LTE and BeyondPREPARED BY: FARHAN PERVEZ

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT – STC R&D

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CONTENTS

Evolution in Mobile Technology and Services Offered

Motivation Behind LTE

Birth of LTE

LTE System Architecture

LTE Protocol Stack

LTE Key Aspects (Duplexing, Access, Link Adaptation)

NFV and SDN in LTE

Birth of LTE – Advance

Evolution of LTE – A (Exploring New Dimensions)

LTE versus LTE – A

Future Trends and Focus Insight

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Evolution in Mobile Technology &

Services Offered

1. Peak data rate for GSM/GPRS, Evolved EDGE has peak DL data rates capable of up to 1.2 Mbps;

2. Peak data rate for HSPA+ DL 3-carrier CA; HSPA+ specification includes additional potential CA + use of multiple antennas;

3. Peak data rate for LTE Advanced Cat 6 with 20 + 20 MHz DL CA; LTE specification includes additional potential CA + additional use of multiple antennas;

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Motivation Behind LTE

The motivation for LTE

Need to ensure the continuity of competitiveness of the 3G system for the

future

User demand for higher data rates and quality of service

Packet Switch optimized system

Continued demand for cost reduction (CAPEX and OPEX)

Low complexity

Avoid unnecessary fragmentation of technologies for paired and unpaired

band operation

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Birth of LTE

2004: Marked as the birth year of LTE; NTT DoCoMo of Japan proposes LTE as the international standard.

Sept 2006: NSN of Finland showed in collaboration with Nomor Research of Germany the first live emulation of HDTV streaming using an LTE network to the media and investors.

Nov 2007: Infineon presented the world’s first RF transceiver named SMARTiLTE supporting LTE functionality

2008: 3GPP standardizes LTE in Release 8; with a completely new radio interface and core network.

2009: TeliaSonera launches first commercial LTE network in Oslo and Stockholm.

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LTE System Architecture

The evolved architecture

comprises E-UTRAN

(Evolved UTRAN) on

the access side and EPC (Evolved

Packet Core) on

the core side.

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E-UTRAN

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EPC (MME)

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EPC (SGW)

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EPC (PDN-GW)

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EPC (PCRF)

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LTE Protocol Stack

RRC: Radio Resource Control

PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol

RLC: Radio Link Control

MAC: Medium Access Control

PHY: Physical Layer

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LTE Key Aspects (FDD-LTE vs TDD-LTE)

LTE- Frequency Division Duplexing LTE- Time Division Duplexing

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LTE Key Aspects (FDD-LTE vs TDD-LTE)

Feature LTE FDD TDD LTE

ApplicationFDD version is used where both uplink and downlink data rates are symmetrical.

TDD version is used where both uplink and downlink data rates are asymmetrical.

Guard periodsNot provided, every downlink subframe can be associated with an uplink subframe.

Provided in the center of special subframes and used for the advance of the uplink transmission timing. The no. of downlink and uplink subframes is different

Interference

Interference between neighboring base stations less as transmission and reception is done on separate frequencies.

Interference between neighboring base stations more, as transmission and reception is done on the same frequency.

Peak Downlink data rate for FDD/TDD LTEMinimum: 1.728 Mbps with 1.4MHz BW,6 RBs, QPSK modulation,Maximum: 345.6 Mbps with 20MHz,100 RBs, 64QAM,4X4 MIMO

Peak Uplink data rate for TDD/FDD LTEMinimum: 1.8 Mbps with 1.4MHz BW, 6 RBs, QPSK modulation,Maximum: 86.4 Mbps with 20MHz BW, 100 RBs, 64QAM modulation

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LTE Key Aspects (FDD-LTE vs TDD-LTE)

LTE,E-Utra frequency band

Uplink(UL)opearating band BS receive UE

transmit(FUL(low) -FUL(High))

,MHz

Downlink(DL)opearating band BS transmit UE

receive(FDL(low) -FDL(High))

,MHz Duplex mode

3 1710-1785 1805 -1880 FDD

4 1710 -1755 2110 -2155 FDD

19 830-845 875-890 FDD

....

33 1900-1920 1900-1920 TDD

34 2010-2025 2010-2025 TDD

40 2300-2400 2300-2400 TDD

41 2496-2690 2496-2690 TDD

43 3600-3800 3600-3800 TDD

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LTE Key Aspects (Access Techniques)

For Downlink Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is used

Each UE occupies a subset of sub-carriers

Subset is called an OFDMA traffic channel

Spectral bandwidth efficiency

Robustness to frequency selective fading channels

For Uplink Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple

Access (SC-FDMA) is used. Better in power consumed

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LTE Key Aspects (Radio Link Adaptation)

Power Control

Absolutely Necessary in Uplink

Reason: Near / Far, Rx dynamics

LTE-Slow Power Control sufficient

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

Need to keep control of latency and

QoS

And for Efficiency (to approach

Shannon!)

Target 10% - 30% BLER

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)

Necessary fallback solution

Quick response to Tx errors

To collect power for cell edge UEs

Link Adaptive Scheduling

Resource management

Dependent on UE Channel Quality

Remember!Channel Quality

Indicator (CQI)

In LTE

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NFV and SDN in LTE

Two New Concepts: Network Functions Virtualization, Software Defined Networking

Cost reduction, increase of network scalability and service flexibility

NFV proposes to run the mobile network functions as software instances oncommodity servers or datacenters.

SDN supports a decomposition of the mobile network into control-plane and data-

plane functions.

Within a widely-spanned mobile network, there is in fact a high potential to

combine both concepts.

Taking load and delay into account, there will be areas of the mobile network

rather benefiting from an NFV deployment with all functions virtualized, while for

other areas, an SDN deployment with functions decomposition is more

advantageous.

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NFV and SDN in LTE

Control-plane gateway(GW-c), LTE signaling or resources allocation

Data-plane gateway (GW-u), for both SGW and PGW such as GTP Tunneling, or additional

functions needed at the PGW only such as QoS enforcement or charging.

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Birth and Evolution of LTE-Advanced

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LTE Advanced: Key Technologies

Evolving & expanding into new frontiers

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Carrier Aggregation—fatter pipe to

enhance user experience

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More antennas—MIMO

Large gain from receive diversity

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LTE-A CoMP, Coordinated Multipoint

Introduced in R10 for LTE-A

Makes better utilization of network: By providing connections to several base stations at once, using CoMP, data can be passed through least loaded base stations for better resource utilization.

Provides enhanced reception performance: Using several cell sites for each connection means that overall reception will be improved and the number of dropped calls should be reduced.

Multiple site reception increases received power: The joint reception from multiple base stations or sites using LTE Coordinated Multipoint techniques enables the overall received power at the handset to be increased.

Interference reduction: By using specialized combining techniques it is possible to utilize the interference constructively rather than destructively, thereby reducing interference levels.

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LTE-A HetNet, Heterogeneous Network

Using concept of CoMP and eICIC in order to increase capacity and QoE

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Extending the benefits of LTE Advanced to

unlicensed spectrum

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LTE Broadcast/Multicast

Leveraging LTE infrastructure and spectrum Higher capacity even with fewer users

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LTE Broadcast/Multicast

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LTE Advanced - 1000x data challenge

enabler

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Comparison b/w LTE and LTE-A

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LTE/LTE-A UE-Category

Category information is used to allow the eNB to communicate effectively with all the UEs

connected to it. The UE-Category defines a combined uplink and downlink capability

3GPP Release 8 defines UE Cat 1 to 5 for LTE

3GPP Release 10 onwards for LTE-A

Table shows the data rates supported

by different UE-Categories

User

equipment

Category

Max. L1

datarate

Downlink

(Mbit/s)

Max. number

of DL MIMO

layers

Max. L1

datarate

Uplink

(Mbit/s)

3GPP Release

0 1.0 1 1.0 Rel 12

1 10.3 1 5.2 Rel 8

2 51.0 2 25.5 Rel 8

3 102.0 2 51.0 Rel 8

4 150.8 2 51.0 Rel 8

5 299.6 4 75.4 Rel 8

6 301.5 2 or 4 51.0 Rel 10

7 301.5 2 or 4 102.0 Rel 10

8 2,998.6 8 1,497.8 Rel 10

9 452.2 2 or 4 51.0 Rel 11

10 452.2 2 or 4 102.0 Rel 11

11 603.0 2 or 4 51.0 Rel 11

12 603.0 2 or 4 102.0 Rel 11

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What’s Next? 5G Challenge

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5G Service Capabilities

5G needs to support efficiently three different types of traffic profiles

– high throughput for e.g. video services

– low energy for e.g. long living sensors

– low latency for mission critical services

Sustainable and scalable technology to handle

– growth in number of terminal devices

– continuous growth of traffic (at a 50-60% CAGR)

– heterogeneous network layouts

– without causing dramatic increase of power consumption and management complexity

5G covers network needs and contributes to digitalization of vertical markets

– automotive, transportation, manufacturing, banking, finance, insurance, food and agriculture

– education, media

– city management, energy, utilities, real estate, retail

– government and healthcare

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5G Key Requirements

1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target ≥ 10 Tb/s/km2

1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2

100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥ 10Gb/s

Guaranteed user data rate >50Mb/s

1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010

1/5 X in network management OPEX

Mobility support at speed ≥ 500km/h for ground transportation

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5G Key Technological Components

5G wireless will support a heterogeneous set of integrated air interfaces

– evolutions of current access schemes, and brand new technologies

5G networks will encompass cellular and satellite solutions

Seamless handover between heterogeneous wireless access technologies

Deployment of ultra-dense networks with numerous small cells requires new interference mitigation, backhauling and installation techniques

5G will be driven by software and will heavily rely on emerging technologies to achieve required performance, scalability and agility

– Software Defined Networking (SDN)

– Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)

– Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)

Easer and optimized network management by means of exploitation of Data Analytics and Big Data techniques

– to monitor users Quality of Experience while guaranteeing privacy

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5G Networks and Services VISION

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