1. Hemoflagellates: Trypanosomaspp. University of Sulaimani School of Science Department of Biology Practical Parasitology 2 ndstage Lab 7 : Trichomoniasis

2.

Objectives: Students should be able to:

• Identify developmental stages of the life cycle ofTrypanosomaspp.

• List methods of diagnosis ofTrypanosomaspp.

Trypanosomiasis 3.

Trypanosomiasis is a group of diseases causedTrypanosomaspp. in different location in the world.

Trypanosomiasis

African trypanosomiasis

• (African Sleeping sickness)

American trypanosomiasis

• (Chagas disease)

4. Trypanosomiasis

West-Africa trypanosomiasis:

Trypanosoma gambiense

East-Africa trypanosomiasis :

Trypanosoma rhodesiense

American trypanosomiasis:

Trypanosoma cruzi

5.

Malaria

Onchocerciasis

Lymphatic filariasis

African Trypanosomiasis

American Trypanosomiasis

Leishmaniasis

Trypanosomiasis Major Vector-Borne Diseases 6.

Salivaria:

• Anterior section develops in anterior portions of digestive tract.

• Trypanosoma gambiense,T. rodesienseT. vivax; T. evansi,

Stercoraria ( sterc/o feces)

• Posterior section develops in hindgut of insect.

• T. cruzi; T. melophagium; T. lewisi

Trypanosomes:Classification 7.

• Amastigote (Leishmania) stage: Intracellular stage, replicate within cells of reticuloendothelial system; 2-4mm in diameter, spheroidor slightly oval, without flagella, may see> 100 amastigotes/cell.

Trypanosomes:Morphology 8.

• Promastigote (Leptomonas stage): elongated orfusiform (from short and fat to long and thin) with flagella extending forward, the kinetoplastid located distally at the anterior end. without undulating membrane.

Trypanosomes:Morphology 9.

• Epimastigot (C rithidia stage ):elongated with anterior flagella and undulating membrane. The kinetoplastid located near the nucleus.

Trypanosomes:Morphology 10.

• Trypomastigote in the blood stream; flagellum runs entire length from posterior.

• • The K is posterior to the N.

• • Includes metacyclic (infective) stage intsetse fly.

Trypanosomes:Morphology 11. Polymorphic spindle-shaped parasites 12.

Trypomastigotes in the blood stream

Trypanosomes:Morphology 13. African Trypanosomiasis

A systemic protozoal disease

Organisms grow in blood, lymph, CSF, and intercellular spaces (in contrast toT. cruzi)

Endemic in 36 countries and affects from 20,000 to 50,000 annually.

Untreated is universally fatal.

14. African Trypanosomiasis 15. Trypanosoma gambiense

G.D. : West and central Africa

Disease:mid and west African sleeping sickness

Habitat:extracellular parasite in blood and other body fluid of vertebrates.

Vector: tsetse fly ( Glossina palpalis )

16. Trypanosoma gambiense

Vector -Tse Tse fly

• Glossina palpalis

The Mouthpart of the Vector injected to the skin of the victim during a blood meal 17. Trypanosoma rhodesiense

G.D. : East of Africa

Disease:Rhodesian or east African sleeping sickness

Habitat:extracellular parasite in blood and other body fluid of vertebrates.

Vector: tsetse fly ( Glossina morsitans )

18. TransmissionTransmitted byTsetse fly Apregnantwomen pass it to her fetus (rare) Through a bloodtransfusion(rare) 19. 20. Trypanosoma gambiense African trypanosomiasis Taking up & injecting the infectious form: 21. Where patients live 22. Tissue phase: chancre 23. Winterbottom , s sign Enlarged cervical lymph nodes

• • Appear at the base of skull; sign of certain death according to slave traders.

Hemolymphatic phase 24. CNS phase 25.

Tissue phase

• • Fluid aspirated from a chancre

Hemolymphatic phase

• • Lymph-node aspirate

• • Concentrated of the blood buffy coat

CNS phase

• • Double centrifugation technique .

Diagnosis Stage related 26. Trypanosoma 27. American Trypanosomiasis Dr. Carlos Chagas Central and South America. Chagas DiseaseTrypanosoma cruzi typical C or S-shaped form. 28.

G.D. : South America.

Disease:American Trypanisomiasis or Chagas disease

Habitat:Blood, tissue cell especially heart muscle, nerves, skeletal and smooth muscle of GIT by way of the blood and lymphatic system

Vector: triatomine bug (reduviid bug)

American Trypanosomiasis Triatoma infestans 29.

Kissing bugs ( Triatoma infestans ) transmit

T. cruziwhile feeding,

not byinoculationbut byfaecal contamination .

30. 31. Chagas' disease

• • Romaa sign:bipalpebral edema (unilateral)

32. Laboratory diagnosis

Acute phase

• • Giemsa stained buffy coat blood smear

• • Biopsy specimen find Trypomastigotes and Amastigotes

Chronic phase

• • Xenodiagnosis

• • Culture on NNN media

• • Serology , IHA, IFAT, ELISA,

33. Laboratory diagnosis 34. Xenodiagnosis