Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of 8 Open Cast Coal Mines producing less than 5 million cu.m. (OB+Coal) of

WCL based on Satellite Data for the Year 2013-14

MAKARDHOKRA-II OCP

Satighat Talav

UMRER OCP

UMRER

RANBORI R.F

Submitted to

WESTERN COALFIELD LIMITED

CMPDI

Job No 564408028/(WCL) i

Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of 8 Open Cast Coal Mines producing less than 5 million cu.m. (OB+Coal) of

WCL based on Satellite Data for the Year 2013-14

March-2014

Remote Sensing Cell Geomatics Division

CMPDI, Ranchi

CMPDI

Job No 564408028/(WCL) ii

CONTENTS Executive Summary III

1.0 Background 1

2.0 Objective III

3.0 Methology 2-5

4.0 Workplan 5

5.0 Land Reclamation Status in Western Coalfields Limited 6

List of Table

Table-1 Area Statistics of Landuse classes in OC mine 5.1(a) and 5.1 (b) 7-8

List of Plates

Plate-1 Land use Map of Yekona-I OC Mine 9

Plate-2 Land use Map of Yekona-II OC Mine 10

Plate-3 Land use Map of New Majri UG to OC Mine 11

Plate-4 Land use Map of Pauni –II OC Mine 12

Plate-5 Land use Map of Gokul OC Mine 13

Plate-6 Land use Map of Singhori OC Mine 14

Plate-7 Land use Map of Bhanegaon OC Mine 15

Plate-8 Land use Map of MKD-II OC Mine 16

List of Figure:

Figure-1 Bar chart of Projectwise Land Reclamation Status IV

Figure-2 Methology of Land Reclamation Monitoring 3

Figure-5.1 Bar chart of Land Reclamation Status of Yekona-I OC mine 17

Figure-5.2 Bar chart of Land Reclamation Status of Yekona-II OC mine 17

Figure-5.3 Bar chart of Land Reclamation Status of New Majri UG to OC mine 18

Figure-5.4 Bar chart of Land Reclamation Status of Pauni –II OC mine 18

Figure-5.5 Bar chart of Land Reclamation Status of Gokul OC mine 19

Figure-5.6 Bar chart of Land Reclamation Status of Singhori OC mine 19

Figure-5.7 Bar chart of Land Reclamation Status of Bhanegaon OC mine 20

Figure-5.8 Bar chart of Land Reclamation Status of MKD- II OC mine 20

List of Photograph:

Phot-1 Plantation under Social Forestry on the way to Pauni-II OCP 21

Phot-2 Plantation under Social Forestry near MKD-II OCP 21

Photo-3 Plantation under Social Forestry on the way to MKD- II OCP 22

Photo-4 Plantation on Barren OB Dump in MKD-II OCP 22

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Job No 564408028/(WCL) iii

Executive Summary

1.0 Project Land restoration / reclamation monitoring of 8 opencast coal mines of Western Coalfields Ltd. (WCL) producing less than 5 million cu.m. (Coal+OB) per year based on satellite data on regular basis at an interval of three years.

2.0 Objective Objective of the land restoration / reclamation monitoring is

to assess the area of backfilled, plantation, social forestry, active mining area, water bodies, and distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest in the leasehold area of the project. This will help in assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and to take up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection.

3.0 Salient Findings

Out of the total mine leasehold area of 3277.05 Ha.of the 8 opencast projects of WCL viz. Yekona-I OC ,Yekona-II OC ,New Majri UG to OC ,Pauni-II OC ,Gokul OC, Sighori OC, Bhanegaon OC and Makardhokra –II OC for monitoring during 2013-14; Only Makardhokra-II OC mine is under operation other 7 mines are not started as yet. While granting the EC, MOEF has put the condition for monitoring the status of Land Reclamation . Accordingly WCL ,placed the order for the same. In Makardhokra –II OC mine ,Total excavated area is 98.22Ha (3.00% ) Out of which 31.51Ha. (32.08%) has been planted, 33.85Ha (34.46%) is under backfilling and 32.86Ha. (33.46%) is under active mining.

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Job No 564408028/(WCL) iv

Fig.1: Land Reclamation status in OC projects less than 5mcm (Coal+ OB) of WCL in the year-2013

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Job No 564408028/(WCL) 1

1.0 Background

1.1 Land is the most important natural resource which embodies soil, water, flora and fauna and

total ecosystem. All human activities are based on the land which is most scarce natural

resource in our country. Mining is a site specific industry and it could not be shifted anywhere

else from the location where mineral occurs. It is a fact that surface mining activities do effect

the land environment due to ground breaking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reclaim

and restore the mined out land for its productive use for sustainable development of mining.

This will not only mitigate environmental degradation, but would also help in creating a more

congenial environment for land acquisition by coal companies in future.

1.2 Keeping above in view, Coal India Ltd. (CIL) issued a work order vide letter no.

CIL/WBP/Env/2011/4706 dated 12.10.2012 to Central Mine Planning & Design Institute

(CMPDI), Ranchi, which has well a equipped remote sensing facility and capability to monitor

the status of land reclamation for all the opencast coal mines having production of more than

5 million cu. m. per annum (coal + OB taken together) based on remote sensing satellite data,

regularly on annual basis for sustainable development of mining operation within command

area of CIL and its subsidiaries. Further, the opencast coal mining project of less than 5

million cu.m per annum capacity (Coal +OB) is also under satellite monitoring from the year

2011 at interval of three years. As per work order no CIL/WBP/Env/2011/4706 dated

12.10.2012 of CIL ,the result of land reclamation status of all such mines to be put on the

website of CIL, (www.coalindia.in), CMPDI (www.cmpdi.co.in) and the concerned coal

companies in public domain. Detail report to be submitted to Coal India and respective

subsidiaries.

1.3 Land reclamation monitoring of all opencast coal mining projects would also comply the

statutory requirements of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF).Such monitoring would

not only facilitate in taking timely mitigation measures against environmental degradation, but

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Job No 564408028/(WCL) 2

would also enable coal companies to utilize the reclaimed land for larger socio-economic

benefits in a planned way.

1.4 Present report is embodying the finding of the study based on satellite data of the year 2013

carried out of the 8 OC projects producing less than 5 million cu.m. of (Coal+OB) for Western

Coalfields Ltd.

2.0 Objective

Objective of the land reclamation/restoration monitoring is to assess the area of backfilled,

plantation, OB dumps, social forestry, active mining area, settlements and water bodies,

distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest land in the leasehold area of the project.

This is an important step taken up for assessing the progressive status of mined land

reclamation and for taking up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental

protection.

3.0 Methodology

There are number of steps involved between raw satellite data procurement and preparation

of final map. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad, being the nodal agency

for satellite data supply in India, provides only raw digital satellite data, which needs further

digital image processing for extracting the information and map preparation before uploading

the same in the website. Methodology for land reclamation monitoring is given in given in Fig

2. Following steps are involved in land reclamation /restoration monitoring:

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Job No 564408028/(WCL) 3

Figure: 2 Methodology for Land Reclamation Monitoring

3.1 Data Procurement: After browsing the data quality and date of pass on internet, supply

order for data is placed to NRSC. Secondary data like leasehold boundary, topo sheets are

procured for creation of vector database.

3.2 Satellite Data Processing: Satellite data are processed using ERDAS IMAGINE 2013

digital image processing s/w. Methodology involves the following major steps:

Rectification & Geo-referencing: Inaccuracies in digital imagery may occur due to

‘systematic errors’ attributed to earth curvature and rotation as well as ‘non-systematic

errors’ attributed to satellite receiving station itself. Raw digital images contain

geometric distortions, which make them unusable as maps. Therefore, geo-

referencing is required for correction of image data using ground control points (GCP)

to make it compatible to SoI topo sheet.

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Image enhancement:

To improve the interpretability of the raw data, image enhancement is necessary.

Local operations modify the value of each pixel based on brightness value of

neighbouring pixels using PCI Geomatica / ERDAS IMAGINE 2013s/w. and enhance

the image quality for interpretation.

Training set selection

Training set requires to be selected, so that software can classify the image data

accurately. The image data are analysed based on the interpretation keys. These

keys are evolved from certain fundamental image-elements such as tone/colour, size,

shape, texture, pattern, location, association and shadow. Based on the image-

elements and other geo-technical elements like land form, drainage pattern and

physiography; training sets were selected/identified for each land use/cover class.

Field survey was carried out by taking selective traverses in order to collect the

ground information (or reference data) so that training sets are selected accurately in

the image. This was intended to serve as an aid for classification.

Classification and Accuracy assessment

Image classification is carried out using the maximum likelihood algorithm. The

classification proceeds through the following steps: (a) calculation of statistics [i.e.

signature generation] for the identified training areas, and (b) the decision boundary of

maximum probability based on the mean vector, variance, covariance and correlation

matrix of the pixels. After evaluating the statistical parameters of the training sets,

reliability test of training sets is conducted by measuring the statistical separation

between the classes that resulted from computing divergence matrix. The overall

accuracy of the classification was finally assessed with reference to ground truth data.

Area calculation

The area of each land use class in the leasehold is determined using PCI Geomatica

v10.1 / ERDAS IMAGINE v. 2013 software.

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Overlay of Vector data base

Vector data base created based on secondary data. Vector layer like drainage,

railway line, leasehold boundary, forest boundary etc. are superimposed on the image

as vector layer in the Arc GIS database.

Pre-field map preparation

Pre-field map is prepared for validation of the classification result

3.3 Ground Truthing:

Selective ground verification of the land use classes are carried out in the field and necessary

corrections if required, are incorporated before map finalization.

3.4 Land reclamation database on GIS:

Land reclamation database is created on GIS platform to identify the temporal changes

identified from satellite data of different cut-of dates.

4.0 Work Plan

4.1 Eight opencast projects of WCL producing less than 5 million cubic m. (Coal + OB together)

during the year 2013 which have been taken up for land restoration / reclamation monitoring

based on the RESOURCESAT-2(L4FX) satellite data using / ERDAS Imaging digital image

processing s/w on GIS platform. Land reclamation monitoring will be carried out regularly on

annual basis to assess the progressive status of land restoration / reclamation in the above

opencast mines. The report of this study has been uploaded on the website of CMPDI & CIL

in public domain.

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5.0 Land Reclamation Status in Western coalfields Ltd.

5.1 Following 8 opencast projects of WCL producing less than 5 million cubic m. (Coal+OB)

together, were taken up for land reclamation monitoring during the year 2013.

Yekona-I OC

Yekona-II OC

New Majri UG to OC

Pauni –II OC

Gokul OC

Singhori OC

Bhanegaon OC

MKD-II OC

5.2 Area statistics of different land use class present in the mine leasehold of the above projects

for the year 2013 are shown in the Table - 5.1.(a) and 5.1(b) Land use maps derived from

satellite data are shown in Plate 5.1 – 5.8 Different land use classes based on satellite data

are depicted in Bar Charts in Fig.5.1 - 5.8

5.3 Study reveals that out of eight mines taken up for reclamation monitoring in WCL ; only MKD-

II OC mine is in operation other seven mines yet to open ,hence out of total 3277.05 Ha

leasehold area, 65.36 Ha (66.54%) has been reclaimed in MKD-II OC mine , 31.51 Ha.

(32.08%) area has been revegitated and 33.85Ha. (34.46%) area are under backfilling in

MKD-II OC mine only.

5.4 Pre-mining Land use /Cover Status in 8 mines are given in Table5.1(a) and 5.1 (b).

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Table 5.1(a) STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION / LAND USE /COVER PATERRN OF OPEN CAST MINES IN WCL BASED ON SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2013

Area in Ha Project

Name

Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area %

YEKONA-I 41.60 15.67 41.60 15.67

YEKONA-II 104.74 25.27 104.74 25.27

NEW MAJRI

UG to OC109.86 22.93 4.78 1.00 4.78 1.00 114.64 23.93

PAUNI-II 76.98 24.34 76.98 24.34

GOKUL 15.75 2.05 4.64 0.60 20.39 2.65 170.69 22.25 4.65 0.61 4.65 0.61 195.73 25.51

SINGHORI 94.43 22.06 0.18 0.04 0.18 0.04 94.61 22.10

BHANEGAON 98.83 28.39 98.83 28.39

MKD-II 42.29 16.38 0.64 0.25 26.73 10.35 4.14 1.60 31.51 32.08 73.80 48.46 30.05 11.64 2.40 0.93 0.41 0.16 32.86 12.73 32.24 12.48 33.85 13.11 66.09 25.59 98.95 38.32

TOTAL 15.75 0.48 4.64 0.14 20.39 0.62 739.42 22.56 10.25 0.31 26.73 0.82 4.14 0.13 41.12 33.73 800.93 24.44 30.05 11.64 2.40 0.93 0.41 0.16 32.86 1.00 32.24 12.48 33.85 13.11 66.09 25.59 98.95 38.32

Barren

Backfilled

Area

Total Area

under

Technical

Reclamation

Total Area

under mining

Dense

Forest

Social

Forestry

Barren OB

Dump

Open

Forest

Total Forest Scrubs Plantation

on OB

Plantation

on Backfill

Total

Plantation

(Biological

Reclamation)

Waterfilled

QuarryTotal Vegetation Coal Quarry Coal Dump Total Area

under Active

Mining

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Table 5.1(b) STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION / LAND USE /COVER PATERRN OF OPEN CAST MINES IN WCL BASED ON SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2013

Note : Above opencast area not started as yet .However, MOEF has put the condition of Environment clearance for compliance . On request of WCL monitoring of above project’s have been done.

Total

leasehold

Area

%age

Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area %

3.97 1.49 0.00 0.00 3.97 1.49 133.28 50.20 86.65 32.637 219.93 82.84 265.50 8.10

119.18 28.75 190.64 45.986 309.82 74.73 414.56 12.65

8.76 1.83 0.00 0.00 8.76 1.83 9.22 1.92 9.22 1.92 172.5 36.00 168.2 35.103 340.7 71.10 0.00 5.14 1.07 0.70 0.15 5.84 1.22 479.16 14.62

0.94 0.30 5.41 1.71 6.35 2.01 6.91 2.18 6.91 2.18 117.5 37.15 108.56 34.322 226.06 71.47 316.30 9.65

0.90 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.01 15.8 2.06 15.78 2.06 158.44 20.65 393.35 51.273 551.79 71.93 2.97 0.39 2.97 0.39 767.17 23.41

0.41 0.11 0.36 0.08 0.77 0.12 4.36 1.02 4.36 1.64 255.32 59.65 72.43 0.1692 327.75 76.58 0.51 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.12 428.00 13.06

0.83 0.24 7.02 2.02 7.85 2.25 4.08 1.17 4.08 1.54 200.21 57.51 37.16 10.674 237.37 68.18 348.13 10.62

5.29 2.05 0.00 0.00 5.29 2.05 15.08 5.84 64.26 24.885 79.34 30.72 0.00 0.00 0.4 0.15 0.46 0.18 0.85 0.33 98.22 3.00 65.36 66.54 258.23 7.88

21.10 0.64 12.79 0.39 33.89 1.03 40.35 1.23 40.35 1.23 1171.51 35.75 1121.25 34.22 2292.76 69.96 3.48 0.11 5.53 0.17 1.16 0.04 10.17 0.31 98.22 3.00 65.36 66.54 3277.05 100.00

GOKUL

Total

NEW MAJRI

UG to OC

MKD-II

Total

Reclaimed

Area

Total

excavated

area

Total

Settlement

Waste Land Fly Ash

pondSand

Body

YEKONA-I

YEKONA-II

PAUNI-II

SINGHORI

BHANEGAON

IndustrialProject Name Total Agriculture

land

Rural UrbanTotal Waste

land

Reservoir,

Nala ,ponds

etc

Total Water

Body

Crop Land Fallow Land

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Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

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Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

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Figure 5.5

Figure -5.6

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Figure-5.7

Figure-5.8

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Photo :1 Plantation under Social Forestry on the way to Pauni –II OCP

Photo :2 Plantation under Social Forestry near MKD-II OCP

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Photo :3 Plantation under Social Forestry on the way to MKD-II OCP

Photo:4 Plantation on Barren OB in MKD-II Opencast Mine