loba lingala!

8/10/2019 Loba Lingala!

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Loba Lingala!An English guide to the language of Kinshasa

BY THOMAS YOCUMILLUSTRATIONS BY ALBAN LOW


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First Published in 2014

by S!"s#n L#$ Ltd

SLB0004

ISBN %&'(0(%)*4&12()(+

BY T,O-AS YO.U-

/Y#Y# .#!!uniti#ns Li!ited 2014

All rihts reser3ed A"rt 5r#! ny use "er!itted under U6 #"yriht l$ n#"rt #5 this "ubliti#n !y be re"r#dued st#red in retrie3l syste! #r

trns!itted in ny 5#r! #r by ny !ens $ith#ut the "ri#r $ritten "er!issi#n

#5 the "ublisher F#r "er!issi#n t# re"r#due e7trts in $h#le #r in "rt

"lese e!il [email protected]


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To my friend and teacher, Matthew Kabeya


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Acknoledgeents

This b##8 h""ened by ident I didn9t i!ine tht I $#uld be $ritin it

$hen I 5irst rri3ed in 6inshs n#r did I thin8 tht I $#uld be "uttin

s#!ethin li8e this t#ether durin the initil !#nths #5 study But s $ht

ben s #lleti#n #5 n#tes #n "iles #5 sr" "iees #5 A4 rdullybe!e !#re #rnised nd I 5#und !ysel5 inter"retin nd e7"linin

3ri#us thins b#ut Linl t# 5riends the "r#:et s##n strted t# de3el#"

!#!entu! #5 its #$n

Needless t# sy n#ne #5 this $#uld h3e been e3en re!#tely "#ssible

$ith#ut the hel" su""#rt hu!#ur "tiene nd $isd#! #5 Pr#5ess#r

-tthe$ 6bey #r $ith#ut the tehnil e7"ertise #5 ;#se -#lene #ne #5

the British

3ery e7ellent #ntributi#ns #5 Albn L#$ Albn9s illustrti#ns brin the

"es li3e #n3eyin "iture #5 dily li5e nd the nture #5 6inshs nd

the =e!#rti Re"ubli #5 the .#n# tht re rrely "tured

Thn8s ls# t# S!"s#n L#$ Ltd $h# ener#usly reed t# "ublish the

b##8 T# Ben#it Sh#n $h# 8e"t the h#use ti8in #3er nd $s l$ysh""y t# ns$er ne3er(endin stre! #5 rnd#! nd ridiul#usly s"ei5i

>uesti#ns b#ut "r#nuniti#n r!!r nd synt7 And t# ll #5 the

.#n#lese st55 t the British

8ee" !e !#ti3ted by s8in $hen the b##8 $#uld be redy And !y $i5e

Li?? did !r3ell#us :#b #5 8ee"in !y s"irits u" by l##8in interested nd"tiently listenin $hen I r!bled #n b#ut rne s"ets #5 s#!e #5 the

5iner "#ints #5 Linl 3#bulry #r 3erb tenses

Finlly !y !#st hert5elt thn8s # t# the "e#"le #5 6inshs $h# $ere

l$ys redy t# listen nd t# hel" @ e3en i5 they did luh t !e l#t @ nd

$h# 3ery 8indly tuht !e h#$ t# s"e8 their lnue nd t# better

understnd this r?y h#ti 3ibrnt nd un"reditble ity It hs >uite

literlly hned !y li5e


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Contents

A8n#$led!ents4 F#re$#rd& Pre5e111 Kobanda@ t# strt1* 11


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4 Molongo@ the $#rld&) 41


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"o#eo#d

F#r !#st #5 us lnue "re"rti#n in d3ne #5 "#stin t# 6inshs

5#uses #n Frenh We dust #55 #ur sh##l dys 8n#$lede brush u" #n #ur

tenses nd lelandles,dd 5e$ !#re "ertinent $#rds 5#r $r #n5lit

id nd ##d !usi nd bd dri3in nd e7"et t# be redy t# # $hen $erri3e

One here h#$e3er it >ui8ly be#!es ""rent tht bein ble t#

#!!unite in Frenh is :ust "rt #5 the "iture Listen re5ully t# $ht9s

#in #n r#und y#u nd y#u9ll s##n dis#3er tht the rel lnue #5

6inshs is Linl

Linl is the 5irst lnue #5 !ny #5 the residents #5 the ity It9s s"#8en t

$#r8 in sh#"s nd in resturnts It9s used in the s#ns "lyed #n the rdi#nd in the lubs It9s #n the sins nd the r55iti T7i nd esprit de mort

dri3ers use it t# urse t y#u .hildren use it t# s8 y#u 5#r thins Linl is

the rel lnue #5 the "e#"le And it is the $ind#$ t# the rel 6inshs

Linl is Bntu lnue s"#8en by !illi#ns #5 "e#"le thr#uh#ut n#rth

$estern =e!#rti Re"ubli #5 the .#n# lre "rt #5 the Re"ubli #5

.#n# nd s#!e "rts #5 An#l nd the .entrl A5rin Re"ubli

Alth#uh there re di55erent e7"lnti#ns #5 h#$ the lnue e3#l3ed it is

usully reed tht Linl e3#l3ed 5r#! B#bni the trde lnue #5 the

Bnl ulturl r#u" li3in l#n the .#n# Ri3er u"stre! 5r#! $ht is

n#$ 6inshs in the !id(1%th entury

Linl is 5irly si!"le nd striht5#r$rd lnue It is ressurinly


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reulr $ith li!ited 3#bulry -#st esti!tes sy tht there re bet$een

'00(%00 $#rds in Linl In de3el#"in this b##8 I $s ble t# ther :ust

b#ut tht !ny but I9! #nstntly 5indin ne$ End #ld #nes t# dd t# !y

list

I 5irst be!e interested in lernin Linl s##n 5ter !y rri3l in 6inshs

$hen I relised tht l#t #5 the 6in#is I $s intertin $ith did n#t s"e8

!uh #r ny Frenh I ""r#hed Pr#5ess#r -tthe$ 6bey the 3ery

e7ellent lnue instrut#r nd inter"reter 5#r the British

nd s8ed i5 it $#uld be "#ssible t# lern 5e$ $#rds -tthe$ 3ery 8indly

reed t# hel"

O3er the ensuin !#nths -tthe$ nd I !et #ne #r t$ie $ee8 ,e $#uld

s8 !e b#ut !y ti3ities sine the lst lss nd then listen "tiently s I

tried t# e7"lin stu!blin nd strinin t# strin t#ether !y sl#$ly r#$inLinl 3#bulry

There $ere n# 5#r!l h#!e$#r8 ssin!ents Insted durin eh lss

-tthe$ $#uld intr#due !e t# s#!e ne$ 3erbs nd 3#bulry nd I $#uld

d# !y best t# #!!it the! t# !e!#ry nd then t# use the! in !y dily

interti#ns nd r#utines r#und the ity Al#n $ith -tthe$ the "e#"le #5

6inshs be!e !y tehers And l!#st $ith#ut e7e"ti#n they "r#3ed t#

be hel"5ul "tient nd delihted tht s#!e#ne $s t8in the ti!e t# lerntheir lnue

There re #nly li!ited !#unt #5 res#ures 5#r "e#"le $h# $nt t# lern

Linl these dys es"eilly 5#r uteur Pr#3ine $here the !#st "ure 5#r! #5 Linl is

still s"#8en I93e $#r8ed t# sse!ble s !uh in5#r!ti#n s I #uld nd t#

"resent it in $ht I h#"e is si!"le nd ""r#hble $y

This b##8 is n#t desined t# be 5#r!l lnue #urse @ 5r 5r#! it There


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re n# e7erises n# $#r8sheets n# sel5(testin t# see h#$ y#u9re ettin #n

Insted li8e !e I h#"e tht y#u $ill lern 5e$ $#rds nd "hrses nd strt

t# let the ity be y#ur teher

I5 y#ur e7"eriene is li8e !ine $s y#u9ll li8ely n#tie 5e$ thins s y#u

bein First "e#"le $ill stre t y#u


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$#eface

A""r#hin ny ne$ lnue n be duntin It in3ribly in3#l3es study

nd !e!#risti#n nd tril nd err#r And t the beinnin there re usully

l#t !#re err#rs durin the trils

Linl is n# di55erent It $ill !#st li8ely see! 3ery strne strtin #ut F#r

!e it $s !i7 #5 the s!eness $ith s#!e thins @ 5#r e7!"le nerly ll

#5 the 3erbs h3in the s!e bsi struture $hih hd the e55et #5 the!

strtin t# blur t#ether $hen "resented in list @ l#n $ith the ne$ness #5

tryin t# et used t# "r#n#unin $#rds beinnin $ith d#uble #ns#nnts

suh s mb-nd ng-.And there re 5e$ thins @ suh s the Linl $#rds

5#r #l#urs nd nu!bers @ tht re t# be h#nest :ust bit di55iult t 5irst

This b##8 tries t# !8e sense #5 it ll nd t# "resent thins in l#il nd

use5ul #rder

The 5irst seti#n "resents the thins y#u9ll need t# et #in @ s#!e #!!#n

3erbs nd 3#bulry nd the essentil #ther bits t# #nstrut bsi

sentenes t# et y#u #n y#ur $y

The se#nd seti#n l##8s t h#$ t# "ut these bsi buildin bl#8s int# use

It re3ie$s the bsi 3erb tenses nd intr#dues 5e$ !#re 3erbs nd3#bulry l#n $ith e7!"les #5 h#$ they re used

The third seti#n intr#dues 5e$ #5 the !#re d3ned 3erb tenses It ls#

l##8s t the relti#nshi" bet$een s#!e Linl n#uns nd 3erbs tht !iht

hel" y#u t# ntii"te $ht #rret 5#r!s !iht be l#n $ith th#se "es8y

#l#urs nd nu!bers

The 5#urth seti#n intr#dues rne #5 e3erydy t#"is nd ti3ities @resturnts !r8ets 5##d sh#""in the nturl en3ir#n!ent l#n $ith

s#!e #5 the !#re seri#us s"ets #5 li5e in the =R. suh s $r $ithr5t

nd street li5e @ nd the ss#ited 3erbs 3#bulry #!!#n "hrses nd

e7"ressi#ns tht y#u !iht #!e r#ss

The 5i5th seti#n "resents #lleti#n #5 $ht I ll bin#!ils9 @ t$# relted

$#rds suh s h#t9 nd #ld9 #r >uesti#n9 nd ns$er9 $hih I 5#und relly

hel"5ul 5#r !e!#risin

Finlly t the end there is list #5 3erbs nd diti#nry @ in b#th Linl(


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%& Kobanda' to sta#t

This seti#n intr#dues the bsis tht y#u9ll need t# s"e8 nd understnd

Linl It ddresses thins li8e "r#nuniti#n nd bsi sentene struture

It ls# intr#dues 10 #5 the !#re #!!#n 3erbs nd 10 $#rds tht y#u9ll use

$hen y#u9re 5irst strtin

And sine #ne #5 the 5irst thins y#u9ll li8ely $nt t# d# is t# be ble t# reet

"e#"le tht y#u !eet in y#ur #!!unity nd r#und the ity $e9ll bein $ith

h#$ t# !8e the s!ll tl8 tht is the lue #5 !#st s#il interti#ns

rnted this $ill #nly be su"er5iil strt t# the lernin "r#ess sine

y#u9ll be lernin 5e$ $#rds nd "hrses in is#lti#n But it9s ##d $y t#

strt t# et the 5eel 5#r s"e8in Linl nd 5#r ettin used t# the reti#ny#u9ll li8ely et 5r#! 6in#is #ne y#u d#

%&% E(changing g#eetings

The $#rd y#u $ill "r#bbly her !#st s y#u

bein t# s"e8 Linl is mbote E!(BO,(teh$hih !ens hell#9 It n be used t ny

ti!e #5 dy #r niht nd is !#st "r#"erly

5#ll#$ed by the "ers#n9s n!e suh s

Mbote Jenny #r Mbote Helena lth#uh it

:ust s #5ten stnds l#ne s reetin

One y#u93e !stered mbote y#u n then !#3e #n t# #ther "rts #5

stndrd reetin suh s s8in h#$ thins re #in #r h#$ the "ers#n is

The !#st #!!#n >uesti#n t# s8 h#$ thins re is ango nini! ESAN(#

N


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An#ther #!!#n re"ly is ango malam"ESAN(# !h(LA,(!##

Malam" !enin ##d9 is 3ery #!!#n nd use5ul Linl $#rd tht y#u

$ill en#unter #5ten S# the re"ly is ne$s ##d9 #r thins re ##d9

One y#u93e br#8en the ie $ith mbote nd !ybe sango#r t$# y#u

!iht be s8ed h#$ y#u re With#ut ettin int# t## !uh 3erb $#r8 t##

s##n this n be hndled "retty esily i5 y#u 8n#$ the Linl 5#r!s 5#r y#u

re9 $hih is o#aliE#h(HA,(lee nd I !9 $hih is na#aliEnh(HA,(lee

-#st #!!#nly y#u $ill be s8ed $#ali malam"G9 E#h(HA,(lee !h(LA,(

!##G $hih !ens re y#u ##dG9 #r re y#u $ellG9

Pr#3ided y#u re in 5t ##d ndJ#r $ell the re"ly is si!"ly %a#ali

malam" &nh(HA,(lee !h(LA,(!## $hih !ens I ! ##d9 I5 y#u re

n#t ##d ndJ#r $ell y#u n be br3e nd sy %a#ali malam" te &nh(

HA,(lee !h(LA,(!## teh $hih !ens I ! n#t ##d9 Eliterlly I !

##d n#t9 but y#u n "r#bbly see tht it $ill ine3itbly led t# h#st #5

5#ll#$(#n >uesti#ns in Linl b#ut y#u bein n#t ##d ndJ#r $ell tht y#u

!iht n#t $nt t# t8le yet Pr#bbly best t# sty "#siti3e t this "#int

Finlly it9s l$ys "#lite t# return the 53#ur nd s8 h#$ the #ther "ers#n is

Y#u n #5 #urse s8 $#ali malam"!E#h(HA,(lee !h(LA,(!## $hih

!ens re y#u ##dG9 #r re y#u $ellG9 But y#u n ls# stre!line thins

nd si!"ly s8 %a yo!Enh y#h $hih !ens nd y#uG9 #r 'oni yo!

EBO,(nee y#h $hih !ens h#$ re y#uG9 Y#u $ill "r#bbly her %a#ali

malam" &nh(HA,(lee !h(LA,(!## s re"ly


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)#eetings

6in#is ty"illy use stndrd set #5 >uesti#ns nd res"#nses $hen !eetin

nd reetin "e#"le

Mbote!( E!(BO,(teh @ ,ell#K

Mbote na yo!@ E!(BO,(teh nh y#h @ ,ell# t# y#uK E$hen syin hell# t#:ust #ne "ers#n

Mbote na bino!@ E!(BO,(teh nh B


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e!"hsisin #ne "rt #5 $#rd #r n#ther I93e inluded stresses #n the

se#nd syllbles #5 l#t #5 $#rds in the "r#nuniti#n e7!"les beuse it

n #5ten be di55iult t# ""r#h ne$ nd strne !ulti(syllble $#rds nd

beuse "e#"le strtin #ut #5ten tend t# "le t## !uh stress t the

beinnin #r end #5 $#rds $hih isn9t relly ""r#"rite 5#r Linl

Si!ilrly the 3#$el nd #ns#nnt "r#nuniti#ns ls# tend t# be

striht5#r$rd nd #nsistent

D#$els re ty"illy sh#rt9

a@ h9 s in !!9e@ eh9 s in e9i@ ih9 s in it9

o@ #h9 s in b#t9u@ ##9 s in hute9And the #ns#nnts re ty"illy hrd9

c@ s in "9g@ s in irl9

=#uble #ns#nnts @ b( ng( et @ re>uire slihtly !#re >uired t#uhIn eh se y#u9ll $nt t# "r#n#une the 5irst letter but this needs t# bed#ne 3ery >ui8ly nd s#5tly The se#nd #ns#nnt is the d#!innt "rtnerin the "ir It l##8s hrder thn it is ,3e 5e$ tries nd listen t# #thers ndy#u9ll s##n "i8 it u"


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0ae gae %

I5 y#u9re usin this b##8 hnes re y#u9re m"ndele E!un(=


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%&1 )etting sta#ted ' The fi#st 2e#bs and o#ds

N#$ tht y#u93e !stered the "lesntries nd h3e sense #5 h#$ t#

"r#n#une s#!e #5 the $#rds y#u9ll be en#unterin it9s ti!e t# strt l##8in

t the bsi buildin bl#8s neessry t# tully strt s"e8in Linl

Unli8e l#t #5 lnues Linl uses 5irly si!"le nd diret ""r#h

The 3erbs re $#nder5ully reulr the #n:uti#ns ""r#hble nd the

3#bulry #5ten 5irly "reditble And there re n# rtiles @ n# le9 la nd

les9 @ t# u! u" sentenes nd 5rustrte s"e8ers T# !y er Linl

sentenes #5ten s#und bit li8e Russin #nes I t8e r9 #r Y#u et !el

n#$9

%&3 The fi#st %4 2e#bs

Y#u n # l#n $y in s"e8in Linl si!"ly by lernin 10 #5 the !#st

#!!#n End in !y e7"eriene s#!e #5 the !#st use5ul 3erbs


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S# the 5irst 10 Linl 3erbs t# lern re

kozala@ E8#h(HA,(lh @ t# be

kozala na@ E8#h(HA,(lh nh @ t# h3e

kolinga@ E8#h(LIN(h @ t# $nt t# li8e

kosala@ E8#h(SA,(lh @ t# $#r8 t# !8e

kosomba@ E8#h(SO-(bh @ t# buy

kokanisa@ E8#h(8n(N


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%&5 The fi#st %4 o#ds

And :ust s $ith the 3erbs 8n#$in 5e$ #5 the !#re #!!#nly used $#rds

n et y#u l#n $y $hen y#u strt s"e8in Linl Initil #n3ersti#ns

#5ten see! t# re3#l3e r#und $#r8 5!ily $ht y#u93e d#ne re d#in #r

re #in t# d# #r $ht y#u $nt A#rdinly this list l##8s t s#!e #5th#se res nd intr#dues 5e$ 8ey $#rds

S# the 10 $#rds y#u9ll $nt t# 8n#$ 5r#! the beinnin re

mwasi@ E-WA,(see @ $i5eJ$#!nmobali@ E!#h(BAL(ee @ husbndJ!nndeko@ En(=uently see nd her it "resented s natondiEnh(TON(dee #r

natondi yo Enh(TON(dee y#h


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F#r "lese9 the 5#r! is !#re l#sely lined $ith the Frenh sil /o"s plait@

i5 y#u "lese9 In Linl it9s soki okosepelaESO,(8ee #h(6O,(she("eh(lh

@ soki Ei5 nd okosepelaEy#u $ill be #ntent I use it $hen it9s ""r#"rite

but it9s n#t relly tht #!!#n It9s tully bit 5#r!l nd !#st 6in#is see!

bit be!used $hen they her it I5 y#u d# et re"ly it $ill l!#st l$ys

inlude nakosepela #r I $ill be #ntent9

%&6 And a fe othe# i/o#tant bits

As y#u93e beun t# see ll #5 the 3erbs in the in5initi3e 5#r! in Linl bein

$ith ko-9 And 5#r the !#st "rt they #5ten see! t# shre s"eil s#rt #5

s#und nd rhyth! tht !8es Linl suh l#3ely lnue es"eilly in

s#n lyris

One y#u understnd the bsis #5 #n:uti#n nd h#$ t# #!bine the riht

"r#n#uns "re5i7es nd su55i7es l#n $ith 5e$ #!!#n hel"er $#rds9 the

s!e ""r#h n be used #3er nd #3er 5#r :ust b#ut ny situti#n

S# $ith the 5irst 10 3erbs nd $#rds intr#dued $e9ll ne7t l##8 t "r#n#uns

There re t$# ty"es #5 "r#n#uns in Linl sub:et "r#n#uns nd "ers#nl

"r#n#uns

%&7 Sub8ect /#onouns

There re se3en sub:et "r#n#uns in Linl nd they9re #ne #5 the 8ey

buildin bl#8s #5 the lnue s# it hel"s t# !e!#rise the! s s##n s

"#ssible

na@ Enh @ Io@ E#h @ y#ua@ Eh @ heJshe

to@ Et#h @ $ebo@ Eb#h @ y#u E"lurlba@ Ebh @ theye@ Eeh @ it

Unli8e l#t #5 #ther lnues in $hih the sub:et "r#n#uns nd the


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#n:uted 3erbs re t$# se"rte $#rds Linl #!bines the t$# int#

sinle $#rd Sub:et "r#n#uns re ne3er used by the!sel3es Insted they

re l$ys :#ined $ith the 5#r! #5 the 3erb tht y#u $nt t# use t the

beinnin #5 the 3erb Al$ys

S# I !9 be#!es na#ali Ena0#ali the 5irst("ers#n sinulr 5#r! #5 ko#ala

t# be9 nd y#u re9 be#!es o#ali Eo0#ali the se#nd("ers#n sinulr 5#r!

nd s# #n

,ere9s h#$ it $#r8s 5#r eh #5 the se3en sub:et "r#n#un 5#r!s 5#r ko#ala

na+zali( nazali@ Enh(HA,(lee @ I !o+zali( ozali@ E#h(HA,(lee @ y#u rea+zali( azali@ Eh(HA,(lee @ heJshe is

to+zali( tozali@ Et#h(HA,(lee @ $e rebo+zali( bozali@ Eb#h(HA,(lee @ y#u re E"lurlba+zali( bazali@ Ebh(HA,(lee @ they ree+zali( ezali@ Eeh(HA,(lee @ it is

We9ll l##8 t the !eth#ds 5#r #n:utin in !#re detil in the ne7t seti#n

but y#u9ll li8ely lredy bein t# see h#$ ressurinly reulr thins n be


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%&9 $e#sonal /#onouns

There re si7 "ers#nl "r#n#uns in Linl nd they9re used 3ery 3ery #5ten

s# it ls# hel"s t# lern the!

ngai@ En(UY @ !e !ineyo@ Ey#h @ y#u y#ursye@ Eyeh @ hi! her his hersbiso@ EB


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""rent $hy

It n ls# be little #n5usin beuse nan s#!eti!es see! t# h3e the

s!e !enin s ya but it d#esn9t relly see! t# $#r8 the #ther $y r#und

The de5initi#ns #5 these t$# i!"#rtnt little binders re

na@ nd #n in #5ya@ #5

In 6inshs they re bsilly interhneble but in #ther "rts #5 the

#untry there is ler distinti#n bet$een the t$# -#st #5 the "e#"le y#u$ill li8ely her tl8in in 6inshs $ill be usin na l#t !#re thnya s# d#n9t

let it thr#$ y#u And d#n9t et t## hun u" b#ut $hih #ne t# use es"eilly

$hen y#u9re :ust strtin #ut Plenty #5 ti!e t# "rtie the 5iner "#ints lter

#n When y#u9re 5irst strtin i5 in d#ubt dd na nd y#u "r#bbly $#n9t be

5r #55 the !r8

%&%% :0o;s< :if;s< :and;s and :but;s ' indis/ensable hel/e# o#ds

Finlly s $ith ny lnue there re hnd5ul #5 $#rds tht y#u si!"ly

n9t d# $ith#ut W#rds li8e yes9 n#9 nd !ybe9 nd nd9 but9 nd #r9

These little $#rds re #5ten ruil 5#r ettin y#ur !enin r#ss

As $ith the #ther bits "resented s# 5r it9s hel"5ul t# #!!it this sh#rt list t#

!e!#ry Y#u9ll 5ind y#ursel5 usin the! :ust b#ut e3ery ti!e y#u s"e8

boye( &'$1-eh ( s# thus


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ebele@ Eeh(B


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*& Ko,eba ' to kno

As $ith :ust b#ut ny #ther lnue Linl uses reulr syste! #5

#n:uti#ns nd #nstruti#ns tht bein t# be#!e "retty r#utine #ne y#u

et used t# the!

As y#u s$ in the 5irst seti#n e3ery Linl 3erb beins $ith ko-nd l!#ste3ery #ne ends in(a

T# re3ie$ here re the 10 3erbs tht y#u93e lredy been intr#dued t#

kozala@ E8#h(HA,(lh @ t# be

kozala na@ E8#h(HA,(lh nh @ t# h3e

kolinga@ E8#h(LIN(h @ t# $nt t# li8e

kosala@ E8#h(SA,(lh @ t# $#r8 t# !8e

kosomba@ E8#h(SO-(bh @ t# buy

kokanisa@ E8#h(8n(N


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*&% The basic tenses ' /#esent< /ast< futu#e and i/e#ati2e

*&%&% The /#esent tense

T# #n:ute Linl 3erbs in the "resent tense EI ! y#u re heJshe is

et 5irst dr#" the ko-9 t the 5r#nt #5 the in5initi3e 5#r!

F#r ko#alaEt# be this le3es (#ala

Ne7t dr#" the -at the end

With ko#ala n#$ $ith#ut the ko-9 #r -a this le3es (#al(

N#$ dd the ""r#"rite "r#n#un @ na-, o-, a-, to-, bo-, ba-, e( @ 5#r $ht y#u

re tryin t# sy And then dd n i t the end

na0#al 0i ( nazali@ Enh(HA,(lee @ I !o0#al 0i ( ozali@ E#h(HA,(lee @ y#u rea0#al0i ( azali@ Eh(HA,(lee @ heJshe isto0#al0i ( tozali@ Et#h(HA,(lee @ $e rebo0#al0i ( bozali@ Eb#h(HA,(lee @ y#u re E"lurlba0#al0i ( bazali@ Ebh(HA,(lee @ they ree0#al0i ( ezali(Eeh(HA,(lee @ it is


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*&%&* The /ast tense

As $ith ll the #ther tense 5#r!ti#ns the "st tense is 5#r!ed $ith

#!binti#n #5 the sub:et "r#n#un the r##t ste! nd #nsistent endin

tht sinls tht it9s "st tense 5#r!

T# rete the "st tense #5ko#ala 5irst dr#" the ko-9 5r#! the in5initi3e 5#r!

nd re"le it $ith the ""r#"rite sub:et "r#n#un @ in na-, o-, a-, to-,

bo-, ba-, e- @ nd then dd -ki9 t# the end #5 the in5initi3e r##t

na0#ala0ki ( nazalaki@ Enh(HA,(lh(8ee @ I $so0#ala0ki ( ozalaki@ E#h(HA,(lh(8ee @ y#u $erea0#ala0ki ( azalaki@ Eh(HA,(lh(8ee @ heJshe $sto0#ala0ki ( tozalaki@ Et#h(HA,(lh(8ee @ $e $ere

bo0#ala0ki ( bozalaki@ Eb#h(HA,(lh(8ee @ y#u $ere E"lurlba0#ala0ki ( bazalaki@ Ebh(HA,(lh(8ee @ they $eree0#ala0ki ( ezalaki@ Eeh(HA,(lh(8ee @ it $s

S#!e$ht #n5usinly Linl uses the s!e $#rd 5#r yesterdy nd

t#!#rr#$ @ lobiELO,(bee @ s# it is i!"#rtnt t# listen 5#r E#r l##8 5#r i5

y#u9re redin the distinti3e kee s#und t the end #5 e3ery "st tense 3erb

5#r!

*&%&. The futu#e tense

.#n:utin 3erbs in the 5uture tense in Linl is esy "r#3ided y#u

re!e!ber y#ur "r#n#uns nd y#ur 3erb in5initi3es

It still in3#l3es #!binti#n #5 the sub:et "r#n#un nd the in5initi3e #5 the

3erb but there is n# letter dr#""in The in5initi3e r##t stys intt nd the""r#"rite sub:et "r#n#un is si!"ly "led t the 5r#nt


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S# 5#r ko#ala this be#!es

na0ko#ala ( nakozala@ Enh(8#h(HA,(lh @ I $ill beo0ko#ala ( okazala@ E#h(8#h(HA,(lh @ y#u $ill bea0ko#ala ( akozala@ Eh(8#h(HA,(lh @ heJshe $ill beto0ko#ala ( tokozala@ Et#h(8#h(HA,(lh @ $e $ill be

bo0ko#ala@ bokozala@ Eb#h(8#h(HA,(lh @ y#u $ill be E"lurlba0ko#ala ( bakozala@ Eb#h(8#h(HA,(lh @ they $ill bee0ko#ala ( ekozala@ Eeh(8#h(HA,(lh @ it $ill be

As $ith the distinti3e kee s#und t the end #5 e3ery "st tense 3erb 5#r!

y#u9ll s##n be ble t# re#nise the sub:et "r#n#un nd kot the beinnin

nd the !uh di55erent ahs#und t the end #5 the 3erb t# hel" !8e sense

#5 the lobi yesterdy(t#!#rr#$#nundru!

*&%&1 The i/e#ati2e tense

Pr#bbly the esiest #5 ll the Linl 3erb #n:uti#ns is the i!"erti3e #r

#!!nd 5#r! lth#uh the #nstruti#n #5 the "#siti3e nd neti3e

3ersi#ns di55er slihtly

T# rete the "#siti3e i!"erti3e 5#r! #5 ny 3erb si!"ly dr#" the ko-t the

beinnin Tht9s it

S# koloba Et# s"e8 is ko-loba@ loba!ELO,(bh @ s in the title #5 this

b##8And the "#siti3e i!"erti3e 5#r! #5 koyeba Et# 8n#$ is ko-yeba@

yeba! EY


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The neti3e 5#r! #5 the i!"erti3e tense is slihtly di55erent h#$e3er And

i5 it9s "#ssible it9s e3en esier t# #nstrut The neti3e 5#r! si!"ly uses

the entire in5initi3e 5#ll#$ed by te

S# =#n9t s"e8K9 is koloba 0 te@ koloba te!

And =#n9t 8n#$K is koyeba te@ koyeba te!

>e/eat afte# e

S#!e 6in#is h3e hbit #5 re"etin thins tht re sid t# the! t# the"ers#n tht9s :ust sid it This h""ens $ith e3ery#ne nd isn9t restrited t#strners #r 5#reiners It9s tully nie esture tht sh#$s the "ers#n hsbeen listenin t# y#u but it n be #n5usin $hen y#u 5irst strt s"e8inLinl

Sine the sub:et "r#n#uns hne bet$een $ht y#u93e :ust sid nd $htthe "ers#n is re"etin $ht they sy b8 t# y#u $ill hne s $ell

F#r e7!"le i5 y#u sy %alingi nd"nda@ I li8e 3eetbles9 @ $hen it9sre"eted b8 t# y#u y#u9ll her $lingi nd"nda@ Y#u li8e 3eetbles9 @$hih is #5 #urse "er5etly #rret

But 5#r beinners it9s esy t# thin8 tht y#u93e !de !ist8e nd tht the

"ers#n is ently #rretin y#u With "rtie nd bit #5 #n5idene y#u9lls##n be ble t# tell the di55erene

I5 the "ers#n hs herd y#u #rretly nd y#u $nt t# #n5ir! tht y#u sy1a solo Eyh SO,(l#h $hih !ens Tht9s #rret9


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*&* Con8ugating the fi#st %4 2e#bs

S# usin these 5#ur #n:uti#n ""r#hes the #rres"#ndin 5#r!s 5#r

eh #5 the 5irst 10 3erbs re

%& kozala@ E8#h(HA,(lh @ t# be

Present tense

na0#al 0i ( nazali@ Enh(HA,(lee @ I !o0#al 0i ( ozali@ E#h(HA,(lee @ y#u rea0#al0i ( azali@ Eh(HA,(lee @ heJshe isto0#al0i ( tozali@ Et#h(HA,(lee @ $e rebo0#al0i ( bozali@ Eb#h(HA,(lee @ y#u re E"lurl

ba0#al0i ( bazali@ Ebh(HA,(lee @ they ree0#al0i ( ezali(Eeh(HA,(lee @ it is

Pst tense

na0#ala0ki ( nazalaki@ Enh(HA,(lh(8ee @ I $so0#ala0ki ( ozalaki@ E#h(HA,(lh(8ee @ y#u $erea0#ala0ki ( azalaki@ Eh(HA,(lh(8ee @ heJshe $sto0#ala0ki ( tozalaki@ Et#h(HA,(lh(8ee @ $e $erebo0#ala0ki ( bozalaki@ Eb#h(HA,(lh(8ee @ y#u $ere E"lurlba0#ala0ki ( bazalaki@ Ebh(HA,(lh(8ee @ they $eree0#ala0ki ( ezalaki@ Eeh(HA,(lh(8ee @ it $s

Future tense

na0ko#ala ( nakozala@ Enh(8#h(HA,(lh @ I $ill beo0ko#ala ( okazala@ E#h(8#h(HA,(lh @ y#u $ill bea0ko#ala ( akozala@ Eh(8#h(HA,(lh @ heJshe $ill beto0ko#ala ( tokozala@ Et#h(8#h(HA,(lh @ $e $ill bebo0ko#ala ( bokozala@ Eb#h(8#h(HA,(lh @ y#u $ill be E"lurlba0ko#ala ( bakozala@ Ebh(8#h(HA,(lh @ they $ill bee0ko#ala ( ekozala@ Eeh(8#h(HA,(lh @ it $ill be

I!"erti3e tense

ko-#ala ( zala!@ EHA,(lh @ beK


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*& kozala na@ E8#h(HA,(lh nh @ t# h3e

Present tense

na0#al0i na ( nazalina@ Enh(HA,(lee nh @ I h3eo0#al0i na ( ozalina@ E#h(HA,(lee nh @ y#u h3e

a0#al0i na ( azalina@ Eh(HA,(lee nh @ heJshe hsto0#al0i na ( tozalina@ Et#h(HA,(lee nh @ $e h3ebo0#al0i na ( bozalina@ Eb#h(HA,(lee nh @ y#u h3e E"lurlba0 #al0i na ( bazalina@ Ebh(HA,(lee nh @ they h3ee0#al0i na ( ezalina(Eeh(HA,(lee nh @ it hs

Pst tense

na0#ala0ki na ( nazalakina@ Enh(HA,(lh(8ee nh @ I hdo0#ala0ki na ( ozalakina@ E#h(HA,(lh(8ee nh @ y#u hda0#ala0ki na ( azalakina@ Eh(HA,(lh(8ee nh @ heJshe hdto0#ala0ki na ( tozalakina@ Et#h(HA,(lh(8ee nh @ $e hdbo0#ala0ki na ( bozalakina@ Eb#h(HA,(lh(8ee nh @ y#u hd E"lurlba0#ala0ki na ( bazalakina@ Ebh(HA,(lh(8ee nh @ they hde0#ala0ki na ( ezalakina@ Eeh(HA,(lh(8ee nh @ it hd

Future tense

na0ko#ala na ( nakozalana@ Enh(8#h(HA,(lh nh @ I $ill h3e

o0ko#ala na ( okazalana@ E#h(8#h(HA,(lh nh @ y#u $ill h3ea0ko#ala na ( akozalana@ Eh(8#h(HA,(lh nh @ heJshe $ill h3eto0ko#ala na ( tokozalana@ Et#h(8#h(HA,(lh nh @ $e $ill h3ebo0ko#ala na ( bokozalana@ Eb#h(8#h(HA,(lh nh @ y#u $ill h3e

E"lurlba0ko#ala na ( bakozalana@ Ebh(8#h(HA,(lh nh @ they $ill h3ee0ko#ala na ( ekozalana@ Eeh(8#h(HA,(lh nh @ it $ill be

I!"erti3e tense

ko-#alana ( zala na!@ EHA,(lh nh @ h3eK


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.& kolinga@ E8#h(LIN(h @ t# $nt t# li8e

Present tense

na0ling0i ( nalingi@ Enh(LIN(ee @ I $nt #r I li8eo0ling0i ( olingi@ E#h(LIN(ee @ y#u $nt #r y#u li8e

a0ling0i ( alingi@ Eh(LIN(ee @ heJshe $nts #r heJshe li8esto0ling0i ( tolingi@ Et#h(LIN(ee @ $e $nt #r $e li8ebo0ling0i ( bolingi@ Eb#h(LIN(ee @ y#u $nt #r y#u li8e E"lurlba0ling0i ( balingi@ Ebh(LIN(ee @ they $nt #r they li8ee0ling0i ( elingi(Eeh(LIN(ee @ it $nts #r it li8es

Pst tense

na0linga0ki ( nalingaki@ Enh(LIN(h(8ee @ I $nted #r I li8edo0linga0ki ( olingaki@ E#h(LIN(h(8ee @ y#u $nted #r y#u li8eda0linga0ki ( alingaki@ Eh(LIN(h(8ee @ heJshe $nted #r heJshe li8edto0linga0ki ( tolingaki@ Et#h(LIN(h(8ee @ $e $nted #r $e li8edbo0linga0ki ( bolingaki@ Eb#h(LIN(h(8ee @ y#u $nted #r y#u li8ed

E"lurlba0linga0ki ( balingaki@ Ebh(LIN(h(8ee @ they $nted #r they li8ede0linga0ki ( elingaki@ Eeh(LIN(h(8ee @ it $nted #r it li8ed

Future tense

na0kolinga ( nakolinga@ Enh(8#h(LIN(h @ I $ill $nt #r I $ill li8eo0kolinga ( okolinga@ E#h(8#h(LIN(h @ y#u $ill $nt #r y#u $ill li8ea0kolinga ( akolinga@ Eh(8#h(LIN(h @ heJshe $ill $nt #r heJshe $ill

li8eto0kolinga ( tokolinga@ Et#h(8#h(LIN(h @ $e $ill $nt #r $e $ill li8ebo0kolinga ( bokolinga@ Eb#h(8#h(LIN(h @ y#u $ill $nt #r y#u $ill li8e

E"lurlba0kolinga ( bakolinga@ Ebh(8#h(LIN(h @ they $ill $nt #r they $ill li8ee0kolinga ( ekolinga@ Eeh(8#h(LIN(h @ it $ill li8e

I!"erti3e tense

ko-linga ( linga!(ELIN(h @ li8eK


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1& kosala@ E8#h(SA,(lh @ t# $#r8 t# !8e

Present tense

na0sal0i ( nasali@ Enh(SAL(ee @ I $#r8 #r I !8eo0sal0i ( osali@ E#h(SAL(ee @ y#u $#r8 #r y#u !8e

a0sal0i ( asali@ Eh(SAL(ee @ heJshe $#r8s #r heJshe !8esto0sal0i ( tosali@ Et#h(SAL(ee @ $e $#r8 #r $e !8ebo0sal0i ( bosali@ Eb#h(SAL(ee @ y#u $#r8 #r y#u !8e E"lurlba0sal0i ( basali@ Ebh(SAL(ee @ they $#r8 #r they !8ee0sal0i ( esali(Eeh(SAL(ee @ it $#r8s #r it !8es

Pst tense

na0sala0ki ( nasalaki@ Enh(SAL(h(8ee @ I $#r8ed #r I !deo0sala0ki ( osalaki@ E#h(SAL(h(8ee @ y#u $#r8ed #r y#u !dea0sala0ki ( asalaki@ Eh(SAL(h(8ee @ heJshe $#r8ed #r heJshe !deto0sala0ki ( tosalaki@ Et#h(SAL(h(8ee @ $e $#r8ed #r $e !debo0sala0ki ( bosalaki@ Eb#h(SAL(h(8ee @ y#u $#r8ed #r y#u !de

E"lurlba0sala0ki ( basalaki@ Ebh(SAL(h(8ee @ they $#r8ed #r they !dee0sala0ki ( esakaki@ Eeh(SAL(h(8ee @ it $#r8ed #r it !de

Future tense

na0kosala ( nakosala@ Enh(8#h(SAL(h @ I $ill $#r8 #r I $ill !8eo0kosala ( okosala@ E#h(8#h(SAL(h @ y#u $ill $#r8 #r y#u $ill !8ea0kosala ( akosala@ Eh(8#h(SAL(h @ heJshe $ill $#r8 #r heJshe $ill

!8eto0kosala ( tokosala@ Et#h(8#h(SAL(h @ $e $ill $#r8 #r $e $ill !8ebo0kosala ( bokosala@ Eb#h(8#h(SAL(h @ y#u $ill $#r8 #r y#u $ill !8e

E"lurlba0kosala ( bakosala@ Ebh(8#h(SAL(h @ they $ill $#r8 #r they $ill !8ee0kosala ( ekosala@ Eeh(8#h(SAL(h @ it $ill $#r8 #r it $ill !8e

I!"erti3e tense

ko-sala ( sala!(ESAL(h @ $#r8K !8eK


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3. kosomba@ E8#h(SO-(bh @ t# buy

Present tense

na0somb0i ( nasombi@ Enh(SO-(bee @ I buyo0somb0i ( osombi@ E#h(SO-(bee @ y#u buy

a0somb0i ( asombi@ Eh(SO-(bee @ heJshe buysto0somb0i ( tosombi@ Et#h(SO-(bee @ $e buybo0somb0i ( bosombi@ Eb#h(SO-(bee @ y#u buy E"lurlba0somb0i ( basombi@ Ebh(SO-(bee @ they buye0somb0i ( esombi(Eeh(SO-(bee @ it buys

Pst tense

na0somba0ki ( nasombaki@ Enh(SO-(bh(8ee @ I b#uhto0somba0ki ( osombaki@ E#h(SO-(bh(8ee @ y#u b#uhta0somba0ki ( asombaki@ Eh(SO-(bh(8ee @ heJshe b#uhtto0somba0ki ( tosombaki@ Et#h(SO-(bh(8ee @ $e b#uhtbo0somba0ki ( bosombaki@ Eb#h(SO-(bh(8ee @ y#u b#uht E"lurlba0somba0ki ( basombaki@ Ebh(SO-(bh(8ee @ they b#uhte0somba0ki ( esombaki@ Eeh(SO-(bh(8ee @ it b#uht

Future tense

na0kosomba ( nakosomba@Enh(8#h(SO-(bh @ I $ill buyo0kosomba ( okosomba@ E#h(8#h(SO-(bh @ y#u $ill buya0kosomba ( akosomba@ Eh(8#h(SO-(bh @ heJshe $ill buyto0kosomba ( tokosomba@ Et#h(8#h(SO-(bh @ $e $ill buybo0kosomba ( bokosomba@ Eb#h(8#h(SO-(bh @ y#u $ill buy E"lurlba0kosomba ( bokosomba@ Ebh(8#h(SO-(bh @ they $ill buye0kosomba ( ekosomba@ Eeh(8#h(SO-(bh @ it $ill buy

I!"erti3e tense

ko-somba ( somba!(ESO-(bh @ buyK


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5& kokanisa@ E8#h(8n(N


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6&koloba@ E8#h(LO,(bh @ t# s"e8

Present tense

na0lob0i ( nalobi@ Enh(LO,(bee @ I s"e8o0lob0i ( olobi@ E#h(LO,(bee @ y#u s"e8

a0lob0i ( alobi@ Eh(LO,(bee @ heJshe s"e8sto0lob0i ( tolobi@ Et#h(LO,(bee @ $e s"e8bo0lob0i ( bolobi@ Eb#h(LO,(bee @ y#u s"e8 E"lurlba0lob0i ( balobi@ Ebh(LO,(bee @ they s"e8e0lob0i ( elobi(Eeh(LO,(bee @ it s"e8s

Pst tense

na0loba0ki ( nalobaki@ Enh(LO,(bh(8ee @ I s"#8e

o0loba0ki ( olobaki@ E#h(LO,(bh(8ee @ y#u s"#8ea0loba0ki ( alobaki@ Eh(LO,(bh(8ee @ heJshe s"#8eto0loba0ki ( tolobaki@ Et#h(LO,(bh(8ee @ $e s"#8ebo0loba0ki ( bolobaki@ Eb#h(LO,(bh(8ee @ y#u s"#8e E"lurlba0loba0ki ( balobaki@ Ebh(LO,(bh(8ee @ they s"#8ee0loba0ki ( elobaki@ Eeh(LO,(bh(8ee @ it s"#8e

Future tense

na0kosamba ( nakoloba@Enh(8#h(LO,(bh @ I $ill s"e8o0kosamba ( okoloba@ E#h(8#h(LO,(bh @ y#u $ill s"e8a0kosamba ( akoloba@ Eh(8#h(LO,(bh @ heJshe $ill s"e8to0kosamba ( tokoloba@ Et#h(8#h(LO,(bh @ $e $ill s"e8bo0kosamba ( bokoloba@ Eb#h(8#h(LO,(bh @ y#u $ill s"e8 E"lurlba0kosamba ( bakoloba@ Ebh(8#h(LO,(bh @ they $ill s"e8e0kosamba ( ekoloba@ Eeh(8#h(LO,(bh @ it $ill s"e8

I!"erti3e tense

ko-loba ( loba!(ELO,(bh @ s"e8K


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7& koyeba@ E8#h(Y


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9& kokoka@ E8#8(6O,(8h @ t# be ble t#

Present tense

na0kok0i ( nakoki@ Enh(6O6(8ee @ I ! ble t#o0kok0i ( okoki@ E#h(6O,(8ee @ y#u re ble t#

a0kok0i ( akoki@ Eh(6O6(8ee @ heJshe is ble t#to0kok0i ( tokoki@ Et#h(6O,(8ee @ $e re ble t#bo0kok0i ( bokoki@ Eb#h(6O,(8ee @ y#u re ble t# E"lurlba0kok0i ( bakoki@ Ebh(6O,(8ee @ they re ble t#e0kok0i ( ekoki(Eeh(6O,(8ee @ it is ble t#

Pst tense

na0koka0ki ( nakokaki@ Enh(8#h(6A,(8ee @ I $s ble t#o0koka0ki ( okokaki@ E#h(8#h(6A,(8ee @ y#u $ere ble t#a0koka0ki ( akokaki@ Eh(8#h(6A,(8ee @ heJshe $s ble t#to0koka0ki ( tokokaki@ Et#h(8#h(6A,(8ee @ $e $ere ble t#bo0koka0ki ( bokokaki@ Eb#h(8#h(6A,(8ee @ y#u $ere ble t# E"lurlba0koka0ki ( bakokaki@ Ebh(8#h(6A,(8ee @ they $ere ble t#e0koka0ki ( ekokaki@ Eeh(8#h(6A,(8ee @ it $s ble t#

Future tense

na0kokoka ( nakokoka@Enh(6O,(8h @ I $ill be ble t#o0kokoka ( okokoka@ E#h(6O,(8h @ y#u $ill be ble t#a0kokoka ( akokoka@ Eh(6O,(8h @ heJshe $ill be ble t#to0kokoka ( tokokoka@ Et#h(6O,(8h @ $e $ill be ble t#bo0kokoka ( bokokoka@ Eb#h(6O,(8h @ y#u $ill be ble t# E"lurlba0kokoka ( bakokoka@ Ebh(6O,(8h @ they $ill be ble t#e0kokoka ( ekokoka@ Eeh(6O,(8h @ it $ill be ble t#

I!"erti3e tense

ko-koka@ koka!@ E6O,(8h @ be ble t#K


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%4& kosengela@ E8#h(sen(


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Cont#actions

As $ith !#st lnues Linl s"e8ers #5ten use #ntrti#ns The !#st

#!!#n 3erbs 5#r these 3erbl sh#rtuts re ko#ala nd ko#ala na

Pe#"le #5ten sh#rten ko#ala by dr#""in the -lat the end S# y#u9ll her

na#ainsted #5 na#ali o#ainsted #5 o#ali a#a insted #5 a#alind s# #nThe s!e h#lds 5#r the ko#ala"rt #5 ko#ala na lth#uh the nare!ins S#

y#u9re li8ely t# her na#a na#r o#a na#r a#a na et

I strted usin the #ntrti#n 5#r!s #5 ko#ala nd ko#ala nas##n 5ter I

strted t# lern Linl but !e t# reret it nd it t##8 !e $hile t# bre8

$ht be!e bd sln hbit I $#uld suest sti8in $ith the #rret

5#r!s $hen y#u9re lernin nd then usin #ntrti#ns lter #n

*&. C#eating si/le sentences

*&.&% Si/le sentences in the affi#ati2e

By n#$ y#u sh#uld be strtin t# see nd 5eel rhyth! t# bsi #n:uti#n

"tterns As y#u #ntinue t# "rtie nd t# dd !#re 3erbs nd 3#bulry

s $e9ll d# lter in this seti#n y#u9ll be#!e inresinly #!5#rtble $ith

retin the si!"le sentenes neessry t# strt s"e8in Linl in !#re

nd !#re situti#ns


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Usin the 3erb strutures #5 the 10 strter 3erbs #utlined b#3e $e9ll n#$

#!bine the! $ith the 10 strter $#rds 5r#! the 5irst seti#n

Ain by $y #5 re3ie$ here re the 10 strter 3erbs

kozala@ t# bekozala na@ t# h3ekolinga@ t# $nt t# li8ekosala@ t# $#r8 t# !8ekosomba@ t# buykokanisa@ t# thin8 t# h#"ekoloba@ t# s"e8koyeba@ t# 8n#$

kokoka@ t# be ble t#kosengela@ t# h3e t#

And here re the 10 strter $#rds

mwasi@ $i5eJ$#!nmobali@ husbndJ!n

ndeko@ br#therJsisterndako@ h#usemosala@ $#r8mbuma@ 5ruitndunda@ 3eetblesmayi@ $termalamu@ ##dmabe@ bd


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And beuse y#u9ll need t# use the sub:et nd "ers#nl "r#n#uns nd

"re"#siti#ns t# tie e3erythin t#ether here they re in

The sub:et "r#n#uns

na@ Enh @ I

o@ E#h @ y#ua@ Eh @ heJsheto@ Et#h @ $ebo@ Eb#h @ y#u E"lurlba@ Ebh @ theye@ Eeh @ it

The "ers#nl "r#n#uns

ngai@ !e !ineyo@ y#u y#ursye@ hi!Jher hisJhersbiso@ $e #ursbino@ y#u y#urs E"lurlbango@ the! their

And the "re"#siti#ns

na' nd #n in #5ya' #5

And 5inlly the hel"er $#rds

boye( &'$1-eh ( s# thus

ebele@ Eeh(B


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Let9s strt "uttin thins t#ether

T# sy I s"e8 Linl9 y#u9ll need I s"e89 5r#! the #rretly #n:uted

5#r! #5 the 3erb koloba@ $hih is nalobi.And #5 #urse the $#rd Linl9

In this se the sentene struture is 3ery striht5#r$rd nd the s!e s

the


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%asombi nd"nda.@ I buy 3eetbles

T# sy I b#uht 3eetbles9 y#u si!"ly hne the "resent 5#r the "st

tense #5 kosomba

%asombaki nd"nda @ I b#uht 3eetbles

And si!ilrly t# sy tht y#u re #in t# buy 3eetbles s$ith the "st 5#r

the 5uture tense

%akosomba nd"nda.@ I $ill buy 3eetbles

I5 y#u $nt t# be relly "ushy b#ut y#u n use the i!"erti3e t# de!nd

tht s#!e#ne buy 3eetbles

omba nd"nda3@ Buy 3eetblesK


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*&.&* Si/le sentences in the negati2e

N# #ne li8es t# be neti3e but it h""ens And in Linl it #uldn9t be

!uh esier As y#u lredy 8n#$ 5r#! the hel"er $#rd list tht brie5 bit t

the 3ery beinnin nd the i!"erti3e #n:uti#n e7!"les the Linl$#rd 5#r n#9 #r n#t9 is te9

T# sy s#!ethin isn9t h""enin si!"ly dd te5ter the 3erb The s!e

$ill ""ly t# l#ner sentenes $hih $ill #!e lter

,ere re the 5irst "ers#n sinulr 5#r!s #5 eh #5 the 10 strter 3erbs 5irst

$ith in the 55ir!ti3e nd then in the neti3e

na#ali@ I !na#ali te@ I ! n#t

na#ali na4@ I h3eCna#ali na4 te@ I d# n#t h3eC

nalingi@ I $nt #r I li8enalingi te@ I d# n#t $nt #r I d# n#t li8e

nasali@ I $#r8 #r I !8enasali te@ I d# n#t $#r8 #r I d# n#t !8e

nasombi@ I buynasombite@ I d# n#t buy

nakanisi@ I thin8 #r I h#"enakanisi te@ I d# n#t thin8 #r I d# n#t h#"e

nalobi@ I s"e8nalobite@ I d# n#t s"e8

nayebi@ I 8n#$nayebi te@ I d# n#t 8n#$

nakoki@ I ! ble t#nakoki te@ I ! n#t ble t#

nasengeli@ I h3e t#nasengeli te@ I d# n#t h3e t#


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As y#u n see in eh #5 these 3ery sh#rt t$#($#rd e7!"les te#!es t

the end #5 the sentene

But the s!e h#lds true 5#r l#ner nd !#re #!"le7 sentenes in te

l!#st l$ys #!es t the end #5 $hte3er y#u9re tryin t# sy

Usin the e7!"les 5r#! b#3e 5#r koloba it $ill be

%alobi ingala.@ I s"e8 Linl%alobi ingala te.@ I d# n#t s"e8 Linl

%alobaki ingala.@ I s"#8e Linl%alobaki ingala te @ I did n#t s"e8 Linl

%akoloba ingala.@ I $ill s"e8 Linl

%akoloba ingala te @ I $ill n#t s"e8 Linl

oba ingala3 ( S"e8 LinlKKoloba ingala te3@ =# n#t s"e8 LinlKERe!e!ber tht 5#r the neti3e i!"erti3e the in5initi3e is used

%asombi nd"nda. ( I buy 3eetbles%asombi nd"nda te.@ I d# n#t buy 3eetbles

%asombaki nd"nda @ I b#uht 3eetbles%asombaki nd"nda te.@ I did n#t buy 3eetbles

%akosomba nd"nda.@ I $ill buy 3eetbles%aksomba nd"nda te.@ I $ill n#t buy 3eetbles

And in the in5initi3e is used 5#r the neti3e i!"erti3e

omba nd"nda3@ Buy 3eetblesKKosomba nd"nda te3@ =# n#t buy 3eetblesK


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Mosala na ngai e#ali malam".@ -y $#r8 is ##dMosala na ngai e#ali malam" te.@ -y $#r8 is n#t ##d

Mosala na yo e#ali malam".@ Y#ur $#r8 is ##dMosala na yo e#ali malam" te @ Y#ur $#r8 is n#t ##d

Mosala na ye e#ali malam". @ ,er $#r8 is ##dMosala na ye e#ali malam" te @ ,er $#r8 is n#t ##d

And 5#r s#!e #5 the dditi#nl e7!"les

%a#ali na mwasi.@ I h3e $i5e%a#ali na mwasi te.@ I d# n#t h3e $i5e

$sombaki nd"nda mabe.@ Y#u b#uht bd 3eetbles

$sombaki nd"nda mabe te.@ Y#u did n#t buy bd 3eetbles

Tolingi mb"ma.@ We li8e 5ruitTolingi mb"ma te.@ We d# n#t li8e 5ruit

)kosala na ndako na biso.@ ,e is #in t# $#r8 t #ur h#use)kosala na ndako na biso te.@ ,e is n#t #in t# $#r8 t #ur h#use

'alobi ingala malam" @ They s"e8 Linl $ell

'alobi ingala malam" te @ They d# n#t s"e8 Linl $ell

$#ali malam".@ Y#u re ##d$#ali malam" te.@ Y#u re n#t ##d


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N#$ let9s dd 5e$ #5 the hel"er $#rds nd !8e s#!e l#ner sentenes

usin the $#rds nd 3erbs 5r#! the 5irst seti#n

Re!e!berpe!ens nd9 kasi!ens but9 soki !ens i59 tango mos"s"

!ens !ybe9 nd ebele !ens !ny9 #r l#t9 And :ust t# n#te the bain

the third e7!"le is "re5i7 inditin the "lurl 5#r! #5 )nglais9 This is

#!!#n #nstruti#n used t# indite 3ri#us r#u"s inludin nti#nlities

F#r e7!"le !#re thn #ne .#n#lese $#uld be ba ongolese

%a#ali na mwasi pe alingi mb"ma @ I h3e $i5e nd she li8es 5ruitTo#ali ba )nglais, kasi tolobi ingala, pe.@ We re


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*&.&. Using infiniti2e 2e#b fo#s

It9s ls# "#ssible t# #nstrut sentenes in Linl usin the in5initi3e 5#r! #5

ny 3erb As $ith !#st #ther lnues the in5initi3e 5#r! brins l#n its

nturl t#9 struture s in t# be9 t# h3e9 t# li8e9 t# $#r89 nd s# #n

S# the uite 5e$

thins h#"e5ully $ith#ut t## !uh tr#uble

%asengeli kosala.@ I h3e t# $#r8$lingi koloba malam".@ Y#u $nt t# s"e8 $ell%deko na nagi alingi koyeba.@ -y br#ther $nts t# 8n#$'ayebi kosomba.@ They 8n#$ t# buyTolingi kosomba nd"nda.@ We $nt t# buy 3eetbles

*&1 Mo#e 2e#bs and o#ds

By n#$ y#u sh#uld be strtin t# 5eel 5irly #!5#rtble $ith s#!e #5 the

bsis Let9s e7"nd y#ur re"ert#ire by ddin s#!e #!"#nents t# y#ur

Linl t##l8it

*&1&% %4 o#e 2e#bs

Y#u9ll li8ely 5ind y#ursel5 usin eh #5 these ne7t 10 3erbs #n reulr

bsis

koyoka@ E8#h(YO,(8h @ t# herkomona@ E8#h(-O,(nh @ t# see

kolamba@ E8#h(LA-(bh @ t# ##8komela@ E8#h(-


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kosepela@ E8#h(S


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%1& komela@ E8#h(-


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%7& kokeba@ E8#h(6


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li-,the "lurl 5#r! usully beins $ithma- #rmi-mo- the "lurl 5#r! usully beins $ithmi- #r ba-ma- the "lurl 5#r! usully beins $ith ba-m"- the "lurl 5#r! usully beins $ith mi-ni- the "lurl 5#r! usully beins $ith ba-e- the "lurl 5#r! usully beins $ith bi-

d#uble #ns#nnts @ nd-, ng-, mw-,et @ the "lurl 5#r! usully beins$ith ba-

*&*&* And soe o#e o#ds

N#$ tht y#u93e e7"nded y#ur 3erb bse y#u n ls# strt buildin u"

y#ur 3#bulry ,ere re )0 !#re $#rds tht y#u9ll li8ely en#unter #r $nt

t# lern

awa@ EA,($h @ herebitabe@ Ebee(TA,(beh @ bnnbolingo@ Eb#h(LIN(#h @ l#3eekoya@ Eeh(6OY(h @ ne7t in 5r#nt #5eleki@ Eeh(Lui8 5st

mbisi@ E!(B


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mbula@ E!(BOO(lh @ rinmesa@ E-


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*&. +##egula# 2e#bs ' kokende" koya and kolia

-ny #5 y#u $ill h3e n# d#ubt n#ted the use #5 the 3ery hndy $esel $#rd

@ l!#st9 @ tht9s been e!"l#yed $hen hihlihtin h#$ :ust b#ut e3ery

Linl 3erb is ressurinly reulr And "r#bbly n e>ul nu!ber #5 y#u$ill 8n#$ tht $esel $#rds li8e this $ill s##ner #r lter led t# s#!e

i!"#rtnt e7e"ti#n s#!e$here d#$n the line

And s# n#$ $e #!e t# tht "le nd the 5irst irreulr 3erb tht y#u $ill

need t# 8n#$ And tht 3erb is kokendeEt# # Lern it nd lern t# l#3e it

Y#u9ll use it #5ten

kokende to go

T# #n:ute kokende, it ll see!s t# strt #55 esily en#uh F#r the "resent

tense dr#" the ko-t the beinnin s usul But in this se y#u9ll ls#

need t# dr#" 5e$ !#re letters @ the nde@ t the end This $ill le3e :ust @

-ke N#t !uh I 8n#$

Use the ""r#"rite sub:et "r#n#un @ na-, o-, a-, to-, bo-, ba-, e-@ t the

beinnin s usul

And then dd the 5inl -i

S# 5#r the "resent tense this be#!es

na+ke+i( nakei@ Enh(6AY(ee @ I #o+ke+i( okei@ E#h(6AY(ee @ y#u #a+ke+i( akei@ E8(6AY(ee @ heJshe #es

to+ke+i( tokei@ Et#h(6AY(ee @ $e #bo+ke+i( bokei@ b#h(6AY(ee @ y#u # E"lurlba+ke+i( bakei@ Ebh(6AY(ee @ they #e+ke+i( ekei@ Eeh(6AY(ee @ it #es


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Riht s# here9s $here it ets bit tri8y F#r the re!inin three bsi

tenses thins enerlly re3ert b8 t# the s!e "ttern s the reulr 3erbs

F#r the "st tense 5irst dr#" the ko-9 le3in -kende Sine there isn9t

5inl -at# dr#" 8ee" the r##t s it is nd then dd -kis n#r!l

na+kende+ki@ nakendeki@ Enh(6


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dd the ""r#"rite sub:et "r#n#un @ na-, o-, a-,et @ t the beinnin s

usul And then nd here9s the tri8y "rt 5#r koya y#u dd n -e t the

end .r?y I 8n#$

na+y+e@ naye@ Enh(Y


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e+ya+ki@ eyaki@ Eeh(YA,(8ee @ it !e

F#r the 5uture si!"ly dd the ""r#"rite sub:et "r#n#un t# the in5initi3e

na+koya@ nakoya@ I $ill #!e

o+koya@ okoya@ y#u $ill #!ea+koya@ akoya@ heJshe $ill #!eto+koya@ tokoya@ $e $ill #!ebo+koya@ bokoya@ y#u $ill #!e E"lurlba+koya@ bakoya@ they $ill #!ee+koya@ ekoya@ it $ill #!e

But koya re5uses t# #!e >uietly nd it9s the #nly 3erb I93e #!e r#ss in

$hih the i!"erti3e d#esn9t 5#ll#$ the usul !#del

Unli8e e3ery #ther 3erb koyareei3es n endin @ -ka@ tht sets it "rt

N# #ne hs relly e3er been ble t# e7"lin it t# !e but I sus"et it9s t# 3#id

h3in ya the i!"erti3e ettin !i7ed u" $ith ya the #n:unti#n

S# the i!"erti3e 5#r! #5 koyais ko-ya0ka@ yaka!EYA,(8h @ #!eK

kolia to eat

Finlly the third irreulr 3erb tht y#u9ll need t# 8n#$ is kolia Et# et And

in the biest "rt #5 irreulr bit #urs in the endin #5 the "resent

tense


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T# #n:ute "resent tense5#r! #5 kolia dr#" the ko- t the beinnin s

usul Ne7t dr#" the -iat the end This le3es s#litry -l N#$ dd the

""r#"rite sub:et "r#n#un nd then @ $it 5#r it @ dd n -eit the end

-#re r?iness I 8n#$

S# the "resent tense 5#r! #5 kolia be#!es

na+l+ei( nalei@ Enh(L


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.& Kosila' to finish

By n#$ y#u9re $ell #n y#ur $y t# s"e8in Linl Usin the #n:uti#ns

"tterns "resented 5#r #5 the 5irst 20 3erbs the three 8ey irreulr 3erbs nd

y#ur r#$in 3#bulry list @ l#n $ith the 5ull 3erb nd 3#bulry lists t

the b8 #5 this b##8 @ y#u sh#uld be ble t# !8e y#ursel5 underst##d in 3riety #5 situti#ns

But there re 5e$ !#re s"ets #5 Linl tht re hel"5ul t# understnd

nd tht y#u9ll n# d#ubt en#unter s y#u be#!e inresinly "r#5iient

.&% Action tenses

U" t# this "#int $e93e #nentrted #n the 5#ur bsi tenses @ "resent "st

5uture nd i!"erti3e @ 5#r eh #5 the 3erbs tht $e93e l##8ed t $hih $ill

et y#u l#n $y d#$n the Linl(s"e8in r#d But i5 y#u93e !de it this

5r then it9s ti!e t# dd s#!e ti#n t# the !i7

There re 5e$ $ys t# #n3ey ti#n in Linl The si!"le "resent tense

ll#$s y#u t# tl8 b#ut thins tht y#u d# #n r#utine bsis The "resent

"r#ressi3e tense "resents thins tht re under$y And the "st

"r#ressi3e "resents thins tht $ere under$y in the "st


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.&%&% Si/le /#esent tense

The si!"le "resent tense is used t# tl8 b#ut thins tht y#u d# ll the ti!e

suh s I usully buy9 #r I usully "y ttenti#n9

The #nstruti#n #5 this tense is "retty si!"le nd striht5#r$rd F#rkosombaEt# buy 5irst dr#" the ko- $hih le3es -somba Add the

""r#"rite sub:et "r#n#un t the beinnin nd then -kat the end Tht9s

it

S# 5#r kosomba the si!"le "resent tense be#!es

na+somba+ka@ nasombaka@ I usully buyo+somba+ka@ osombaka@ y#u usully buy

a+somba+ka@ asombaka@ heJshe usully buysto+somba+ka@ tosombaka@ $e usully buybo+somba+ka@ bosombaka@ y#u usully buy E"lurlba+somba+ka@ basombaka@ they usully buye+somba+ka@ esombaka@ it usully buys

And 5#r kokebaEt# "y ttenti#n it be#!es

na+keba+ka@ nakebaka@ I usully "y ttenti#no+keba+ka@ okebaka@ y#u usully "y ttenti#na+keba+ka@ akebaka@ heJshe usully "ys ttenti#nto+keba+ka@ tokebaka@ $e usully "y ttenti#nbo+keba+ka@ bokebaka@ y#u usully "y ttenti#n E"lurlba+keba+ka@ bakebaka@ they usully "y ttenti#ne+keba+ka@ ekebaka@ it usully "ys ttenti#n

.&%&* $#esent /#og#essi2e tense

The "resent "r#ressi3e tense is used t# sy thins li8e I ! s"e8in9 #r

We re herin9

As $ith ll #5 the #ther tenses the #nstruti#n #5 the "resent "r#ressi3e

strts $ith in5initi3es nd sub:et "r#n#uns But this #ne !iht see! bit

tri8y t 5irst

The "resent "r#ressi3e re>uires the use #5 t$# 3erbs ko#ala Et# be nd the

in5initi3e #5 the 3erb tht !thes $ht y#u9re d#in #r $nt t# tl8 b#ut


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S# t# be ble t# sy tht y#u #r s#!e#ne else #r r#u" is s"e8in y#u5irst need t# #n:ute the "resent tense 5#r!s #5 ko#ala $hih y#u sh#uldlredy be 5!ilir $ith

nazali@ I !ozali@ y#u re

azali@ heJshe istozali@ $e rebozali@ y#u re E"lurlbazali@ they reezali@ it is

Ne7t dr#" e3erythin 5ter the #nd dd n o $hih !8es

nazo#

ozo#azo#tozo#bozo#bazo#ezo#

This "re5i7 is used in e3ery sinle "resent "r#ressi3e #n:uti#n nd y#u9ll

s##n be#!e 5!ilir $ith its use s $ell s strtin t# be ble t# re#nise

the distinti3e -#o-s#und #5 the tense

Ne7t dr#" the ko- 5r#! the in5initi3e 5#r! #5 koloba Et# s"e8 le3in :ust

-loba.

Then #!bine $ith ""r#"rite "re5i7 $ith the(lobasu55i7 t# !8e the#rret 5#r! #5 the 3erb 5#r $ht y#u $nt t# sy


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nazo?loba( nazoloba@ I ! s"e8inozo+loba( ozoloba@ y#u re s"e8inazo+loba( azoloba@ heJshe is s"e8intozo+loba( tozoloba@ $e re s"e8inbozo+loba( bozoloba@ y#u re s"e8in E"lurlbazo+loba( bazoloba@ they re s"e8in

e@o?loba@ e@oloba@ it is s"e8in

And it $ill be the s!e 5#r ny #ther 3erb F#r kosombaEt# buy

nazo+somba( nazosomba@ I ! buyinozo+somba( ozosomba@ y#u re buyinazo+somba( azosomba@ heJshe is buyintozo+somba( tozosomba@ $e re buyinbozo+somba( bozosomba@ y#u re buyin E"lurl

bazo+somba( bazosomba@ they re buyinezo+somba@ ezosomba@ it is buyin

And 5#r koyoka Et# her

nazo+yoka@ nazoyoka@ I ! herinozo+yoka@ ozoyoka@ y#u re herinazo+yoka@ azoyoka@ heJshe is herintozo+yoka@ tozoyoka@ $e re herin

bozo+yoka@ bozoyoka@ y#u re herin E"lurlbazo+yoka@ bazoyoka@ they re herinezo+yoka@ ezoyoka@ it is herin

.&%&. $ast /#og#essi2e tense

The "st "r#ressi3e 5#r! is used t# desribe thins tht $ere d#ne in the

"st #r tht h""en l#t

This is the tense tht y#u9ll $nt t# use i5 y#u $nt t# sy s#!ethin li8e I

$s ##8in9 #r We $ere i3in9

It is 5#r!ed thr#uh the #!binti#n #5 the "st tense #5 ko#aland the

in5initi3e y#u $nt t# use

S# 5#r kolambaEt# ##8 in strt $ith kosala #nly this ti!e !8e the#!"lete 3ersi#n #5 the "st tense $hih $ill be


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nazalaki@ I $sozalaki@ y#u $ereazalaki@ heJshe $stozalaki@ $e $erebozolaki@ y#u $ere E"lurlbazolaki@ they $ere

ezolaki@ it $s

Ne7t si!"ly dd the in5initi3e 5#r! #5 the 3erb

S# 5#r kolamba the "st "r#ressi3e is

nazalaki kolamba@ I $s ##8inozalaki kolamba@ y#u $ere ##8in

azalakikolamba@ heJshe $s ##8intozalakikolamba@ $e $ere ##8inbozolakikolamba@ y#u $ere ##8in E"lurlbazolaki kolamba@ they $ere ##8inezolaki kolamba@ it $s ##8in

And 5#r kopesa Et# i3e the "st "r#ressi3e is

nazalaki kopesa@ I $s i3inozalaki kopesa@ y#u $ere i3inazalakikopesa@ heJshe $s i3intozalakikopesa@ $e $ere i3inbozolakikopesa@ y#u $ere i3in E"lurlbazolaki kopesa@ they $ere i3inezolaki kopesa@ it $s i3in


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.&* The sub8uncti2e

Yes Linl hs sub:unti3e 5#r! but it9s bit li!ited #!"red $ith l#t

#5 #ther lnues

The sub:unti3e is #!!#nly restrited t# :ust three !in 3erbs @ kolingaEt#$nt #r t# li8e #r l#3e ko#ela Et# $it 5#r nd kosengela Et# need And

then it is used in #n:unti#n $ith se#nd 3erb $h#se #n:uti#n is slihtly

!#di5ied

In !ny $ys the #nstruti#n is si!ilr t# the 5uture tense #nstruti#n $ith

#n:uted 5irst 3erb nd the in5initi3e 5#r! #5 se#nd F#r e7!"le I !

#in t# buy9 Usin the stndrd 5#r! this $#uld be nakeiEI ! #in

kosombaEt# buy

But $ith the sub:unti3e 5#r! this hnes slihtly t# I $nt t# buy9 T#

#nstrut this 5irst #n:ute the 3erb kolinga Et# $nt

nalingi@ I $ntolingi@ y#u $ntalingi@ heJshe $ntstolingi@ $e $nt

bolingi@ y#u $nt E"lurlbalingi@ they $ntelingi@ it $nts

Ne7t rete the sub:unti3e 5#r! y#u $nt t# use in this se kosomba

T# rete the sub:unti3e 5#r! dr#" the ko-t the beinnin but 8ee" the (

a9 t the end Then dd the ""r#"rite sub:et "r#n#un S# this be#!es

na+somba( nasombao+somba( osombaa+somba( asombato+somba( tosombabo+somba( bosombaba+somba( basomba


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N#$ #!bine the t$# t# !8e the #!"lete 5#r!

nalinginasomba@ I $#uld li8e t# buyolingi osomba@ y#u $#uld li8e t# buyalingiasomba@ heJshe $#uld li8e t# buytolingi tosomba@ $e $#uld li8e t# buy

bolingi bosomba@ y#u $#uld li8e t# buy E"lurlbalingibasomba@ they $#uld li8e t# buyelingi esomba@ it $#uld li8e t# buy

And it $ill be the s!e 5#r the #ther 3erbs ,ere9s n#ther e7!"le usinkomonaEt# see

nalingi namona@ I $#uld li8e t# see

olingi omona@ Y#u $#uld li8e t# seealingi amona@ heJshe $#uld li8e t# seetolingi tomona@ $e $#uld li8e t# seebolingi bomona@ y#u $#uld li8e t# see E"lurlbaling bamona@ they $#uld li8e t# seeelingi emona@ it $#uld li8e t# see

The s!e ""r#h is used $hen usin ko#elaEt# t8e s the "ri!ry 3erbin this se "ired $ith ko#"aEt# t8e

nazeli nazua@ I $it t# t8eozeli ozua@ y#u $it t# t8eazeli azua@ heJshe $its t# t8etozeli tozua@ $e $it t# t8ebozeli bozua@ y#u $it t# t8e E"lurlbazeli bazua@ they $it t# t8eezeli ezua@ it $its t# t8e

And 5#r kosengela Et# need s the "ri!ry 3erb here "ired $ith kosalaEt#

$#r8

nasengeli nasala@ I need t# $#r8osengeli osala@ y#u need t# $#r8asengeli asala@ heJshe needs t# $#r8tosengeli tosala@ $e need t# $#r8bosengeli bosala@ y#u need t# $#r8 E"lurl

basengeli basala@ they need t# $#r8esengeli esala@ it needs t# $#r8


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.&. Lingala nouns and 2e#bs

-ny #5 y#u $ill h3e n# d#ubt n#tied tht there is #5ten relti#nshi"

bet$een the 5#r!ti#n #5 Linl 3erbs nd n#uns F#r e7!"le kosala@ t#

$#r8 @ nd mosala@ $#r8 This h""ens 5irly reulrly nd y#u n use it t#

b#th hel" dei"her #ne #r the #ther #r t# !8e n eduted uess b#ut

$ht 3erb #r n#un !iht be

,ere9s list t# et y#u strted but y#u9ll !#st li8ely 5ind tht y#u 5ind !#re

nd !#re s y#u #ntinue t# lern

kobala@ t# !rry libala@ !rrie

kobota@ t# i3e birth libota@ 5!ilyMmoboti &baboti@ "rentEs

kokanisa@ t# thin8 likanisi@ ide th#uht

kokima@ t# run mokima &bakima@ runnerEs

kokomba@ t# s$ee" komba@ br##!

kolemba@ t# be tired malembe@ sl#$ sl#$ly

koponama@ t# elet maponami@ eleti#ns

kosana@ t# "ly lisano &masano@ s"#rtEs

kosolola@ t# ht t# tl8 lisoto &masoto@ htEs tl8Es

kotamb"isa@ t# dri3e motamb"isi &batamb"isi@ dri3erEs

koteya@ t# "reh liteya &mateya@ less#nEsM

moteyi &bateyi@ "st#rEs

koyekola@ t# lern moyekeli &bayekeli@ sh##l

b#yEsJsh##l irlEs

koyemba@ t# sin moyembi &bayembi@ sinerEs

koyiba@ t# stel moyibi &bayibi@ thie5 Ethie3es


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Mo#ds

Al5red -#sher Butts the in3ent#r #5 Srbble $#uld h3e hd di55iult ti!e

desinin Linl editi#n Nerly third #5 ll Linl $#rds bein $ith the

letter - $ith N nd L #!"risin 5ir nu!ber s $ell A = F O U D

nd W brely et l##8 in And n# Linl $#rds strt $ith , I ; R #r Q

Head fi#e an

By n#$ y#u9ll h3e relised tht Linl #5ten uses the s!e $#rd 5#r

di55erent thins

N#$here is tht !#re ""rent thn $ith the $#rd moto $hih n !en

!n9 hed9 #r 5ire9

S# in Linl The !n9s hed is #n 5ire9 is Moto moto e#a moto

.&1 Colou#s and nube#s

Finlly it9s "r#bbly $#rth$hile t# t8e l##8 t t$# s"ets #5 Linl tht I

5#und t# be bit hrd $hen I 5irst strted #ut #l#urs nd nu!bers


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.&1&% Colou#s

I93e l$ys 5#und the $#rds 5#r Linl #l#urs t# be "rtiulrly hrd t#re!e!ber And in !y e7"eriene 6in#is $h# use the Linl $#rds 5#r#l#urs tend t# be "retty #rth#d#7 in their ""r#h n# sh#rtuts @ n#pond" #r mwind"#n their #$n N#"e it hs t# the $h#le langi ya mayi ya

pond"#r langi ya mwind".# 5iure

These re the #nly #nes tht I93e been ble t# d#u!ent s# 5r nd y#u9ll!#st li8ely be ble t# 5ind #thers i5 y#u try hrd en#uh Pers#nlly li8e l#t#5 6in#is I tend t# re3ert t# Frenh #l#ur $#rds

ba langi@ the #l#urslangi ya mayi ya pond"@ reenlangi ya motane@ red

langi ya mwind"@ bl8langi ya pembe@ $hite

.&1&* 0ube#s

As $ith #l#urs l#t #5 6in#is "re5er t# use the Frenh $#rds nu!bers but

it9s still use5ul t# 8n#$ the Linl nu!berin syste!

Linl nu!bers $ill "r#bbly see! bit #!"le7 t 5irst but #ne y#u lern

the bsis y#u9ll >ui8ly #!e u" t# s"eed

As $ith l#t #5 nu!berin syste!s the !#st #!!#n use5ul nd i!"#rtnt

nu!bers t# lern re 5r#! #ne t# 10 These re then in#r"#rted nd

#!bined t# 5#r! ll #5 the lrer nu!bers

S# 5r#! #ne t# 10 the Linl nu!bers re

1 @ moko2 @ mibale* @ misato4 @ minei) @ mitano+ @ motoba& @ nsambo

' @ mwambi% @5ibwa10 @ #omi


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F#r the teens9 si!"ly dd #omiE10 nd naEnd nd then the ""r#"ritenu!ber

S# 5r#! 11 t# 1% the Linl nu!bers re

11 @ #omi na moko12 @ #omi na mibale1* @ #omi na misato14 @ #omi na minei1) @ #omi na mitano1+ @ #omi na motoba1& @ #omi na nsambo1' @ #omi na mwambi1% @ #omi na libwa

F#r the (ties9 @ 20 thr#uh %0 @ it see!s little !#re #!"lited but i5 y#u""r#h it $ith n #"en !ind it strts t# !8e sense In


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F#r *0 t# *% strt $ith nt"k" nd thenmisatoEthree9 s# s t# indite tht itis *0 3lue nd then the ""r#"rite nu!ber

*0 @ nt"k" misato*1 @ nt"k" misato na moko*2 @ nt"k" misato na mibale

nd s# #nC

And the s!e syste! is used 5#r the rest #5 the nu!bers 5r#! 40(%%

40 @ nt"k" minei)0 @ nt"k" mitano+0 @ nt"k" motoba&0 @ nt"k" nsambo

'0 @ nt"k" mwambi%0 @ nt"k" libwa

One y#u et t# 100 ne$ "re5i7 is dded t# indite tht the nu!ber is inthe hundreds Li8e the -ties "re5i7 the Linl "re5i7 5#r hundred9 @ nkama@#!es t the beinnin

S# 5#r 100 t# 110 strt $ith nkamand then dd the #ther ""r#"ritenu!ber

100 @ nkama101 @ nkama na moko102 @ nkama na mibale

F#r 111(11% bein $ith nkamand#omi nd then dd the #ther nu!bers

110 @ nkama na #omi111 @ nkama na #omi na moko112 @ nkama na #omi na mibale

F#ll#$ the s!e syste! 5#r 120 t# 1%% strtin $ith nkama then nt"k" ndthen the #ther nu!bers

And #ntinue t# s!e ""r#h 5#r the rest #5 the hundreds

200 @ nkama mibale*00 @ nkama misato400 @ nkama minei)00 @ nkama mitano


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+00 @ nkama motoba&00 @ nkama nsambo'00 @ nkama mwambi%00 @ nkama libwa

One y#u et t# 1000 ne$ "re5i7 @ nkoto@ is used in t the beinnin

#5 the nu!ber nd hed #5 ny #ther "re5i7es nd nu!bers tht 5#ll#$

%koto5#ll#$s the s!e "ttern snkama

1000 @ nkoto moko1001 @ nkoto moko na moko1002 @ nkoto moko na mibale1011 @ nkoto moko na #omi na moko1012 @ nkoto moko na #omi na mibale1020 @ nkoto moko na nk"t" mibale1021 @ nkoto moko na nk"t" na moko1022 @ nkoto moko na nk"t" na mibale1100 @ nkoto moko na nkama moko1101 @ nkoto moko na nkama moko na moko1200 @ nkoto moko na nkama mibale2000 @ nkoto mibale2001 @ nkoto mibale na moko

2100 @ nkoto mibale na nkama moko


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1& Molongo' the o#ld

This seti#n intr#dues rne #5 e3erydy situti#ns t#"is nd ti3ities @

resturnts !r8ets 5##d sh#""in the nturl en3ir#n!ent l#n $ith

s#!e #5 the !#re seri#us s"ets #5 li5e in the =R. suh s $r $ithr5t

nd street li5e @ nd the ss#ited 3erbs 3#bulry nd #!!#n "hrsesnd e7"ressi#ns tht y#u !iht #!e r#ss s y#u # #ut int# the $#rld

1&% E2e#,da, con2e#sations

0e gifts

6in#is h3e n interestin trditi#n $hen it #!es t# n#tiin i5 s#!e#ne hs

$erin s#!ethin ne$ 5#r e7!"le ne$ shirt #r ne$ sh#es The#bser3er sys p"t"l", $hih essentilly !ens #nrtulti#ns9 But thentht s!e "ers#n is e7"eted t# i3e the "ers#n $ith the ne$ #b:et s!lli5t suh s s#5t drin8

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"lesekosimba ( it $ill h#ld it $ill $#r8+sengeli nakende.@ I need t# #

e#ali kotambola@ it #es Es in 6a marche%akanisi bongo4@ I h#"e thtC%aloba nini!@ Wht n I syG%an" te.@ N#t in%ayebi te @ I d# n#t 8n#$%ayebi yango.@ I 8n#$ tht%ayebi.@ I 8n#$%a#alaki koloba.@ I $s syin%a#ali na bosenga ya4@ I h3e need #5C

%a#ali presse @ I ! in hurryndembo na nse@ bll #n the r#und9 Es inrel79 t8e it esy9ndenge moko@ the s!endenge nini@ s!e >uesti#nngai pe@ !e t##$yebi!@ =# y#u understndGoyo nde@ tht is thtsoki moyen e#ali@ i5 it is "#ssibleya so lo@ it is #rret

ye k"na@ heJshe is thereye pe@ hi!Jher t##ye yo@ heJshe is here


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1&* "#iends and fail,

Derbskobala@ t# !rrykofanda@ t# li3e Es#!e$herekokabwana@ t# se"rte #r t# di3#re

kolinga@ t# li8e #r t# $ntkolingana@ t# be in l#3ekow"ta@ t# be 5r#! Es#!e$here

D#bulrybokilo@ br#ther(in(l$bokilo ( in(l$bokilo mobali@ 5ther(in(l$bokilo mwasi@ !#ther(in(l$

cadet@ little br#ther little sistereboto@ desendnt "rentleki@ y#uner br#ther y#uner sisterlibala@ !rrielibota@ 5!ilymama nkoko@ rnd!#thermoboti &baboti@ "rentEsmoninga &baninga@ 5riendEsmosolo@ d#$ry

mwana &bana@ hild Ehildrenmwana mobali@ s#nmwana mwasi@ duhtermwana ya bango@ their hildrenmwasi &basi@ $i5e $#!n E$#!enmwasi ya mok"ya@ $id#$ndeko &bandeko@ br#therEs sisterEsnoko@ unletata nkoko@ rnd5ther

yaya@ #lder br#ther #lder sister

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"les)#ali na mb"la boni!@ ,#$ #ld is sheG)#ali na mb"la mitano.@ She is 5i3e yers #ldbandeko ba bolingo@ der br#thersEused s reetinbaninga na ngai@ !y 5riends%aw"ti pringfield @ I ! 5r#! S"rin5ieldkombo mos"s"@ 5!ily n!e

Kombo na ngai4@ -y n!e isCTofandi Kinshasa. ( We li3e in 6inshsKombo na yo nani lis"s"!@ Wht is y#ur n!e inG


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Kombo na yo!@ Wht is y#ur n!e!mwana ya bango@ their hildren$yo mama na ngai.@ This is !y !#ther

1&. A#ound the house

Derbskobamba@ t# re"irkokobombola@ t# lenkokomba7kokombola@ t# s$ee"kof"tela@ t# rentkopang"sa@ t# "#lish E6kotana@ t# "#lishkotoboka@ t# h3e h#le Ein "i"e

D#bulrybopeto@ lenbosoto@ dirtyeb"teli@ ldderekolo@ bs8etek"ke@ d##repimolo ya sa@ l#8esaleli@ t##l

esika ya masolo@ sittin r##!etanda@ benhf"l", #a"@ dustbin trsh nf"ngola@ 8eykabine, wese, #ongo@ t#iletkalati@ rdkiti@ hirkombo@ br##!koni@ 5ire$##d

k"k"@ 8ithenlib"l" ya mayi@ $ter $elllid"s"@ ru"tured "i"elininisi &maninisi@ $ind#$Eslititi &matiti@ rss El$nlopango@ "l#t Elndmakasi@ siss#rsmbeto@ bedmesa@ tble

mok"l"@ r#"emolangi &milangi@ b#ttleEsmonili@ eletriity


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mpa"@ sh#3elmwana ya mosala@ h#use8ee"ernakati@ interi#rndako@ h#usenkongo@ h#e

plafond@ eilin

pompe, tiyo@ "i"e E"lu!binsab"ni@ s#"salite@ dirtysinga@ strinsoka@ 7es"k"@ r##!talatala@ s"etles !irr#ryadi@ yrd

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"les)#okomba nse.@ ,e is s$ee"in the 5l##r)#opang"sa mesa.@ She is "#lishin the tble'akobamba ndako na biso. ( They $ill re"ir #ur h#use%asengeli kokombola ndako.@ I need t# len the h#use8ompe e#ali na ya kotoboka.@ The "i"e hs h#leTo#of"tela ndako.@ We rent #ur h#use

E6 den#tes 6inshs Linl $#rd 3rint

1&1 ail, #outines

Derbskosokola@ t# $shkos"ba@ t# "eekolam"ka@ t# $8e u"kolala@ t# slee"

kokolola@ t# sh3e

D#bulrybotte@ b##tbr"sh@ t##thbrushekoti &bikoti@ htEsgillette@ r?#rkisi ya mino@ t##th"stelino &mino@ teeth

lisanola@ hirbrush #!bmandef"@ berdmalasi@ "er5u!e


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mokoto@ sh#en#oto@ b#dysab"ni@ s#"simisi@ shirts"ki@ hirtalatala@ !irr#r s"etles

#ongo, kabine, wese@ t#ilet

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"les)#okata mandef" na ye.@ ,e is sh3in his berd)#osokola mino na ye.@ She is brushin her teeth'a#olala.@ They re slee"inam"ka3@ W8e u"Kam"ka, tango esi etami, goigoi3@ W8e u" it is lredy lte l?yK%alingi bakata ngai s"ki.@ I $#uld li8e t# h3e !y hir ut

%a#osokola n#oto.@ I ! $shin !ysel5$sengeli kokolola @ Y#u need t# sh3e

1&3 A#ound ton

Derbskok"ta@ t# 5indkol"ka@ t# serh 5#r

komona@ t# seekosomba ( t# buykotala@ t# l##8kotambola@ t# $l8kotamb"isa@ t# dri3ekoteka@ t# sellkoyoka@ t# her

D#bulry

balabala@ streetbank@ bn8boloko@ :il "ris#nekeko@ sttueeng"mba@ ity t#$netalaka@ brideeteyelo@ sh##lki mal" mal"@ "i8(u" tru8likita@ r#$d

lilita@ e!etery r3eyrdlit"m"@ #rnermaboma@ 5t#ry


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maga#ini@ sh#" st#remaga#ini ya kisi @ "hr!ymalewa@ resturntmboka@ 3illembongo@ !#neymombongo@ business

mot"ka &mit"ka@ rEsmot"ka ya m"nene@ tru8ndako n#ambe@ hurhndako ya ntoki@ !useu!n#ela ya makolo@ 5##t"thotele@ h#telsinema@ ine!wen#e@ s!ll !r8et#ando@ bi !r8et

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"les)#ol"ka wen#e.@ She is serhin 5#r the !r8et'ak"taki ndako n#ambe.@ They 5#und the hurh%atambolaki na balaba5a.@ I $l8ed d#$n the streetTomonaki lilita.@ We s$ the e!eteryTotambolaka mikolo nionso.@ We $l8 e3ery dy

1&5 At school

Derbskobakisa@ t# ddkob"nga@ t# be !ist8enkokoma@ t# $ritekok"ndola@ t# re!e!berkosala@ t# $#r8kotanga@ t# red #r t# #unt

kot"na@ t# s8 >uesti#nkoyanola@ t# ns$erkoyeba@ t# 8n#$koyekola@ t# lern

D#bulryb""k"@ b##8ekomeli@ "eneteyelo@ sh##l

eyano@ ns$erkelasi@ lssr##!kelasi likolo@ uni3ersity


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likambo@ "r#ble!likanisi@ ide th#uhtliteya@ less#nlokota &nkota@ lnueEsmayele@ intellientmiko@ in#rret

mokolo@ hist#rymolakisi@ teher "r#5ess#r E5#r!l settinmoteyi@ teher "st#r Ein5#r!l settinmot"na &mit"na@ >uesti#nEsmoyekoli, mwana ya kelasi@ sh##l b#yJsh##l irlndenge elongobani@ #rret ""r#"ritentina@ res#n#ebi@ siene#ebi ya mabanga@ e#l#y

#ebi ya mokili@ e#r"hy

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"lesMolakisi a#ot"na mot"na.@ The teher is s8in >uesti#n+yano na ngai e#alaki miko.@ -y ns$er $s in#rret+sengeli koyekola.@ It is neessry t# lernMwana ya kelasi e#ali mayele.@ The sh##l irl is intellient

)lingi #ebi ya mokili.@ ,e li8es e#r"hy

1&6 +n the kitchen

Derbskobela@ t# be ##8edkobonga@ t# "#ur Eli>uidkokalinga@ t# r#stkokata@ t# utkolamba@ t# ##8

koleisa@ t# 5eedkolia@ t# etkomela ( t# drin8kopola@ t# r#t E!et

D#bulryananasi ( "ine""lebilei@ 5##dbitabe@ bnn

boken#"@ s"iybololo@ s#urcafe@ #55ee


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chicwang"e@ ss3 l#5chocolat@ h##ltecossettes@ ss3 hi"sdongodongo@ #8rek"t"@ "u!"8inf"f"@ ss3 5l#ur

kanya@ 5#r8kimp"ka &bimp"ka@ ss3 "steEskopo@ u"k"k"@ 8ithenk"nde@ "esliba#i@ le!#nlibenge &mabenge@ "#tt#Eesliboke &maboke@ 5ishEes $r""ed in le3eslikei &makei@ eEs

likemba &makemba@ "lntinEslilala@ #rne E6lipa@ bredlipela@ u3lisango &masango@ #rn !i?elititi@ herblit"ng"l"@ #ni#nlit"ng"l" ngenge@ rliliyeb"@ !ushr##!

loso@ riel"t"@ s"##nmades"@ bensmaf"ta@ #ilmaf"ta ya mbila@ ler ##8in #ilmaf"ta ya n#oi@ h#neymateka@ buttermayi@ $termbala@ "#tt# E6 s$eet "#tt#mbeli@ 8ni5embisi@ 5ishmboloko (ntel#"emboma@ y!mboto@ !i?emb"ma@ 5ruitmia@ hunry E6miliki@ !il8molangi &milangi@ b#ttleEsmosaka mwamba@ less re5ined ##8in #ilmos"ni &mis"ni@ 5lesh !etEsmoye@ het


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mpiodi@ he" i!"#rted 5ish ls# lled Th#!"s#nmpond"@ !ni#m"k"wa &mik"wa@ b#neEsm"ngwa, monana@ sltmwamba@ "l! #ilmwamba ng"ba@ "enut butter

ndimo@ #rnend"nda@ 3eetblesnd"nda mobes"@ sld lettuengombe mobali@ bullngombe mwasi@ #$ng"ba@ "enuts E6ng"ng"t"@ uberinensimbiliki na ndako@ rbbitnsongo@ ss3

ntaba@ #tntaba mobali@ billy #tntaba mwasi@ nnny #tnyama@ !etnyama ya mpate@ !utt#nnyama ya ngombe@ bee5n#ala@ hunry

pamplemo"sse@ r"e5ruitpilipili@ "e""er

samba@ #!!erilly "r#essed ##8in #ilsani &basani@ "lteEssoso@ hi8ens"kali@ surs"p"@ s#u"tangawisi@ inertomati@ t#!t#/ere@ lss


Oil e!

6in#is utilise $ide 3riety #5 ##8in #ils tht 3ry b#th in s#ure nd "rie

maf"ta@ #ilmaf"ta ya mabila@ ler ##8in #ilmosaka mwamba@ less(re5ined ##8in #il

mwamba@ "l! #ilsamba@ #!!erilly "r#essed ##8in #il


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.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"les)bongaki cafe na kopo.@ ,e "#ured the #55ee in the u")lambaki bilei.@ She ##8ed the !el'okokalinga soso.@ They re #in t# r#st hi8en%a#ali na n#ala.@ I ! hunryTolingi kolia.@ We $nt t# et

1&7 At the a#ket

Derbskob"nola@ t# redue E "riekokakola@ t# brinkolinga@ t# $ntkomema@ t# rry

kopona@ t# h##sekosimba@ t# h#ldkosomba@ t# buykotala@ t# l##8 tkoteka@ t# sell

D#bulrybile bya ekolo@ h#!e!debilei@ 5##d

biloko@ ##dsboponi@ h#iebotte@ b##tb""k"@ b##8ebele@ !ny l#tekolo@ bs8etekoti &bikoti@ htEslif"ta@ "y!entlikita@ r#$d

maga#ini &bamaga#ini@ sh#"Es st#reEsmalasi@ "er5u!emb"ma@ 5ruitmobimba@ $h#lemokoto@ sh#em"t"ya@ e7"ensi3em"t"ya@ e7"ensi3end"nda@ 3eetblesng"nde"rs@ s!ll(sle rurl trders

simisi@ shirtwen#e@ s!ll !r8et#ando@ lre !r8et


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.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"lesbanso@ llebele@ !ny l#teloko@ s#!ethineloko te@ n#thin

Kakola3 ( BrinK Es in l#$er y#ur "rieK9kati@ hl5mobimba@ $h#lemoke@ s!ll bit 5e$m"t"ya mingi@ 3ery e7"ensi3em"t"ya te@ n#t e7"ensi3e%alingi kosomba te.@ I d# n#t $nt t# buy%alingi4 ( I $ntndenge moko@ the s!e

$lingi nini!@ Wht d# y#u $ntG$#akosa to ya solo!@ Are y#u lyin #r is tht the truthG Es in is tht reallythe "rieG

talo boni@ h#$ !uhGya kala@ #ldya minei@ >urterya misato@ thirdya sika@ ne$

1&9 At the #estau#ant

Derbskof"ta@ t# "ykok"ntana@ t# !eetkolia@ t# etkomela@ t# drin8kopona@ t# h##se

kosila@ t# 5inish Eti#ns #b:etsko#ela@ t# $it

D#bulrybilei na moyi@ lunhbilei na pokwa@ dinnerbilei na tongo@ bre85stboken#"@ s"iybololo@ s#ur

c"isinair@ he5kalati ya bilei@ !enukomela@ drin8 Ebe3ere


86/150

lis"s"@ n#thermalewa@ resturntmasanga@ l#h#li drin8masanga ya s"kali@ n#n(l#h#li drin8matabisi, mi/e@ ti"molangi &milangi@ b#ttleEs

mot"ya, addition@ billm"ngwa@ slt

pilipili@ "e""ers"kali@ sur

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"lesbilei malam"@ ##d !el'olambi nini lelo!@ Wht is #n the !enu t#dyGbomomasano@ s usul

'otondi mingi.@ Thn8 y#u 3ery !uhcafe ya miliki@ #55ee $ith !il8cafe ya pamba@ bl8 #55eeeloko te@ n#thinepoli@ it E5##d is r#tten+si ebeli!@ Wht hs lredy been "re"redG+sili!@ FinishedG+#ali na4! ( 9#es it h3eCGe#iki@ burned t# the "#int #5 bein inedible

Mwasi na ngai aliaki tomate te.@ -y $i5e ne3er ets t#!t#esnan" te@ n#t in%a#ali na mposa.@ I ! thirsty%a#ali na n#ala.@ I ! hunry%yama elambi makasi@ The !et is #3erd#ne%yama mwa elambi@ The !et is underd#ne$kosenga nini!@ Wht y#u d# re#!!endG$lingi nini!@ Wht d# y#u $ntG$si olei!@ ,3e y#u lredy etenG$tondi!@ ,3e y#u hd en#uhG8esa ngai laddition.@ i3e !e the bill

1&%4 S/o#ts and #ec#eation

Derbskobeta@ t# hitkobete@ t# s$i!

kobwaka@ t# thr#$kokeba@ t# "y ttenti#nkokima@ t# run


87/150

kolonga@ t# $inkomata@ t# ride #r t# li!bkopimbwa@ t# :u!"kopola@ t# l#sekopota@ t# runkosana@ t# "ly

kotambola@ t# $l8ko#"a@ t# $it

D#bulrybale@ bllema@ tentlikita@ r#$dlisanga@ te!lisano &misano@ !eEs s"#rtEs

lisano ya motope@ 5##tbll !el"pemba@ ##d lu8mokima@ runnermolako@ !"inmotambola@ $l8ermotope@ 5##tblltike@ ti8et

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"les

lisanga ya yango@ the 5irst te!komata mp"nda@ t# ride h#rsekosana golf@ t# "ly #l5kosana tennis@ t# "ly tennisibanda ya masano!@ Where is the stdiu!G%ani akolonga!@ Wh# $ill $inG%ani akosana!@ Wh# is "lyinG$koki kobete mai@ .n y#u s$i!GTike e#ali talo boni!@ ,#$ !uh re ti8etsG

1&%% On the #oad

Derbskobanda@ t# strtkobima@ t# le3ekokende@ t# #kokende mobembo@ t# t8e tri" h#lidy

kokoma@ t# rri3ekokomela@ t# reh E "lekok"mba@ t# trns"#rt


88/150

kolanda@ t# 5#ll#$koleka@ t# "ss t# # "stkol"ka@ t# l##8 5#rkosila@ t# 5inish Eti#ns #b:etskoteme@ t# st#"kotikala@ t# sty t# re!in

kow"ta@ t# #!e E5r#!koya@ t# #!e Et#ko#onga@ t# return t# #!e b8

D#bulrybiloko@ ##ds luebokei@ de"rturecapo@ b#nnet h##d Erepesa n#ela@ "ss"#rt

esika es"s"@ else$hereessence@ "etr#leyenga@ 5esti3lki mal" mal"@ "i8(u" tru8libanda ya mpepo@ ir"#rtmalembe@ sl#$ sl#$lymalewa@ resturntma#"ti@ dieselmbango@ 5st >ui8

mobembo &mibembo@ tri"Es h#lidyEsmokima@ runnermokolo ya kopema@ h#lidymotambola@ $l8ermotamb"isi &batamb"isi@ dri3erEsmot"ka &mit"ka@ rEsmot"ka ya m"nene@ tru8otele@ h#tel

polisi@ "#liesolda &basolda@ s#ldierEstike@ ti8et"ta@ 5r#! sineyika@ $heel


89/150

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"les)kotikala poso moko.@ She $ill sty #ne $ee8)#ow"ta na libanda ya mpepo.@ I ! #!in 5r#! the ir"#rt+sengeli ko#ala na epesa n#ela.@ It is neessry t# h3e "ss"#rtanda ngai @ F#ll#$ !eMobembo na bango e#alaki malam".@ Their h#lidy $s ##d

Tokobima lelo.@ We re le3in t#dy

1&%* )od and count#,

>eligion

Derbskok"misa@ t# l#ri5y

kolimbisa@ t# 5#ri3ekomima@ t# re"entkosambela@ t# "rykoteya@ t# "reh

D#bulryekle#ya@ the .hurhlola@ "rdiselosambo@ "ryer

mambi ya n#ambe@ relii#nmoteyi@ "rehermoyangeli@ de#nndako n#ambe@ hurh%#ambe@ #ds"m"ki@ sin1es"@ ;esus#abolo@ the de3il

)o2e#nent

Derbskok"ntana@ t# !eetkolingisa@ t# ll#$kopesika@ t# 5#rbid t# "r#hibit t# bnkopona@ t# h##sekoponama@ t# eletkoswanna@ t# rue t# >urrel

koyanola@ t# re"ly t# ns$erko#"a mokamo@ t# t8e deisi#n


90/150

D#bulrybendele@ 5lekolo@ stteekolo ya moto@ nti#nlityet"ka@ de"rt!entkoponama, maponami@ eleti#ns

leta@ stte #3ern!entlokota &nkota@ lnueEsmboka@ #untrymobeko &mibeko@ l$Esmopaya &bapaya ( 5#reinerEs strnerEsndako ya bakon#i@ "lens"ka (li!it

1&%. Life< lo2e and death

Derbskoboma ( t# 8illkobota@ t# i3e birthkobotoma@ t# be b#rnkofanda ( t# li3ekok"fa@ t# diekok"nda@ t# bury

kolinga@ t# li8ekolingana@ t# be in l#3ekosiba@ t# !8e l#3e

D#bulrybatisim" ( b"tis!bolimbisi@ s#rrybolingo@ l#3eebembe ( #r"se

elongo@ t#etheresengo &bisengo@ :#yEskitoko@ beuti5ul "retty niematanga@ !#urnin 5unerlmbotama@ birthmobotisi ( !id$i5e#emi@ "rennt#"wa@ :el#usy

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"les%alingi o#ala mobali ngai @ I $nt y#u t# be !y b#y5riend%alingi o#ala mwasi ngai.@ I $nt y#u t# be !y irl5riend


91/150

%alingi yo.@ I l#3e y#u%alingi yo mingi.@ I l#3e y#u s# !uh

1&%1 So#ce#, and itchc#aft

D#bulry

kindoki ( sorceryliloki ( magicndoki ( sorcerernganga nkisi@ 5etish "riestmami wata@ siren 5e!!e 5tle #r $ter s"irit $h# "r#!ises ess t#

!teril $elth in return 5#r hu!n li3esnganga@ ritul s"eilistnkisi@ hr!ssheta7chor@ $ith hildren @ 5r#! the Frenh sorcier9

ndoto@ dre!#abolo@ the de3il

1&%3 Bod, /a#ts

D#bulrylibele &mabele@ brestEslibolo (3in

lib"m"@ st#!hlikata@ "enislino &mino@ t##th Eteethlipeka &mapeka@ sh#ulderEsliso &miso@ eyeEslitama &matama@ hee8Eslitoi &matoi@ erEslobeb" &mbeb"@ li"Esloboko &maboko@ hndEs

lokolo@ 5##tlolemo@ t#nueloposo@ s8inmaboko@ 5inerEsmakata@ "enis nd testilesmakila@ bl##dmakolo@ t#eEsmandef"@ berdmbanga@ :$

mokongo &mikongo@ b8Esmok"wa &mik"wa@ b#neEsmonoko@ !#uth


92/150


93/150

molanda@ blindm"l"nge mabe mpe ket"ket"@ in5luen?monganga &minganga@ d#t#rEsmon#"ba@ inset stinmpota@ ut $#undm"kosa@ ith

ngenge@ "#is#nn#oto@ b#dy

p"l"p"l" ya makila@ dysenteryp"l"p"l" ya nsomo@ h#lersante@ helth

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"les%ayoki malam".@ I 5eel $ell.%ayoki malam" te.@ I d# n#t 5eel $ell.

'enga monganga.@ .ll d#t#r


1&%6 St#eet life

Derbskobanga@ t# be 5rid

kofinga@ t# insultkokeba@ t# "y ttenti#nkokosa@ t# deei3ekok"ntana@ t# !eetkolinga@ t# li8e t# $ntkomela@ t# drin8 t# s!#8ekoseka@ t# luhkoseka moke@ t# s!ilekosengela@ t# be h""y t# be #ntent

kosomba@ t# buykoteka@ t# sellkoyemba@ t# sinkoyiba@ t# stelkoyoka@ t# listenko#oka@ t# hurt

D#bulryba tra/aille"rs@ $#r8ers

balabala@ streetbat" na maboma@ r?y !enbondoki@ un


94/150


95/150

imbisa ngai.@ Prd#n !eMopaya #oba3@ Stu"id strnerK%alingi te.@ I d# n#t $nt%ayebi te.@ I d# n#t 8n#$%ayebi yango.@ I 8n#$ tht$lingi nini!@ Wht d# y#u $ntG

8esa ngai.@ i3e !e


1&%7 a# and /eace

Derbskobanga ( t# be 5rid #5

kobebisa@ t# ruinkobikisa@ t# resuekobotola@ t# #n5istekob"nda@ t# !8e $rkokamata@ t# t8ekok"fa@ t# diekoboma@ t# 8illkok"nda@ t# burykolanda@ t# 5#ll#$

kolimbisa@ t# 5#ri3ekolonga@ t# $inkol"ka@ t# serh 5#rkosilika@ t# be nrykoswanna@ t# ruekot"mba@ t# burnko/ioler@ t# r"ekoyina@ t# hteko#oka@ t# hurt

D#bulrybendele@ 5lbit"mba@ $rboboto@ "eebokamwi@ sur"risebol"mb"@ n8edbondoki@ unebembe &bibembe @ #r"seEs

elikya@ h#"eelongo@ t#etheret"mba@ 5iht


96/150

kadago@ hild s#ldierkimia@ "ee "ee5ullingisi@ inter"reterlisasi@ rtridelolendo@ "r#udmakila@ bl##d

mbeli@ 8ni5emboka@ #untrymibali@ !enmokambi@ ledermokimeli@ re5ueemong"na@ ene!ymopaya &bapaya@ 5#reinerEs strnerEssef"@ hie5solda &basolda@ s#ldierEs

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"lesango nini!@ Wht is the ne$sGango ya bit"mba!@ Wht is the $r ne$sGango te.@ There is n# ne$sango malam".@ The ne$s is ##dango mabe.@ The ne$s is bd

1&%9 Tie

D#bulryb"t"@ nihtekoya@ ne7teleki@ "stepimelo ya sa@ l#8esi@ lredykino@ until

lelo@ t#dylobi@ yesterdy t#!#rr#$mbala@ ti!e E5re>uenymokolo &mikolo@ dyEsmob" &mib"@ yerEsmon"ti@ !inutempokwa@ e3eninngonga@ h#urnionso@ eh e3ery

noki@ i!!editelyntongo@ d$n !#rninn#anga@ !iddy n##n


97/150

poso@ $ee8sa@ $rist$thsan#a@ !#nthsegonde@ se#ndsikoyo@ n#$sika@ n#$

sima@ 5ter behindsima n#anga@ 5tern##ntango@ ti!etongo@ !#rnin#omi@ dede

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"leslobi k"na@ the dy be5#re yesterdymokolo elandi@ ne7t dy

tongo makasi@ 3ery erlytongo nionso@ eh !#rnintango nini!@ $ht ti!eGti sikoyo@ until n#$ti lobi@ until t#!#rr#$tongo nionso@ eh !#rnin

poso mobimba@ e3ery $ee8

1&*4 i#ections

Derbskokomela@ t# reh E "lekolanda@ t# 5#ll#$kol"ka@ t# serh 5#r

D#bulryawa@ here

elo#i@ $estkati kati@ !iddlek"na@ therelibanda@ #utliboso@ 5r#nt in 5r#nt #5likolo@ u"monyele@ estmosika@ 5rna@ in

na likolo@ #nna loboko ya mobali@ #n the rihtna loboko ya mwasi@ #n the le5t


98/150

na nse@ undernakati@ innse@ d#$n

pembeni@ ne7t t#penepene@ 3ery ner t#wana@ there E s"ei5i "le

wapi@ $here

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"lesanda ngai (F#ll#$ !e%ab"ngi n#ela.@ I ! l#st.na ebandeli@ t the strtna s"ka@ t the end%as"ki awa@ I st#" hereesika es"s"@ else$here

yaka@ #!e hereya liboso, ya yambo@ the 5irstya mibale@ the se#ndya misato@ the thirdyango k"na@ it is thereyangoyo@ it is here

Left and #ight

Inditin le5t9 nd riht9 uses n interestin #!binti#n #5 #!!#n $#rdsoboko used 5#r b#th !ens hnd9 Mobali!ens !n9 And mwasi!ens $#!n9 S# #n the riht9 @ na loboko ya mobali@ literlly !ens #nthe hnd #5 the !n9 nd #n the le5t9 @ na loboko ya mwasi@ trnsltes t##n the hnd #5 the $#!n9


99/150

1&*% The natu#al o#ld

Sk,

D#bulrylikolo@ s8y

moi@ sunmonama@ rinb#$mon#oto@ strmopepe@ $ind irmpata@ l#udEsmwese@ sunmwinda@ lihtsan#a@ !##n

Ea#th

D#bulryelanga &bilanga@ !ed#$Es 5ieldEsesanga@ islndetando@ "linlibanga &mabanga@ "ebbleEs st#neEslibongo@ behlisobe, eliki@ desert

lobwak"@ 3lleymabele@ erthMokili@


100/150

ate#

D#bulryebale@ ri3eretima@ l8eetima moke@ "#nd

mbonge@ $3emb"@ se #enmeta@ $ter5llmol"ka@ stre!mongala@ lre stre! s!ll ri3er

pela@ 5l##d

eathe#

D#bulryboband" ( hu!idityek"mbaki@ st#r!lopembe, londende@ 5#malili@ #ld 5resh ##lmb"la@ rinmikili@ li!temol"nge@ h#tmonama@ rinb#$

monkalali@ lihtninmpio@ #ldngemb"@ u!brellnkaki@ thunder

.#!!#n "hrses nd e7!"lesm"l"nge e#eli@ it is h#tmalili e#eli@ it is #ldmb"la e#onoka@ it is rininmb"la e#onoka makisi@ it is rinin hrdmb"la e#oya@ rin is #!in

+n the fo#est

D#bulryelili@ shd#$fololo@ 5l#$erlikasa &makasa@ le5 Ele3eslititi &matiti@ rss l$nmban#i@ b!b##mbe@ 5l#$er E5#r!l


101/150

mbila@ "l! treemwete &ban#ete@ treeEsmwinda@ lihtndeke &bandeke@ bird Ebirdsn#ete &ban#ete@ treeEs E6n#oi (bees

#amba@ 5#rest

Mining< ine#als and natu#al #esou#ces

D#bulryebende@ ir#ndiaman ( di!#ndlib"l" ya mayi@ $ter $ellmotako@ #""er

ndembo@ rubbernd"ka@ d!paw"ni@ #repitolo@ "etr#leu!potopoto@ ly !udp"t"l"@ shwolo@ #ld


1&** Anials

ild anials

D#bulrybanyama na #amba@ $ild ni!ls

ekange@ hyenesende@ s>uirrelgambala@ 5#7k"k"l"@ "rr#tlibelekete@ snillikako &makako@ !#n8eyEsmboloko@ ntel#"embwa na #amba@ $#l5 5#7mokangi@ 5ly

mokomboso@ #rill hi!"mombemba@ 5r#mondonga@ ir55e


102/150

monk"ngi@ !#s>uit#m"selekete &miselekete@ li?rd Eli?rdsmpoko@ !#usemp"k", mp"@ rtngando &bangando@ r##dileEsngembo@ bt

ng"b"@ hi""#"#t!usng"l"@ $ild b#rnkoi@ le#"rd "nthernkoba@ t#rt#isenkosi &bankosi@ li#nEsnsimbiliki na #amba@ "#ru"inen#oi@ beesn#oko@ ele"hnt E6n#ok"@ ele"hnt

sombo, ng"l"@ $ild b#rtchak"@ "rr#t E6

oestic anials

D#bulryeb"ele &bib"ele@ d#!estited ni!lEsmbwa@ d#meme mobali@ r!

meme mwasi@ e$ememe ya mwana@ l!bmp"nda@ d#n8ey,h#rsengombe mobali@ bullngombe mwasi@ #$niao, p"si@ tnsimbiliki na ndako@ rbbitnsoso mwasi@ henntaba mobali@ billy #tntaba mwasi@ #tn#ale, mpakasa@ bu55l#n#oi@ bees

E6 den#tes 6inshs Linl$#rd 3rint


103/150


104/150

kolamba@ t# ##8kolia@ t# et

koseka@ t# luhkolela@ t# ry

kofanda@ t# li3ekok"fa@ t# die

kopesa@ t# i3eko#"a@ t# t8e

kobakisa@ t# ddkolongola@ t# re!#3e

komata@ t# li!bkokita@ t# desend

kol"ka@ t# serhkok"ta@ t# 5ind

kotelema@ t# stndkofanda@ t# sit

kosepela@ t# be h""ykosilika@ t# be nry

kot"na@ t# s8 >uesti#nkoyanola@ t# ns$er

kot"mb"la@ t# :#8ekoseka moke@ t# s!ile

kosokola@ t# $shkopang"sa@ t# dry

kosomba@ t# buykoteka@ t# sell

koteya@ t# "rehkomina@ t# re"ent

koyemba@ t# sinkoyoka@ t# listen


105/150


106/150

mol"nge@ h#tmalili@ #ld

mobali@ !nmwasi@ $#!n

pete@ esypasi@ di55iult

pen#a@ truelok"ta@ 5lse

bopeto@ lenbosoto@ dirty

moyi@ dyb"t"@ niht

mayele@ intellient#oba@ stu"id

bit"mba@ $rkimia@ "ee

m"layi@ tllm"k"se@ sh#rt

loboko@ hndlokolo@ 5##t

ngomba@ !#untinlobwak"@ 3lley

sika@ ne$kala@ #ld

likambo@ >uesti#neyano@ ns$er

moninga@ 5riendmopaya@ strner

mwinda@ lihtelili@ shd#$


107/150

ndeke@ birdn#oi@ bee

likolo@ s8ymabele@ erth

niao@ tmbwa@ d#

mwind"@ bl8pembe@ $hite

esango@ h""ymawa@ sd

makila@ bl##dmayi@ $ter

mwana mobali@ b#ymwana mwasi@ irl

mesa@ tblekiti@ hir

molakisi@ tehermoyekoli@ student

m"ngwa@ sltpilipili@ "e""er

ngomba@ !#untinlobwak"@ 3lley

moi@ sunsan#a@ !##n

mopepe@ $indmb"la@ rin

moninga@ 5riendmong"na@ ene!y


108/150

5& De#bs

5&% EnglishLingala 2e#bs

t# use @ kof"ndat# dd ( kobakisat# ll#$ @ kolingisat# ns$er @ koyanolat# rue @ koswannat# rri3e @ kokomat# s8 @ kosengat# s8 >uesti#n @ kot"nat# bn @ kopesikat# brin @ kokakolat# be @ ko#ala

t# be ble @ kokokat# be 5rid #5 @ kobangat# be nry @ kosilikat# be b#rn @ kobotomat# be #ntent @ kosepelat# be ##8ed @ kobelat# be 5r#! @ kow"tat# be h""y @ kosepelat# be in l#3e @ kolingana

t# be !ist8en @ kob"ngat# be si8 @ kobelat# be tired @ kolembat# bet @ kobetat# bein @ kobandat# bite @ koswat# b#rr#$ @ kodefat# bre8 @ kob"ka, kopasolat# brethe @ kopema

t# burn E#ntr#lled @ kot"mbat# burn Eun#ntr#lled @ ko#ikisat# bury @ kok"ndat# buy @ kosombat# ll @ kobengat# rry @ kok"mba, komemat# ht @ kosololat# h##se @ koponat# len @ kokobombola

t# li!b @ komata, kotalisat# l#se @ kokangat# #!e Et# @ koya


109/150

t# #!e Eb8 @ ko#ongat# #!e E5r#! @ kow"tat# #n5iste @ kobotolat# #uh @ kokosolat# #unt @ kotangat# ry @ kolela

t# ure @ kobowat# ut @ kokatat# deei3e @ kokosat# desend @ kokitat# die @ kok"fat# drin8 @ komelat# dry @ kopang"sat# et @ koliat# elet @ koponama

t# e!"l#y En #b:et @ koselelat# enter @ kokotat# e7hne @ kosombitinyat# 5ll @ kok"eyat# 5eed @ koleisat# 5eel @ koyokat# 5ill @ kotondisat# 5ind @ kok"tat# 5inish @ kosilisa, kos"ka

t# 5inish Eti#ns #b:ets @ kosilat# 5it @ kobongat# 5ly @ kop"mbwat# 5#ll#$ @ kolandat# 5#rbid @ kopesikat# 5#ret @ kobasanat# 5#ri3e @ kolimbisat# et $ell( kobikat# i3e @ kopesat# i3e b8 En #b:et @ ko#ongisat# i3e birth @ kobotat# l#ri5y @ kok"misat# # @ kokendet# # d#$n @ kokitat# # #ut @ kobimat# # "st @ kolekat# hte @ koyinat# h3e @ ko#ala nat# h3e h#le Ein "i"e @ kotobokat# h3e 5er @ kobangat# hide @ kobomba


110/150

t# hire @ kofotelat# hit @ kobetat# h#ld @ kosimbat# h#lidy @ kokende mobembot# h#"e @ kolikiat# hurt @ ko#oka

t# i!"#rt @ komemat# in:et E!ediine @ kot"ba tongat# insult @ kofingat# :#8e @ kot"mb"lat# :u!" @ kopimbwa, kop"mbwat# 8ill @ kobomat# 8n#8 @ kobolat# 8n#$ @ koyebat# luh @ koseka

t# led @ kokambat# lern @ koyekolat# le3e En #b:et @ kotikat# le3e E"e#"le ti#ns @ kobimat# li8e @ kolingat# listen @ koyokat# li3e @ kofandat# l##8 t @ kotalat# l##8 5#r @ kol"ka

t# l#se En #b:et @ kob"ngisat# l#se Ein s"#rt @ kopolat# !8e @ kosalat# !8e l#3e @ kosibat# !8e $r @ kob"ndat# !rry @ kobalat# !eet @ kok"ntanat# !iss @ ko#angat# need @ kosengelat# #"en @ kof"ngolat# "8 @ kokangat# "ss @ kolekat# "y @ kof"tat# "y ttenti#n @ kokebat# "ee @ kos"bat# "ly @ kosanat# "#lish @ kotanat# "#lish( kopang"sa &Kt# "#ur Eli>uid @ kobongat# "ry @ kosambelat# "reh @ koteya


111/150

t# "r#hibit @ kopesikat# "r#!ise @ kolakat# "ull @ kobendat# "unh @ kobetat# "ush @ kop"sat# "ut @ kotia

t# "ut d#$n @ kokitisat# "ut s#!ethin inside @ kokotisat# "ut s#!ethin #ut @ kobimbisat# >urrel @ koswannat# rin @ konokat# r"e @ ko/iolert# reh E "le @ kokomelat# red @ kotangat# reei3e E "ers#n et @ koyamba

t# reei3e En #b:et @ ko#"at# redue E "rie @ kob"nolat# re5use @ koboyat# re:et @ koboyat# re!in @ kotikalat# re!e!ber @ kok"ndolat# re!#3e @ kolongolat# rent @ kof"telat# re"ir @ kobamba

t# re"ent @ kominat# re"ly @ koyanolat# resue @ kobikisat# rest @ kopemat# return @ ko#ongat# return En #b:et @ ko#ongisat# ride @ komata, kop"sat# r#st @ kokalingat# r#t E!et @ kopolat# ruin @ kobebisat# run @ kokima, kopotat# sy @ koyebisat# serh @ kol"kat# see @ komonat# sell @ kotekat# send @ kotindat# se$ @ kosonot# shre @ kokabat# sh3e @ kokololat# shi3er( kolenget# sh#ut @ konganga


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t# sin @ koyembat# sit @ kofandat# slee" @ kolalat# s!ile @ koseka moket# s!#8e @ komelat# s"e8 @ koloba

t# stnd u" @ kotelemat# strt @ kobandat# sty @ kotikalat# stel @ koyibat# st#" @ kos"ka, kotem

loba lingala!

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