Progress in Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness

Springer-Verlag France S.A.R.L

Michel Dumas, Bernard Bouteille, Alain Buguet (Eds)

Progress in Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness

Michel Dumas Universite de Limoges, Faculte de Medecine Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale 2, rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France

Bernard Bouteille Universite de Limoges, Faculte de Medecine Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale 2, rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France

Alain Buguet Centre de Recherches du Service de Sante des Armees Emile Parde Unite de Physiologie de Ia Vigilance 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France

Cover photo, © Stephan Schneider, Saint Goussaud, France

ISBN 978-2-287-59655-1 ISBN 978-2-8178-0857-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-2-8178-0857-4

© 1999 Springer-Verlag France Originally published by Springer-Verlag France, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Progress in human African trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness I Michel Dumas, Bernard Bouteille, Alain Buguet, eds. P.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

I. African trypanosomiasis.!. Dumas, Michel, 1934-. II. Bouteille, Bernard, 1952-. III. Buguet, Alain. [DNLM: I. Trypanosomiasis, African. 2. Trypanosoma-pathogenicity. 3. Trypanocidal Agents. 4. Host-Parasite Relations. WC 705 P964 1999] RC 186. T82P76 1999 616. 9'363--dc21 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 98-31567

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Spin: 10560434

Foreword

A new manual on human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) may seem in­appropriate at the end of the twentieth century. Unfortunately, the life­threatening HAT remains an obscure disease which is, once again, spreading across intertropical Africa. Although there is no revolutionary breakthrough, some significant scientific advances are arising from field and laboratory research in the description of new clinical symptoms and diagnosis techniques as well as the search for an efficient and safe drug treatment. For example, modem pathogenic immunology has enhanced the understanding of the processes developed by the trypanosome to pen­etrate into the central nervous system. These breakthrough events are ex­posed in the following chapters written by several scientists and physicians who spend a great part of their research activities studying this grave disease.

Although fatal, HAT is largely neglected and tucked away from the major scientific interests, probably because it affects populations and countries economically weak. Because of its capacity to escape the host defense mechanisms, causing a disease with very diverse clinical poten­tialities, the trypanosome constitutes an excellent model of the host-par­asite relationship. However, HAT still represents an enigma for the scientific community.

May this manual answer the reader's many questions, stimulate his curiosity and help his understanding of that disease.

MicHEL DuMAS

BERNARD BouTEILLE

ALAIN BuouET

Contents

CHAPTER 1 "Trypanosomiasis exists when it is searched for ... "

JL FREZIL •••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•·•• 1

CHAPTER 2 Identification of trypanosomes: from morphology to molecular biology W GmsoN, J STEVENS, P TRue ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7

CHAPTER 3 Antigenic variation in African trypanosomes

EPAYS ••••••••·••••••••••·•·••••••••••••••·•·•••••••••••••••·•·••••••••••·•·•••• 31

CHAPTER 4 Carbohydrate metabolism FR 0PPERDOES ••••.•••••••••••••..••••••••••••••••..••••••••••••••.••••••••••• 53

CHAPTER 5 Polyamine metabolism JC BRETON, B BouTEILLE ................................................ 81

CHAPTER 6 Cytokines and the blood-brain barrier in human and experimental African trypanosomiasis vw PENTREATH • • • . • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • . • . •• . • . • . • • . • • • . • . . • . • • • . • • • • • • • . • . •• • • •• 105

CHAPTER 7 Cytokines in the pathogenesis of human African trypanosomiasis: antagonistic roles ofTNF-a and IL-10 SG RmNo, PN SuEK • . • . • . • . • . •• • • . • . • . •• •• . • . • • •• •• . • . • . • . • . • • • . •• • . . • . .. 119

CHAPTER 8 Immunology of African trypanosomiasis p VINCENDEAU, MO JAUBERTEAU-MARCHAN, s DAULOUllDE,

z AYED •••.••••••••••••.•.••••••••••••.•.•.•.•••••••••••.•.•.•••••••••••..•.•••• 137

CHAPTER 9 Pathology of African trypanosomiasis K KRISTENSSON, M BENTIVOGLIO ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 157

CHAPTER 10 Hormones in human African trypanosomiasis MW RADOMSKI, G BRANDENBERGER .................................. 183

CHAPTER 11 Sleeping sickness: a disease of the clock with nitric oxide involvement A BuouET, R CEsPuGuo .................................................. 191

CHAPTER 12 Electroencephalographic features and evoked potentials in human African trypanosomiasis F T ABARAUD, p T A PIE •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • •• •• • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • 203

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CHAPTER 13 Clinical aspects of human African trypanosomiasis M DuMAS, S BisSER ....................................................... 215

CHAPTER 14 Biological diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis N vAN MEIRVENNE .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .................. ...... .. .. ... 235

CHAPTER 15 Present strategies in the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis S VAN NIEUWENHOVE ....................................................... 253

CHAPTER 16 The nitroimidazoles and human African trypanosomiasis G CHAUVIERE, J PERlE ...... .. .. .. .. ...................... ...... .. .. .. ..... 281

CHAPTER 17 Experimental models for new chemotherapeutic approaches to human African trypanosomiasis B BoUTEILLE, M KEITA, B ENANGA, J MEzui ME NooNG .... 289

CHAPTER 18 Prophylactic strategies in human African trypanosomiasis A STANGHELLINI .............................................................. 301

CHAPTER 19 International co-operation: past and present p DE RAADT, J JANNIN ...................................................... 315

Contributors

AYED z. Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale Faculte de Medecine, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland F-87025 Limoges Cedex - France

BENTIVOGLIO M. Institute of Anatomy and Histology University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie I-37134 Verona- Italy

BISSER S. Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale Faculte de Medecine, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland F-87025 Limoges Cedex - France

BOUTEILLE B.

Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale Faculte de Medecine, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland F-87025 Limoges Cedex - France

BRANDENBERGER G. Laboratoire de Physiologie et Psychologie Environnementales 21, rue Becquerel F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex - France

BRETON J.C. Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale Faculte de Medecine, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland F-87025 Limoges Cedex - France

BuGUETA.

Centre de Recherches du Service de Sante des Armees Emile Parde Unite de Physiologie de la Vigilance BP 87 F-38702 La Tronche Cedex- France

X Contributors

CESPUGLIO R.

Universite Claude-Bernard Lyon I, Departement de Medecine Experimentale, 8, avenue Rockefeller F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08 - France

CHAUVIERE G.

Groupe de Chimie Organique Biologique - UMR 5623 Universite Paul Sabatier Bat 2R1, 118, route de Narbonne F-31032 Toulouse Cedex- France

DAULOUEDE S. Laboratoire de Parasitologie Universite de Bordeaux II, 146, rue Leo Saignat F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex - France

DERAADTP.

World Health Organization Division of Control of Tropical Diseases, 20, avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva- Switzerland

DUMASM.

Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale Faculte de Medecine, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland F-87025 Limoges Cedex - France

ENANGAB.

Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale Faculte de Medecine, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland F-87025 Limoges Cedex - France

FREZILJ.L.

Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement BP 5045, F-34032 Montpellier Cedex - France

GIBSONW.

Department of Biological Sciences University of Bristol, Woodland Road Bristol BS8 1 UG - United Kingdom

JANNIN J,

World Health Organization Division of Control of Tropical Diseases, 20, avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva- Switzerland

Contributors

JAUBERTEAU-MARCHAN M.O.

Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale Faculte de Medecine, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland F-87025 Limoges Cedex - France

KEITA M.

Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale Faculte de Medecine, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland F-87025 Limoges Cedex - France

KRISTENSSON K.

Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institute, Doktorsringen 17 S-171 77 Stockholm - Sweden

MEZUI ME NDONG J,

Centre International de Recherche Medicale BP 769, Franceville- Gabon

0PPERDOES F.R. ICP-TROP 74.39 Avenue Hippocrate 74 B-1200 Brussels - Belgium

PAYS E. Department of Molecular Biology University of Brussels, 67, rue des Chevaux B-1640 Rhode St Genese - Belgium

PENTREATH V.W. Department of Biological Sciences University of Salford Salford M5 4WT- United Kingdom

PEruEJ. Groupe de Chimie Organique Biologique - UMR 5623 Universite Paul Sabatier Bat 2R1, 118, route de Narbonne F-31032 Toulouse Cedex- France

RADOMSKI M. w. Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine 1133 Sheppard Avenue, West- P.O. Box 2000 Toronto, Ontario M3M 3B9 - Canada

XI

XII

RHINDS.G.

Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine 1133 Sheppard Avenue, West- P.O. Box 2000 Toronto, Ontario M3M 3B9 - Canada

SHEKP.N.

Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine 1133 Sheppard Avenue, West- P.O. Box 2000 Toronto, Ontario M3M 3B9 - Canada

STANGHELLINI A. Mission Franc;aise de Cooperation CP 707, Luanda - Angola

STEVENS J. Department of Biological Sciences University of Bristol, Woodland Road Bristol BS8 1 UG- United Kingdom

TABARAUD F. Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Neurologique CHU Dupuytren, 2, avenue Martin Luther King F-87042 Limoges Cedex - France

TAPIE P. Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Neurologique CHU Dupuytren, 2, avenue Martin Luther King F-87042 Limoges Cedex -France

TRUC P.

Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement Conditions de vie et Developpement BP 5045 F-34032 Montpellier Cedex 01

VAN MEIRVENNE N.

Institute of Tropical Medicine Prince Leopold Nationalestraat 155 B 2000 Antwerpen - Belgium

VAN NIEUWENHOVE S.

WHO Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville - Republic of Congo

Contributors

Contributors

VINCENDEAU P. Laboratoire de Parasitologie Universite de Bordeaux II, 146, rue Leo Saignat F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex- France

XIII