed him as "Dr Ludwig Wittgenstein

between 1933 and 1938.[94]

After the war the house became a barracks and stables for Ru

the 1950s it was sold to a developer. The Vienna Landmark Commission saved it and ma

monument in 1971, and since 1975 it has housed the cultural department of the Bulgarian

1929–1941: Fellowship at Cambridge

PhD and fellowship

At the urging of Ramsey and others, Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge in 1929. Keynes

wife: "Well, God has arrived. I met him on the 5.15 train." Despite this fame, he could

Cambridge as he did not have a degree, so he applied as an advanced undergraduate. Russ

previous residency was sufficient for a PhD, and urged him to offer the Tractatus as his

in 1929 by Russell and Moore; at the end of the thesis defence , Wittgenstein clapped the

shoulder and said, "Don't worry, I know you'll never understand it."[95] Moore wrote in"I myself consider that this is a work of genius; but, even if I am completely mistaken an

sort, it is well above the standard required for the Ph.D. degree." [96] Wittgenstein was

and was made a fellow of Trinity College.

Anschluss

Further information: Anschluss, Nuremberg Laws, and Mischling test

From 1936 to 1937, Wittgenstein lived again in Norway,[97]

where he worked on the Phi

Investigations. In the winter of 1936/37, he delivered a series of "confessions" to close

about minor infractions like white lies, in an effort to cleanse himself. In 1938, he travele

Maurice O'Connor Drury, a friend who became a psychiatrist, and considered such trainin

intention of abandoning philosophy for it. The visit to Ireland was at the same time a resp

of the then Irish Taoiseach, Eamon de Valera, himself a mathematics teacher. De Valera

Wittgenstein's presence would contribute to an academy for advanced mathematics.

While he was in Ireland in March 1938, Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss; the

was now a citizen of the enlarged Germany and a Jew under the 1935 Nuremberg racial




Wittgenstei

old rooms

in Whew

Wittgenstein began to investigate acquiring British or Irish citizenship with the help of Ke

had to confess to his friends in England that he had earlier misrepresented himself to them

Jewish grandparent, when in fact he had three.[100]

A few days before the invasion of Poland, Hitler granted Mischling status to the Wittgenst

there were 2,100 applications for this, and Hitler granted only 12.[101] Anthony Gottliebwas that their paternal grandfather had been the bastard son of a German prince, which

to claim the gold, foreign currency, and stocks held in Switzerland by a Wittgenstein trust

citizen by marriage, was the one who started the negotiations over the racial status of thei

family's foreign currency was used as a bargaining tool. Paul had escaped to Switzerland

States in July 1938, and disagreed with the negotiations, leading to a permanent split betw

the war, when Paul was performing in Vienna, he did not visit Hermine who was dying

further contact with Ludwig or Gretl.[18]

Professor of philosophy

After G. E. Moore resigned the chair in philosophy in 1939,

Wittgenstein was elected, and acquired British citizenship soon

afterwards. In July 1939 he travelled to Vienna to assist Gretl and his

other sisters, visiting Berlin for one day to meet an official of the

Reichsbank. After this, he travelled to New York to persuade Paul,whose agreement was required, to back the scheme. The required

Befreiung was granted in August 1939. The unknown amount signed over

to the Nazis by the Wittgenstein family, a week or so before the

outbreak of war, included amongst many other assets 1.7 tonnes of gold.[102] At 2009 prices, this amount of gold alone would be worth in excess

of US$60 million. There is also a report that Wittgenstein went on to

visit Moscow a second time in 1939, travelling from Berlin, and againmet the philosopher Sophia Janowskaya.

[103]

After work, Wittgenstein would often relax by watching Westerns, where

he preferred to sit at the very front of the cinema, or reading detective

stories.[104] Norman Malcolm wrote that he would rush to the cinema

when class ended. "As the members of the class began to move their

chairs out of the room he might look imploringly at a friend and say in alow tone, ‘Could you go to a flick?’ On the way to the cinema

Wittgenstein would buy a bun or cold pork pie and munch it while he

watched the film."[105]




"Death is not an event in life: we do not live

to experience death. If we take eternity to

mean not infinite temporal duration but

timelessness, then eternal life belongs to

those who live in the present. Our life has

no end in the way in which our visual field

has no limits."

— Wittgenstein, Tractatus, 6.431

World War II and working in Guy's Hospital

Monk writes that Wittgenstein found it intolerable that a war was going on and he was tea

September 1941 he asked John Ryle, the brother of the philosopher Gilbert Ryle, if he co

Guy's Hospital in London. John Ryle was professor of medicine at Cambridge and had

Guy's prepare for the Blitz. Wittgenstein told Ryle he would die slowly if left at Cambridrather die quickly. He started working at Guy's shortly afterwards as a dispensary porter

delivered drugs from the pharmacy to the wards—where he apparently advised the patient

[107]

The hospital staff were not told that he was one of the world's most famous philosophers

medical staff did recognize him—at least one had attended Moral Sciences Club meetings

discreet. "Good God, don't tell anybody who I am!" Wittgenstein begged one of them. So

nevertheless called him Professor Wittgenstein, and he was allowed to dine with the doctoHe wrote on 1 April 1942:

I no longer feel any hope for the future of my life. It is as though I had before me

long stretch of living death. I cannot imagine any future for me other than a ghastl

joyless.

He had developed a friendship with Keith Kirk, a working-class teenage friend of Francis

mathematics undergraduate he had had a relationship with until Skinner's death in 1941given up academia, thanks at least in part to Wittgenstein's influence, and had been worki

1939, with Kirk as his apprentice. Kirk and Wittgenstein struck up a friendship, with Witt

lessons in physics to help him pass a City and Guilds exam, but Wittgenstein seems to ha

him. During his period of loneliness at Guy's he wrote in his diary: "For ten days I've he

K, even though I pressed him a week ago for news. I think that he has perhaps broken wit

thought." Kirk had in fact got married, and they never saw one another again.[108]

1947–1951: Final years

He resigned the professorship at Cam

concentrate on his writing, and travell

and 1948, staying in Ross's Hotel in

in Red Cross, in County Wicklow ,

manuscript volume MS 137, Band R

moved to Rosro, a holiday cottage in

Maurice O'Connor-Drury. Drury told

Mulkerrins, that Wittgenstein had had

and needed looking after.[109]




A plaque at

Storey's Way

Wittge

where his sister Hermine died on 11 February 1950; he went to see

her every day, but she was hardly able to speak or recognize him.

"Great loss for me and all of us," he wrote. "Greater than I would

have thought." He moved around a lot after Hermine's death: to

Cambridge in April 1950, where he stayed with G. H. von Wright;

to London to stay with Rush Rhees; then to Oxford to see ElizabethAnscombe, writing to Norman Malcolm that he was hardly doing any

philosophy. He went to Norway in August with Ben Richards, then

returned to Cambridge, where on 27 November he moved into

"Storey's End," at 76 Storey's Way, the home of his doctor, Edward

Bevan, and his wife Joan; he had told them he was scared of dying

in hospital, so they said he could spend his last days in their home

instead. Joan was at first afraid of him, but they became very close.

[109]

By the beginning of 1951 it was clear that he had little time left. He wrote a new will in

naming Rhees as his executor, and Anscombe and von Wright his literary administrators

Malcolm that month to say, "My mind's completely dead. This isn't a complaint, for I do

I know that life must have an end once & and that mental life can cease before the rest

he returned to the Bevans' home to work on MS 175 and MS 176. These and other manus

published as Remarks on Colour and On Certainty.

[109]

He wrote to Malcolm on 16 Aprideath:

An extraordinary thing happened to me. About a month ago I suddenly found mys

of mind for doing philosophy. I had been absolutely certain that I'd never again

the first time after more than 2 years that the curtain in my brain has gone up.—

only worked for about 5 weeks & it may be all over by tomorrow; but it bucks

He began work on his final manuscript, MS 177, on 25 April 1951; the last entry was on

If someone believes that he has flown from America to England in the last few da

cannot be making a mistake .

And just the same if someone says that he is at this moment sitting at a table and

But even if in such cases I can’t be mistaken, isn't it possible that I am drugged

drug has taken away my consciousness , then I am not now really talking and think seriously suppose that I am at this moment dreaming. Someone who, dreaming,

even if he speaks audibly in doing so, is no more right than if he said in his drea

while it was in fact raining. Even if his dream were actually connected with the




Wittgenstein's

Parish

"duc

Invest

latter's request, a Dominican monk, Father Conrad Pepler , also

attended. They were at first unsure what Wittgenstein would have

wanted, but then remembered he had said he hoped his Catholic

friends would pray for him, so they did, and he was pronounced dead

shortly afterwards .[113]

He was given a Catholic burial at St. Giles's Church, Cambridge. Drury later said he had

since about whether that was the right thing to do.[113]

1953: Publication of the Philosophical Investigations

Main articles: Philosophical Investigations, Language-game, and Private language

The Blue Book , a set of notes dictated to his class at Cambridge in 1933–

1934, contains seeds of Wittgenstein's later thoughts on language, and is

widely read as a turning-point in his philosophy of language.

The Philosophical Investigations was published in two parts in 1953. Most of

the 693 numbered paragraphs in Part I were ready for printing in 1946, but

Wittgenstein withdrew the manuscript. The shorter Part II was added by his

editors, Elizabeth Anscombe and Rush Rhees. Wittgenstein asks the reader tothink of language as a multiplicity of language-games within which parts of

language develop and function. He argues that philosophical problems are

bewitchments that arise from philosophers' misguided attempts to consider the

meaning of words independently of their context, usage, and grammar, what

he called "language gone on holiday." [114]

Philosophical problems arise when language is forced from its proper home into a metaph

where all the familiar and necessary landmarks and contextual clues are removed. Wittgen

metaphysical environment as like being on frictionless ice: where the conditions are appar

philosophically and logically perfect language—the language of the Tractatus—where all

can be solved without the muddying effects of everyday contexts; but where, precisely be

friction, language can in fact do no work at all.[115]

Wittgenstein argues that philosophers

frictionless ice and return to the "rough ground" of ordinary language in use. Much of the

of examples of how the first false steps can be avoided, so that philosophical problems are

solved: "the clarity we are aiming at is indeed complete clarity. But this simply meansproblems should completely disappear."

[116]

Works




Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, translated by G.E.M. Anscombe

Bemerkungen über die Philosophie der Psychologie, ed. G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H

Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, Vols. 1 and 2, translated by G.E

G. E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright (1980), a selection of which makes

The Blue and Brown Books (1958), notes dictated in English to Cambridge students

Philosophische Bemerkungen, ed. by Rush Rhees (1964)

Philosophical Remarks (1975)

Philosophical Grammar (1978)

Bemerkungen über die Farben, ed. by G.E.M. Anscombe (1977)

Remarks on Colour (1991), remarks on Goethe's Theory of Colours.

On Certainty , collection of aphorisms discussing the relation between knowledge and

influential in the philosophy of action.Culture and Value, collection of personal remarks about various cultural issues, such

well as critique of Søren Kierkegaard's philosophy.

Zettel, collection of Wittgenstein's thoughts in fragmentary/"diary entry" format as wit

Culture and Value.

Works online

Review of P. Coffey's Science of Logic (http://fair-use.org/the-cambridge-review/1913

science-of-logic) (1913): a polemical book review, written in 1912 for the March 1913

Cambridge Review when Wittgenstein was an undergraduate studying with Russell. Th

public record of Wittgenstein's philosophical views.

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (http://www. kfs.org/~jonathan/witt/tlph.html) (1922/

Ogden-Ramsey translation

Wittgenstein Source: 5 000 pages of the Wittgenstein Nachlass online (http://wittgenste

Works by Ludwig Wittgenstein (http://www. gutenberg.org/author/Ludwig+Wittgenstein

Google Edition of Remarks on Colour (http://books. google. com/books?id=bu1_

J7mpiqsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ludwig+Wittgenstein,+Remarks+on

+Colour&source=bl&ots=iFH6XiOlO8&sig=OEC-9VKh13t_Ki9vYzfpYnxIwJo&hl

SjBJG0tgfoosXyBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBkQ6AE

v=onepage&q=&f=false)

Some Remarks on Logical Form (http://www.geocities. jp/mickindex/wittgenstein/witt

Cambridge (1932–3) lecture notes (http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosop

wittgens.htm)

The Blue Book (http:/ /www.geocities. jp/mickindex/wittgenstein/witt_blue_en.html)Lecture on Ethics (http://www. galilean-library.org/manuscript.php?postid=43866)

On Certainty (http://web.archive.org/web/20051210213153/http:/ /budni.by. ru/oncertain

See also




Notes

1. ^ Dennett , Daniel. "Ludwig Wittgenstein: Philosopher" (http://www.time .com/time/

article/0,9171,990616,00.html) , Time magazine, 29 March 1999.

2. ^ For the Russell quote, see McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: A Life : Young Ludwig

of California Press, 1988, p. 118.For his publications during his lifetime, see Monk, Ray. How to read Wittgens

Company. 2005, p. 5.

For the number of words, see Stern, David. "The Bergen Electronic Edition

Nachlass" (http://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/10.1111/ j.1468-0378.2010.00425

Journal of Philosophy. Vol 18, issue 3, September 2010.

For the ranking of his work, see Lackey, Douglas. "What Are the Modern Cla

of Great Philosophy in the Twentieth Century" (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com

doi/10.1111/0031-806X.00022/abstract?systemMessage=Due+to+scheduled++the+Wiley+Online+Library+may+be+disrupted+as+follows%3A+Monday%

+York+0400+EDT+to+0500+EDT%3B+London+0900+BST+to+1000+BST

+1700) , Philosophical Forum . 30 (4), December 1999, pp. 329–346. For a

(http://lindenbranch.weblogs.us/archives/878) , accessed 3 September 2010.

3. ^ For the list of others in Vienna at that time, see Duffy, Bruce . "The do-it-yourself

Wittgenstein" (http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/13/books/the-do-it-yourself-life-of-lud

sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1) , The New York Times , 13 November 1988, p. 2.

For his selling his furniture, see "Ludwig Wittgenstein: Tractatus and Teachin

cam.ac.uk/biogre6.html) , Cambridge Wittgenstein archive], accessed 4 Septe

For his commendation, see Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein: a

House of Canada, 2009, p. 114.

For the brothers' suicides, see Waugh, Alexander. "The Wittgensteins: Viennes

www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3559463/The-Wittgensteins-Viennese-whirl.html

30 August 2008, and Gottlieb, Anthony. "A Nervous Splendor" (http://www

critics/books/2009/04/06/090406crbo_books_gottlieb) , The New Yorker , 9

For Rorty's view, see Rorty, Richard. 'The Education of John Dewey': The Inv

Philosopher" (http://www.nytimes. com/2003/03/09/books/ review/009RORTYT

Times, 9 March 2003.

For his desire that his students not pursue philosophy, see Malcolm, Norman

Memoir . Oxford University Press, 1958, p. 28.

For his hitting the school children and his work in Guy's, see Monk, Ray. Lu

Duty of Genius. Free Press, 1990, pp. 232–233, 431.

For the incident with Dorothy Moore, see Donagan Alan and Malpas, J.E. Th

of Alan Donagan. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p. x.

4. ^ For ethical and religious themes, see Barrett, Cyril. Wittgenstein on Ethics and Relig

1991, p. 138.

For Wittgenstein's philosophy as therapy, see Peterman, James F. Philosophy




7. ^ Bartley, pp. 199–200.

8. ^ Monk, pp. 4–5.

9. ^ Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius: p.5

10. ^ Monk, p. 7.

11. ^ For his mother's Roman Catholic background, see "Ludwig Wittgenstein: Backgroun

cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/text/biogre1.html) , Wittgenstein archive, University of Cambridge

2010.

For his time and place of birth, see Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. Witt

and Faber, 2001, p. 57.

12. ^ Bartley, William Warren. Wittgenstein. Open Court, 1994, p. 16, first published 197

13. ^ Monk, p. 8.

14. ^ Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein. Doubleday, 2008. p. 9.

15. ^ Monk, p. 11ff.

16. ^ Kenny, Anthony. "Give Him Genius or Give Him Death" (http://www.nytimes.comhim-genius-or-give-him-death.html?pagewanted=all) , The New York Times, 30 Decem

Also see "Ludwig Wittgenstein: Background" (http://www.wittgen-cam.ac.uk

University of Cambridge, accessed 7 September 2010.

17. ^ a b Fitzgerald, Michael. "Did Ludwig Wittgenstein have Asperger's syndrome?" (http

www.springerlink.com/content/wd1bk8fkp4ru6xvy/) , European Child & Adolescent

number 1 , pp. 61–65. DOI: 10. 1007/s007870050117

Also see Fitzgerald, Michael. Autism and Creativity: Is There a Link Between

Exceptional Ability?. Routledge, 2004; see the chapter "Ludwig Wittgenstein

18. ^ a b c Gottlieb, Anthony. "A Nervous Splendor" (http:/ /www.newyorker.com/arts /crit

books/2009/04/06/090406crbo_books_ gottlieb) , The New Yorker , 9 April 2009.

19. ^ Waugh, pp. 24–26.

Also see Monk, p. 11ff.

20. ^ Waugh, pp. 21–22. For the primary source, see Hirschfield, Magnus. Jahrbuch für

Vol VI, 1904, p. 724, citing an unnamed Berlin newspaper, cited in turn by Bartley,

More details in Waugh, Alexander. "The Wittgensteins: Viennese whirl" (http

culture/3559463/The-Wittgensteins-Viennese-whirl.html) , The Daily Telegraph

Also see Gottlieb, Anthony. "A Nervous Splendor" (http://www.newyorker.co

books/2009/04/06/090406crbo_books_gottlieb) , The New Yorker , 9 April 20

For the Koschat song, see "Verlassen bin ich" (http://www.youtube.com/watch

by Thomas Koschat, courtesy of YouTube, accessed 11 September 2010.

21. ^ Monk, p. 11.

22. ^ Monk, Ray. Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. Penguin, 2001 (first publisheMcGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: A Life: Young Ludwig 1889-1921. University

1988, p. 184.

23. ^a b

Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein: a Family at War . Random Hous




Jewish?" (http:/ /books.google.com/books?id=FWAX4Ff69SwC&printsec=frontcover

+Biography+and+Philosophy&hl=en&ei=xwGKTNX8JYWenwfT0LiyDA&sa=X&oi

result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0 CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Was%20Wittgens

3F&f=false) , both in James Carl Klagge. Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy .

Press, 2001, pp. 231ff and p 237ff respectively.

28. ^ Goldstein, Lawrence. Clear and Queer Thinking: Wittgenstein's Development and his

Thought (http://books.google.com/books?id=EvHPNoKvmf0C&pg=PA167&lpg=PA

+and+mistrust+that+stammering,+precocious,+precious,+aristocratic+upstart

+who&source=bl&ots=NpkvtgtJzp&sig=XyiqF4HpNfq7eWruuYiZItO5jEg&hl=en&

HIIKfnAeb4uzqBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEw

v=onepage&q=envy%2C%20hatred%20and%20mistrust%20that%20stammering%2

20precious%2C% 20aristocratic% 20upstart%20who&f=false) . Duckworth, 1999, p .

and Queering Thinking" (http://www. jstor.org/pss/2659846) , review in Mind , Oxford

29. ^ McGinn, Marie. "Hi Ludwig," Times Literary Supplement , 26 May 2000.

30. ^ a b For examples, see Cornish, Kimberley. The Jew of Linz. Arrow, 1999.

Blum, Michael; Rollig, Stella; and Nyanga, Steven. "Monument to the birth

century" (http://www.blumology. net/monument.html) , Revolver, 2005. Blum

display in an exhibition in the OK Centrum für Gegenwartskunst (http://www

letterE.html) , Linz, and in the Galerija Nova, Zagreb, 2006, accessed 9 Septe

Gibbons, Luke. "An extraordinary family saga" (http://www.irishtimes.com/

weekend/2008/1129/1227828897751.html) , Irish Times, 29 November 2008

For an opposing view, see Hamann, Brigitte and Thornton, Thomas. Hitler 's Apprenticeship. Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 15–16, 79.

See the full image at the Bundesarchiv (http://www.bild. bundesarchiv.de/cross

1283821026/) , accessed 8 September 2010. The archives give the date of the

31. ^ Stern, David. "The Significance of Jewishness for Wittgenstein's Philosophy" (http

www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a713788546) , Inquiry, Volume

2000.

Wittgenstein's remark appears in the posthumously published Culture and Value

32. ^ Hitler started at the school on 17 September 1900, repeated the first year in 1901,

1905; see Kersaw, Ian. Hitler, 1889-1936 . W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, p. 16

McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: a life : young Ludwig 1889-1921. University

1988, p. 51ff.

33. ^ Monk, p. 15.

Brigitte Hamann argues in Hitler's Vienna (1996) that Hitler was bound to hav

Wittgenstein, because the latter was so conspicuous, though she told Focus ma

different classes, and she agrees with Monk that they would have had nothingSee Hamann, Brigitte and Thornton, Thomas. Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Ap

University Press, 2000, pp. 15–16, 79, and Thiede, Roger. "Phantom Wittgens

www.focus.de/auto/neuheiten/zeitgeschichte-phantom-wittgenstein_ aid_169829

magazine, 16 March 1998.




archive gives the date as circa 1901, but wrongly calls it the Realschule in Leo

attended primary school in Leonding, but from September 1901 went to the Re

See Kershaw, Ian. Hitler, 1889-1936 . W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, p.

Christoph Haidacher and Richard Schober write that Langer taught at the scho

see Haidacher, Christoph and Schober, Richard. Von Stadtstaaten und Imperien

books.google. com/books?ei=4tyFTJ-CLtGknQfJqOHhAQ&ct=result&id=XqQ

22Oskar+langer%22+hitler&q=%22Oskar+langer%22#search_anchor) , Unive

2006, p. 140.

36. ^ Monk, pp. 18–19.

37. ^ a b Monk, pp. 19–26.

38. ^ Monk, p. 27.

39. ^a b

Monk, p . 29; also see "The Grouse Inn" (http:/ /www.grouse-inn-glossop.co.uk

inn-glossop.co.uk, accessed 12 September 2010.

40. ^ a b Monk, pp. 30–35.

41. ^ Beaney, Michael (ed.). The Frege Reader . Blackwell, 1997, pp. 194-223, 258–289

42. ^ a b c Monk, p. 36ff.

43. ^ Kanterian, Edward. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Reaktion Books, 2007, p. 36.

44. ^ a b O'Connor, J.J. and Robertson, E.F. "Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein" (http

andrews.ac.uk/Biographies /Wittgenstein.html) , St Andrews University, accessed 2 Se

45. ^a b

McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: A Life : Young Ludwig 1889-1921. University

1988, pp. 88–89.46. ^ Monk, p. 41.

47. ^ Russell, Bertrand. Autobiography. Routledge, 1998, p. 281.

48. ^ Pitt, Jack. "Russell and the Cambridge Moral Sciences Club" (http://digitalcommons

viewcontent.cgi?article=1617&context=russelljournal) , "Russell: the Journal of Bertra

1, issue 2, article 3, winter 1982.

Also see Klagge, James Carl and Nordmann, Alfred (eds.) Ludwig Wittgenstein

Occasions . Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, p. 332, citing Michael Nedo and Mic

Ludwig Wittgenstein: sein Leben in Bildern und Texten. Suhrkamp, 1983, p.

49. ^ Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. Wittgenstein's Poker . Faber and Faber, 200150. ^ Eidinow, John and Edmonds, David. "When Ludwig met Karl ..." (http://www.guard

mar/31/artsandhumanities. highereducation) , The Guardian, 31 March 2001.

"Wittgenstein's Poker by David Edmonds and John Eidinow" (http://www.guar

nov/21/guardianfirstbookaward2001.gurardianfirstbookaward) , The Guardian

51. ^ Minutes of the Wittgenstein' s poker meeting (http:/ /www.flickr. com/photos/bennish

bennish/1889016855/lightbox/) , University of Cambridge, shown on Flickr, accessed52. ^ McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: A Life: Young Ludwig 1889-1921. University of

118.

53. ^ a b c d Kanterian, Edward. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Reaktion Books, 2007, p. 40.

54. ^ Goldstein, Laurence. Clear and queer thinking: Wittgenstein's development and his




60. ^ a b Monk, Ray. Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. Penguin, 2001 (first publ

142.

61. ^ Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein: a Family at War . Random House

62. ^ Monk, p. 154.63. ^ Monk, pp. 44, 116, 382–384.

Also see Bill Schardt & David Large, "Wittgenstein, Tolstoy, and the Gospelwww.the-philosopher.co.uk/witty.htm) , The Philosopher , Volume LXXXIX.

64. ^ Monk, p. 183.

65. ^ a b Bartley, pp. 33–39, 45.

66. ^ Bartley, pp. 33–34. For an original report, see "Death of D.H. Pinsent," Birmingha

1918: "Recovery of the Body. The body of Mr. David Hugh Pinsent, a civilian observ

Hume Pinsent, of Foxcombe Hill, near Oxford and Birmingham, the second victim of

aeroplane accident in West Surrey, was last night found in the Basingstoke Canal, at

"Wittgenstein in Birmingham" (http://mikeinmono.blogspot. com/2009/08/that-sprawlinmikeinmono, 3 August 2009, accessed 7 September 2010.

67. ^ Monk, p. 169ff

68. ^ See for example Hacking, Ian. "The Uncommercial Traveller," The Times Higher

April 1983, and Bartley's response in the same publication 29 April 1983, p. 35.

69. ^ Bartley, pp. 40–44.

70. ^ Bartley, p. 160ff.71. ^ Klagge, James Carl. Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy . Cambridge University

72. ^ Malcolm, Norman. "Wittgenstein’s Confessions" (http://www.lrb.co.uk/v03/n21/norwittgensteins-confessions) , London Review of Books, Vol. 3 No. 21, November 19,

73. ^ Bartley, p. 107.

74. ^ Monk, pp. 196, 198.75. ^ Russell, Nieli. Wittgenstein: From Mysticism to Ordinary Language. SUNY Press,

76. ^ For the introduction, see Russell, Bertrand. Introduction (http://www.kfs.org/~jonath

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, May 1922.

77. ^ Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. Wittgenstein's Poker . Faber and Faber, 2001

78. ^ a b "Ludwig Wittgenstein: Tractatus and Teaching" (http:/ /www.wittgen-cam.ac. uk

Cambridge Wittgenstein archive], accessed 4 September 2010.79. ^ For example, Ramsey translated "Sachverhalt " and "Sachlage" as "atomic fact" and

respectively. But Wittgenstein discusses non-existent "Sachverhalten," and there cannot

Pears and McGuinness made a number of changes, including translating "Sachverhalt

"Sachlage" as "situation." The new translation is often preferred, but some philosophers

part because Wittgenstein approved it, and because it avoids the idiomatic English of

White, Roger. Wittgenstein's Tractatus logico-philosophicus. Continuum Interna

Group, 2006, p. 145.

For a discussion about the relative merits of the translations, see Morris, Mich

"Introduction," Routledge philosophy guidebook to Wittgenstein and the Tractat

2008; and Nelson, John O. "Is the Pears-McGuinness translation of the Tractat




85. ^ Mellor, D.H. "Cambridge Philosophers I: F. P. Ramsey" (http://www.dspace.cam

bitstream/1810/3484/5/RamseyText.html) , Philosophy 70, 1995, pp. 243–262.86. ^ Ezard, John. "Philosopher's rare 'other book' goes on sale" (http://www.guardian.co

books.booksnews2) , The Guardian, 19 February 2005.

87. ^ a b c Monk, pp. 224, 232–233.

88. ^ Waugh, p. 162.

89. ^ Waugh, p. 162; Monk, p. 232.

90. ^ Monk, pp. 370–317.

91. â b c

Waugh, p. 163 ff.

92. â b c

Jeffries, Stuart. "A dwelling for the gods" (http://books.guardian.co.uk/depart

politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,,627752,00.html) , The Guardian, 5 January 2002

93. ^ Hyde, Lewis. "Making It" (http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/books/review/Hyde

r=1&scp=1&sq=&st=nyt) . The New York Times, 6 April 2008.

94. ^ Bartley, W.W. Wittgenstein. Open Court, p. 21; first published 1972, this edition95. ^ Monk, Ray. Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. Penguin, 2001 (first publishe

96. ^ R. B. Braithwaite George Edward Moore, 1873 - 1958, in Alice Ambrose and Morr

Moore: Essays in Retrospect . Allen & Unwin, 1970.

97. ^ Ludwig Wittgenstein: Return to Cambridge (http://www.wittgen-cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin

the Cambridge Wittgenstein Archive

98. ^ Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein. Doubleday, 2008. pp. 137ff, 204–

99. ^ Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein. Doubleday, 2008. pp. 224–226.

100. ^ McGuinness, Brian. "Wittgenstein and the Idea of Jewishness," in James Carl Klagg Biography and Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 231ff.

For the view that Wittgenstein saw himself as a Jew, see Stern, David. "Was

Jewish?" (http://books.google.com/books ?

id=FWAX4Ff69SwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Wittgenstein:+Biography+and

+Philosophy&hl=en&ei=xwGKTNX8JYWenwfT0LiyDA&sa=X&oi=book_

result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Was%20

20Jew%3F&f=false) , in James Carl Klagge. Wittgenstein: Biography and Phil

University Press, 2001, p. 237ff.101. ^ Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. Wittgenstein's Poker . Faber and Faber, 2001

102. ^ Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. "Wittgenstein’s Poker", Faber and Faber, Lond

103. ^ Moran, John. "Wittgenstein and Russia" New Left Review 73, May–June, 1972, pp

104. ^ Hoffmann, Josef. "Hard-boiled Wit: Ludwig Wittgenstein and Norbert Davis" (http

NDavis/Wit.html) , CADS, no. 44, October 2003.

105. ^ Malcolm, Norman. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir . Oxford University Press, 1958

106. ^ Diamond, Cora (ed. ). Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics.

Press, 1989.

107. ^ a b Monk, p. 431ff.

108. ^ Monk, pp. 442–443.

109. â b c d

"Ludwig Wittgenstein: Final Years" (http:/ /www.wittgen-cam.ac.uk/cgi -bin




References

Bartley, William Warren. Wittgenstein. Open Court, 1994, first published 1973.

Barrett, Cyril. Wittgenstein on Ethics and Religious Belief . Blackwell, 1991.

Beaney, Michael (ed.). The Frege Reader . Blackwell, 1997.

Braithwaite, R.B. "George Edward Moore, 1873 - 1958", in Alice Ambrose and MorriG.E. Moore: Essays in Retrospect . Allen & Unwin, 1970.

Diamond, Cora (ed.). Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics. Univ

Press, 1989.

Creegan, Charles. Wittgenstein and Kierkegaard: Religion, Individuality and Philosophi

1989.

Drury, Maurice O'Connor et al. The Danger of Words and Writings on Wittgenstein.

Paul, 1973.

Drury, Maurice O'Connor. "Conversations with Wittgenstein," in Rush Rhees (ed.).Wittgenstein: Hermine Wittgenstein--Fania Pascal --F.R. Leavis--John King--M. O'C

Press, 1984.

Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. Wittgenstein's Poker . Ecco, 2001.

Edwards, James C. Ethics Without Philosophy : Wittgenstein and the Moral Life. Unive

1982.

Gellner, Ernest. Words and Things. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979, originally publish

Goldstein, Laurence. Clear and Queer Thinking: Wittgenstein's Development and his

Thought . Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.

Hamann, Brigitte and Thornton, Thomas. Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship

Press, 2000.

Kanterian, Edward. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Reaktion Books, 2007.

Klagge, James Carl. Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy . Cambridge University

Klagge, James Carl and Nordmann, Alfred (eds.). Ludwig Wittgenstein: Public and Pri

Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.

Kripke, Saul. Wittgenstein on rules and private language: an elementary exposition .1982.

Leitner, Bernhard. The Architecture of Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Documentation . Press

College of Art and Design, 1973.

Malcolm, Norman. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir . Oxford University Press, 1958.

McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: A Life : Young Ludwig 1889-1921. University of Cal

Monk, Ray. Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius . Free Press, 1990.

Nedo, Michael and Ranchetti, Michele (eds.). Ludwig Wittgenstein: sein Leben in Bild

Suhrkamp, 1983.Perloff, Marjorie. Wittgenstein's Ladder: Poetic Language and the Strangeness of the

Chicago Press, 1996.

Peterman, James F. Philosophy as therapy. SUNY Press, 1992.

Russell, Bertrand. Autobiography. Routledge, 1998.




Further reading

Arnswald, Ulrich. In Search of Meaning: Ludwig Wittgenstein on Ethics, Mysticism an

Universitätsverlag Karlsruhe / KIT Scientific Publishing, 2009.

Baker, G.P. and Hacker, P.M.S. Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning. Blackwell

Baker, G.P. and Hacker, P.M.S. Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar, and Necessity. Black Baker, G.P. and Hacker, P.M.S. Wittgenstein: Meaning and Mind . Blackwell, 1990

Brockhaus, Richard R. Pulling Up the Ladder: The Metaphysical Roots of Wittgenstein

Philosophicus. Open Court, 1990.

Fonteneau, Françoise. L’éthique du silence. Wittgenstein et Lacan . Seuil, 1999.

Fraser, Giles. "Investigating Wittgenstein, part 1: Falling in love" (http://www.guardia

belief/2010/jan/25/wittgenstein-philosophical-investigations) , The Guardian, 25 Januar

Glock, Hans-Johann. A Wittgenstein Dictionary. Blackwell, 1996.

Grayling, A.C. Wittgenstein: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2001

Guetti, James. Wittgenstein and the Grammar of Literary Experience. University of

Hacker, P.M.S.. Insight and Illusion: Themes in the Philosophy of Wittgenstein. Clare

Hacker, P. M.S. "Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann," in Ted Honderich (ed.). The Ox

Philosophy . Oxford University Press, 1995.

Hacker, P. M.S. Wittgenstein's Place in Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy. Black

Hacker, P. M.S. Wittgenstein: Mind and Will . Blackwell, 1996.

Harré, Rom and Tissaw, Michael A. Wittgenstein and Psychology: A Practical GuideJormakka, Kari. "The Fifth Wittgenstein", Datutop 24, 2004, a discussion of the conn

Wittgenstein's architecture and his philosophy.

Kitching, Gavin. Wittgenstein and Society: Essays in Conceptual Puzzlement . Ashgate

Levy, Paul. Moore: G.E . Moore and the Cambridge Apostles. Weidenfeld & Nicholso

McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein in Cambridge: Letters and Documents 1911-1951.

Monk, Ray. How To Read Wittgenstein. Norton, 2005.

Nieli, Russell. Wittgenstein: from mysticism to ordinary language. SUNY Press, 1987

Pears, David F. "A Special Supplement: The Development of Wittgenstein’s Philosophwww.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1969/jan/16/a-special-supplement-the-development

New York Review of Books, 10 July 1969.

Pears, David F. The False Prison, A Study of the Development of Wittgenstein's Philos

2. Oxford University Press, 1987 and 1988.

Richter, Duncan J. "Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889—1951)" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/witt

Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 30 August 2004, accessed 16 September 2010.

Scheman, Naomi and O'Connor, Peg (eds.). Feminist Interpretations of Ludwig Wittge

2002.Sterrett, Susan G. Wittgenstein Flies a Kite: A Story of Models of Wings and Models

2005.

Wijdeveld, Paul. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Architect . MIT Press, 1994.




Papers about his Nachlass

Stern, David. "The Bergen Electronic Edition of Wittgenstein 's Nachlass" (http://online

doi/10.1111/j. 1468-0378.2010.00425.x/full) , The European Journal of Philosophy .

September 2010.

Von Wright. G.H. "The Wittgenstein Papers" (http://www.jstor.org/pss/2184200) , Th

78, 1969.

Works referencing Wittgenstein

Doctorow, E.L. City of God . Plume, 2001, depicts an imaginary rivalry between Wittg

Doxiadis, Apostolos and Papadimitriou, Christos. Logicomix. Bloomsbury, 2009.

Duffy, Bruce. The World as I Found It . Ticknor & Fields, 1987, a recreation of Wittg

Jarman, Derek. Wittgenstein, a biopic of Wittgenstein with a script by Terry Eagleton

1993.Kerr, Philip. A Philosophical Investigation, Chatto & Windus, 1992, a dystopian thrille

Markson, David. Wittgenstein's Mistress. Dalkey Archive Press, 1988, an experimental

account of what it would be like to live in the world of the Tractatus .

Wallace, David Foster. The Broom of the System. Penguin Books, 1987, a novel.

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