fsi lingala language course

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FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE LINGALA BASIC COURSE o EPA R T MEN T 0 F S TAT E

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This is a language course for the African language Lingala. It is originally from the United States Foreign Services Institute for their diplomats and international workers.These courses are now in the public domain. You can get the audio files from the FSI website. I wanted to put this here to make an alternative place for people to acquire the files should the FSI website ever go down or disappear.

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FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTELINGALABASICCOURSEo EPA R T MEN T 0 F S TAT ELINGALABASICCOURSEThis work was compi led and pub.I ished withthe support of theOfficeof Education, Department of Health,Educationand Welfare, UnItedStatesof America.JAMESREDDEN, F. BONGOANDASSOCIATESFOREIGN SERVItE INSTITUTEWASHI N G T O N ~ D.C.1963DEPAR T MEN T o F 5 TAT ELINGALAFOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTEBASIC COURSE SERIESEdited byCARLE TON T. HODGE]j"orsalebytheSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOfficeWashington, D.C., 20402- Price$1.50BASIC COURSEPREFACELingalaisatradelanguagespokenalongaboutaninehundred milestretch of theCongo RiverfromLeopoldville upstream. Most of the people whospeakLingalaarenative speakers of other languages anduse Lingala for communicatingwith personsoutsidetheir ownlanguage group.The LingalaBasicCourse is oneof aseries preparedbythe ForeignServiceIn-stitute in its Special African Languages Program, coordinatedbyEarl W. Stevick.This series is beingproducedunder anagreement with the Officeof Education, De-partment of Health, Education, andWelfare, undertheNationalDefenseEducation Act.The courseinits present formis basedonclassroomexperiencewithagroup ofForeign Service Officers. It is designed to provide basic structures andvocabularyfor thesituations inwhichthe foreigneris most likely toneedLingala.Thelinguistinchargeof theproject has beenJames E. Redden. HewasassistedbyFredericBongo, Ernest Masakala, and Emil Zola, LanguageInstructors.The tapes whichaccompanythe text were preparedinthe ForeignServiceInsti-tuteLanguageLaboratoryunderthesupervision of GabrielCordova.~ ~ ~Howard E. Sollenberger, DeanSchool of Languageand Area StudiesForeign ServiceInstituteDepartment of StateIIILINGALATABLE OF CONTENTSContents .......................... lVIntroductlonIdentlflcatlonand locatlon ......' ...............xTone ...................................... XlS-ymbol Ilst ................................... XllUnlt 1DlaloguelNote: 1.2.3 45.6.7.8.9.10.'Gr e e t lngs' .....................Verb preflxe s ......................Partlcle / n ~ / , 'and', 'together wlth' .. ...Partlcle /na/ after /-zala/............Partlcle /na/ and /ya/I Possesslon .Partlcles /na/ and /ya/a Descrlptlon....Response to yes-no questlons ..........Intonatlon. statement vs. Questlon.....Nouns. Slngular and Plural ./0/ before another vowel .Drllls. Instructlons on How to Use .....12333445677Unlt 2Dlalogue.Note. 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.'Do you speakLlngala7I 10,Negatlonl /te/ ........................ 11IVerb: Base and afflxes ................. 12Aspect. Perfectlve/Imperfectlve 12Tense. Tlme Segments ............. 12Immedlate Pastl Permanent Statesl PresentLoca tlons .......................... 14Habltual Actlon, Contlnued State 15Temporary Habltual Present. Proxlmate Fu-ture 16Spelllng of long or double ldentlcal vowels 16lVBASIC COURSE.._-9. Vowel Harmony 1610. The Kltuba Language 18Unlt 3DlaloguelNotea 1.2.3 4.5.6.7.8.9.'Do youwant to come to myhouseInflnltlve preflxa /ko-/ Purpose a Immedlate Future ..Immedlate Present ..Potentlal Future .....Impera t 1 ve Spe11lng of long ldentlcal vowels ..PosseSSlve ConstructlonwlthInflnltlve .Imme dla te Pa s t 0f / -1ia/ ..Order of Possesslve and Descrlptlve Phrases21232424252525303030Promlnence of Inltla1 Sentence Posltl0n Nasal Homorganlc wlth fo1lowlng ConsonantAdJectlves e Verb SubJect PreflXes 313335364344.......................................................... 'The Raplds'NounClassesUnlt 4Dla10guelNote a 1.2.3.45.Unlt 5Dla1ogue:NoteI 1.2.3.45.6.7.8.9.'On the Way toWork Nouns of deed or actlon, type 1 ........Independent or Emphatlc SubJect Pronouns Very Pollte Questlons and Requests Vowel Harmony InNoun PreflXes Recent Past: Recent Past Progresslve .Cardlnal and Ordlnal Numerals .Telephone Numbers .Plural of /mokama/ 'hundred' 'Passlve' Plural ...45484849494950505055v10.11.Unlt 6DlaloguelNote: 1.2.3.4.5.Unlt 7D1.aloguelNoteI 1.2."'".54.5.6.Un1.t 8Dlalogue.Note: 1.2.3.45.6.7.8.9.Unlt 9Dlalogue:Notes 1.2.LINGALAAdJectlve Subord1.nate Clauses ../kosolola na/ ....'At the Offlce' ...Equatlonal Sentences ...Non-anlmate Independent Pronouns ..SubJunctlve .........Appllcatlve SufflX.........Indlrect Dlscoursea Partlcle/te/ .'At the Ma r ke t' ..De s l derat l V e .....Nomlnallzatlonof AdJectlves ......Interrogatlve Relatlve Pronouns .....Pdtentlal Juncture Before Relatlve ClausesI-tikala/ Plus ObJect ......Please .............'At the Fllllng Sta tlon' ....Vowel and Seml-vowel Ellslon..Rever S l ve .Reverslve Statlve . d Derlved Stems Wlthout Slmple Stems ....Causatlve ............Degree of Immedlate Past .....ProverbConcordance ..........Non-appllcatlve Verbs W1.th Two ObJects Functlonally-spec1.al1.zed Use of Imperat1.ve'The Houseboy' ............Comparlsonof Intenslty...Deflnlte Condltlon..Vl55555660606061616669697474757576808080818181828787889191BASIC COURSE3. General Prohlbltlons .... 914. Specla1 Meanlngs of Derlved Stems .... 925. // Fo110we d by/na/ .......... 926. /llbos6/ Plus SubJunctlve ........ 97Unlt 10Dla10gue:Note: 1.2.3 'The Telephoner .............Hypothetlca1 SUpposltlon........'Passlve' Plural ..........Future InNon-lnltla1 and Subordlnate Clauses98106106106Unlt 11Dla10guelNote. 1.2.'At the Doctor 'sI ,Empha tlC/wapl/ ......Spe11lng of /60/ ..................107111111Unlt 12Dla10gue:Note: 1.2.3.4.5.6.'Mosqultoes'........Nouns FromDerl\led Stems ............Agent Nouns 0." " /wa/ /ya/ .Llterary Use ofof Mark Future ......Hyperbole wlth /.........I 1 INorms of Deed or Actlon, Type 2 ........117121122122122122122PaSSlve ...............I The Wor kshopI Ingresslve Statlve. Reclproca1 .. ....../mlko10 mlkoml mos lka/ ......, IInstrument NounS', Type> 1 .....Locatlve Nouns, Type 1 .....Avoldance of Base Repetltlon......................................130134135135136136136136138138..................... . Instrument Nouns, Type 2Instrlwent Nouns, Type 3Exp1etlveUnlt 13Dla10gue.Note: 1.2.3.45.6.7.8.9.VllLINGALAUnlt 14DlalogueI 'Electlons'. . . . . . . . 143Note: 1. Mlscellaneous Nouns ............ 1462. / se/ 1473. Amblgulty of Agent and Indlrect ObJect ...... 1524. LovanlumUnlverslty................. 1535. Leopoldvllle II ............. 153Unlt 15Dlaloguel 'MllltarySerVlce' ................ 154Note: 1. Intermedlate Past ............ 1572. Dlstant Past ............ 1573. Comparlsonof Intenslty.......... 1584. Comparlsonof Degree ............ 1585. InverSlonof SubJect and Verb ... 158Unlt 16Dlalogue:Note. 1.2.3.Unlt 17Dlalogue:Unlt 18'Bulldlng a Road' " .."."" 164SubJect Wlth Two Verbs . 0 " 169Immedlate Past of /-longwa/ ........... 169Indeflnlte Condltlon " 169'TrafflcControl' .......... 175Dlalogue: 'A NewHouse' .............. 184No te : 1. /- zala ya/ .......... 1882. Equatlonal Sentence wlthEmphatlc SubJect . 189Unlt 19Dlalogue: 'Leavlng For The store' ..... 195Note: 1. Reflexlve ............ 1992. Compound Agent Nouns ...... 2033. Klnshlp Termlnology .............. 204VlllUnlt 20Dlalogue:Note: 1.2.3.Unlt 21BASIC COURSE,Astudent V1 sa' ........."..,....................../ifo/ plus SubJunctlve ............Redupllcatlonfor Intenslty........Wlshes, Intentlons, Plans .........205208208208Dlaloguel 'ALost Pencll' .............. 214 1. Double Spatlal Relatlonshlps ........... 2172. Partltlve .................. 218Unlt 22DlaloguelNote: 1.2.'The Bus to Klmwenza' . awa tii na.........../nslma ya mlkol0misatu/ ...............I I223226226Unlt 23DlaloguelNote, 1.2.Unlt 24Dla10guel'AWeddlng' ................ 232Suggestlve Cohortatlve ............... 236Dlstant Indeflnlte Future ........... 241'The Seasons' .Glossary ................... .lX252LINGALAIntroductlonL1ngala 1S a 11ngua franca or trade language spoken 1n theareas on both sldes of the Congo R1ver fromLeopoldv1lle up toabout a hundred m1les fromstanleyv1lle. L1ngala, usuallycalledMangala byAfr1cans, was or1glnally the language of the Bamangala,a Bantu tr1be that has almost completelyd1sappeared. Most speak-ers of L1ngala are nat1ve speakers of another language and useL1ngala as a means of commun1cat1ng w1th other tr1bal groups andto a lesser extent w1thEuropeans; however, there 1S a grow1ngnumber of younger people, espec1ally 1nurban centers suchasLeopoldv1lle, whose nat1ve language 1S L1ngala. Slnce L1ngala 1Sspoken by so many people of var1ed llngu1st1c backgrounds, 1t 1S1nvev1table that the language as spoken 1nd1fferent areas shouldvary to a greater or lesser degree.The speaker onwhose speech these mater1als are based 1S fromLeopoldv1lle, a Ch1ld of parents who could not speakeachother'slanguage and who consequentlyalways spoke L1ngala w1th eachotherand w1th the1r ch1ldren. L1ngala has been a wr1ttenlanguage forqU1te some t1me, but unfortunatelywr1ttenor 'llterary' L1ngala1S d1fferent 1nmany ways fromL1ngala as 1t 1S nearlyalwaysspoken byAfr1cans. One can sayw1thout hes1tat1onthat 11teraryL1ngala 1S an 1nvent1onof Europeans who have tr1ed to 'lmprove'on the language, because Afr1cans who speak L1ngala fluentlyhavetrOUble understand1ng llteraryL1ngala evenwhen 1t 1S spoken.Th1S manual 1S based str1ctlyon L1ngala as spoken by the persondescr1bed above.The transcr1pt1on systemused 1n th1S manual 1S the orthog-raphyregularlyused to wr1te L1ngala plus d1acr1t1c mark1ngs to1ndlcate tone, WhlCh 1S not usuallywr1tten, and to make 1t clearhowa word or segment 18 pronounced 1n cases where the studentmay have d1ff1cultylnterpretlng the orthograhy. Some words havebeenrespelled, but th1s 1S 1nd1cated 1n the footnotes the flrsttlme the respelllng occurs.xBASIC COURSE---------------------------------- -------Llngala contalns many words borrowed both fromAfrlcanandEuropeanlanguages. It lS oftendlfflcult, lf not lmposslble, torecognlze words borrowed fromother Bantu languages. Slnce mostof the people who speakLlngala are natlve speakers of some otherlanguage, words fromother languages are constantlyused lnLlngala.Anumber of Arablc words have come lnVla Swahlll. Portuguese andFrenchwords have beenborrowed for several centurles, and manysuchwords have been so fullyasslmllated lnto the sound systemthat they too are veryhard to recognlze. Anumber of Engllshwords alsohave entered. Frenchwords are freelyused lneverydayspeech lna more or less unasslmllated form. Those persons whospeakFrenchfluentlyalso tryto pronounce Frenchwords as theywould be lnFrenchwhen these words are used lnLlngala. Asslm-llatedwords occurlng In thlS text are spelledas pronounced lnLlngala, and the flrst tlme theyoccur, the standardFrenchspell-I' ,lng lS glvenlnparentheses, e.g., letal (l'etat), 'government'.Words recentlyborrowed and not aSSlmllated lnto the Llngala soundsystemare glven the standard French spelllng In the Llngala text.Unasslmlla ted French ltJords usuallyhave a hlgh tone on the flnalsyllable. The dlaCrJtlc marks on Frenchwords are NOT tone marks,but theyare the same as those regularlyused lnFrench spelllng.Llngala, llke elmost all the languages spoken southof theSahara,lS a tone language. Each syllable has ltS own tone. TonelS as much an lntegral part of a syllable as vowels and consonants.\fOI'ds are dlstlngulshed by tone, e.. g., /nga{l, 'I', 'me' (a lowand two hlghs), and Ingal/, 'scur(ness)', 'bltter(ness)' (threelows). Llngala has two contrastlve or phonemlc tones: hlgh I;,lowI I (unmarked). However, ther'e are many speakers of Llngalawho use a stress systemlnsteadof tones. Most speakers who use astress systemstress the penult:"l11abe syllable. Because of thesespeakers and because tone has a silialler phonemlc Yleld, l.e.,plays a sm.aller role, InLllJgala than In the great maJorItyofAfrlcan languages, one can ubvlousl:'l communlCn. te lnLlngala Wl th-out uSJ.ng 1 ts tone system.. But the rna Jorl tyof speakers of theXlLINGALAlanguage do use tone, lncludlng the speaker used as the model forthls manual,Sentence lntonatlon, e.g., use of pltch to dlstlngulshstate-ments and questlons, 1S also used 1nL1ngala. Thls lS descrlbedIn Note 1.7. Inreference to the notes In thls manual, the flrstnumeral refers to the un1t and the second numeral refers to thenote.In the four column chart glvenbelow, column I glves theorthographyexcept for /e/ and/0/ (See footnote 3 below), columnI III glves the phonemes, columnIII glves the phonetlc symbols, andcolumn IV1S anapproxlmat1onof the sound uSlngAmerlcanEngllshand French sounds for comparlson.Symbol Phoneme Phonetlcs Approxlmatlonp /p/[pJ.Elnt /t/rg) tInk /k/(k]comekp4./kp/[kp, 'kp] sImultaneous k and .Eb /b/(b)bed /d/[d] do,..,g /g/[g]EOgb4./gb/[gb, 'gb] S lmul tane QUS.B. and bf /f/[f]fee-s /s/ [ ~ ] seeh /h/[h)hez /z/ [z,'J, dz,dJ] zeron""m Im/(rn ]men In/[ n ~ lJ] EO, Sl!26nny/ r /[p v]::i.e pJ' onounce d throughtIthe nosengb4./ IrJ /[ ~ ] slmultaneous.!!! and .!J.111/(1 ]let'F'lw /w/(wJ 1rJeXll.BASIC COURSE_..__-. ....-Y/y/[y]xesvI./v/[v]Vlner l/r/[r, y, x] Frenchga.!:e1/1/[1", '(]beat2-e /e/[r, e] balt2y3 /e/[e, ee"] beta /a/[a, a.] bottle03/0/[';) ]bE.ughtI0/0/[0, U ] boat2-u /u/(u", u] boot2/#/ step down lnp1.tch onpreced1.ngsyllable andpause,/1/pause'l/U/greater lntervalbetweenhlghand lowthanfor /#/ andusuallystresson the precedlnghlghAnumber of spec1.al symbols are also used as expla1.ned below.( ) EncolosedLlngala elements are usuallyelldedat conversatlonspeed; or enclosedEngl1.sh elements are glvenfor clarltyof mean-lng./ / Inthe chart above, thlS symbol means Llngala phonemlcs;elsewhere, It means the symbollzatlonused In thlS grammar.j I OrdlnaryLlngala orthography. Spaces betweenwords tomark word boundarles are the same as those used l.n the orthographyexcept as glven l.n the footnotes.XlllLINGALANOTES1. /v/ and /r/are used onlylnunasslmllated loanwords.2. There lS no y- or w-offgllde wlthLlngala vowels lncontrast toEngllshvowels WhlCh sound somewhat the same.3. /e/ lS usually/e//, but sometlmes /Ic //, /0/ lS usuallyI I10/, but sometlmes /Ia /I .4 /kp/, /gb/, and /ngb/ are veryrare. ThlS manual con-talns only one word wlth/gb/ and no words wlth/kp/ of /ngb/.Theyare usuallyexploslve, but some speakers are reported to uselmploslves.XlVBASIC COURSEUnlt 1UNIT 1BaSlCSentences-A-, ,good mornl.ng/ mbote greetlngs,I Iafternoon/evenl.ng, ,1. Mbote. Hello.t I-B-,y ~yes, , ,Hello. 2. Eem b C f t ~ .I I ,-A--zala,ozall.,malamu, ,3. Ozall. malamu?,nazall.,na, ,yc;, YCfC;to be, eXl.st, ll.ve, Sl.t,dwellyou (sg.) aregood, well, fl.neHoware you?-B-I amand, wl.th, as well as, evenyou (sg.)4., ""Ee, nazall. malamu. Na yO?I I I1I'mfl.ne. And you?UNIT1 LINGALA-A.-5., , ,Ee, nazalJ. malamu. I'mfJ.ne.-B-mama, ba- mothere 'chJ.ld mwana,banana and, wJ.th; of, havJ.ng; con-sJ.stJ.ng of; at, along, by6., , , ,Mama na bana azalJ. malamu'Z How J.S your wJ.fe'Z-A-, , ,7. Ee azalJ. malamu. She's fJ.ne.I I ,-B-,also, mpe and, lJ.kewJ.se8., , ,Na bana mpe'l And the chJ.ldren'l-A-,bango they, them, those,all bansoI, , , ,9. Ee, bango banso bazalJ. Theyareall fJ.ne.I,malamu.NOTES1.1. Verb prefJ.xes.Verbs have one of several prefJ.xes to mark: (1) person(fJ.rst, second, thJ.rd), (2) number (sJ.ngular, plural), and (3)other grammatJ.cal categorles whJ.chwlll be dJ.scussed later. Notethe underlJ.ned prefJ.xes lnthe chart below.2BASIC COURSEANIMATE SUBJECT PREFIXES OF VERBSUNIT 1Slngular Plural, ,1st person nazall I am tozall we are,(sg.),(pl. ) 2nd person ozall you are bozall you are, ,3rdperson azall he, she, lt lS bazall theyare1.2. Partlcle/na/, 'and', 'together wlth'At conversatl0nspeed/na/ lSusually/na/, 1.e., low-toned,but for emphasls or lf there lS amblgulty, lt lS/na/, l.e., hlgh-toned, and lS stressed, l.e., louder thanadJacent syllables, e.g.,/" , / / " ",azall na mwana , 'he lSwlththe Chlld', or tata na mama na banal,'the father and also the mother and the chlldrenas well'. Inaquestlon/na/ lS always hlgh.1.3. Partlcle/na/after /-zala/The verb/-zala/plus /na/has a number of meanlngs fromtheEngllshpOlnt of Vlew. Most commonly/-zalana/ translates 'has'or 'have', e.g., /azal{ na mwana/, 'he has a chlld', but a numberof other meanlngs are posslble, e.g., 'he lSwlththe Chlld', 'helS looklngafter the Chlld'.1.4. Partlcles/na/ and/ya/: PossesslonOne of the uses of the partlcles/na/ and/ya/ lS to markpOSSesslon. The nounprecedlng the partlcle lS the possessed, andthe noun or pronounfollowlng the partlcle lS the possessor. Ifthe possessor lS a noun, /ya/ occurs, e. g., /mwana ya mobal{/, 'thechlld of the man/male/husband'. If the possessor lS a pronoun,Ina/ usuallyoccurs, e.g., /mwana na nga{/, 'my Chlld', 'Chlld ofme'. /ya/ does occur occaslonallybefore pronouns lnposseSSlve3UNIT1 LINGALAconstruct1ons. If the possessor 1S a pronoun, the 1ndependentformof the pronounoccurs. See the chart below.INDEPENDENT PRONOUNSSlngular Plural, , ,. ,1st person nga1 blSU, , , ,2nd persony ~ ,yoo b1nu, ,, , ,3rd person ye, yee bango1.5. Part1cles /na/ and/ya/: Descr1pt1onIngeneral 1f/na/ occurs between two nouns, 1t 1Sunderstoodas 'and', 'Inadd1t1on'; but there are a few spec1al1zed construc-t10ns llke /mama na banal, 'womanw1th ch1ldren, 'w1fe', 'lady'.Th1S construct1on1Sused as a pol1te termof address 1f 1t 1Sknown to the speaker that the woman be1ng addressedhas ch1ldren.Or 1t 1Sused as a pol1te termof reference to the w1fe of the manbe1ng addressed. If 1t 1S not known to the speaker whether thecouple has ch1ldren, one woulduse /mwasi na y ~ / , 'your woman/w1fe/female', as a termof reference and /mama/ 'mother/lady/madam', asa termof address. Both terms are pol1te, but /mama na banal and/mama/ establ1shgreater rapport 1fused. L1kew1se /tata na banal,'husband/man/gentleman', and/tata/, 'father/gentleman/s1rf, occur1n th1S type sltuat10nwhen referr1ng to a man.Ingeneral lf/ya/ occurs between two nouns, lt 1Sunderstoodas, 'of', 'belong1ngto'; but 1t may also 1nd1cate descr1pt1onorqual1ty, e.g. /mwana ya mobal1/, 'boy', 'male Ch1ld', 'son'. Com-pare note 1.4.1.6. Response to yes-no quest1ons.Inanswerlng a yes-no quest1on, lt 1S necessary to say / ~ ~ / ,'yes', or / t ~ / , 'no', even though the quest10n 1S answered w1th a4BASIC COURSE UNIT I, , /sentence, e.g., /Ozal1 m a l a m u ~ , 'Are youwell?', 1S answered by, "1lee, nazal1 malamu. I,. 'Yes, I amwell. 'I I1.7. Intonat1on. Statement vs. Quest10nStatements and quest10ns are d1st1ngu1shed by 1ntonatlon,l.e., theyhave d1fferent pltchpatterns or sentence melod1es. Ingeneral, the p1tchlevel of a sentence becomes graduallylower. Thelnterval or amount of p1tchd1fference betweenh1gh and low1Sgreater 1na quest10n than1na statement, especlallybetween thelast h1ghand the lows 1n the precedlng syllable and 1n the follow-lng syllable, but 1na long sentence the lnterval betweenh1gh andlow1S no greater 1nthe flrst several syllables than the 1ntervalIna statement.INTONATIONStatementHe llkes meat.,Al1ng1 nyama.-5Quest10nDoes he llke m e a t ~,Allng1 nyama?UNIT 1LINGALAThough thedoes fall over a sentence, the second oftwo lowtones 1S S11ghtlyh1gher 1f followed by a h1gh tone. Thelast syllable of a statement lS consp1cuouslylower Inp1tchandusually1nampl1tude, but at the end of a quest10nonlya lowtone1S lower. A flnal hlghIna statement lSusually Just a llttlelower thana precedlng low. A flnal h1gh 1na quest10n lSmuchh1gher thana precedlng low; a flnal h1ghafter a h1gh 1S approx1-mately on the same level as or a I1ttleh1gher than the preced1ngh1gh. Af1nal h1gh 1na quest10nmay be e1ther level or hlgh-r1s1ngINTONATIONStatementHe llkes man10Cleaves.Questl0nDoes he l1ke man10C , ,Al1ng1 1.8. Nouns. Slngular and PluralNouns are marked for slngular andplural bypreflXes. Mostnouns referrlng topersons have /mo-/ 1nthe slngular and/ba-/ 1n, . ,the plural, e.g., /motu/, 'person', 'human', and/batu/, 'people'.K1nsh1p terms usuallyhave no preflxInthe slngular, e.g., /tata/,'father', but do have /ba-/ lnthe plural, as In/batata/, 'fathers'The plural preflx lS11stedafter a noun the flrst t1me the nounBASIC COURSEUNIT 1occurs. If the plural the plural form, /0 ' /e. g., /mwana/, bana, r . Irregularoplurals are marked the symbol tothemfromal-ternate forms of theThe plural should be learnedalongthe vocabularyThe plural of someabstract)nouns rarelyoccurs. Rare plurals areparentheses, e.g.,/bola{, (ma-) /, rlength', rdepth' ,' Also some nounsoccur only the plural.1.9. /0/ before another vowel./0/ before another vowel regularly/w/, e.g., /#moana/,/mwana/,1.10.on How to UseInthethe teacher to the student the sentence. After the student repeat thesentence, theof the next sentence and have thestudent back the newsentence composed of the por-plus the parts of thesentence. See modelbelow.MODEL DRILL, ,Teacher: malamu., ,Student. malamu.,Teacher: , ,Student:malamu.LEXICAL DRILL1, ,1. malamu. I am , ,(sg. ) 2.malarnu. You are 7UNIT1 LINGALA, ,He/she 3. Azall malamu. lS flne.4., ,Tozall malamu. We are flne.5., ,(pl. )Bozall malamu. You are flne.6., ,Bazall malarnu. Theyc.R"lJe f J..ne.LEXICALDRILL2, " , ,Bamama na blSUbazall malamu? Howare our mothers?1.2.3.4.5.6.7.B.9.10., ,Azall malamu'l, -, , ,Mwana;na'yo azall malamu?-I, ., , , ,MWRS1 na ye azall malamu?, , , ,Moball na ye azall malamu?, , , , ,Tata na blnuazall malamu'l, ",Mama na ban50 azall m a l a m u ~, , , ,Bana na Y9 bazall malamu?, , "Bango banso bazall malamu?- 1, , "Mama na bsna aza11malamu.rHow"l S ' h e ~How lS your Chl1d?How lS hlSwlfe?How lSher husband?How lS your father?How lS thelr mother?Howare your chl1dren'lAre theyall all rlght?How18 your wlfe?GRAMMATICAL DRILL1Answer afflrmatlvely:, ,1. Ozall malamu?, ,2. Azall malamu?, ,3. Bozall. malamu'l4., ,Bazall malamutz5., , , ,Bana na yo bazall malamu?,6., , , ,Tata naY'1azall malamu?, , ,Ee, nazall malamu.I 1, , ,Ee, azall malamu.1 ,, , ,!ty,tozaJ.l malamu., , ,Ee, bazall malamu.I ,, , , , , ,If(,bana na ngal bazalJ. malamu., , , , , ,Eytata na ngal azall malamu.I ,8BASIC COURSE UNIT 1, , , , , , , , ,7. Mama na bango azall malamu't Ee, mama na bango azall malamu.I I8., , , , , , , , ,Mwana na ye azall malamu't Ee mwana na ye azall malamu.I I ', , , , , , , , , ,9.Bana na ngal bazall malamu't~ Y 'bana na yo bazall malamu.I~~, , , , , , , , , ,10. MwaSl na yo azall malamu't~ E ( ,mwaSl na ngal azall malamu.IGRAMMATICAL DRILL2, ,1. AzalJ. mwana. He lS young., ,2.Nazall na mwana.I have a Chl1d., ,3 Nazall na bana. I have chlldren.4., , ,Bazall na bana. Theyarewlth the chl1dren.5., , , , ,Bazall na mama na ngal. Theyare wlthmy mother.6., , , ,Tozall na mama na ngal. We are wlthmy mother., , ,7. Tozall na mwanana Y9. We are taklng care or your Chl1d.8., , , ,Mama azall na mwana naY9Mother has your Chl1d., , ,9. Mama azalJ. na bango banso. Mother has all of them.,, , ,all of them.10. Bozall na bango banso. You haveI9UNIT 2-loba,1. Olobaka ,-yeba,na1.nu,teILINGALAUNIT 2Bas1.c Sentences-A-to speak, tell, sayDo you speak -B-to know, be acqua1ntedw1.th;may, be allowed tost111, yetnot, no2.", , ,Nayebl na1.numalamu t y Fran9a1.s-A-I donrt know1.t verywell yet.French,3. Olobaka Fran9a1.s,kaS1Angla1s-B-Do you speakFrenchbutEngl1sh45., , , , ,Ee, kaS1 nayeb1 Angla1s teeI I I-A-,nd1nga, n-,ndako, n-, ,Olobaka nd1.nga n1.n1. na, 10Yes, but I donrt speakEngl1sh.languagewha t, wh1chhouseWhat language do you speakat

BASIC COURSE UNIT 2-B-,(1t) leta, ,.KJ. tuba, KJ.kongo ya, ,.Leta, Kutuba6., , ,.Tolobaka LJ.ngala na KJ.tuba.-A-,.-yekola7." #Naakoyekola LJ.ngala.-B-8.,Malamu.government, statethe KJ.tuba languageWe speakLJ.ngala and KJ.tuba.to study, learnI'mstudyJ.ng LJ.ngala.That's fJ.ne.NOTES2.1 NegatJ.onaThe negatJ.ve partJ.cle follows whatever J.t modJ.fJ.es. IfIlt modJ.fJ.es a sentence, J.t occurs at the end of the sentence, e.g.,'I don't speakEnglJ.sh. r2.2 Verba Base andAffJ.xesolobaka,. ,.nayebJ.These may be dlagrammed:Stem

VerbalSubJectrAspectPrefJ.x Base ExtensJ.on SuffJ.x-0- lob-ak -a,. ,.na- yeb -J.11UNIT2 LINGALAThe base andaspect sufflXoccur lneveryverb form. Preflxesand verbal extenslons mayor maynot be present. The tone of theflrst stemsyllable lS flXed, l.e., always hlghor always low; butthe tone of succeedlngsyllables of the stem1S the same as the toneof the aspect sufflX.2.3 Aspect, Perfectlve/ImperfectlveThere are two aspect sufflxes: the perfectlve and lmper-fectlve. The tone of the aspect sufflXlShlghlnthe past andlmperatlve, but lowlnthe non-past and lnf1nltlve.The perfectlve sufflX/-{/ marks a formregarded by thespeaker as lndlcatlnga completedactlonor state arrlvedat bythe tlme referred to lnthe sentence. Slnce/-{/ lSalways a past,lt always has hlgh tone.The lmperfect1ve sufflX/-a/ marks a formregarded by thespeaker as lndlcatlnganactlonor state contlnued throughan In-deflnlteperlodof tlme. Slnce the lmperfectlve/-a/ occurs wlththe past, present, and ~ t u r e , lt has hlghor lowtone as descrlbedabove.2.4 Tense: Tlme SegmentsInaddltlonto dlvldlng tlme lntopast, present, and ~ t u r e ,L1ngala segments tlme lna serles of steps fromthe present. Theborderllne between the varlOUS degrees of dlstance fromthe pre-sent lSrelatlve, l.e., cannot be statedexactlyInhours or days.The varlOUS tenseswlll be studled lnthe followlng lessons. Com-pare the Engllshapproxlmatlons of Llngala tlme dlvlslons Inthedlagrambelow.12I-'WPRESENT (Now)DISTANT PAST(ALong Tlme Ago)INTERMEDIATE PAST(Some Tlme Ago)RECENT PAST (Recently)IMMEDIATE PAST (Jus t )IMMEDIATE FUTURE (About To)PROXIMATE FUTURE( Soon)POTENTIAL FUTURE(Plan To)t-tH~~1-3H~t1H 'butu, mutub';uku, (ba-),mbwa, m-LINGALAto break, gather;conquer, change to be broken; gather, assemble,be equally strongseason; yearbluewell,sore,seed;change, stomach, belly, wombto wage war; wrestle,struggleto forget, make a bewrong; lose; get lost; loseone's way; to lose Ibus (seetoascend,(up),creep (up), go up,ladder,top,to send(back) tosomeonebutton

bookdog258cd,- bwaka, ,ebwele, bl-I I'chec''chutes''crava te ',ndako, n-, ,Ndako-Nzambe,ndambo, n-nde,nde,-defa,-deflsa,ndE(IE(, n-, ,a ta ndyle, ,mondylE(, ml-,ndembo, n-LINGALAto throw, reJect, renounce;throwout, dlsownsmall domestlc anlmal, sheep,goatcheckrapldsnecktlehouse, bUlldlng, room, shed,wallchurchpart, plece, share, halfthen, lntroduces maln clauseslncondltl0nal sentenceonly, however, although, lnsplteof the fact that; a futuremarker In11teraryLlngala(Do not use as a future marker)to borrow, buy oncredlt, askfor the loanofto lend, glve as a loan, payInadvance, selloncredltsometlme, In the futuremuchlaterwhlte man, Europeanrubber; ball259, ,ndenge, n-" "ndenge na ndenge, , ,ndenge nlnl,madesuI,dll,dlabolo, ba-,ndlnga, n-ndlnglsa, n-,(See--llnglsa),ndobo, n-I I,bondokl, ma-,ndunda, n,dzekeLINGA LAsort, klnd, manner, way, qualltyall klnds ofhowbeanscomrade, frlendnoon (11-1)languageconsent, permlsslon, authorlty,authorlzatlonflshlng, flShhookgun, rlflevegetablessteamshovel; front-end loader;earthmover; dump trucke,eeI I(sometlmes lngresslve)yes; ohl''electlon',essence(franc), ,- fanda, - fwanda,efandell, bl-,-fandlsa260electlongasollnefrancto Slt, be seated, Ilve, resldesea t, chalrto cause to Slt, have SltBASIC COURSE UNITefelo, bl- ,flSl (flche),foto (photo)Francals (also (frlgo),-funga,-fungola,llfungola, ma-, ,11fungu, ma--fungwamaka,-futa,llfuta, ma-,mafuta,mofutell, ba-,-fwanda,-fwandlsangal, ,ngal,ngal (emphatlc subJect),Llngala, ,monganga, ml-f gare '261wallfeverform., blankphotograph, plctureFrenchrefrlgerator, cold storage roomto shut, close; take grasp;buttonto open, release, unlock,unbuttonkeybuttonto be openedto pay; a tone, make up forpay, payment, salary011, fat, greasepayer, tenant, renter(See -fanda)(See -fandlsa)sour (ness)I, me, my, mlnethe Llngala languagephyslclan, Europeandoctorstatlon'gaz',magazlnl (magasln)ogbagba, gbagba'gendarme'-ngctngE(-ngE(nlsa,,pango, ,boongo,yango,ngola, n-,llngolo, ma-, ,ngomba, n-, ,n g ~ m b c t , n--ngomela-ngomellselangonga, n-'goudron'rgouvernement',nguba, n--gumba-gumbamaLINGALAgasstore, shop; depot, storage placebrldgepollcemanto shlne, blaze, gleamto cause to shlne, blaze, gleammuch, manythey, themthus, sothey (lmpersonal)ngola tree; reddlshpowder makefromltSbark; red, purple,vloletmangomountaln, hlllcow, bullto lronfor someoneto have somethlng lroned forsomeonetlme, hour, bell, gong; clocktargovernmentpeanut(s)to fold, bend; stoopto be bent/folded/stoopedmongungl, monkungl, n-262mosqulto, ,nguya,mongwa,

,

, ,mal-mal,

, faut) ,

kkaba,kablnda, ba-(cablnet)-kabola-kalwana, ,nka l, n-,kaka, ,nkake, n-kala,kaleso (cale90n), ,-kallnga, -kalangaBASIC COURSEstrength, power) ablllty,qualltysaltwater) sap, JUlcesun, sunllght, dayllght, day,the heat of the sunIt lS necessary, to have tostlll, yetto glve, state) dlvlde, share;betraycarpenter, cablnetmakertOllet; excrementto hand out, dlstrlbutedlvlde up, separateto be separated/dlvlded/dls-trlbutedpaddle, oaronlythunder, formerly, earller, oldshorts, underweartoroast, bake; fry263, ,llkama, ma-, , , ,nkama, monkama-kama tallkambo, ma-,kamlo (camlon)kana,-kana,mokanda, ml--kanga-kangamaekangell, bl--kangemabokangl, (ma-)-kangwama-kanglsa-kangola-kangolela-kangwa-kanlsaLINGALAdanger, accldent, naturalcalamlty. punlshment, ,retrlbutlonhundredto take, recelve, acceptdlfference, matter, case,dlspute, affalrtruckthen, otherwlseto resolve, lntend, threaten,promlseletter, paper, documentto wrap up, package; stop,cease, close, shut; take,graspto be stopped, tled, captured,congealedhandle; band; devlde for turnlngto be closeda stop, stOPPlngto be openedto stop, cause to stop; JOlnfasten, screwtlghtj detalntorelease, let go of, loose,openunroll, unlock, unfastento openfor someoneto be open, be unlockedto thLnk, relect264BASIC COURSE UNITllkanlsl, ma-, , )kanya, nkanya, (n-,kasl,makasl,-kata,-mlkata,-ka tana,katl,katlkatl-ka tlsa-kauka, -kaoka-kauklsa,kawa, ,llkaya, ma-,kazaka,moke, ml-,-keba,llkel, ma-bokel, (ma-)thought, 0plnlon, lntentlonfork, pltchfork, rakebut, on the contraryvery, much, strong, hardto cut, chopto cut oneselfto cut eachother; get cut;stopIn, lnSlde (of), Inthe mlddleof, among; center, mlddle,lnsldeIn between, In the mlddle/centerofcause/have cut; cross; lnterrupt,change dlrectlon, go throughbend, curveto be(come) dryto dry, cause to drycoffeetobacco, clgarette, clgarcoat, Jacket, vestsmall, thln; smallnessto payattentlon, be attentlveeggdeparture, startlng, separatlondlscrlm.lna tlon, dlstlnctloncane, reed, llana, wlckerwork265ekeko, bl-,kelasl,lokele, n--kyndy,-kyngy,-kengeleI 1 I,mokengell, ba-I I, ,makllaboklla, ma-moklll, ml-LINGALAplcture, sculpture, statueclass, classroom, schoolspoonquarrel, argument, sound ofvOlces, nOlseto go, go away; dleto taK'e glances at, watchto watch, guard, keePJ ralseanlmalsguard, keeper, protector,sentlnel, overseer, warehouse-keeperblood; fate, destlnyhunt ( lng)malnland, land; lnterlor,lnland; world, e 'bokllo, bakllonakinga, n-,klnlnl (qulnlne),nklsl, n--kltapencll; legal charges, costsparent-ln-law; brother/slster-In-law, good frlend, acqualnt-ancesblcyclemedlclne, charmto go/come down, descend;decrease, dlmlnlshchalr266-kJ. tJ.sa,kJ.tokoI I, ,KJ.tuba, Kutuba,ko, ,mokoI ,,mokobo, InJ.--koka,koko, ba-,-kola,lokola, n-,-kolJ.sa,ekolo, bJ.-, ,nkoo, nko, n-kokotJ.I I,lJ.kolo, ma-lokolo, ma-mokolo, mJ.-, I I, ,mokolo, ba-" ,kolongonu" .BASIC COURSEto cause to come down/descend;brJ.ng down, put down; take apersonsomewhere, drop off apersonbeauty, beautJ.ful, pretty, fJ.ne;delJ.cJ.ous, clean, neatthe KJ.tuba languageJ.ndeed, certaJ.nly; come onone) certaJ.n, somecolor, paJ.ntto be able, can; be all present;be suffJ.cJ.ent, enoughgrandparent, grandchJ.ldto grow (up), J.ncreasekJ.nd, sort, lJ.ke, sJ.InJ.lar,suchasto cause to grow, brJ.ng up,raJ.se, reartrJ.be (race), people of sameplace or languageJ.ntent, malJ.ce, purpose, wJ.llcoconut, coconut palmsky, heaven} up, top, surface,above, over, onleg, foot paw; wheel, rJ.In, tJ.redaygrownperson, adulthealth267,monkoloto, mJ.-I I I-koma,-koma-komama,-kombamaI, ,-kombo, -kombaI I I, ,nkombo, n--komelaekome11, b1-ekomelJ., bl-(ma-)InOkOIn1, ba-,-koInl.saLINGALAIJ.netowrJ.te, sJ.gn, J.nscrJ.be, enrollto arrJ.ve, begJ.nto be wrJ.ttento be swept/cleaned (by someone)to sweep, cleanhouse; empty;wJ.pe up/off; cleanup/offname; honor, reputatJ.onwrJ.te to/for someonewrJ.tJ.ng J.nstrument, wr1t1ng,materJ.al, pencJ.l, penpencll, pen, wr1tJ.ng materJ.alarrJ.valwr1ter, author, scrJ.betostart, beg1n; cause tostart/begln (cOmml.SSalre)I I,-kona, ,nkondoko .. n-I ",nkongo, n-mokongo, Inl-" .-konzamokonzJ.,kopoI I, ,-kota, koto ICOmtnlssJ.oner, polJ.cernantoplant, sowcathoe, Pl.ckaxbacktomanage, rulechlef, k1ng, boss, supervJ.sorglass, tumbler, cupto enter, go Inhat lman's)268,

I,nkotoBASIC COURSEto cause to enter, putthousand, , , ba-,-kufa,kuku,-kulutu, ba-, ,kuna-kundan-, ,mokuse, ,-kuta,-kutana, ,- kwa, - kweya, ma-,

,-kweya269 summons,

to wear out; be brokencookolderover there, yonderto bury; plant short, smallto meet,come upontolackothertofall, fall down; take, get, costmachete,partof awhere to drop, throwdown, cut/pulldown, cause tofall, Judgment a

tofall, be a 1bolai, (ma-)-laka-lak1.samolak1.s1., ba-LINGALAlength, depth, he1.ghtlong, large, tall, deep, h1.ghto g1.ve adv1.ce, set a tl.me,prom1.se; orderto show, d1.splay, teach, l.nstructteacher,-lala,l1.lala, ma-malal1.,(malad1.e),-la11.sa,-lamba,elamba, b1.-,-lambela,molamb1., ba-,malamu-landaelanga,lang1. , n-,-lata,-lat1.sa,bl.leJ..,(ma-) bole1.,to sleep, 11.e down, stay, rema1.noranges1.ckness, lllnesstoto bed, put to sleepto cook, prepare foodcloth, materlal, plece ofcloth1.ngto cook or prepare food forsomeonecookgood, well, flneto follow, pursue; prosecute,sue) lookfor; woo, courtf1.eld, garde; dry season; year,cult1.vat1.ng seasoncolor, pa1.ntto dress, put on clothesto dress, cause to put onclothesfood(s), mealmeal270BASIC COURSE UNI'r,-Ie lsa-leka-lekaka,lekl, ba--leklsaeleko, bl-,leloI I-lengeleI I 1elenglIe t ~ (1r ~ ta t),Klkongo ya Leta,Ilbwa,ml1lkl,mall1l,mo1l1l,-llmblsabo1{mblsl, (ma-)-llngato feed, cause/glve to eatto go by, pass by, surpass, excelto go/pass byregularly; tohappen, contlnue to happenyounger brother/slsterto have pass by, pass on;neglect; omlt, mlSSseason, tlme, perlodtodayto be(come) tlred, weary; tender,done J ( r e ) lax ( e d), sof t ,modera te, a ba teto prepare, get readypleaslng to the senses; goodtaste/smell, beautygovernment, stateKltubato eatnlnemllkcoldJ shade, cool placedark, obscure, darkness;19noranceto forglve, pardon, excuseforglveness, pardonto want, 11ke; be almost on thepOlnt of; love, be fond of271-llngana-11ng1saLINGALAto love/l1ke eachother;lntertwlneto authorlze, grant permlssl0nbollngO, ma-, , e' e'11SU, 11S0, m1su, m1SO-loba-lobaloba-lobaloba-lobelamolobell, ba-molobl, ba-,-loboI I,eloko, bl-I I,boloko, ma-I I-lokotoI I Ibololo,-lona,bllona,-longanabalonganl, ,bolonganl, bolonganl, ma-272love) wll1eye (Inpl.) wltheyes open;wlthgood vlsl0n/taste; un-afraldto speak, tell, sayto talka lot, dlSCUSS,argue, complalnto chat, engage Insmall talk,complaln, talknonsenseto speak tospeaker, lntercessor, lawyerspeaker, lecturerto flShthlng, obJectJall, prlsonto plckup, gather, collectbltter(ness), sour(ness)to plant, sowplant, plantlng, that WhlChhasbeenplantedto marry, get marrled (Chrlstlanrl te)marrled couple(s)marrlage (Chrlstlanrlte);marrled person-longola, -longwaBASIC COURSEto take away, remove, undress;wake upmbolongol1., (ma-)ba-(hop1.tal),loso.,-luka,-luka-lukela,molunge, m1.-,luturna,rna,mama, ba- (amende)-mata,'mecanc 1.en '-mekabomekJ.., (rna.... )-mele. ,273removal, subtract1.onhosp1. taltohunt, searchto row/paddle a boattohunt for (someth1.ng) forsomeonewarmth, heat; fever, sweat)st1.fl1.ngspoonof, belong1.ng toHere J Take 1. tJmotherf1.ne, penaltyto go up, cl1.mb, r1.semechanlcto measure, we1.gh, try (out),testattempt, effort, tryto drlnk, suck, smoke; takerned1.c1.nethanksto cause/g1.ve to dr1.nk,mamyl9, ba- (ma mere)-mymy-memeleI I 1LINGALAnunto carry, transportto carryror someoneporter, carrler, bearer,mesa table, , , ,meya, lomeya rlrty-centlme plecelomlngo Sunday, week,-m9nanato be seen, appear; see eachother; get seen, ,- m 9 n ~ , -m9nato see, feel, observe'Mons leur , Mlster, Slr, Gentleman,mWlnda llght, lamp, , ,mWlndu, mOlndu, mOlndo, ba- black, dark; a Negro, anArrlcannna,na,mlnel,monyny, m1.-, ,bonl,nanl, ba-,nlnl, ba-, ,monlnga, m1.-, ,-n9,-n