linguistic studies jun ikeda*

LINGUISTIC STUDIES

-A pproaching the ANE Languages from the Oriental Mind

Jun IKEDA*

Schools of Linguistics in Japan

The first department of linguistics in Japan was inaugurated in 1886 at the

Tokyo Imperial University (today's University of Tokyo)(1). In 1890, Kazutoshi

Ueda, one of the first students of the department, went to Germany to study

historical-comparative linguistics at the University of Leipzig. He came back to

Japan in 1894, and taught German-style linguistics at the Tokyo Imperial

University(2). In 1908, the second school of linguistics was established at the

Kyoto Imperial University (today's Kyoto University). Izuru Shimmura, one of

Ueda's disciples, became its first chair(3). His student Hisanosuke Izui became

one of the authorities on comparative linguistics in Japan, and taught at his alma

mater. These are the only universities that had a department devoted to

linguistics before the World War II, so they naturally became the cradles of

studies in the Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) languages in Japan. Most of the

scholars whom we mention below are actually graduates of these universities or

their students.

In 1938, the Linguistic Society of Japan was established with Shimmura as

the first president, and the first issue of Journal of Linguistic Society of Japan

was published in the same year. In Vol. 4 (1939), we find an article written by

Toshihiko Izutsu, a renowned scholar of Islamic studies: "On the Accadian

Particle -ma." This is most probably the first academic paper ever written about

an ANE language by a Japanese scholar. Izutsu also wrote reviews of R.

Dussaud's Les decouvertes de Ras Shamra et l'Ancient Testament (vol. 1, 128-

131), A. H. Gardiner's Some Aspects of the Egyptian Language (vol. 1, 131-

136), and Z. S. Harris' A Grammar of Phoenician Language (vol. 2, 123-126),

which shows the range of his interest and expertise.

After the World War II, new laws for higher education were enacted. This

* Assistant Professor, University of Tsukuba

c© 2001 by the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan

Vol. XXXVI 2001 129

led to the birth of some new departments of linguistics. Two of them are

especially important with regard to the ANE languages: the Tokyo University of

Education and Hiroshima University. In the former, the late Prof. Masao

Sekine(4), a graduate of University of Tokyo and a prominent scholar of Biblical

studies, taught from 1954 till 1975. Among his students are Takamitsu Muraoka,

Hirokazu Oikawa, Akio Moriya and Akihiro Tsukamoto. In Hiroshima

University, Mamoru Yoshikawa, a graduate of Kyoto University and one of the

most important scholars of the Sumerian grammar in the world, taught from

1965 till 1995. He has trained scholars such as Terumasa Oshiro, Mitsuo

Kowaki, Setsuko Abe, Masashi Mine, and Soichi Mikami. The Hiroshima school

of linguistics publishes the bulletin Nidaba, which was named after the

Sumerian goddess of letters.

The Tokyo University of Education was closed in March 1978. To replace

it, a new university was built on a new location, the University of Tsukuba.

Since most of the faculty of the Department of Linguistics did not move to this

new university, virtually a new school of linguistics started in the new campus.

Toshio Tsumura (better known as David T. Tsumura), who had finished his Ph.D.

at Brandeis University in the U.S., started to teach Semitic languages at the

University of Tsukuba in 1974. In 1983, Katsumi Matsumoto became the chair

of the general linguistics course, and taught historical-comparative linguistics as

well as various IE languages. Fumi Karahashi, J. Ikeda and Shigeo Takeuchi

studied ANE languages from them. Matsumoto and Tsumura left the university

several years ago, and Ikeda currently teaches Semitic linguistics there.

Kyoto Sangyo University, where T. Oshiro and S. Takeuchi teach, is

worthy of mention. Since the time this school of linguistics was established by

H. Izui after he retired from Kyoto University, it has formed a center for ANE

linguistic studies (especially Hittite) together with Kyoto University, where

Kazuhiko Yoshida, a graduate of Kyoto University and a Ph.D. of Cornell

University, teaches Hittite language and comparative linguistics. Oshiro and

Yoshida organize meetings for the study of Western Asian Languages, where

many of the scholars mentioned in this paper get together twice a year.

Several other universities have noteworthy programs. At Kyushu

University, Isaku Matsuda, a graduate of University of Tokyo, taught Hebrew,

and trained students such as A. Tsukamoto, who further studied under Sekine at

the Tokyo University of Education, and Yasuhiro Osato. Besides, at Tokyo

University of Foreign Studies and Osaka University of Foreign Studies, courses

130 ORIENT

LINGUISTIC STUDIES

for various Near Eastern languages are offered. Naturally more weight is laid on

modern languages at these latter institutions, yet they serve as important centers

for linguistic training in the ANE languages through academic exchange with

neighboring schools of linguistics. Akio Nakano, former professor of Institute

for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of

Foreign Studies, and Kosai Ban, former professor of Osaka University of

Foreign Studies, played an important role in fostering Semitic linguistics in

Japan.

Semitic Languages

Hebrew(5)

Masao Sekine is the most important figure in the early development of

Hebrew linguistics in Japan. He is the first Japanese scholar to publish academic

papers on the Hebrew language in international journals, and has earned the esteem of scholars abroad. He not only trained his able disciples at the Tokyo

University of Education, but also contributed to the progress of Biblical studies

in Japan beyond the limit of one university by becoming the director of the

Japanese Biblical Institute in 1958. His important papers in the field of Hebrew

Linguistics were published in Gengogaku Ronso (Journal of the Linguistic

Circle of the Tokyo University of Education) as well as in international journals.

These papers have been collected (in Japanese translation) in Selected Works of

Masao Sekine, Vol. 7 (Sekine 1980). His most important contribution to the

Hebrew linguistics is, in my opinion, his paper on the Biblical Hebrew verbal

system, "Das Wesen des althebraischen Verbalausdrucks" (Sekine 1940/41 =

Sekine 1980, 217-228), in which he criticized the approach to Biblical Hebrew "tenses" through European logic . To approach the Hebrew language from a non-

European mind was indeed the methodology he practiced himself and taught his

students.

His student Takamitsu Muraoka (Leiden University), known worldwide for

his translation (into English) and revision of P. Jouon's Grammaire de l'hebreu

biblique (Jouon-Muraoka 1993), is undoubtedly one of the most productive

Semitic linguists in the world. As I cannot refer to all his works for lack of

space, let me just cite here his three most important contributions to Hebrew

linguistics. 1) His most important work, in my opinion, is Emphatic Words and

Structures in Biblical Hebrew (Muraoka 1985), a revised version of his Ph.D.

dissertation submitted to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1969. This is a

Vol. XXXVI 2001 131

monumental work in Hebrew syntax, and contributed to arousing wider interest

in this then somewhat neglected field in Semitic linguistics. 2) In the 1990's, he

produced a series of papers about the Hebrew nominal clause (Muraoka 1990a, 1990b, and 1999b), which is one of the most intricate issues in Semitic syntax.

He dealt with this issue both synchronically and diachronically. 3) He is one of

the organizers of the symposium "The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Ben

Sira in Relation to Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew" held every two years

since 1995. Together with J. F. Elwolde, he has edited the three proceedings of

the symposium and contributed an article to each of them (Muraoka 1997b,

1999a, 2000). He thus plays a leading role in the study of Qumran Hebrew

worldwide.

We can mention works by other scholars only in passing. In the field of

Hebrew phonology, T. Tsumura (Japan Bible Seminary) produced a general

survey (Tsumura 1993) as well as a specific study on vowel sandhi (Tsumura

1997). A. Tsukamoto (Saga University) published two papers on the stress

placement rules (Tsukamoto 1982, 1983). In the field of syntax, I. Matsuda's contributions (1975, 1977) were among the first, and from the 1980's on,

Tsumura delved into the question of adjacency and dependency through the

analysis of "AXB" and related patterns (Tsumura 1981, 1983, 1986a, 1988,

1996). There are three popular subjects in Hebrew syntax among Japanese

scholars: the "tenses," 'et (nota accusativi), and the Niphal stem. The question of "tenses" has been discussed by Setsuko Abe (Notre Dame Seishin University;

Abe 1983, 1984, 1985a, 1985b), S. Takeuchi (1992) and J. Ikeda (1986), in

addition to the work by M. Sekine mentioned above. The particle 'et has been

discussed by S. Mikami (1995a, 1995b, 1997), Takeuchi (1993, 1995, 1998) and

Ikeda (2000a), and the Niphal stem by Tsumura (1986b) and Mikami (1992,

1999). Other notable works in the field of Hebrew syntax are Kyoji Tsujita 1991,

on the use of resumptive pronouns in the relative clause, Takeuchi 1991, on the

use of the infinitive absolute, and Takeuchi 1999, on the word order in Genesis

and the book of Esther. In the field of Semantics, I. Matsuda produced a series of

papers in the 1970's (Matsuda 1972, 1973, 1976), and his student Yasuhiro Osato (Nagasaki Wesleyan Junior College) analyzed the verbs bw' and hlk

(Osato 1988). Besides, Muraoka introduced an international joint research

project, the Semantics of Ancient Hebrew Database, to Japanese scholars

(Muraoka 1998b), and K. Nao gave insights into Hebrew semantics through his massive Hebrew-Japanese lexicon (Nao 1982). Note also that the orthography

132 ORIENT

LINGUISTIC STUDIES

and grammar of the Isiah scroll A from Qumran was examined by K. Ban

(1961), and that new developments in the interpretation of the Siloam inscription have been evaluated by A. Moriya (2000). Linguistic varieties in the Hebrew

Bible have been discussed by Takako Noguchi (1998), who studied Semitic

languages at University of Sydney, and Ikeda (2000a, 2000b).

Aramaic

K. Ban was among the first ones in Japan who got interested in Aramaic

(Ban 1963, 1967). The most important Japanese scholar in this field today is T. Muraoka. His interest extends to various periods of Aramaic: the Tell-Fekherye

and Tel Dan inscriptions (Old Aramaic), Biblical Aramaic (Imperial Aramaic),

Qumran Aramaic (Middle Aramaic), and the Genizah fragments and Syriac

(Late Aramaic). His three most important contributions in these fields would be: his two Syriac textbooks (Muraoka 1987, 1997a); a series of papers on Qumran

Aramaic (Muraoka 1974, 1977a, 1977b, 1992, 1993); his two recent papers on

the Tel Dan inscriptions, which shed new light on Aramaic and Hebrew "tenses"

(Muraoka 1995, 1998a). The Syriac textbooks are especially valuable contributions in scientific and pedagogical terms, partly because no up-to-date

description of Syriac grammar in English was readily available in 1987. These

books have become standard tools for introductory Syriac, and serve to foster a

renewed interest in the language as well as the rich literature written in it.

Another important Japanese scholar of Aramaic is Akio Moriya (Tokyo

Woman's Christian University), who studied Aramaic epistolography in his

Ph.D. dissertation submitted to Hebrew Union College in 1995. He further

published linguistic studies about epigraphic (Moriya 1980, 1997) and Imperial Aramaic (Moriya 1996). Besides, Katsunori Narazaki (Kyoto University) wrote

a paper about a compound verb involving the existential verb in various Aramaic

languages (Narazaki 1999). The ultimate concern of Narazaki's paper was the

Syriac compound verbs with hwa ' , and he tried to clarify the tense-aspect-mood

it conveys by comparing the New Testament text in Greek and Syriac.

Akkadian

In the field of Akkadian linguistics, four scholars are to be noted: M.

Kowaki (Kumamoto University), A. Tsukamoto, Yoshitaka Kobayashi

(Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies, Philippines), and J. Ikeda. Kowaki produced two papers about the Akkadian ventive (Kowaki 1979

Vol. XXXVI 2001 133

and 1988). Tsukamoto is interested in computer-aided analysis of the Afro-Asian

languages, and he has written two papers on Akkadian verbal morphology with

the aim of making a computer program which generates paradigms of Akkadian

strong verbs (Tsukamoto 1998, 1999). Kobayashi, who conducted a graphemic

analysis of Old Babylonian letters in his Ph.D. dissertation submitted to

University of California Los Angeles, in 1975, illustrated using examples what

graphemic analysis is all about (Kobayashi 1976). Ikeda, who studied Akkadian texts from Emar, a Late Bronze age city in the middle Euphrates region, in his

Ph.D. dissertation submitted to Tel Aviv University, published a series of papers

on Emar Akkadian. He described the grammar of three most important sub-

corpora (Ikeda 1995, 1997, 1998b) and the scribal traditions reflected by them

(Ikeda 1999). He also described the grammar of eighteen texts that were found in Emar or its vicinity, but were obviously written in Carchemish (Ikeda 1998a).

Other Semitic Languages

The phonetic and phonological systems of several Afro-Asiatic languages,

including Akkadian, Coptic and Syriac, have been outlined by A. Nakano

(Nakano 1998). Yoshiyuki Muchiki, who studied Egyptian and Semitic languages at the University of Liverpool, examined spirantization in 5th century

B.C. Phoenician, Aramaic and Hebrew in the light of Egyptian material

(Muchiki 1994). The most productive Japanese scholar in the field of Ugaritic studies is T.

Tsumura. He has produced important linguistic studies on Ugaritic morphology

(Tsumura 1979), phonology (Tsumura 1991) and lexicography (Tsumura 1976), in addition to many philological and literary studies which are beyond the range

of the present article (see the articles on Assyriology and Biblical Studies in this

volume). The late Yukiya Onodera, who used to be the academic director of the

Middle Eastern Center in Japan, also wrote a paper about the Ugaritic language

(Onodera 1976). He dealt with the much-debated issue of the third person masculine plural forms of prefix conjugation in Ugaritic, and came to the

conclusion that t- is the normal prefix and that y- can be explained in terms of

diachronic change.

For other northwest Semitic languages, Sakae Shibayama, who studied

ANE languages at Brandeis University, wrote a 90-page paper on the so-called

Paraiba inscription (Shibayama 1970) and two papers on Eblaite personal names

(Shibayama 1980, 1982). A. Tsukamoto published a study on the Mesha

134 ORIENT

LINGUISTIC STUDIES

Inscription (Tsukamoto 1975), and J. Ikeda wrote a paper about the language of

El-Amarna letters from Canaan (Ikeda 1992).

In the field of southwest Semitic, Yoichi Tsuge (Kanazawa University) is

the leading scholar in Japan. He produced two papers on G•Ý' •ÝZ (Tsuge 1976,

1984) as well as a paper on South Arabian inscriptions from Ethiopia (Tsuge

1993).

Sumerian

M. Yoshikawa's first paper in English, "On the Grammatical Function of -e- of the Sumerian Verbal Suffix -e-de/-e-da(m)" (Yoshikawa 1993: 1-14;

originally published in 1968), is said to be one of the most important works ever

written about grammatical aspect in Sumerian. It deals with the occurrence of

the /-e-/ morpheme in an infinitival form or purpose-clause construction in

Sumerian, but its primary concern was to classify Sumerian verbs into three

groups based on the form of each particular verbal lexeme in the maru-root: the reduplication group, the affixation group, and the alternation group. The crucial

point in his theory was a methodological innovation. While previous Sumerologists had assumed a one-to-one relationship between the morpho-

logical form and the grammatical category, Yoshikawa identified a grammatical

category that had a number of different morphological forms, depending on the

lexical classification of the verbal roots mentioned above.

In addition to this major contribution, Yoshikawa made many insightful

observations about Sumerian grammar, and introduced some new grammatical

categories into Sumerian grammar, notably "focality" (Yoshikawa 1993: 338-35,

originally published in 1991) and "telicity" (1993: 72-94, originally published in

1988). I cannot deal here with these categories in any detail for lack of space,

but I would like at least to point out that they are not fully understood and hence

not readily accepted among all Sumerologists and that they await further

evaluation.

Four other individuals made contributions to Sumerian grammar,

Nobuyoshi Fukuhara (Osaka University of Foreign Studies), M. Kowaki, M.

Mine (Kanazawa University), and F. Karahashi (Lecturer of Sumerian, the

University of Michigan). Fukuhara examined the alleged opposition of voiced

vs. unvoiced among Sumerian stops and sibilants based on Sumerian loanwords

in Akkadian (Fukuhara 1972). Kowaki, a student of Yoshikawa, wrote a paper

about the verbal infix -ni- in Sumerian (Kowaki 1982). He compared Sumerian

Vol. XXXVI 2001 135

verbal forms with -ni- with the corresponding Akkadian forms in the Old

Babylonian grammatical texts, and discussed the notion of "causative" in

Sumerian. Mine, also a student of Yoshikawa, published papers about various

subjects in Sumerian grammar such as word order (1991, 1993), the preradical -

n- (1994, 1995b), ergativity (1995a), and locative case marking (1989).

Karahashi studied Sumerian under the guidance of M. Civil, and recently

submitted her Ph.D. dissertation on compound verbs with body-part terms to the

University of Chicago.

Hittite

The first serious Hittitologist in Japan was the late Michio Kishimoto. He

had keen interest in the history of the Ancient Near East, and studied Hittite and

other Indo-European (IE) languages in Anatolia. His most important linguistic

work was his paper on Lycian wawa- (Kishimoto 1965). Two former presidents

of the Linguistic Society of Japan, the late H. Izui and K. Matsumoto (Professor

Emeritus, University of Shizuoka), also got interested in this field among others,

and wrote papers about the Hittite verbal system (Izui 1986) and the position of

Lycian among the IE Anatolian languages (Matsumoto 1985).

Today, studies in Anatolian languages in Japan are led by two scholars

known worldwide, T. Oshiro (Kyoto Sangyo University) and K. Yoshida (Kyoto

University). Thus Kyoto has become the center for the studies in Anatolian

languages in Japan. The two jointly wrote a book An Introduction to the

Anatolian Languages (Oshiro & Yoshida 1990), which is the only compre-

hensive description available in Japanese of all the Anatolian languages.

Oshiro specializes in Hieroglyphic Luwian. He submitted his dissertation

on its verbal morphology to Hiroshima University, and obtained a doctor's

degree in 1993. He has shown keen interest in sentence particles as well as in the

meaning and usage of some grammatical forms. In the former field, he wrote

papers about sentence particles api (Oshiro 1988) and -ta (Oshiro 1996). In the latter, he dealt, among others, with relative conjunctions (Oshiro 1988), nini-

(Oshiro 1991), the mediopassive endings (Oshiro 1994), the present tense

(Oshiro 1995), tuwati and u(n)zati (Oshiro 2000). Yoshida specializes in IE comparative linguistics, and obtained his Ph.D.

for his dissertation about Hittite verbal endings and their IE origin submitted to

Cornell University in 1985. This study was later published as The Hittite

Mediopassive Endings in -ri by Walter de Gruyter (Yoshida 1990). He has

136 ORIENT

LINGUISTIC STUDIES

published papers in international journals mainly in two fields. One is historical

phonology, e.g. Yoshida 1998a (Hittite verbs in -Vzi), Yoshida 1998b

(assibilation in Hittite). The other is historical morphology, e.g. Yoshida 1987, 1997 (Hittite verbal endings), Yoshida 1991, 1993 (Anatolian verbal endings)

and Yoshida 2001 (the Hittite particle -ti).

Egyptian(6)

In the field of Egyptian linguistics, the verbal system has been the most

popular subject. Hiroshi Suita (Kansai University) and Masakatsu Nagai carefully examined earlier theories on the Middle Egyptian verbal system (Suita

2000, Nagai 2000). Shinichi Akiyama proposed a new classification of the sdm.f

and sdm.n.f. forms in Middle Egyptian (Akiyama 1985). H. Oikawa (Kyorin

University) dealt with the Coptic second tenses (Oikawa 1985). He compared

the Coptic, with the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Book of Judges, and

analyzed the motivation for using those tenses.

A. Tsukamoto and Y. Muchiki studied other aspects of the Egyptian

language. Muchiki (1999) collected Egyptian proper names and loanwords from

Northwest Semitic texts, and established the phonetic correspondences between

them. Tsukamoto has found out that in Egyptian there are quite a few roots of

the C1=C2 type, which is virtually absent in Semitic (Tsukamoto 1987), and that

ancient Egyptian scribes most probably recognized some linguistic units such as

the word and the grammatical morpheme (Tsukamoto 1994). He also wrote a

computer program to automate the transcription of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts

(Tsukamoto 1997).

Old Persian

Keigo Noda (Chubu University) wrote two papers about Old Persian

passive, Noda 1982 and 1999. In the former, he argues that the mana krtamconstruction in Old Persian, which is widely agreed to be the passive, is in fact

the perfect. In the latter paper, he tries to establish that the periphrastic passive

existed in Old Persian. For studies on Middle Persian and Sogdian, see the

article on ancient Iranian studies in this volume.

Concluding Remarks

A question must be asked here. Why do these people study ANE

languages? Some of the individuals mentioned above are devout Christians, and

Vol. XXXVI 2001 137

study ANE languages in order to better understand the Bible and its cultural

background. For others, ANE languages are purely an intellectual challenge.

However, they all share at least two things, I believe: a love for ANE languages,

and a conviction that our linguistic intuition, which is neither Indo-European nor

Semitic but "Oriental," is capable of shedding fresh light on ANE languages.

This conviction has proved true in sporadic cases in the past, and will hopefully

do so more productively in the 21st century.

Notes:

* Acknowledgments: Mr. Cale Johnson (a graduate student of University of California at LosAngels) wrote for me notes on Mamoru Yoshikawa's impact on the study of Sumerian grammar, on which the first paragraph about Yoshikawa's contribution is based. The following individuals

generously helped me to gather bibliographical information: Shinichi Akiyama, Fumi Karahashi, Jiro Kondo, Mitsuo Kowaki, Isaku Matsuda, Soichi Mikami, Masashi Mine, Wakaha Mori, Akio Moriya, Takamitsu Muraoka, Keigo Noda, Naoko Ogama, Hirokazu Oikawa, Shigeo Takeuchi, Yoichi Tsuge, Akihiro Tsukamoto, David T. Tsumura (in the alphabetical order). While I acknowledge my great debt to all these people, it goes without saying that all responsibility for any errors found in this article rests with me alone.

(1) Doi (1979), 61. (2) Ibid., 173-175. (3) Ibid., 246-247. (4) Prof. Masao Sekine passed away on the 9th of September 2000, while I was still

preparing the manuscript of this article.

(5) There are about a dozen introductory grammars of Biblical Hebrew in Japanese. Note thetwo pioneering ones (Sakon 1966, Katayama 1968) and the most recent one (Kowaki 2001).

(6) Egyptian language and its script have attracted the interest of general public in Japan. Asa result, quite a few introductory books on Egyptian language have been published (Akiyama 1998, Nishimura 1998, Okajima 1940, 1942, Yoshinari 1988).

Bibliography

Abe, S.1983:阿部節子「ヘブライ語における動詞のASPECTについて(1)」『ノートルダム

清心女子短期大学論叢』8,43-66.[Abe,　 S.,"The　 Verbal　 Aspect　 in　Hebrew(1),"Bulletin　 of

Notre Dame Seishin Junior College 8 (1983), 43-66.]

Abe, S.1984:阿部節子「ヘブライ語における動詞のASPECTについて(2)」『ノートルダム

清心女子短期大学論叢』9,49-67.[Abe,　 S.,"The　 Verbal　Aspect　 in　Hebrew(2),"Bulletin　 of


Abe, S.1985a:阿部節子「ヘブライ語における動詞のASPECTについて(3)」『ノートルダム

清心女子短期大学論叢』10,35-56.[Abe,　 S.,"The　 Verbal　 Aspect　 in　Hebrew(3),"Bulletin　 of


Abe,　 S.1985b:阿部節子「ヘブライ語動詞におけるperfect/imperfectの本質」『ニダバ』14,

15-20. [Abe, S., "The Essence of the Perfect/Imperfect in Hebrew," Nidaba 14 (1985), 15-20.]

Akiyama,　 S.1985:秋山慎一「中エジプト語におけるsdm.f形, sdm.n.f形の分類」『オリエン

138 ORIENT

LINGUISTIC STUDIES

ト』28/1,131-144.Akiyama, S.,"The sdm.f and sdm.n.f Forms in Middle Egyptian,"BSNESJ

28/1 (1985), 131-144.

Akiyama, S.1998:秋山慎一『やさしいヒエログリフ講座』原書房.[Akiyama, S., Elementary

Egyptian Grammar, Harashobo, 1998.]

Ban, K.1961:伴康哉「死海写本イザヤ書覚え書」『オリエント』4/12,1-12. Ban, K.,"Some

Notes on the Isaiah Scroll," BSNESJ 4/12 (1961), 1-12.

Ban, K.1963:伴康哉「バビロニヤ・タルムードのアラム語について」『オリエント』6/4,87-

98. Ban, K., "On the Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud," BSNESJ 6/4 (1963), 87-98.

Ban, K.1967:伴康哉「セブイレ碑石のアラム語」『西南アジア研究』18,1-18. Ban, K.,"Aramaic of the Sefire Stelae," BSWSAS 18 (1967)

, 1-18.Doi, T. 1979: The Study of Language in Japan: A Historical Survey, Shinozaki Shorin.

Fukuhara, N. 1972:福原信義「シュメール語の閉鎖音と摩擦音に就いて」『大阪外国語大学

学報』26, 19-29.Fukuhara, N,"On Sumerian Explosives and Sibilants,"Journal of Osaka

University of Foreign Studies 26(1972), 19-29.

Ikeda, J.1986:池田潤「＜Waw-Conversive現象＞理解のための作業仮説:談話文法の視点

から」『言語学論叢』(筑波大学一般・応用言語学研究室)5,44-57.Ikeda, J.,"A Working

Hypothesis for the Understanding of the 'Waw-Conversive' Phenomenon," Gengogaku Ronso, University of Tsukuba, 5 (1986), 44-57.

Ikeda, J.1992:池田潤「アマルナ語:紀元前2千年期のピジン」『オリエント』35/2,1-21.

Ikeda, J., "Amarnaic: A Pidgin in the Second Millennium B.C.E.," BSNESJ 35/2 (1992), 1-21.

Ikeda, J.1995:池田潤「エマルのアッカド語の言語的特徴」『オリエント』38/1,1-15. Ikeda,

J., "Some Linguistic Features of Emar Akkadian," BSNESJ 38/1 (1995), 1-15.

Ikeda, J. 1997 : "The Akkadian Language of Emar: Texts Related to Ninurta and the Elders," ASJ

19, 83-112.

Ikeda, J. 1998a : "The Akkadian Language of Carchemish: Evidence from Emar," ASJ 20, 23-62.

Ikeda, J. 1998b : "The Akkadian Language of Emar: Texts Related to a Diviner's Family," Israel

Oriental Studies 18, 33-61.

Ikeda, J. 1999 : "Scribes in Emar," in K. Watanabe (ed.), Priests and Officials in the Ancient NearEast, Heidelberg, 163-185.

Ikeda, J.2000a:池田潤「聖書ヘブライ語における言語変種:概観とケーススタディ」『京都

産業大学国際言語科学研究所所報』20,179-204.Ikeda, J.,"Linguistic Varieties in Biblical

Hebrew: An Overview and a Case Study," Bulletin of the International Institute for Linguistic Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, 21 (2000), 179-204.

Ikeda, J. 2000b:池田潤「聖書ヘブライ語に見られる地域差について」『文藝言語研究』言語

篇(筑波大学)38,1-15.Ikeda,　 J.,"Regional　 Dialects　 in　 Biblical　 Hebrew,"Studies　 in

Language and Literature, Institute of Literature and Linguistics, University of Tsukuba: Language 38 (2000), 1-15.

Izui, H. 1986: "Indo-European Perfect and Hittite Verbal System" The Journal of Indo-EuropeanStudies 14, 195-204.

Izutsu, T.1939:井筒俊彦「アッカド語の-ma構文について」『言語研究』(日本言語学会)4,

27-68. Izutsu, T., "On the Accadian Particle -ma," Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan 4 (1939), 27-68.

Jouon, P., & T. Muraoka 1993: A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, an extensively revised Englishtranslation of P. Jouon's Grammaire de l'hebreu biblique (Rome, 1923) by T. Muraoka, Rome

(corrected reprint of 1991 edition).

Vol. XXXVI 2001 139

Karahashi, F. 2000: Sumerian Compound Verbs with Body-part Terms, Ph.D. Dissertation:

University of Chicago.

Katayama, T. 1968:片山徹『旧約聖書ヘブライ語入門』キリスト教夜間講座出版部.

[Katayama, T., An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew, Board of Publication, Night School of Christianity, 1968.]

Kishimoto, M. 1965: "Lykisch wawa-" Anadolu Arastirmalari 2, 283-286.

Kobayashi, Y 1976: 小林義尚「アッカド語研究のためのコンピュータ使用について」『オリ

エント』19/2,125-139.Kobayashi, Y., "On the Graphemic Analysis for the Study of

Akkadian Language," BSNESJ 19/2(1976),125-139.

Kowaki, M.1979:小脇光男「アッカド語Ventiveについて(1)J『ニダバ』8,32-39. Kowaki,

M., "About the Akkadian Ventive (1)," Nidaba 8 (1979), 32-39.

Kowaki, M.1982:小脇光男「文法テキストに於ける使役構文について」『広島大学教育学

部紀要』II-31, 25-31. Kowaki, M., "Causative Construction in the Babylonian Grammatical

Texts," The Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Hiroshima University, II-31(1982),25-31

Kowaki, M. 1988:小脇光男「アッカド語の動詞接尾辞-amをめぐって:いわゆる"Ventive"

を中心に(I)」『熊本大学教養部紀要外国語・外国文学編』23, 247-256. Kowaki, M.,"About the Akkadian Verbal Suffix -am: the so-called Ventive (1)," Memoirs of the Faculty of General Education, Kumamoto University, Series of Foreign Languages and Literatures 23

(1988), 247-256.Kowaki, M. 2001:小脇光男『聖書ヘブライ語文法』青山社.[Kowaki, M., A Grammar of

Biblical Hebrew, Seizansha, 2001.]

Matsuda, I.1972:松田伊作「古代文献語の意味考察:ヘブライ語0動詞群について」『現代

言語学』(服部四郎先生定年退官記念論文集)三省堂,299-311.Matsuda,I., "A Semantic

Study of a Group of Classical Hebrew Verbs," in Modern Linguistics: Studies Dedicated to Professor Shiro Hattori, Sanseido, 1972, 299-311.

Matsuda,1.19731松田伊作「旧約ヘブライ語の対人精神活動動詞の意味」『文学研究』(九

州大学文学部紀要)70,63-80.Matsuda, I., "A Study of the Verbs of Mental Activity in

Biblical Hebrew," Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature, Kyushu University, 70 (1973), 63-80.

Matsuda, I. 1975:松田伊作「古代ヘブライ語文法の特徴」『文学研究』(九州大学文学部)72,

109-124. Matsuda, I., "The Features of Classical Hebrew Syntax," Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature, Kyushu University, 72 (1975), 109-124.

Matsuda, I. 1976: "The Structure of Mental Activities in Biblical Hebrew," AJBI2, 79-99.

Matsuda, I.1977:松田伊作「結果目的語を取る古代ヘブライ語動詞」『文学研究』(九州大

学文学部)74,105-121.Matsuda, I., "Resultative Verbs in Classical Hebrew," Bulletin of the

Faculty of Literature, Kyushu University, 74 (1977), 105-121.

Matsumoto, K. 1985:松本克己「印欧アナトリア語派におけるリュキア語の位置:特にリュ

キア語の複数主格及び属格語尾をめぐって」『京都産業大学国際言語科学研究所所報』6, 24-53. Matsumoto, K., "The Position of Lycian among the IE Anatolian Language," Bulletin of the International Institute for Linguistic Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, 6 (1985), 24-53.

Mikami, S.1992:三上宗一「古典ヘブライ語におけるニファル語幹の受益機能について:

動詞s'lの分析を中心として」『ニダバ』21,57-66.Mikami, S., "On the Benefactive

Function of the Niph'al Stem in Classical Hebrew," Nidaba 21(1992), 57-66.

Mikami, S. 1995a:三上宗一「古典ヘブライ語の動作動詞における目的語表現についての

一考察」『吉川守先生御退官記念言語学論文集』溪水社,308-321.Mikami, S., "Remarks

on the Object Expressions of Action Verbs in Classical Hebrew," in Studies in Linguistics

140 ORIENT

LINGUISTIC STUDIES

Dedicated to Professor Mamoru Yoshikawa, Keisuisha , 1995, 308-321.Mikami, S.1995b:三上宗一「古典ヘブライ語文法研究における小辞'etの統語論的位置付

けについて」『ニダバ』24,96-105.Mikami, S.,"On the Syntactic Status of Particle 'et in

Grammatical Studies of Classical Hebrew," Nidaba 24 (1995), 96-105.

Mikami, S. 1997:三上宗一「古典ヘブライ語の動作動詞における目的語表現についての一

考察(2)」『ニダバ』26, 50-58. Mikami, S., "Remarks on the Object Expressions of Action

Verbs in Classical Hebrew (2)," Nidaba 26 (1997) , 50-58.Mikami, S. 1999:三上宗一「古典ヘブライ語ニファル語幹の機能について:主語の意志性

の観点から」『京都産業大学国際言語科学研究所所報』20 ,251-267.Mikami,S., "On the

Functions of the Niph'al Stem in Classical Hebrew: in Terms of the Volition of Subject ," Bulletin of the International Institute for Linguistic Sciences , Kyoto Sangyo University, 20 (1999), 251-267.

Mine, M. 1989:峯正志「シュメール語動詞 tum2 における場所名詞句の格標示について

『ニダバ』18,33-43.Mine,M., "On the Cases for Locative Nouns Used with the Sumerian

Verb tum2," Nidaba 18 (1989), 33-43.

Mine, M. 1991:峯正志「enclitic copula-amの接辞されたシュメール語の疑問詞の位置に

ついて」1ニダバ』20, 29-37. Mine,M., "On the Position of Sumerian Interrogatives

Suffixed with Enclitic Copula -am3," Nidaba 20 (1991), 29-37.

Mine, M. 1993:峯正志「シュメール語の語順に関する一つの仮説」『広島大学留学生セン

ター紀要』3,43-52.Mine,M.,"A Theory on the Sumerian Word Order ,"The Bulletin of the

Institute for International Education, Hiroshima University, 3 (1993) , 43-52.Mine, M. 1994:峯正志「行政経済文書におけるpreradical-n-の出現時期」『広島大学留学生

センター紀要』4,101-108. Mine, M., "When Did the Preradical-n-Begin to Be Used in

Sumerian Economic Tablets?" The Bulletin of the Institute for International Education , Hiroshima University, 4 (1994), 101-108.

Mine, M. 1995a:峯正志「シュメール語の能格性について」『広島大学留学生センター紀要』

5, 53-63. Mine, M., "On the Ergativitiy of Sumerian," The Bulletin of the Institute for International Education, Hiroshima University, 5 (1995) , 53-63

Mine, M. 1995b:峯正志「新シュメール期の行政経済文書におけるPreradica1-n-とレジス

ター」吉川守先生御退官記念論文集編集委員会(編)『吉川守先生御退官記念言語学論

文集』溪水社, 335-343. Mine, M., "The Preradica1-n-in the Ur III Economic Texts and the

Register" in Studies in Linguistics Dedicated to Professor Mamoru Yoshikawa , Keisuisha, 1995, 335-343.

Moriya, A. 1980:守屋彰夫「'dy考:セフィーレ碑文における鍵語の一考察」『九州共立大学

紀要』15/2, 165-176. Moriya, A.,"Noteson'dy in the Aramaic Inscription of Sefire,"

Journal of Kyushu Kyoritsu University 15/2 (1980), 165-176.

Moriya, A. 1996:守屋彰夫「アラム語複合表現kolqobeldの意味と機能」『論集』(東京女子

大学紀要)47/1, 75-96. Moriya, A., "The Meaning and Function on an Aramaic Composite

Expression kol qobel d," Essays and Studies, Tokyo Woman's Christian University , 47/1 (1996), 75-96.

Moriya, A. 1997:守屋彰夫「テル・ダン碑文の動詞組織の特徴について」『オリエント』40/1 ,

58-72. Moriya, A., "On the Verbal System of the Tel Dan Inscription," BSNESJ 40/1 (1997) , 58-72.

Moriya, A. 2000:守屋彰夫「シロアム碑文再考」『論集』(東京女子大学紀要)50/2, 117-134.

Moriya, A., "Revisiting the Siloam Inscription," Essays and Studies , Tokyo Woman's Christian University, 50/2 (2000), 117-134.

Vol. XXXVI 2001 141

Muchiki, Y. 1994 : "Spirantization in Fifth-Century BC North-West Semitic," Journal of NearEastern Studies 53, 125-130.

Muchiki, Y. 1999 : Egyptian Proper Names and Loanwords in North-West Semitic, Atlanta.

Muraoka, T. 1974 : "The Aramaic of the Old Targum of Job from Qumran Cave XI," Journal ofSemitic Studies 25, 425-443.

Muraoka, T. 1977a : "Notes on the Old Targum of Job from Qumran Cave XI," Revue de Qumran33, 117-125.

Muraoka, T. 1977b : "On the Language of the Job Targum from Qumran," Proceedings of theSixth World Congress of Jewish Studies, Part I, 159-165 [in Hebrew].

Muraoka, T. 1985 : Emphatic Words and Structures in Biblical Hebrew, Jerusalem/Leiden.

Muraoka, T. 1987 : Classical Syriac for Hebraists: A Grammar with an Annotated Chrestomathyand a Glossary, Wiesbaden.

Muraoka, T. 1989c:村岡崇光「後期古典ヘブライ語における名詞文」『聖書学論集』23(聖

書の使信と伝達),318-338. Muraoka, T., "The Nominal Clause in Late Classical Hebrew,"

Seishogaku Ronshu 23 (1989), 318-338.

Muraoka, T. 1990a: "A Nominal Clause in Late Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew," in M.

Bar-Asher (ed.), Hebrew Language Studies, Jerusalem, 219-252 [in Hebrew].

Muraoka, T. 1990b : "The Biblical Hebrew Nominal Clause with a Prepositional Phrase," in K.

Jongeling, H. L. Murre-van den Berg, & L. van Rompay (eds.), Studies in Hebrew and Aramaic Syntax Presented to Professor J. Hoftizer on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday, Leiden, 143-151.

Muraoka, T. 1992 : "The Verbal Rection in Qumran Aramaic," in T. Muraoka (ed.), Studies in

Qumran Aramaic, Leuven, 99-118.Muraoka, T. 1993 : "Further Notes on the Aramaic of the Genesis Apocryphon from Qumran

Cave I," Revue de Qumran 61, 39-48.

Muraoka, T. 1995 : "The Tel Dan Inscription and Aramaic/Hebrew Tenses," Abr-Nahrain 33, 113-

115.

Muraoka, T. 1997a : Classical Syriac: A Basic Grammar with a Chrestomathy, with a Select

Bibliography compiled by S. P. Brock, Wiesbaden.

Muraoka, T. 1997b : "Verb Complementation in Qumran Hebrew," in T. Muraoka, & J. F.

Elwolde (eds.), The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Ben Sira. Proceedings of aSymposium Held at Leiden University, 11-14 December 1995, Leiden, 92-149.

Muraoka, T. 1998a: "Again on the Tel Dan Inscription and the Northwest Semitic Verb Tenses,"

Zeitschrift fur Althebraistik 11, 74-81.

Muraoka, T. 1998b:村岡崇光「古典ヘブライ語意味論の研究の最近の動向」『Exegetica』9,

37-45. Muraoka, T., "Ancient Hebrew Semantics in Recent Years," Exegetica 9 (1998), 37-45.

Muraoka, T. 1999a : "The Participle in Qumran Hebrew with Special Reference to Its PeriphrasticUse," in T. Muraoka, & J. F. Elwolde (eds.), Sirach, Scrolls, & Sages. Proceedings of a Second International Symposium on the Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Ben Sira, & the Mishnah, Held at Leiden University, 15-17 December 1997, Leiden, 188-204.

Muraoka, T. 1999b : "The Tripartite Nominal Clause in Biblical Hebrew Revisited," in C. L.

Miller (ed.), The Verbless Clause in Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Approaches, Winona Lake, 187-213.

Muraoka, T. 2000 : "An Approach to the Morphosyntax and Syntax of Qumran Hebrew," in T.

142 ORIENT

LINGUISTIC STUDIES

Muraoka, & J. F. Elwolde (eds.), Diggers at the Well: Proceedings of a Third International Symposium on the Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Ben Sira, Leiden, 193-214.

Nagai, M. 2000:永井正勝「後期ポロツキー説における中エジプト語の文/節体系」『オリエ

ント』43/1, 19-39. Nagai, M., "Sentence System in Middle Egyptian: Reconsideration of

Polozky's Idea," BSNESJ 43/1 (2000), 19-39.

Nakano, A. 1998:中野曉雄「アフロ・アジア語の音声・音韻:子音音素論」『音声研究』(日本

音声学会)2/3, 9-30. Nakano, A., "A Sketch of phonetic and phonological Systems of Afro-

Asiatic Languages: Consonantal Features," Journal of Phonetic Society of Japan 2/3 (1998), 9-30.

Nao, K. 1982:名尾耕作『旧約聖書ヘブル語大辞典』聖文舎. Nao, K., The Hebrew-Japanese

Lexicon of the Old Testament, Seibunsha, 1982.

Narazaki, K. 1999:楢崎勝則「アラム語における,一般動詞といわゆる存在動詞との複合動

詞について」『京都産業大学国際言語科学研究所所報』20,151-217. Narazaki, K., "On a

Compound Verb, or a General Verb and an 'Existential' Verb, of Aramaic Languages," Bulletin of the International Institute for Linguistic Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, 20

(1999), 151-217.Nishimura, Y. 1998:西村洋子『古代エジプト語基本単語集』平凡社.[Nishimura, Y.,

Wordbook of Elementary Ancient Egyptian, Heibonsha, 1998.]

Noda, K. 1982:野田恵剛「古代ペルシア語のいわゆる受動文について」『オリエント』25/1,

87-95. Noda, K., "On the So-called Passive in Old Persian," BSNESJ 25/1 (1982), 87-95.

Noda, K.1999:野田恵剛「古代ペルシア語の能動と受動」『オリエント』42/1, 19-28. Noda,

K., "Old Persian Active and Passive," BSNESJ 42/1(1999),19-28.

Noguchi, T. 1998: "A Study of the Verbs in Joel 2:4-9: The Author's Style or Aramaic

Influence?" Orient 33, 103-114.

Oikawa, H. 1985: "The Coptic Second Tenses in the Book of Judges," in S. I. Groll (ed.),Pharaonic Egypt: The Bible and Christianity, Jerusalem, 138-145.

Okajima, S. 1940:岡島誠太郎『埃及語小文典』飛鳥園.[Okajima, S., Small Egyptian

Grammar, Asukaen,1940.]

Okajima,　 S.1942:岡島誠太郎『こぶと語小文典』飛鳥園.[Okajima, S., Small Coptic

Grammar, Asukaen, 1942.]

Onodera, Y 1976:小野寺幸也「ウガリト語動詞用法の一問題:三人称男性複数未完了形を

めぐって」『オリエント』19/2,17-39.Onodera, Y.,"A Problem of the Usage of Ugaritic

Verbs Focusing on 3m. pl. impf. Forms," BSNESJ 19/2 (1976), 17-39.

Osato, Y l988:大里泰弘「聖書ヘブライ語動詞加bw',hlkの意味考察」『文学研究』85, 151-

172. Osato, Y., "A Semantic Study of Biblical Hebrew Verbs bw' and hlk," Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature, Kyushu University, 85 (1988), 151-172.

Oshiro, T., Yoshida, K.1990:大城光正・吉田和彦『印欧アナトリア諸語概説』大学書林.

Oshiro, M., K. Yoshida, An Introduction to the Anatolian Languages, Daigakushorin, 1990.

Oshiro, T. 1988a : "api in Hieroglyphic Luwian," Archiv Orientalni 56/3, 246-252.

Oshiro, T. 1988b : "The Relative Conjunctions in Hieroglyphic Luwian," The Journal of Indo-European Studies 16, 9-21.

Oshiro, T. 1991 : "Hieroglyphic Luwian nini- and Congeners," Altorientalische Forschungen 18,

67-72.

Oshiro, T. 1994 : "The Mediopassive Endings in Hieroglyphic Luwian," Indogermanische

Forschungen 99, 95-100.

Vol. XXXVI 2001 143

Oshiro, T. 1995 : "Notes on the Present Tense in Hieroglyphic Luwian," Altorientalische

Forschungen 22, 348-351.

Oshiro, T. 1996 : "The Sentence Particle: Hieroglyphic Luwian -ta and Lycian -te," Lingua

Posnaniensis 38, 21-28.

Oshiro, T. 2000 : "Hieroglyphic Luwian tuwati and u(n)zati," in Y. L. Arbeitman (ed.), The AsiaMinor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter, Louven, 189-193.

Sacon, Y. 1966:左近義慈『ヒブル語入門』教文館.[Sacon, Y, An Introduction to Hebrew, Kyo

Bun Kwan, 1966.]

Sekine, M. 1940/41 : "Das Wesen des althebraischen Verbalausdrucks," Zeitschrift fur diealtestestamentliche Wisenschaft 58, 133-141.

Sekine,　M.1980:関根正雄『旧約学論文集(下)』(関根正雄著作集第7巻)新地書房. Sekine,

M., Old Testament Studies, Part III, Selected Works of Masao Sekine, Vol. 7, Shinchi Shobo , 1980.

Shibayama, S.1970:柴山栄「Paraiba碑文の研究:ブラジルにおけるフェニキアの碑文」『オ

リエント』13/3, 1-93. Shibayama, S., "A Study on the Paraiba lnscription," BSNESJ 13/3

(1970),1-93.

Shibayama, S. 1980:柴山栄「エブラ文書における人名Mikaya, Mikail」『オリエント』23/2,

21-40. Shibayama, S., "Eblaic Personal Names, Mikaya and Mikail," BSNESJ 23/2 (1980), 21-40.

Shibayama, S. 1982:柴山栄「『神の人』:エブラーヘブライ人名の研究」『オリエント』25/1,

32-49. Shibayama, S., "'Man of God': So-called Eblaic-Hebrew Personal Name," BSNESJ 25/1 (1982), 32-49.

Suita, H. 2000:吹田浩「中期エジプト語の動詞カテゴリーをめぐって」『オリエント』43/1,

127-140. Nagai, M., "Verb Categories in Middle Egyptian in its Recent Studies," BSNESJ 43/

1 (2000), 127-140.

Takeuchi, S. 1991:竹内茂夫「発話の冒頭に現れるヘブル語の独立不定詞:同じ語根を持つ

動詞に先行する場合」『オリエント』34/1, 32-47.Takeuchi, S., "The Hebrew Infinitive

Absolute at the Beginning of the Utterance: Preceding the Finite Verb with the Same Root as the Infinitive," BSNESJ 34/1 (1991), 32-47.

Takeuchi, S. 1992:竹内茂夫「詩篇18篇の未完了形動詞と継続法ワウの用法:第2サムエル

記22章との比較から」『Exegetica』3,69-77. Takeuchi, S., "The Usage of the Imperfect with

and without the Consecutive waw in Psalm 18 in Comparison with 2 Samuel 22," Exegetica 3

(1992), 69-77.Takeuchi, S. 1993:竹内茂夫「聖書ヘブル語のいわゆる目的語の標識'ε∫から見た能格的階

層の普遍性」『言語学論叢』(筑波大学一般・応用言語学研究室)特別号,101-111.

Tekeuchi, S., "Universality of an Ergative-like Hierarchy in the Light of Usages of the So-called Object Marker 'et in Biblical Hebrew," Gengogaku Ronso, University of Tsukuba: Special Issue (1993), 101-11.

Takeuchi, S. 1995:竹内茂夫「聖書ヘブル語における『目的語の標識』'etの現れ方」『京都産

業大学国際言語科学研究所所報』16, 21-38. Takeuchi, S., "'The Object Marker' 'et in

Biblical Hebrew," Bulletin of the International Institute for Linguistic Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, 16 (1995), 21-38.

Takeuchi, S. 1998:竹内茂夫「聖書ヘブル語における『能格』:学説史的展望」『京都産業大

学論集』外国語と外国文学系列29/1,1-19.Takeuchi, S., "'Ergative' in Biblical Hebrew: A

Historical Review," Acta Humanistica et Scientifica Universitatis Sangio Kyotiensis, 29/1

144 ORIENT

LINGUISTIC STUDIES

(1998), 1-19.

Takeuchi, S. 1999:竹内茂夫「聖書ヘブル語における語順:創世記1-12章とエステル記の比

較から」『京都産業大学国際言語科学研究所紀要』1,219-232.Takeuchi, S ., "Word Order

Variation in Biblical Hebrew: In Comparison of Genesis 1-12 and Esther ," Memoirs of the International Institute for Linguistic Sciences 1 (1999), 219-232.

Tsuge, Y. 1976:柘植洋一「ゲエズ語の『喉音法則』について」『言語研究』(日本言語学会)

70, 57-76. Tsuge, Y., "On the "Guttural Gesetz" of Ge'ez," Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan 70 (1976), 57-76.

Tsuge, Y. 1984:柘植洋一「エチオピアの碑文資料」『オリエント』26/2 , 131-159. Tsuge, Y.,"Inscriptions from Ethiopia, with Special Reference to the Geez Inscriptions," BSNESJ 26/2

(1984), 131-159.Tsuge, Y. l993:柘植洋一「エチオピアにおける南アラビア文字碑文について1『オリエン

ト』36/1,71-88.Tsuge, Y., "On the South Arabian Inscriptions of Ethiopia," BSVESJ 36/1

(1993), 71-88.Tsujita, K. 1991: "The Retrospective Pronoun as Direct Object in Relative Sentences in Biblical

Hebrew," in A. S. Kaye (ed.), Semitic Studies in Honor of Wolf Leslau on the Occasion of His Eighty-Fifth Birthday, Vol. II, Wiesbaden, 1991, 1577-1582.

Tsukamoto, A. 1975:塚本明廣「メシャ碑文」『文学研究』(九州大学文学部紀要)72 ,125-148. Tsukamoto, A., "The Mesha Inscription," Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature , Kyushu University, 72 (1975), 125-148.

Tsukamoto, A. 1982:塚本明廣:「古典ヘブライ語の強勢付与規則について」『九州女子大学

紀要』17/1, 103-110. Tsukamoto, A., "On the Stress Placement Rule in Classical Hebrew,"

Bulletin of Kyushu Women's University, 17/1 (1982), 103-110 .Tsukamoto, A. 1983:塚本明廣「古典ヘブライ語の強勢付与規りについて(2)」『九州女子大

学紀要』18/1, 99-107. Tsukamoto, A., "On the Stress placement Rule in Classical Hebrew

(2)," Bulletin of Kyushu Women's University, 18/1 (1983), 99-107.Tsukamoto, A. 1987:塚本明廣「古代エジプト語における若干のC1=C2型動詞」『九大言語

研究室報告』8,1-9. Tsukamoto, A., "Some Verbs with the C1=C2 Type in Ancient

Egyptian," Papers of Linguistics, Faculty of Literature, Kyushu University , 8 (1987), 1-9.Tsukamoto, A. 1994:塚本明廣「エドウィン・スミス・パピルスにおける語中改行」『オリエ

ント』37/1, 1-16. Tsukamoto,　A.,"The　 Split　 Spellings　 in　the　 Edwin　 Smith　 Papyrus,"BSNESJ

37/1 (1994), 1-16.

Transliteration Using Computer," Journal of the Faculty of Culture and Education , Saga University, 2/1, 1-40.

Tsukamoto, A. 1997 : "Automated Transcription of Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts: via

Tsukamoto,　 A. 1998:塚本明廣「アッカド語規則動詞活用表自動作成プログラム」『佐賀大

学文化教育学部論文集』3/1, 1-40. Tsukamoto,　 A., "A　Program　 to　Generate　 Paradigms　 of

Akkadian Strong Verbs," Journal of the Faculty of Culture and Education , Saga University, 3/1 (1998), 1-40.

Tsukamoto,　 A. 1999:塚本明廣「アッカド語の動詞派生に関する一考察:{tan}語幹を中心

に」『京都産業大学国際言語科学研究所所報』20,81-128. Tsukamoto,　 A ., "Remarks　 on

Some Derivations of Verbs in Akkadian: Focusing on the Stems with {tan} ," Bulletin of the International Institute for Linguistic Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, 20 (1999), 81-128.

Tsumura,　 D.　T.1976:津村俊夫「ヘブル語語彙研究に対するウガリト学の貢献について」

『文藝言語研究』言語篇1,83-115.Tsumura,　 D.　 T., "Ugaritic Contributions　 to　 Hebrew

Lexicography," Studies in Language and Literature, Institute of Literature and Linguistics ,

Vol. XXXVI 2001 145

University of Tsukuba: Language 1 (1976), 83-115.

Tsumura, D. T. 1979 : "The verba primae waw, wld, in Ugaritic," Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 779-

782.

Tsumura, D. T. 1981 : "Literary Insertion (AXB) Pattern in Biblical Hebrew," in Proceedings ofthe Eighth World Congress of Jewish Studies, Division a: The Period of the Bible, Jerusalem.

Tsumura, D. T. 1983 : "Literary Insertion (AXB Pattern) in Biblical Hebrew," Vetus Testamentum

33, 468-482.

Tsumura, D. T. 1986a "Literary Insertion, AXB Pattern, in Hebrew and Ugaritic: a Problem of

Adjacency and Dependency in Poetic Parallelism," Ugarit-Forschungen 18, 351-361.

Tsumura, D. T. 1986b : "Niphal with an Internal Object in Hab 3, 9a," Journal of Semitic Studies31, 11-16.

Tsumura, D. T. 1988 : "'Inserted Bicolon', the AXYB Pattern, in Amos I 5 and Psalm IX 7," Vetus

Testamentum 38, 234-236.

Tsumura, D. T. 1991 : "Vowel Sandhi in Ugaritic," in M. Mori, H. Ogawa, & M. Yoshikawa

(eds.), Near Eastern Studies Dedicated to Prince Takahito Mikasa on the Occasion of His Seventy-fifth Birthday, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 427-435.

Tsumura,　 D.　T.1993:津村俊夫「聖書ヘブル語の音韻規則」『Exegetica』4,75-88.　 Tsumura,　 D.

T., "Phonological Rules in Biblical Hebrew," Exegetica 4 (1993), 75-88.

Tsumura, D. T. 1996 : "Coordination Interrupted, or Literary Insertion AX&B Pattern, in the

Books of Samuel," in de L. J. Regt, J. de Waard, & J. P. Fokkelman (eds.), Literary Structure and Rhetorical Strategies in the Hebrew Bible, Assen, 117-132.

Tsumura, D. T. 1997 : "Vowel sandhi in Biblical Hebrew," Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 109, 575-588.

Yoshida, K. 1987 : "The Present Mediopassive Endings -tati and -uasati in Hittite," Die Sprache

33, 29-33.

Yoshida, K. 1990 : The Hittite Mediopassive Endings in -ri, Walter de Gruyter.

Yoshida, K. 1991 : "Reconstruction of Anatolian Verbal Endings: the Third Person Plural

Preterites," The Journal of Indo-European Studies 19, 359-374

Yoshida, K. 1993 : "Notes on the Prehistory of Preterite Verbal Endings in Anatolian,"

Historische Sprachforschung 106, 26-35.

Yoshida, K. 1997 : "A Further Remark on the Hittite Verbal Endings 1 pl. -uani and 2 pl. -tani,"

in D. Q. Adams (ed.), Festschrift , Eric P. Hamp, Volume II, Washington DC, 187-194.

Yoshida, K. 1998a : "Hittite Verbs in -Vzi," in S. Alp, et al. (eds.), Acts of the IIIrd InternationalCongress of Hittitology, Ankara, 605-614.

Yoshida, K. 1998b : "Assibilation in Hittite," in K. Jones-Bley, et al. (eds.), Proceedings of theNinth Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, Washington D.C., 204-235.

Yoshida, K. 2000 : "The Original Ablaut of Hittite siuatt-," Munchener Studien zur

Sprachwissenschaft 60, 175-184.

Yoshida, K. 2001 : "The Prehistory of the Hittite Particle -ti," Indogermanische Forschungen 106,

84-94.

Yoshikawa, M. 1993 : Studies in the Sumerian Verbal System, ASJ Supplementary Series 1, The

Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan.

Yoshinari,　 K. 1988:吉成薫『ヒエログリフ入門』六興出版.[Yoshinari,　 K.,　 An　Introductory

Middle Egyptian Grammar, Rokko Shuppan, 1988.]

146 ORIENT

linguistic studies jun ikeda*

Documents