livestock and the environment
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Livestock and the Environment. Johanna Davis. Agricultural Concerns. Federal & State Environmental Laws Endangered Species Act. B. Environmental Problems of Livestock Production. 1. Changes in Livestock Production. Trend toward larger livestock operations - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Livestock and the
Environment
Johanna Davis
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A. Agricultural Concerns
Federal & State Environmental Laws
Endangered Species Act
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B. Environmental Problems of Livestock
Production
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1. Changes in Livestock Production
Trend toward larger livestock operations
Use of large livestock confinement systems such as feedlots
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2. Changing Environment of Agriculture
Migration of city dwellers to agricultural areas.
Why?•Escape problems of city life•Attracted to recreational developments
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Changing Environment of Agriculture, cont
Attitudes•Find odors offensive•Unaware of byproducts of livestock production
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3. Livestock Waste Disposal Concerns
Communities share the cost of waste disposal in cities
Cost of facility – several million dollarsCost to individual in city - $100 to $200
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Livestock Waste Disposal Concerns, cont
Individuals responsible for cost for livestock enterprises
200,000 hens, 1,200 head of cattle in a feedlot, 10,500 hogs may produce as much waste as 20,000 people.
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C. Agricultural Disposal Systems
Must be part of the total management planMust be affordableMust meet the expectations of the non farming people who live nearbyMust meet environmental regulations
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D. Federal RegulationsFederal Water Quality Act of 1965Refuse Act of 1899Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965Federal Clean Air Act
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E. State RegulationsMost states have some type of environmental protection agencyEnforce State & Federal regulationsNuisance Laws
May include odors, dust, chemicals, water pollution, animal noises, carcass disposal, etc
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F. Water PollutantsEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)EPA monitors
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)Fecal ColiformFecal StreptococcusSuspended SolidsPhosphorusAmmonia
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G. Handling Livestock Wastes
Objective is to control
OdorsDustFliesRodents
Prevent surface & groundwater pollution
other Nuisances
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Handling Livestock Wastes, cont.
Amount of Manure ProducedSpeciesAge of AnimalRation Fed
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Handling Livestock Wastes, cont.
Fertilizer Usage– Nutrient Content Factors
Length of time in storageMethod of treatmentAmount and type of bedding usedAmount of dilution by water entering the system
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F. Manure Handling Systems
Factors to considerEPA RegulationsKind of Animal Being RaisedKind of Housing and ManagementSize and Type of OperationClimateCharacteristics of Operation
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Manure Handling Systems, cont.
Classification of FacilitiesConfined•Open Lot •Lot and Shelter•Enclosed Shelter
Unconfined•Pasture •Range
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Manure Handling Systems, cont.
Types of SystemsLiquid•Pits•Lagoon•Storage Basins
Solid
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G. Determining the Amount of
Livestock Waste to Apply on the Land
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Determining the Amount of Livestock Waste to Apply on the Land
Agronomic Nitrogen RateAvailable Nitrogen per unit of yield necessary to produce a given cropVaries with speciesVaries with ration fedVaries with method of collection and storage
Phosphorus Requirements
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H. Disposing of ManureSpread on land
All solid systemsAll liquid systems except lagoons
Valuable as fertilizers
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Disposing of Manure, cont.Environmental Considerations
Must be incorporated or injected in the soilsDo not apply to frozen or snow cover land Do not apply immediately before or after a rainstorm to to saturated land
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. Disposing of Manure, cont.
Do not apply to grass waterwaysDo not apply within 200 feet of surface waters or within 150 feet of a wellReduce the amount applied if there is a high water table present or if soil is highly permeable
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I. Preventing Feedlot Runoff
Diversion – prevent surface water from enteringDrainage – channel runoff from feedlot
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Preventing Feedlot Runoff, cont
Debris basins – catch run off from pensHolding ponds – temporary storage for runoffDisposal – collect and use for irrigation or allow to evaporate
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J. Gases and Odors from Livestock Wastes
Caused by anaerobic bacteria breaking down the organic components
Occurs when no Oxygen is present
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Gases and Odors from Livestock Wastes, cont
Gases dangerous to people and livestock in poorly ventilated or confinement areasOdors may cause neighbors to take legal action against the farmer
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Gases and Odors from Livestock Wastes, cont
Control Methods
Reduced by mixing air with manure
Mix manure in soil as soon as possible after hauling/spreading
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Gases and Odors from Livestock Wastes, cont
Chemical and Bacterial culture•Masking agents
Cover up odors•Counteractants
Attempt to neutralize odors
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Gases and Odors from Livestock Wastes, cont
Chemical and Bacterial culture, cont
•DeodorantsChemicals that kill the bacteria that cause odor
•Digestive deodorantsCreate a digestive process to eliminate odor
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K. Disposal of Dead Animals
Responsibility of ownerMany states require within 24 to 48 hrsDone so as not to cause health hazard
Diseases may spread to other animals/humansTreat any dead animal as though diseasedEliminate environmental threats
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Disposal of Dead Animals, cont
Transport in a covered, metal, leak proof vehicleApproved Methods
Licensed disposal plantBuryingDisposal pitsBurningComposting
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F. Livestock LawsAnimal Trespass
Owner Liability • Damage to property
Estray• Domestic Animal of Unknown ownership running at large
Land owner may retain possession until compensated (varies by states)
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Livestock Laws, cont
Animals On HighwaysMay cause traffic accidentsOwner Liability •Usually negligence must be proven
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Revised 2/1/2001