kerala laws for citizens- niyama padam

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LEGAL LITERACY PROGRAMMEFor

College Students

KELSA(Kerala State Legal Services Authority)

\n-ba]m-TwtIm-tfPv- hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v-

AS A PART OFThe National Legal Literacy Mission

A PROJECT OF

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Title : Niyamapadam College VidyardhikalkkuCopyright : ©ReservedNinth Edition : November, 2011Copies : 1,01,250Layout &Printed at : Ayodhya Printers Ltd., Elamakkara, Cochin-26

Ph: 0484-2408797Published by : KERALA STATE LEGAL SERVICES

AUTHORITY (KELSA),Niyama Sahaya Bhavan, High Court Compound,Kochi - 682 017.

For circulation in the Legal LiteracyClasses conducted by KELSA

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BapJwtIcf kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn‰n bph-X-e-

ap-d-bv°mbv Cu h¿jhpw \nb-a-t_m-[-h¬°-c-W-¢m- p-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\mbn \nb-a-]m-T-]p-kvXIwhfsc efn-X-am-bn-Xs∂ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-́ p-≠v. \nb-a-ß-sf-°-p-dn®pw\oXn-\ym-b-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ASn-ÿm-\-⁄m-\-ap≈hnZym¿∞n-k-aqlw \oXn-t_m-[-ap≈ `mhn-X-e-ap-d-bmbn ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNø-s∏Spw F∂Xv X¿°-a‰ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. Cuhnizm-k-amWv bph-X-e-ap-dbv°v \nb-a-]T\¢m- p-Iƒ°v XpS-°-an-Sm≥ t{]c-W-bm-b-Xpw. ap≥h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu kwcw`w ssIh-cn® hnP-bhpw kzoIm-cy-Xbpw Imew ImØn-cn-°p∂ Hcp henbam‰-Øn-te-°mWv \sΩ \bn-°p-∂-Xv. Ign™ Ime-ß-fn¬A¿∏-W-t_m-[-tØmsS tIc-f kw-ÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkvAtXm-dn-‰n-tbm-sSm∏w tN¿∂v {]b-Xv\n® kpa-\- p-Isf \μn-tbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p.

Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ap≥]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ kl-I-cn® {ioa-Xn. jo\ jp°q¿, AUz. ]mem tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥\mb¿, AUz. Pn. APnXv Ipam¿, AUz. Un.-_n. _n\p, AUz.sI.-]n. {]Zo-]v, AUz. sFk-Iv. Sn.- t]mƒ, AUz.-A\n tPmk-^vsI.-F., AUz. tPm¿Pv kJ-dnb F∂n-h-tcmSv {]tXyIw \μn]d-bp-∂p. Ign™ ]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb \nb-a-ß-sf-°q-SmsX ASn-a-Ø-sØm-gn¬ k{º-Zmb \n¿Ø-em-°¬ \nb-aw,alm-flm-Km‘n tZiob {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏v \nb-aw, Akw-L-SnX sXmgn-emfn kmaqly kpc£m \nb-aw, tZiob kmaq-ly-kp-c£m kanXn F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v IqSn Cu ]cn-jvI-cn®]Xn-∏n¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.

Ah-Im-i-ß-sfbpw IS-a-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v kzbw-t_m-[y-ap≈P\X kº-∂-amb kmaqly hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS {]I-S-amb e£-W-am-Wv. Imew hmgvØp∂ t{ijvT-amb hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS \n¿Ωn-Xn-°mbn Cu kwcw`w ka¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. Cu sNdp-\m-f-ßƒ \mSns‚ bph-X-e-ap-d-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ sImfpØnhbv°s´; Ccpƒ \nd-bp∂ ImgvN-I-fn¬ shfn®w hnX-dp∂ \oXn-bpsS hgn-I-fn¬ AkvX-abw C√mØ ]I-ep-Iƒ Xo¿°p∂{]Im-i-t{km-X- p-I-fmbn kzbw amdp-hm≥.

Gh¿°pw \∑-Iƒ Biw-kn-®p-sIm≠v,

P-kv-‰n-kv- kn.-F≥. cma-N-{μ≥ \mb¿

FIvknIyq´ohv sNb¿am≥tI-c-f-m tÃ‰v eo-K¬- k¿-ho-k-kv- A-tXmdn-‰n

6

cm-jv-{Sw-

P\ßƒ-°p-th≠n-

P\ßƒ-

cm-jv-{SØn-\p-th≠n-

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Pkv-‰n-kv- A_v-Zpƒ- K^q¿-

FIv-kn-Iyq-ó-hv- sNb¿-am≥

tIcf kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn-‰n

Ieq-¿, sIm®n˛1707.04.2005

H∂mw ]Xn-∏ns‚

Bap-Jw-

\n-bakm-£cXm-cw-KØv- tIcf kw-kv-Ym-\ eo-K¬- k¿-ho-kkv-AtXm-dn-‰n- (sI¬-k)- as‰m-cp- Im¬-shbv-∏p-Iq-Sn- \SØp-∂p.- tIm-tfPp-hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈ \n-bakm-£cXm-]≤Xn- Ign-™h¿-jw-Xs∂,-kv-{Xo-im-Iv-Xo-IcWw- e£y-am-°n,- tIm-tfPp-hn-Zym¿-∞n-\n-Iƒ-°m-bn-\n-bakm-£cXm-¢m-kp-Iƒ- \SØn-bn-cp-∂p.- F∂m¬- B¨-Ip-ń-Itf°q-Sn- Dt±in-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ Cu- ]≤Xn- AXn¬-\n-∂pw- Gsd hy-Xy-kv-Xam-Wv,- D≈S°Øn-epw,- e£y-Øn-epw.-

s]¨-Ip-ń-Iƒ-°p- am-{Xam-bn- \SØs∏´ ¢m-kp-Iƒ- h≥-hn-Pbam-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-bakm-£cXm-¢m-kp-Ifn¬- Xßsf°q-Sn- Dƒ-s∏Sp-ØWsa∂,- B¨-Ip-ń-Ifp-sS Bhiyw- ]cn-KWn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- Cu-]≤Xn-°v- cq-]w-\¬-In-bn-´p-≈Xv.- kw-kv-Ym-\sØ F√m- tIm-tfPp-Ifnsebpw- c≠mw-h¿-j Un-{Kn- hn-Zym¿-∞n-˛hn-Zym¿-∞n-\n-Iƒ-°m-bm-Wv- CXp- kw-LSn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂Xv.-

2005 am¿-®v- 6˛\v- \yq-Z¬-ln-bn¬- \S∂ Hcp- NSßn¬- \Ωp-sS {][m-\a{¥n-bpw- C¥y-bp-sS No-^v-Pkv-‰n-kpw-tN¿-∂v- \n-bakm-£cXm-cw-KØv- Hcp- ]p-Xp-{]kv-Ym-\Øn-\v- Xp-S°w-Ip-dn-®p-˛tZio-b\n-bakm-£cXm-an-j≥.- APv-RXbn¬-\n-∂pw- \n-baØn-eq-∂n-bp-≈ im-Iv-Xo-IcWw-˛AXm-Wv- Cu- \q-X\ {]kv-Ym-\Øn-s‚ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw.-

`m-cXØn-sem-cn-SØpw- AXn-s‚ {]h¿-Ø\w- Bcw-`n-®n-ń-√.- km-£cXm-{]kv-Ym-\Øn¬- ap-ºcm-bn-\n-∂ tIcfo-b¿,- \n-bakm-£cXm-cw-KØpw- B kv-Ym-\w- ssIhn-ń-cp-∂n-√.- kv-Iqƒ-hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°m-bn Ign-™ aq-∂p-h¿-jam-bn- hn-PbIcam-bn- \SØn-t∏m-cp-∂ \n-ba]m-Tw- ¢m-kp-Iƒ- tIcfØn-s‚am-{Xw- {]tXy-IXbm-Wv.- Ab¬-°q-́ w-{]h¿-ØI¿-°m-bn- Ip-Spw-_{io-bp-am-bn- klIcn-®p- \SØn-t∏m-cp-∂\n-bakm-£cXm- ]≤Xn-bpw- \Ωp-tSXp-am-{Xam-b t\ám-Wv.-

tZio-b\n-bakm-£cXm-an-js‚ {]h¿-Ø\m-cw-`hpw,- aebm-faÆn¬-\n-∂p-Xs∂bm-Is´.- tIm-tfPp-hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈ \n-bakm-£cXm-]≤Xn- Rßƒ- AXn-\m-bn- ka¿-∏n-°p-∂p.-

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hn-Ikn-X C¥y-˛C∂pw- \m-tam-tcm-cp-Øcpw- a\ n-eq-´p-∂ Hcp-kz-]v-\am-WXv.- B kz-]v-\km-£m-Xv-Im-cØn¬- \n-bakm-£cXbv-°pw-km-cam-sbm-cp- ]¶p≠v.- Kn-cn-h¿-§°m¿,- \yq-\]£hn-`m-K°m¿,- a‰p-A[x-kv-Yn-Xcm-bh¿- F∂n-hsc cmPy-Øn-s‚ ap-Jy-[m-cbn-te°p- ssI]n-Sn-®p-b¿-ØWsa¶n¬- Ahcp-sS AhIm-im-[n-Im-cßsf°p-dn-®p-≈Aht_m-[w- Ah¿-°p-≠m-IWw.- Ah¿-°p-≈ \n-ba]chpw km-aq-ly-]chpw- `cW]chp-am-b kw-c£Isf°p-dn-®v- Ah¿- t_m-[hm-∑m-cm-bn-°Ww.- km-aq-ly-\o-Xn- F∂ ]m-h\e£y-Øn-te°p-≈ Nhn-´p-]Sn-Iq-Sn-bm-WXv.- \n-bakm-£cXm-{]h¿-Ø\ßfn-eq-sS am-{Xta CXv- km-[y-am-Iq.- Chn-sSbm-Wv- Cu- tZio-bkm-£cXm-an-j\p- Hcp- henb ]¶p-hln-°m-\p-≈Xv.-

P\ßƒ-°p-≈ kzm-X{¥yw- A\p-`htbm-Ky-am-°p-I,- AXp-hgn-Ahcp-sS Po-hn-XØn-\p- ]p-Xn-b A¿-∞w-\¬-Ip-I.- Hm-tcm-cp-Øcpw- A\p-`hn-°p-∂ A\o-Xn- a\ n-em-°m≥- km-[n-°m-Ø Ahkv-Ysbbm-Wv-APv-RX F∂p- ]dtb≠Xv.- Cu- APv-RXbm-Wv- ]p-tcm-Ka\{]h¿-Ø\ßƒ,- Kp-Wt`m-Iv-Xm-°fn¬- FØnt®cmØXn-\p-≈ {][m-\ {]Xn-_\v-[w.- Cu- {]Xn-_\v-[w- X´n-am-‰m-\p-≈ Icp-Øp-‰ Bbp-[am-bn- \n-bakm-£cXm-{]h¿-Ø\sØ hm¿-sØSp-°Ww.- AXm-Wv- sI¬-kbp-sS DZy-aw.- Hm-tcm- {Km-aØn-epw- \n-bat_m-[ap-≈ GXm-\pw- sNdp-∏°m-cp-≠m-IWw.- AXn-te°p-≈ Hcp- sNdp-Im¬-shbv-∏p-am-{Xam-Wv- tIm-tfPp-hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈ Cu- \n-bakm-£cXm-]≤Xn.- CXn-s‚hn-PbØn-\m-bn- F√m-hcp-sSbpw- klm-bw- A`y¿-∞n-°p-∂p.-

kkv-t\lw-

P-kv-‰n-kv- sI.-F.- A-_v-Zp¬- K-^q¿

FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv sNb¿am≥

tIcf kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿ho-kkv AtXm-dn‰n

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D≈S°w`mKw H∂v ˛ hnhml \nb-a-ßƒ

1. hn-hm-lw- .................................................................... 122. ap-…ow- hn-hm-lw- ..................................................... 163. {In-kvXy≥ hnhml \nb-aw .............................. 204. {]tXyI hnhml \nb-aw .................................. 235. Poh-\mwi \nb-a-ßƒ ........................................ 266.- hn-hm-l kw-_‘am-b Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßƒ- ........ 31

`mKw c≠v ˛ {In-an-\¬- \n-baßƒ-

1. Hcp- {In-an-\¬-tIkv- cPn-kv-‰¿- sNøp-∂Xpw-Nm¿-÷p- sNøp-∂Xpw- Fßn-s\ .................... 38

2.- Adkv-‰v,- Pm-ayw- ...................................................... 413.- {In-an-\¬- tIkp-Ifp-sS hn-Nm-cW ................ 484. dmKnwKv \ntcm[\ \nbaw ................................. 505.- {`q-W]cn-tim-[\ \n-b{¥W\n-baw- ............ 526.- `£Wkm-[\ßfn¬- am-bw- tN¿-°¬- ...... 54

`mKw aq∂v ˛ a‰p-\n-baßƒ-

1. D]t`m-Iv-Xr-kw-c£W\n-baw- ........................ 602.- A¥co-£,- Pe,- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-

aen-\o-IcWw- ......................................................... 633.- Btcm-Ky-kw-c£Ww- ......................................... 684.- sN°v-kw-_‘am-b \n-baßƒ- ...................... 715.- _m-e\o-Xn- \n-baw- ................................................ 716.- tZio-b h\n-Xm-IΩo-j≥- .................................. 727.- a\p-jym-hIm-i IΩo-j≥- ................................ 748. hnhcmhImi \nbaw .......................................... 769. s]mXpapX¬ \in∏n°p∂Xv

XSbp∂ \nbaw .................................................... 7910. amXm]nXm°fpsSbpw apXn¿∂

]uc∑mcpsSbpw Poh\mwiØn\pwt£aØn\pambp≈ \nbaw 2007 ................... 81

11. ASn-aØ sXmgn¬ k{º-Zm-b(-\n¿Ø-em-°¬) \nb-aw, 1976 ......................... 84

12. alm-flm-Km‘n {KmaoWsXmgn-ep-d∏v \nbaw 2005 ................................... 85

13. Akw-L-SnX sXmgn-emfn kmaqlykpc£m \nbaw 2008 ......................................... 87

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14. tZio-b- km-aqlykpc-£m-\n-baw ................. 8915. s]mXpÿeßfnse ]pIhen

in£m¿lamWv .................................................... 9016. hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-\n-baw ..................................... 9317.- \n-ba tkh\ AtXm-dn-‰n- \n-baw- ................ 10018.- \n-ba ]cn-lm-c am¿-§ßƒ- .............................. 104

11

`m-Kw- ˛ H∂v-

hn-hm-l\n-baßƒ-

12

1.- - - - - hnhmlw

hnhmlw F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ \nb-a-hym]vXn hyXykvX hy‡n \nb-a-ß-fn¬ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-´m-sW-¶nepw Dt±iyw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Hcpkaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-amb IpSpw_w cq]o-I-cn-°¬, Hcp kv{Xobpw]pcp-j\pw at‰-sXm-cm-sfbpw ]pd-¥-f-fn-s°m≠v Ah¿°v P\n-°p∂a°ƒ°v \nb-a]-c-amb AwKo-Imcw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn kwtbm-Pn-°p-I AXmWv hnhm-lw-sIm≠v Dt±--in-°p-∂-Xv.

lnμp- hn-hmlw

hnhmlw lnμp-°ƒ°v Hcp hnip≤ I¿Ω-am-Wv. lnμphnhml\nbaw {]tXy-I-ambn BNm-c-ap-d-Itfm \S-]Sn{Ia-ßtfm \njv°¿jn-°p-∂n-√, F∂m¬ h¿j-ß-fmbn ]men-®p-t]m-cp∂ Iogvh-g°ßƒ°vaXn-bmb ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂p-ap-≠v. lnμpaXw At\Iw PmXn-aXßƒsIm≠v \nd-™-Xm-Wv. Ah-cp-sS-sbms° PohnXcoXn-I-fn-ep-ff hyXym-k-ß-ƒt]mseXs∂ Ah-chcpsS hnhml A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw hnhm-l-co-Xn-Ifpw hyXy-kvX-amWv. lnμp°fpsS hnhmlwkw_-‘n-°p∂ \nbaw 1955˛se lnμphnhml\nb-a-amWv. Cu \nba{]Im-chpw hnhmlw km[q-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Iogvhg°ßƒ°pw BNm-c-ß-ƒ°pw {]k-‡n-bp-≠v.

1. hnhmlkabØv hc\v 21 hb pw h[p-hn-\v 18 hb pw ]q¿Øn-bm -bn -cn -°Ww˛ta¬]d™ {]mbsaØm-Ø-h¿ XΩn¬hnhml_‘-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂Xv in£m¿l-amb Ip‰-ambn IW-°m-°s∏Sp-∂p.

2. hnhmlka-bØv ]pcp-j\v Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `mcytbm,kv{Xo°v Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `¿Ømthm D≠m-bn-cn-°-cpXv.`mcytbm `¿Ømthm Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-Iƒ°v \nb-a-{]-Imcw{]kvXpX_‘w th¿s∏-Sp-Ø-mØnStØmfw as‰mcp hnhml_‘-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ah-Im-i-an-√. c≠mw hnhmlw Ip‰-ambpw lnμp-hnhml\nb-a-Øn¬ {]tXyIw hy‡-am-°n-bn-́ p≠v.

3. hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip∂ hy‡n-Iƒ ]c-t{]-cWIqSmsX kza\- msebmbn-cn-°Ww hnhm-l-Øn\v kΩ-Xn-t°-≠-sX∂Xn-\m¬Ah¿°v NnØ-{àtam at\m-tcm-K-tam XpS¿®-bmbn hcp∂ D∑m-Z-tcm-K-ßtfm D≠m-bn-cn-°-cpXv. am\-knIXI-cm-dp-Iƒaqew sshhm-lnI IS-a-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-hmt\m, Ipń-Iƒ°v P≥awsImSp-°p-hmt\m Ipń-Isf kwc£n°p-hmt\m Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h¿°pwhnhmlwsNøp-hm≥ \nb-a-]-c-ambn XS- -ap-≠v.

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4. BNm-ctam Iogvhg-°ß-tfm{]Imcw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-s√-¶n¬ASpØ k]nWvU_‘-Øn¬s∏Sp∂-h¿°pw ]c-kv]cwhnhmlwIgn-°p-∂-Xn\v Atbm-Ky-X-bp≠v. k]nWvU_‘-wc‡_‘wXs∂-bm-Wv. AΩ-hgn apI-fn-te°v aq∂v Xe-ap-d-h-scbpwA—≥hgn A©p Xe-ap-d-h-scbpw k]nWvU_‘-Øn¬s∏Sp∂p.tPyjvTm-\p-P≥am-cpsS a°-fp-sStbm, tPyjvTØn˛A\p-PØn a°-fp-sStbm A—≥`mKØp\n∂pw AΩ`mKØp\n∂pap-≈ a°fpwk]n-WvU-cm-Wv.

5. Hcp ]pcp-j≥ ktlm-Z-cn-sbtbm, ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS aI-sftbm, ktlm-Z-cs‚ aI-sf-tbm, ]nXm-hns‚tbm amXm-hn-s‚tbm ktlm-Z-cs‚a°-sf-tbm, hnhmlwsNøp-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw lnμp hnhml\nbaw\ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hfsc ASpØ c‡-_-‘-Øn¬s] -́h¿ XΩn-ep-ff CØcw hnhmlw ]t£ BNm-c-tam, Iogvhg°tam A\p-k-cn-®m-sW-¶n¬ \ntcm-[\w _m[-I-a-√.

6. `¿Ømhv acn® kv{XoI-fp-sS-bpw `mcy acn® ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-sSbpw]p\¿hn-hmlw \nb-a-km-[p-X-bp-f-f-Xm-Wv.

7. k_vc -Pn -kv {Sm -dn\papºn¬ hnhmlw cPn -Ã¿sNbvXXpsIm≠pam{Xw hnhm-l-Øn\v \nb-a-km-[pX e`n-°n-√. \n_-‘-\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v hnhmlw \S-Ø-Ww.

8. Kh¨sa‚ v hn⁄m-]-\-a-\p-k-cn®v Ct∏mƒ Xt±ikzbw`c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ P\\/acW dPn-kv{Sm¿am¿°v ({Kma-]-©m-bØv/ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n) hnhmlw cPn-Ã¿sNømw. CXp-{]-Imcw cPn-Ã¿sNbvXn-s√-¶n-epw, \nb-a-]-c-ambn \S∂ Hcp hnhm-l-Øns‚ \nb-a-km-[pX\jvS-s∏-Sn-√.

9. lnμp-hn-hml\nb-a-{]-Imcw lnμpa-X-Øn-\-I-Øp-ff an{i hnhmlw\nb-a-km-[p-X-bp-f-f-Xm-Wv.

10. sslμ-hm-Nm-c-{]-Im-cw- b-Ym-hn[n k]vX-]Znt]mep-ff NS-ßp-I-tfmsS \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ hnhm-l-ßƒt° \nb-a-]-c-amb AwKo-Imcwe`n-°p-I-bp-f-fp. (]-hn-{X-amb A·n°pNp‰pw h[q-h-c-∑m¿ Ggp-]mZwhbv°p-∂-tXmsS hnhmlw ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂p.)

Akm-[p-hm-Ip∂ hnhmlw

hfsc Kpcp-X-c-amb \yq\-X-I-fpff hnhm-l-ß-fmWv XpS-°-ØnteAkm-[p-hmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv. ̀ mcytbm, ̀ ¿Ømthm Pohn-®ncns°\S-°p∂ c≠mwhnhmlw, \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ _‘-Øn¬s∏-´-h-tcm-k-]nWvUItfm XΩn-epff hnhmlw F∂nh Akm-[p-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw ]¶m-fn-Iƒ°v ̀ mcym-̀ ¿Øm-°-∑m-cpsS ]Zhn \nb-a-{]-Imcw C√m-Ø-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.

hnhm-l-Øn\v h[q-h-c-∑m-cpsS kzX-{¥-amb a\-x-kΩXw \n¿_-‘-am-sW∂n-cns° XnI™ am\-kn-Im-tcmKyw C√m-Ø-htcm hnhm-l-Po-hn-

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XsØ°pdn®v Nn¥n-®-tijw a\-k-ΩXw \¬Ip-hm-\p-ff am\-kn-Im-tcmKyw C√m-Ø-htcm, hnhml_‘-Øn¬ P\n-°p∂ Ip´n-Isf icn-

bmbcoXnbn¬ kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w am\-kn-Im-tcm-Ky-an-

√m-Ø-htcm, NnØ-{`-aw, A]-kvamcw XpS-ßnb Akp-J-ßƒ°v hnt[-

b-cm-bn-´p-f-f-htcm ]¶m-fn-Ifmbn \S-°p∂ hnhmlw Akm-[p-hm-Wv.

jWvUXzwsIm≠v ssewKn-I-_‘w k^-eo-I-cn-°-s∏-SmØ Zº-

Xn-Iƒ Akm-[p-hmb hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn-ep-f-f-h-cmWv F∂v tImS-Xn°v

Xocp-am-\n-°mw. ̀ ¿Øm-h-√mØ as‰m-cm-fn¬\n∂pw ̀ mcy hnhml ka-

bØv K¿`n-Wn-bm-sW∂v, `¿Ømhp-Xs∂ tImS-Xnsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bm¬ B hnhmlw tImS-Xn- Akm-[p-hmbn {]Jym-]n-°pw.

_ew{]tbm-Kn-t®m, NXn-bn-eq-sS-tbm, ̀ oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øntbm Hcmsf

kΩ-Xn-∏n®v hnhmlw\S-Øn-bm¬ Abm-fpsS kΩXw kzX-{¥-amb

a\-t m-sS-b√ D≠m-bn´p-f-f-sX∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ B hnhmlw Akm-

[p-hm-°p-∂-Xm-W.v

hnhml]¶mfn Xs∂ h©n-®n-́ p-≠∂v Bt£-]-ap-f-f-h¿ h©\

I≠p-]nSn® XobXnapX¬ Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-f-fn¬ ]cn-lmcwtXSn tImS-

Xnsb kao-]n-°-Ww. ta¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏´ GsXmcp kml-N-cy-Ønepw

Akm-[p-hm-°m-hp∂ hnhm-l-ßƒ tImS-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw Akm-[p-

hm°ns°m≠p-ff hn[n-bp-≠m-Im-Øn-S-tØmfwImew km[p-hm-bn-cn-°p-

∂Xpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn AwKo-Im-c-ap-≈Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.

Zmº-Xy-_‘w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

kv{Xo˛]pcpj kl-I-c-Whpw Hcp-an®p- Xma-kn-°epw ssewKn--I-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sepw hnhml_‘-Ønse auen--I-amb Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXn-\¿∞w hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-´-h¿ Hcmƒ as‰mcm-fpsSkl-hm-k-Øn¬\n∂pw AIm-c-W-ambn amdn\n¬°-cp-sX-∂m-Wv.

lnμphnhml\nbaw hnhml]¶m-fn-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ as‰-bm-fpsS kl-hm-k-Øn-\p-ff Ah-Imiw \ntj-[n-°-cp-sX∂v A\p-im-kn-°p∂p.\ymb-amb Imc-W-ß-fn-√msX kl-hmkw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-bmƒ°vhnhm-l-_‘w ]p\x-ÿm-]n®pIn´p-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-hm-\p-ff Ah-Imiap-≠v. F∂m¬ \ymb-amb Imc-W-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tImS-Xn°v ]cn-tim-[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Zmº-Xy-_‘w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°m≥ tImSXn DØ-c-hm-bn´pw Zº-Xn-am¿XΩn-¬ ASp°pItbm DØ-chv A\p-k-cn-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ AXpwhnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Wv. Hcp- sIm√w Ign-bp-tºmƒam{Xsal¿-PnsImSp-°m≥ km[n-°q.

15

hnhmltam-N\w- t\Sm-\p-≈ Im-cWßƒ---- -

hnhm-l-_‘w \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠pt]mIm≥ F√m {ia-ßfpw \S-Ø-W-sa∂mWv lnμphnhml\nbaw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw aXn-bmb Imc-W-ßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ B Imc-W-ßƒsIm≠pXs∂tImSXnapºmsI hnhmltamN\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AhXmsg]dbp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1) hnhml]¶m-fn-b-√mØ as‰mcm-fp-ambn ssewKn--I_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂Xv hy`n-Nmcw F∂ sshhm-lnI Ip‰-Ir-Xyambn hyhÿsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv `mcytbm `¿Ømthm kza-\-kmseas‰m cm-fp-ambn ssewKnI_‘-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´m¬ as‰-bmƒ°vhnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn-\mbn tImS-Xnsb kao-]n°mw

2) hnhml]¶m-fn-bpsS {Iqc-amb s]cp-am‰w : Hcm-fpsS Poh\v A]-I-S-I-c-am-bn-´p-f-f-tXm, a\- n-t\m, ico-c-Ønt\m lm\n-I-c-am-bn-´p-≈tXm Bb F√m-Øcw s]cp-am-‰-ßfpw {Iqc-X-bmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.

3) XpS¿®-bmbn c≠p h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bm-Ø-Im-e-tØ°v ]¶m-fnsbDt]-£n-®n-´p-≠m-hp-I.

4) `mcytbm `¿Ømthm lnμp-a-X-hn-izmkw Dt]-£n-°p-I.

5) NnIn-’n®p t`Z-am-°m-\m-hmØ Xc-Øn-ep-ff NnØ-{ -̀ahpw XpS¿®-bmbnhcp-∂tXm CS-bv°nsS hcp-∂tXm Bb am\-knIm-tcm-Ky-{]iv\-ß-fpw D≠m-hp-I.

6) NnIn-’n®p t`Z-am-°m≥]‰m-ØXpw kv]¿in-®m¬ ]I-cp-∂-Xp-ambIpjvT-tcm-Kw, ]I-cp∂Xc-Øn-ep-ff ssewKnI-tcm-K-_m-[ XpS-ßn-b-h D≠m-bn-cn-°pI

7) euInIPohnXw Dt]-£n®v hn[n-{]-Imcw k\ymkw kzoI-cn-°p-I.

8) Ggp-h¿j-°mew XpS¿®-bmbn Hcp hy‡n-sb-Ip-dn®v Abmƒ Pohn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ km[m-cWKXn-bn¬ Adn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Bfp-Iƒ°vbmsXmcp hnh-chpw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

XpS¿®-bmbn Hcp sIm√-°mew th¿]n-cn™v Xma-kn-®-tijwXpS¿∂pw Hcp-an®p-Pohn-°m≥ km[y-a-s√∂v c≠p-t]cpw Xocp-am-\n-®m¬D -̀b-k-Ω-X-{]-Imcw tImSXnapºmsI hnhm-l-tam-N\w tXSmw. l¿Pn-ka¿∏n®v 6 amk-Øn-\p-ti-jw-am-{Xta hnhml-_‘w th¿s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v tImSXn Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p.

th¿s∏´v Xma-kn-∏n-°¬

hnhm-l-tam-N\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-sa-¶nepw ]¶m-fn-Iƒ°v Hcp-an®v Xma-kn-°m≥ Ign-bmsXh∂m¬ Nne {]tXyI kml-N-cy-ßfn¬ tImS-Xn-bpsSA\p-hm-Z-tØmsS th¿s∏´v Xma-kn-°mw. hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn-\mbn

16

\n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ Imc-W-ßƒXs∂-bm-Wv (-Pp-Uo--jy¬ sk∏tdj≥)th¿]m-Sn\pw \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-f-fXv. hnhml]¶m-fn-I-fpsS sshhm-lnIIS-a-Ifpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \n›n-X-Im-e-tØ°v Xm¬°m-en-I-ambnd±m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßfpw s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Ifpw ]cn-l-cn®v tbmPn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.- AXn-\mbn Hcp h¿jsØkabw I£n-Iƒ°v tImSXn DØ-c-hneqsS e`n-°p-∂p. Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ am\-km-¥-cap-≠mbn ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ I£n-Iƒ°v hnhm-ltam-N-\-Øn-\mbn ho≠pw tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°mw.

tImSXn

lnμphnhmlwkw_-‘n® tIkp-Iƒ tIƒ°m\pw Xo¿∏pI¬∏n°m-\p-apff A[n-Imcw ̀ mcym-̀ ¿Øm-°-∑m-sc∂\ne-bn¬ Ah-km\ambnH∂n-®p-Xm-a-kn® ÿesØ Ip-Spw-_tIm-SXn-Iƒ°mWv.

-1. hnhm-lw- -\-S-Øn-b- ÿeapƒ-s∏´ A[nIm-c-]-cn-[n-bn-ep≈ IpSpw_-tIm-S-Xn-bnepw FXn¿I£n GXp- IpSpw_tIm-S-Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn-emtWm Xmakw B tIm-S-Xn-bnepw l¿Pn ka¿∏n°mw.

2.- ap…ow hnhmlw

\n°mlv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ap…owhnhmlw hnip-≤-amb Hcp DS-ºSn-bm-Wv. Hcp knhn¬Icm-dns‚ coXn-bmWv ap…owhnhm-l-Øn-\p-f-fXv. kv{Xo˛]pcp-j-_-‘-Øn\v \nb-a-km-[pX \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap-ff A[n-Imcw\¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Dt±-in-®p-sIm-≠p-ff H∂mWv ap…owhnhm-lw. ap…ow\nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p∂ tbmKy-Xbpw kzX-{¥-amb kΩ-Xhpw a‰v A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw CXn\v D≠m-bn-

cn-°-Ww.

\n_-‘-\-Iƒ

hnhmlwIgn-°p-hm-\p-ff {]m]vXn, hmKvZm-\hpw˛kzoI-cn-°-epw,-

al¿ F∂n-hbmWv \nbakm[p-X-bp-ff ap…owhnhm-l-Øn\v \n¿_-‘-amb LS-I-ßƒ.

hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ kzX-{¥-amb kΩXw\¬I¬ \n¿_-‘am-Wv. AXp \¬Im≥Ign-bmØhn[w NnØ-{ -̀a-tam, am\-kn--Im-kzm-ÿytam Df-f-h¿°v hnhm-l-I-cm-dn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bn-√. {]mb-]q¿ØnsbØn-b-h¿°v (15 hb- v) hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Smw.F∂m¬ 1978˛se ssii-h-hn-hml\ntcm-[-\-\n-baw A\p-k-cn®v Ct∏mƒ

17

C¥y-bn¬ ]pcp-js‚ hnhm-l-{]mbw 21 hb pw, kv{Xobp-tSXv 18hb pw BWv. AX-√m-sX-bp-ff hnhmlw in£m¿l-am-Wv.

km£n-I-fpsS ap∂n¬h®v hnhm-l-Øn-\p-ff \n¿t±iw (AYhm-hmKvZm-\w)\S-Øp-I-bpw B \n¿t±iw adp-`mKw kzoI-cn-°p-IbpwthWw. Hcp-an-®ncp∂v, HtcÿeØv, HtctbmK-Øn¬sh®v hnfn®v]d™v \n°mlv A\p-jvTm\w \S-tØ-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. hnhm-l-Øn\v F{Xbpw Bh-iy-amb LS-I-amWv al¿. ]pcp-j≥ kv{Xo°v\¬tI-≠-Xmbn \n›-bn-°p∂ XpI-bmWv al¿. hnhm-l-k-abw AXpapgp-h≥ \¬Ip-I-tbm, ̀ mKn-I-ambn \¬Ip-Itbm BImw. ̀ mKn-I-ambn\¬Ip-tºmƒ _m°n XpI kv{Xo-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ambn F∂pw \ne-\n¬°pw. \n°m-ln\v {]mb-]q¿Ønbpw kvYnc-_p-≤n-bpap≈]pcpj≥amcmb c≠v km£n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-amWv.

A\y-aXhn-̀ m-KØn¬-s∏´hsc Hcp- ap-k¬-am-\v- hn-hm-lw- Ign-°m≥-\n-bakm-[p-Xbn-√.- ASp-Ø c‡_‘ap-≈h¿- XΩn-ep-≈ hn-hm-lhpw-(Prohibited degrees of relationship) Htc AΩbp-sS ap-eIp-Sn-®v- hf¿-∂ Ip-´n-Iƒ- XΩn-ep-≈ \n-°m-lpw- (Fosterage) \n-tcm-[n-®n-´p-≠v.- hn-hm-l_‘w- sIm-≠p≠m-hp-∂ _‘p-°fp-am-bp-≈ (affinity eg: `m-cy-

bp-sS _‘p-°ƒ)- hn-hm-lhpw- \n-jn-≤am-Wv.-

hn-hm-ltam-N\w-

C…m-an¬- hn-hm-ltam-N\w- aq-∂p-hn-[Øn-em-Wv.- `¿-Øm-hv- ap≥-IsøSp-Øv- th¿-s]Sp-Øp-∂ hn-hm-ltam-N\am-Wv- Xem-Jv.- ]ckv-]cw-kΩXtØm-Sp-Iq-Sn- \SØp-∂ hn-hm-ltam-N\Øn-\v- Jp-em- AYhm- ap-_m-dXv- F∂v- ]dbpw.- Cu- c≠v- hn-hm-ltam-N\hpw- tIm-SXn-bp-sSCSs]S¬- Iq-Sm-sXbm-Wv- \S°p-∂Xv.- F∂m¬- `m-cy- ap≥-IsøSp-Øv-hn-hm-ltam-N\w- tXSp-tºmƒ- Jm-kn-bp-sS AYhm- tIm-SXn-bp-sSCSs]S¬- thWsa∂v- \n-_‘\bp-≠v.-

Xem-Jv- co-Xn-bn¬- hn-hm-ltam-N\w- hm-sam-gn-bm-bpw- tcJm-aq-ehpw-\SØm-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- Xem-Jv- co-Xn-bn¬- hn-hm-ltam-N\w- \SØp-tºmƒ-AXv- c≠v- km-£n-Iƒ- ap-ºm-sI thWsa∂pw- Xm≥- Xs‚ `m-cy-bp-am-bn- D≈ hn-hm-l_‘w- th¿-s]Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p- F∂v- kv-]jv-Sam-Ip-∂ co-Xn-bn¬- hy-‡am-°n- D®cn-°p-Itbm- tcJm-aq-ew- Adn-bn-°p-Itbm-sNtø≠Xm-Wv.-

Xem-Jv- co-Xn-bn¬- hn-hm-l_‘w- th¿-s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xv- aq-∂v- co-Xn-bn¬- BImw.- ̀ m-cy-bp-am-bp-≈ Xs‚ hn-hm-l_‘w- th¿-s]Sp-Øn-sb∂v-km-£n- ap-ºm-sI D®cn-bv-°p-Ibpw- BbXn-\v- tijw- Ahcp-am-bn- aq-∂v- B¿-ØhL´w- hsc ssew-Kn-Iam-bn- _‘s∏Sm-sX am-dn-\n¬-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂tXm-sS Xem-Jv- ]q¿-Øn-bm-hp-∂p.- CXn-\v- Xem-Jv- Blv-k≥- F∂v- ]dbpw.-

18

Xs‚ `m-cy-sb hn-hm-l tam-N\w- \SØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v- Hm-tcm-B¿-ØhL´Øn-\v- tijhpw- ]dbp-Ibpw- hn-hm-l_‘w- Xp-Scp-hm≥-Xøm-d√ F∂v- L´w- L´am-bn- hy-‡am-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂ co-Xn-°m-Wv- Xem-Jv- lk≥- F∂v- ]dbp-∂Xv.-

Jp¿- Bs‚- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- C√m-Ø as‰m-cp- co-Xn-bm-Wv- Xem-Jp¬-_n-±Øv.- Xs‚ `m-cy-sb hn-hm-l_‘w- th¿-s∏Sp-Øp-tºmƒ- \n-baw-A\p-hZn-®p-X∂n-́ p-≈ aq-∂v- B¿-ØhL´w- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ Im-ebfhv-X∂n-jv-S{]Im-cw- Dt]£n-®p-sIm-≠v- bm-sXm-cp- hn-[Øn-epw- C\n- Xn-cn-s®Sp-°n-√ F∂v- hy-‡am-°n-s°m-≠v- H‰bSn-°v- \SØp-∂ Xem-Jm-Wv- ap-Øem-Jv- F∂v- ]dbp-∂ Xem-Jp¬-_n-±Øv.-

hn-hm-l tam-N\Øn-\v- aXn-bm-b Im-cWw- thWsa∂v- hn-ip-≤ Jp¿-B≥- A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- hn-hm-ltam-N\w- \SØp-∂Xn-\v- ap-ºv- Ccp-̀ m-KØp-\n-∂pw- AXm-bXv- `¿-Øm-hn-s‚bpw- `m-cy-bp-sSbpw- ]£Øp-\n-∂v-A\p-cRv-P\Øn-\v- {ian-°Ww.- F∂ hy-hÿ ]m-en-t°≠Xp-≠v.-

hn-hm-l tam-Nn-Xbm-b kv-{Xo- aq-∂v- B¿-ØhL´w- hsc hn-hm-lw-Ign-°p-Itbm- a‰v- ]p-cp-j\p-am-bn- ssew-Kn-I _‘Øn-te¿-s∏Sp-Itbm-sNøcp-sX∂v- C…mw- A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- Cu- Im-eL´sØbm-Wv- C±m-(Iddat) F∂v- ]dbp-∂Xv.- hn-hm-l tam-Nn-Xbm-b kv-{Xo- K¿-`n-Wn-bm-sW¶n¬- Ahcp-sS C±m- Im-ebfhv- {]khw- htcbm-Wv.- C{]Im-cw-\n-iv-Nbn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv- hn-hm-l tam-Nn-Xbm-b kv-{Xo- K¿-`n-Wn-bm-tWm-F∂v- Xn-´s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- BsW¶n¬- {]khw- hsc Ahsc kw-

c£n-°p-∂Xn-\pw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.-

ap-…owkv-{Xo-°v- hn-hm-ltam-N\w- e`n-°m≥- th≠ Im-cWßƒ-

˛ `¿-Øm-hn-s\ {Inan-\¬tImSXn Gtgm- AXn-e[n-Iw- h¿-jtØt°m-- Pbn¬hmk-Øn\v in£n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.

˛ \ymb-amb Imc-W-ß-fn-√msX `¿Ømhv aq∂v h¿j-tam -A-Xn¬IqSp-Xtem Imew ̀ mcy-bp-ambn ZmºXy_‘w]pe¿Øp-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-Itbm Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Ønse Xs‚ IS-a-Iƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn¬ ]cmPb-s∏-SpItbm sNøp-I.

˛ \m-ep- h¿-jßfm-bn- `¿-Øm-hn-s\∏‰n- bm-sXm-cp- hn-hchpw- C√m-Xn-cn-°p-I.-

˛ hnhm-lka-bØpw AXn\ptijhpw XpS¿®-bmbpw `¿Øm-hn\vjWvU-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.

˛ c≠p- h¿-j°m-eam-bn- `¿-Øm-hn¬-\n-∂pw- sNehn-\p- e`n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.-

˛ c≠p h¿j-°m-e-ambn `¿Ømhv NnØ-{`-a-ap≈-h\m-hp-I.- As√-¶n¬ `¿Øm-hn\v IpjvT-tcm-K-ap-≠m-hp-I-tbm, Xo{h-amb ssewKn-I-tcmKw D≠m-hp-Itbm sNbvXm¬

19

˛ s]Ïp-ń°v 15 hb v XnI-bp-∂-Xn\p-apºv c-£n-Xm-°ƒ Ah-fpsS hnhmlw \S-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ 18 hb v XnI-bp-∂-Xn\papºmbn B hnhmlw Xnc-kv°-cn-°m-\p-ff Ah-fpsS Ah-Imiw( Option of puberty) D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.-

˛ IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ `¿Ømhv {Iqc-ambn s]cp-am-dpI.- Xmsg kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ `¿Øm-hns‚ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ {Ipc-X-bmbn hyhÿ sNbvXn-́ p-≠v.

a) `¿Ømhv \nXyhpw tZtlm-]-{Zhw sNøp-∂XpsIm≠v kl-hmkwZpcn-X-]q¿Æ-am-hpI

b) `¿Ømhv A]-b-i pff kv{XoI-fp-ambn CS-]-g-Ip-∂Xp aqewZpjvIo¿Øn-bp-≠m-°p∂ PohnXw \bn-°p-I.

c) Akm-∑m¿-§n-I PohnXw \bn-°p-hm-\mbn `mcysb t{]cn-∏n-°pI

d) `mcy-bpsS kzØp-°ƒ \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn A\ym-[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw kzØp-°-fn¬ Ah¿°p-ff Ah-Im-ißƒ ssIIm-cyw-sNøp-∂Xv- XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw.

e) `mcy-bpsS aX-hn-izm-k-Øn\pw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ°pw ̀ ¿ØmhvXS w\n¬°p-∂Xv

f) H∂n-e-[nIw ̀ mcy-am-cp-ff ap…ow]pcp-j≥ GsX-¶nepw Hcp ̀ mcysb]cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnth-N\wImWn-°pIbpw Xpey-]-cn-K-W\\ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw [m¿ΩnI\oXn-°-\p-k-cn®v ]cn-]m-en-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw sNøp-∂-Xv.

ta¬]d™ Imcy-ßƒ t_m[-n-∏n®v Hcp ap…owkv{Xo°v tImSXnaptJ\ hnhm-l-tam-N\w tXSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ap…ow hnhmltamNn-X-bpsS Ah-Imi kwc-£W \nbaw

1986˛se hnhmlap‡-I-fmb ap…owh\n-X-I-fpsS Ah-Imi

kwc£WØn\p-ff \nb-a-{]-Imcw C± BN-cn-°p∂ImeØv \ymb-

bp-‡-ambcoXn-bn¬ sNehve`n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhm-l-tam-Nn-X-cmb

kv{XoIƒ°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. K¿`m-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv Xem°vsNm√n-b-sX-

¶n¬ Ipń-bpsS P\\wapX¬ 2 h¿j-°mew kwc-£-W-s®-ehv \¬I-

Ww. al-dns‚ Hmlcn \¬Im-\p-s≠-¶n¬ Ah \¬I-Ww. hnhm-l-

k-a-bØpw AXn\ptijhpw Ah¿°v e`n-®n-́ p-ff a‰v kzØp-°ƒ°pw,

kΩm-\-ßƒ°pw A¿l-X-bp-≠v. Ch IqSmsX as‰mcp hn-hmlwhsc-

tbm, acWwhscsbm Pohn-t°-≠-Xn-te°v Poh-\mwiw IW-°m°n

\¬I-Ww.

thsd hn-hmlwsNømsX Ign-bp∂ hnhm-l-tam-Nn-X-bmb ap…ow

kv{Xo°v kz¥-ambn sNe-hp-I-gn-bp-∂-Xn\v am¿§-an-s√-¶n¬ kwc-£-

20

W-Øn-\mbn _‘p-°sf kao-]n-°m\pw AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ hJ^v

t_m¿Uns\ kao-]n-°p-hm\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

tImSXn

ap…owkv{XoIƒ hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn-\mbn AXXv Pn√-I-fn-ep≈

Ip-Spw-_tIm-SXn-IsfbmWv kao-]n-t°-≠-Xv. -ap…owhy‡n\nb-a-{]-

Imcw ]n¬-Ime kwc-£WNn-ehn-\mbn knhn¬tImSXnsbbpw- kao-

]n°mw.

hnhm-l-tam-Nn-X-bpsS Ah-Im-i-kw-c-£-W-\nbaa-\p-k-cn®v Int´-

≠p∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°v H∂mw-¢m v aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xnsb BWv

kao-]n-t°-≠-Xv. C…m-an-I \n-ba{]Im-cw- Zm-ºXy-_\v-[w- ]p-\x-kv-

Ym-]n-°m≥- Ip-Spw-_tIm-SXn-sbbpw- kao-]n-°mw.-

3.- {InkvXy≥ hnhml \nbaw

{InkvXy≥ kap-Zm-bsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hnhmlw Hcp

Bbp-jv°me_‘-ambmWv hn`m-h\wsNø-s∏-Sp∂Xv. ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-

cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ hnhmlw kv{Xo˛]pcp-j-∑msc Ah-

cpsS PohnX]¶m-fn-I-fmbn At\ym\yw Iq´n-tN¿°p-I-bm-Wv. ssZhm-

\p-{K-l-tØm-sS-bp≈ NS-ßm-bn-´mWv AXns‚ k¶-ev]w.

C¥y-bn-ep≈ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v s]mXpsh _m[-I-amb \nb-a-

amWv 1872˛se C¥y≥ {InkvXobhnhml\nb-aw. F∂m¬ CXv Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿`mKØv _m[-I-a-√. sIm®n-bn¬ {]tXyI \nbaw Ct∏m-

gpw \ne-hn-en-cn-°p-∂p. (Cochin Christian Civil Marriage Act,1920)Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿˛sIm®n≥ `mK-ß-fn¬ {]tXyI \nb-a-{]-Im-c-a√, adn-

®v, BNm-c-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv, {][m-\-ambpw

hnhmlNS-ßp-Iƒ \S-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ {InkvXy≥ hnhm-l-\n-b-a-a-

\p-k-cn-®mWv {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hnhmlw\S-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw, {]tXyI

hnhml\nba{]Imctam (Special Marriage Act) at‰m hnhmlw cPn-

Ã¿sNøp-∂-Xn\v Cu \nbawsIm≠v XS- -an-√. hnhm-l-_‘w \nb-

a-]-c-ambn km[q-I-cn-°p-I, B hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Ip´n-

Iƒ°v \nb-a-]-c-amb AwKo-Im-c-ßƒ \¬IpI F∂-XmWv Dt±iyw.

Cu \nb-a-Øn¬, hnhmlw \S-Øn-s°m-Sp-°m≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-

h¿ ]mXncn (Clergyman) aX-ip-{iq-j-I¿ (Minister of Religion)

As√-¶n¬ hnhmldPn-kv{Sm¿ F∂n-h-cm-Wv.

21

\nb-a-Øn≥ Iogn¬ ssek≥kv \¬I-s∏´ aX-ip-{iq-j-I-∑m¿

\S-Øp∂ hnhm-l-ßƒ

aXip{iq-j-I≥ hnhmlip{iqj \S-ØW-sa∂v Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw

Dt±-in-®m¬ AØcw aX-ip-{iq-j-I\v tcJm-aqew hnh-c-Øn\v t\mńkv\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. t\mó-kn¬ hnhm-l-Øn\v Dt±-in-°p∂ hy‡n-I-fpsSt]cv, ]q¿Æ-amb hnemkw, c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw Xma-k-ÿew, hnhmlw\S-tØ≠ ka-bhpw, ÿehpw a‰p hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßfpw Fgp-tX-≠-Xm-Wv. hnhmlw ]≈n-bn¬h®mWv \S-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬, ]≈n-bpsS {it≤-b-amb `mK-ß-fn-tem, As√-¶n¬ kzImcy Xmakÿe-ØmWv \S-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ hnhmldPn-kv{Sm-dpsS Hmô-kntem t\mókv ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-XmWv. ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn-°-gn-™m¬, t\mókpw {]Xn⁄m]{Xhpw Inń-b-Xn\v kz¥w ssI∏-S-bn¬ Hcp km£y-]{Xw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu k¿ń-^n-t°‰v \¬In

c≠p-amk-Øn-\Iw hnhmlw\S-Øn-bn-cn-°Ww

dPn-Ã¿ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

{InkvXym-\n-IƒXΩn-tem, GsX-¶nepw Hcmƒ {InkvXym-\n-bm-

bns°mt≠m \S-°p∂ F√mhnhm-l-ßfpw cPn-Ã¿sNøWw.hnhmlw\SØns°mSp-°p∂ aX-ip-{iq-j-I≥, Cw•ojv]f-fn-bn-te-tbm,tdma≥]f-fn-bnte-tbm, kvtImń-jv-]f-fn-bn-tetbm ]mXn-cn-amcn¬- Bcm-bn-cp-∂mepw Ah¿ hnhm-l-c-Pn-Ã¿ kq£n-°p-Ibpw Ah-bn¬ \nb-a-Ønse ]ńI A\p-im-kn°pw{]Imcw hnhmlw\S-∂Xv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-

Ibpw thWw.

hnhm-l-c-Pn-kv{Sm¿

Hcp hnhm-l-c-Pn-kv{Sm-dpsS km∂n-≤y-Øntem hnhm-l-c-Pn-Ãm-dpsS

ip{iq-j-bn-tem hnhmlw\S-Ø-W-sa∂v Dt±-in-°p-∂-h-cn-sem-cmƒhnhmlwIgn-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-h¿ Xma-kn-®n-´p-ff Pn√-bnse GsX-¶nepw Hcp hnhmlcPn-kv{Sm¿°v tcJm-aqew t\mókv-sImSp-°p-I-bmWvXpS-°-Øn¬ sNtø-≠-Xv. hnhm-ln-X-cm-tI≠ c≠p-t]cpw Xma-kn-°p∂Xv hyXykvX Pn√-I-fn-em-sW-¶n¬ AØcw t\mókv HmtcmPn√-bn-sebpw hnhm-l-c-Pn-kv{Sm¿°v \¬I-Ww. t\mó-kn¬ hnhm-lw-sNøm-\p-t±-in-°p∂ c≠p-t]-cp-tSbpw IpSpw-_-t∏-cpw, {]hr-Ønbpw Xma-k-ÿ-e-ßfpw hnhmlw\S-Øm≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ ÿehpw a‰pw hy‡-am-°-Ww. Cßs\-sbmcp t\mókv e`n-®m-ep-Ss\ hnhm-l-c-Pn-kv{Sm¿AXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-Ww. t\mó-knse hnh-c-ßƒ hnhm-l-t\m-ókv]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw hnhm-ln-X-cm-Im-\pt±in-°p-∂-h¿

22

{]mb-]q¿Øn-bmIm-Ø-h-cm-sW-¶n¬ Pn-√bn-se a‰p hnhm-l-c-Pn-kv{Sm¿am¿°v- t\m-´o-kv- ]I¿-∏p-Iƒ- {]kn-≤o-IcWØn-\m-bn- FØn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. \n-ba]cam-b a‰p- XS ßƒ- C√m-sb ¶n¬- cPn-kv-{Sm¿-\¬-Ip-∂ k¿-´n-^n-°‰v- e`n-®v- c≠p-am-kØn-\p-≈n¬- hn-hm-lw- cPn-kv-{Sm-dp-sS ap-ºn¬-sh®v- c≠p- km-£n-Ifp-sS km-∂n-≤y-Øn¬- \SØm-

hp-∂Xm-Wv.-

hnhm-l-tam-N\w

{InkvXy≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ \nc-¥-c-amb Bhiyw ]cn-K-Wn®v hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn\v I¿i-\-amb hyh-ÿ-Ifp-≈ 1869˛se C¥y≥hnhm-l-tam-N\\nbaw 2001˛¬ t`Z-KXnsNbvXp. {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hnhmltamN-\-Øn\v DZm-c-amb hyh-ÿ-IƒtN¿Øv ]cn-jvI-cn-®mWv hnhm-l-tam-N\\nbaw D≠m-°n-b-Xv. Cu \nb-a-{]-Imcw Xmsg]d-bp-∂- Im-cy-ßƒDs≠-¶n¬ hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn-\mbn tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°mw.˛ hy`n-NmcwsNøp-I.˛ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-I.˛ hnhm-l-tam-N\ l¿Pn ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v sXm´p-apºv Ipd-™Xv

c≠p-sIm√w XpS¿®-bmbn FXn¿I£n°v NnIn-’n-®m¬ amdmØam\-knItcmKtam ssewKnItcmKtam NnIn-’n-®m¬ t`Z-am-ImØIpjvT-tcm-Ktam D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.

˛ GgpsIm√-ambn FXn¿I-£nsb∏‰n- bm-sXmcp hnh-c-hp-an-√m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

˛ Zmº-Xy-_‘w ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI˛ ct≠m AXn¬Iq-Sp-Xtem h¿j-ß-fmbn hnhm-l-_‘w ]p\x--

ÿm-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ tImSXn DØ-chv ]men-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.˛ aXn-bmb Imc-W-an-√msX c≠ph¿jw XpS¿®-bmbn FXn¿I£n

th¿]n-cn™v Pohn-°p-I.˛ Hcp-an®p-Pohn-°m≥ BhmØhÆw FXn¿I£n {Iqc-ambn s]cp-

am-dp-I. Iq-Sm-sX _em¬kw-Kw, {]IrXnhncp≤ ssewKnIIp‰ IrXy-ßƒ F∂nhbv°p- Xs∂ hnt[-b-bm°n F∂m-tcm-]n®v `mcybv°v

`¿Øm-hn-s\-Xnsc l¿Pn ka¿∏n°mw

D -̀b-k-Ω-X-{]-Im-c-ap-ff hnhm-l-tam-N\w

c≠p h¿j-Øn\p-ta¬ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-Iƒ th¿]n-cn™p Xma-kn-

°p-Ibpw hnhm-l-_‘w th¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ c≠p-t]cpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ D -̀b-k-ΩX{]-Im-c-ap-ff hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn-\mbn

Ah¿°v tImS-Xn-bn¬ l¿Pn ka¿∏n-°mw.

Akm-[p-hm-Ip∂ hnhmlw

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imc-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnhm-l-_‘w

Akm-[p-hm°ns°m≠v tImS-Xn°v hn[n{]kvXm-hn-°mw.

23

1) hnhm-l-k-a-bØpw Akm-[p-hm-°m-\p-ff l¿-Pn t_m[n-∏n-°p-tºmgpw FXn¿I£n°v ssewKn-I-tijn C√m-Xncn-°p-I. (ssew-Kn--I-_‘w ]q¿Æ-am-°m≥ ]‰m-Xn-cn-°p-I, a\-x-]q¿Δw Zmº-Xy-_-‘-Øn\v Xøm-dm-Im-Xn-cn-°p-I, am\-kn-Ihn{`m-¥n-bp-≠m-hp-I, XpS-ßn-bh h‘y-Xz-ambn tImSXn \n¿h-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.)

2) c‡-_-‘-ap-≈-h¿ XΩn¬ hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip-∂Xv-.-3) hnhm-l-k-a-bØv aμ-_p-≤ntbm NnØ-{ -̀a-ap≈ Btfm Bbn-cn-°p-I.4) `¿Øm-thm ̀ mcytbm Pohn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Hcmƒ as‰mcp hnhmlw

\S-Øp-I.5) hnhm-l-Øn-\p-ff kΩXw Ccp-I-£n-I-fn-em-tcm-sS-¶nepw hmßn-bXv

_ew {]tbm-Knt®m I]-S-amtbm (hn-hm-l-k-a-b-Øp-ff K¿`wHfn®phbv°p-I, AYhm hnhmlw\S∂ Imeb-f-hn¬ B¿Øhw

D≠mbn-s√∂ Imcyw ad®phbv°p-I) Bbn-cn-°p-I.

tImSXn

Cu \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap-ff ]cm-Xn-I-fpw, tIkp-Ifpw \S-tØ-≠XvAXXv Pn√m IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-bnem-Wv. hy‡n-Iƒ Fhn-sS-bmWv Ah-km-\-ambn Xma-kn-®-Xv,- B {]tZ-isØ IpSpw_ tImS-Xn-bnepw l¿Pnka¿∏n-°mw.

4.- {]tXyI hnhml \nbaw

(kv-s]jy¬- am-tcy-Pv- BIv-‰v-)-

PmXn-aX hyXym-k-ß-fn-√msX F√m C¥y≥ ]uc≥am¿°pw Hcp-

t]mse _m[-I-amb {]tXy-I -hn-hm-l-\n-baw 1954˛¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p.Cu \nb-a-{]-Imcw k∫vdPnkv{Sm-¿Hmô-knse \nb-an-X\m-b k∫vdPn-kv{Sm-dmWv hnhmlHmô-k¿. C¥y≥ ]uc-Xz-ap-ff GsX-¶nepw Hcp]pcp-j\pw kv{Xo°pw XΩn¬ Cu \nba{]Imcw hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip-∂-Xn\v XS- -an-√.

{]tXyI hnhml\nba{]Imcw hnhmlwsNøp-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂h[qhc∑m¿ Pn√-bnse hnhmlHmô-k¿°v \n¿±njvS t^md-Øn¬t\mókv \¬I-Ww. c≠p-t]cn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcmƒ t\mókv Xob-XnsXm´v 30 Znhkwapºp-hsc Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Pn√-bnse Hmô-k¿apºmsIbmWv t\mókv \¬tI-≠-Xv.

t\mókv ssI∏-‰nb DSs\ hnhmlBô-k¿ t\mó-knse hnh-c-ßƒ hnhmldPn-Ã-dn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw {]kvXpX t\mó-kp-IƒXs∂ Bôkv sd°m¿Up-I-fpsS `mK-ambn kq£n-°p-IbpwthWw. CXv- dPn-Ã¿ôkv -\evImsX ]cn-tim-[n-°p-hm≥ GsXm-cmƒ°pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

24

hnhmlt\mó-kns‚ Hcp ]I¿∏v Hmô-k¿ Imcym-e-b-Øns‚GsX¶nepw`mKØv s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v ImW-Ø-°-co-Xn-bn¬ ]c-ky-ambn {]Z¿in-∏n-°Ww. h[q-h-c-∑m-cn¬ Hcmƒ thsd Pn√-bn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-ap-ff Bfm-sW-¶n¬ t\mókv kzoI-cn® Bô-k¿ {]kvXpXPn√-bnse Bô-k¿°v t\mó-kns‚ Hcp tIm∏n Ab®psImSp-°p-Ibpw, B Hmôk¿ AXv Xs‚ Imcym-e-b-Øn¬ s]mXpP-\ßƒImW-Ø°coXn-bn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n°pIbpw thWw.

t\mó-kn¬ ]d-™n-´p-ff hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ff hnhm-l-Øn\vBt£]ap-≈ GsXm-cmƒ°pw t\mókv ]ckywsNbvXv 30 Znh-k-Øn-\p-f-fn¬ Hmô-k¿apºmsI Bt£]w t_m[n-∏n-°m-hp∂XmWv.{]tXyI hnhm-l-\n-b-a-Øns‚ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°p- hncp-≤-am-bmWvhnhmlw\S-°p -∂sX∂v Nq≠n-Im -Wn®psIm≠m-bn -cn -°-WwBt£]w\¬tI-≠-Xv. \nbaZr-jvSym Cu hnhmlw \SØp-∂-Xn¬Fs¥-¶nepw XS aps≠-¶n¬ A°mcyw t_m[n-∏n-°mw. CXn-s\-Ip-d n -® v hnhmlHmô -k¿ At\z -jWw\S-Ø-Ww. Bt£]w

icnbs√∂pI≠m¬ \nb-a-{]-Imcw hnhmlw\SØn-sIm-Sp-°m-w.

\n_-‘-\-Iƒ

1. -hn-hmlka-bØv ]pcp-j\v Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `mcytbm,kv{Xo°v Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `¿Ømthm D≠m-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv.2.- hn-hm-l-Øn\v kzX-{¥-amb a\- -ΩXw \n¿_-‘-am-sW-∂n-cn-s°,AXn\v Atbm-Ky-X-bp-ff at\m-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°v hnhmlwsNøp-∂-Xn\vXS- -ap-≠v.3. -a-\- -ΩXw \¬Ip-hm-\p-ff Ign-hp-f-f-h-cm-sW-¶nepw sshhm-lnIIS-a-Iƒ \nd-th-‰p-hm\pw Ipń-Isf {]k-hn-°p-hm\pw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw Ign-hn-√m-Ø-co-Xn-bn¬ at\m-tcm-Kn-bm-sW-¶nepw hnhm-l-Øn\vAtbm-Ky-X-bp-≠v.4.- Xp-S¿®-bmbp≈ NnØ{àw Atbm-Ky-X-bm-Wv.5. -hn-hmlka-bØv hc\v 21 hbpw h[p-hn\v 18 hb pw ]q¿-Øn-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]¶m-fn-Iƒ \nbaw \ntcm[n-®n-´p-ff ASpØ c‡-_-‘-Øn¬s∏´-h¿ Bh-cp-Xv.

t\mókv \¬Inb{]Imcw, Hmô-k¿apºmsI, aq∂v km£n-I-fpsSkm∂n-[y-Øn¬ Hmô-kntem, at‰-sX-¶nepw ÿe-tØm-h®vhnhmlw\S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn\ptijw hnhmlHmô-k¿

hnhmlw dPn-kv‰¿sNbvXv k¿ń-^n-°‰v \¬Ip-∂-Xp-am-Wv.

a‰p hnhm-l-ßƒ dPn-kv-‰¿-sNøp-∂Xn-\v-

{]tXyI hnhml\nba{]Imcw {]tXyIw hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-ff \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn at‰sX-¶nepwXc-Øn¬ \S-∂n-´p-ff hnhm-

25

lhpw dPn-kv‰¿sNbv-Xp- In-´m≥- Ah-Imiap≠v. AXn-\m-bn-:1.- I-£n-Iƒ c≠p-t]cpw dPn-kvt{S-j\v At]-£n-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]p-Xs∂ hnhm-ln-X-cm-b-hcpw `mcym-`¿Øm-°-∑m-cmbn Hcp-an®v Pohn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cn-°Ww.2. -c-≠p-t]-cn¬ GsXm-cmƒ°pw Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `mcytbm,Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰m-cp `¿Ømthm D≠m-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv.3. c≠p-t]-cn¬ BcpwXs∂ dPn-kvt{S-j≥ ka-bØv aμ-_p-≤ntbm,at\m-tcm-Kntbm Bbn-cn-°-cp-Xv.4. cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ka-bØv c≠p-t]¿°pw 21 hb v ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.5. c≠p-t]cpw ]c-kv]cw \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ ASpØ c‡_‘-Øn¬s∏´-h--cm-bn-cn-°-cpXv.-6. hnhmlw cPn-kv‰¿sNøm-\p-ff At]£ ka¿∏n-°p∂ Xob-Xn-°vsXm´papºv 30 Znh-k-Øn¬ Ipd-bmØImew c≠p-t]cpw ̀ mcym-`¿Øm-°-∑m-cmbn hnhmlHm^o-k-dpsS A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬s∏´ Pn√-bn¬

Xma-kn°p∂h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

Zm-º-Xy-_‘w ]p\x-ÿm]n-°m≥

{]tXy-I hn-hm-l\n-ba{]Im-cw- hn-hm-ln-Xcm-bh¿-°v- hnhml]¶m-fn-bp-ambn Hcp-an®p-Xma-kn-°p-hm\pw ssewKn-I_‘-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-hm\pw \nb-aw AhIm-iw- \¬-Ip-∂p. - hnhml]¶m-fn -I-fn¬BcpwXs∂ as‰-bm-fpsS kl-hm-k-Øn-\p-ff Ah-Imiw \ntj[n°-cp-Xv.- \ymb-bp‡-amb bmsXmcp Imc-W-hp-an-√msX `mcym-`¿Øm-°≥am¿ th¿]n-cn™p Ign-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Zmº-Xy-_‘w ]p\x-

ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂p-ImWn®v I£n-Iƒ°v tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°mw.

hnhml tamN\w :

\nbaw hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-ff {]tXyI Imc-W-ß-fm¬ `mcyt°m

`¿Øm-hnt\m hnhmltamN\w A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´v

IpSpw_tImS-Xn-bn¬ l¿Pn\¬Ip-hm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

Imc-W-ßƒ :

`mcytbm, ̀ ¿Ømthm kza-\- mse hnhmltijw as‰m-cm-fp-ambn

ssewKn-I_‘-Øn-te¿s∏-SpI, hy`n-Nmcw\S-Øp-I, `mcym`¿Øm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcmƒ as‰-bmfpsS kΩ-X-an-√m-sXbpw B{K-l-Øn\p hncp-≤-ambpw \ymb-amb Imc-W-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√msX XpS¿®-bmbn c≠p h¿j-°mew Dt]-£n®pt]mhp-I. C¥y≥ in£m\nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap-ff GsX-¶nepw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn\v Ggp h¿j-tam, AXn¬IqSp-Xtem ImewXShpin£-°p hn[n-°-s∏-´-bm-fmWv FXn¿I£n F¶nepw hnhm-l-

26

tam-N\w tXSmw.- FXn¿I-£n-bpsS {Iqc-amb s]cp-am‰w, NnIn¬kn®pt`Z-am-°m-\m-Im-ØXpw IpSpw_PohnXw Akm-≤y-am-°p∂Xc-Øn-ep-≈-Xp-amb am\-knIXI-cm-dp-Iƒ,- ]I-cp∂Xc-Øn-ep≈ ssewKnItcmK-ßƒ, NnIn¬kn®pt`Z-am-°m≥]‰m-ØXpw ]I-cp-∂-Xp-ambIpjvT-tcmKw XpSßnb ]¶m-fn-bpsS AkpJw F∂n-hbpw hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn-\p≈ \nb-a-]-c-amb Imc-Wßfm-Wv. Ggp-h¿jtam AXn¬IqSp-Xtem Ime-ambn Bsf-°p-dn®v hnh-c-an-√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xpw as‰mcp

Imc-W-am-Wv.

kv{XoIƒ°v {]tXyI Imc-W-ßƒ.

ta¬]d™ Imc-W-ßƒIqSmsX, `mcy°v Xm-sg]dbp-∂ Imc-W-

ß-fmepw- `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v hnhmltamN\w t\Smw.˛ hnhmltijw `¿Øm-h v - _em¬kwKw, {]IrXnhncp≤

ssewKnI_‘w XpS-ßnb Ip‰IrXy-ßfn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbnt_m≤y-s∏-´m¬,

˛ ̀ mcy°v Poh-\mwiw A\p-h-Zn®psIm≠p≈ tImSXn\n¿t±iw e`n®vHcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ZmºXyw ]p\x-ÿm]n-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬,-

˛ ZmºXyw XI¿∂psh∂v c≠pt]¿°pw t_m≤y-s∏-´m¬, hnhmltijw Hcph¿j-tam AXn¬IqSp-Xtem Imew thdn´pXma-kn®phcp∂ Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v D -̀b-k-Ω-X-{]-Im-c-ap≈ hnhm-l-tam-N\ l¿PntImS-Xn-bn¬ ka¿∏n°mw.

5.- Poh-\mwi \nb-a-ßƒ

Poh-\mwiw (Maintenance) F∂ ]ZwsIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂Xvkwc-£Ww F∂m-Wv. kmaqly kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-ambCu Bibw hfsc ]pcm-X-\-am-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ {Inan-\¬\S-]Sn{Iaw125-˛mwhIp∏v F√maX-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°pw s]mXp-hm-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.hnhml_‘wsIm≠p-≠m-hp-∂-XmWv ]pcp-js\ kw_-‘n®v `mcy-sbbpw a°sfbpw kwc-£n-°m-\p-ff Cu _m[yX. hnhm-l-tam-N\wsNø-s∏´ ̀ mcybpw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-sa-¶nepw aXn-bmb Imc-W-ß-fn-√msX`¿Øm-hns\ ]ncn™v Pohn-°p-∂-h-tfm hy`nNmc-hp-ambn \S-°p-∂-htfmBb `mcybv°v `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v kwc-£-W-sN-e-hns‚ Ah-Im-i-an-√.\nbam\p-krXa√msXbpff a°ƒ°pw sNe-hn-\-h-Im-i-ap-≠v. kzbw Hcphcp-am-\-an-√msX IjvS-s∏-Sp∂ hr≤-cmb amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°pw hcp-am-\-ap-ff B¨a-°-fn¬\nt∂m, s]¨a-°-fn¬ \nt∂m Ah¿ hnhm-ln-X-cm-sW-¶nepw As√¶nepw Poh-\mwiw Bh-iys∏Smw.

Poh-\mwiw F∂-Xn¬ `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏n-Sw, hnZym-`ym-k-s®-eh,v sshZy]-cn-tim-[-\, acp∂v, Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\ -sN-e-hp-Iƒ,Ch Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Pohn-°m-\p-ff ASn-ÿm-\m-h-iy-ß-fmWv CXn-

27

epƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Imewapgp-h\pw `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v Poh-\mw-i-Øn\v `mcy°v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Smw.- F∂m¬- `¿Øm-hns‚IqsS Xma-kn-°p-hm\pw Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Ønse Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-hm\pw Xøm-dm-I-Ww. am\-kn-I-tam, imco-cnItam Bb -]oU\w, sh∏m-ńsb h®n-cn-°p-I, as‰mcp hnhmlwIgn-°pI XpS-ßnb aXn-bmbImc-W-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ Poh-\mwiw Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xn-\v- `¿Øm-hns‚IqsS Xma-

kn-°-W-sa-∂n-√.

lnμp \nbaw

lnμp ZsØ-Sp-°¬ kwc-£W\nbaw (Hindu Adoption and Main-tenance Act, 1956) {]Imcw kv{Xo°v `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v Poh-\mwiwAh-Im-i-s∏Smw. kzbw sNehp-\S-Øm≥ kztØm hcp-am-\tamC√mØ GsXmcp lnμpkv{Xo°pw ̀ ¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v Poh-\mwiw Bh-iys∏Smw

Pohn-X-Imewapgp-h≥ lnμp`mcy°v ̀ ¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v Poh-\mwiw e`n-°m-\p-ff A¿lX \nbaw Ak-μn-KvZ-ambn {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p-≠v. Xmsg]d-bp∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ `mcy `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v th¿]n-cn™v Xma-kn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬t]mepw Poh-\mwiw e`n-°m≥ A¿l-X-bp-≠v.˛ AIm-c-W-am-bpw ̀ mcy-bpsS kΩ-X-an-√m-sXbpw Dt]-£n-°p-I, a\x-

-]q¿Δw Ah-K-Wn-°p-I.˛ `¿Øm-hns‚ {Iqc-amb s]cp-am‰waqew `¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm-Øp-ff

PohnXw km[y-am-ImsX hcn-I. (am-\-kn-I-hpw, imco-cn-I-hp-amb]oU-\w, ̀ mcy-bpsS Btcm-KysØ _m[n-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, ̀ ¿Øm-hn-s‚bpw _‘p-°-fp-tSbpw a\x-]q¿Δ-ap-ff \nμn-°p∂ s]cp-am-‰-ßƒ, `¿Ømhv a\x-]q¿Δw kwt`m-K-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°¬ XpS-ßnbh.

˛ `¿Øm-hn\v as‰mcp `mcy D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-tbm, ITn-\-amb IpjvT-tcm-Kw_m[n-°p-ItbmsN-bvXm¬ ̀ mcy°v {]tXyI ]m¿∏nSwXs∂Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.

˛ Htc hoń¬ sh∏mń D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-tbm sh∏m-ń-bp-ambn ÿnc-ambn as‰-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw Xma-kn-°p-I-tbm- sN-øp-I.

˛ `¿Ømhv lnμp-aXw Dt]-£n-°p-I.˛ `¿Xr-Kr-l-Øn-e-√m-sX-bp-ff Xma-ksØ \ymboI-cn-°m≥ km[n-

°p∂ Imc-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.

aIs‚ `mcy°v Poh-\mwiw

Cu \nba{]Imcw acn®pt]mb aIs‚ `mcysb A—≥ Poh-\mwiw\¬In kwc-£n-°-Wsa∂v \n_-‘-\-bp-≠v. `¿Ømhv acn-®m¬ `¿Øm-hns‚ A—\v hcp-am-\-ap-s≠-∂pw hn[-hbv°v kzbwkwc-£-W-Øn\v hI-sbm∂pan-s√∂pw- hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ `¿Øm-hns‚ A—-\n¬\n∂v (aIs‚ hn-[-h-bv°v) Poh-\mwiw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

lnμphnhml\nba{]Imcw ZmºXy_‘-ß-fn-ep-≠m-hp∂ Fs¥-

28

¶nepw {]iv\-ß-fn¬ tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ tIkp-Iƒ \S-Øp∂Xn-\mbpwa‰pw, \oXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\mbn tImS-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-hp∂sNe-hp-Iƒ\¬Im≥ FXn¿I-£ns°Xnsc hn[n ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. Cu \nb-a-{]-Imcw kwc-£Ws®ehv e`n-

°p-∂-Xn\v knhn¬tImS-Xn-sb-bmWv kao-]n-t°-≠-Xv.

Ip´n-Iƒ°pff Poh-\mwiw

\nb-a-]-c-amtbm A√m-sX-tbm- D-≈ F√ma°-sfbpw ( Legitimateand illegitimate children) Xs‚ PohnXImeb-f-hn¬ sNe-hn\vsImSpØv kwc-£n-t°≠ _m[yX Hcp lnμp-hn-\p-≠v. AXp-t]mseXs∂ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-ImØ \nb-a-]-c-am-tbm A√m-sX-bp-fftXmBb a°ƒ°pw Ah-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬\n∂v Poh-\mwiw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Smw.

hnhmlwIgn-™n-´n-√mØ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb aIƒ°pw amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSv Poh-\mw-i-w Ah-Im-i-s∏-Smw.

acn-®p-t]mb Hcp lnμp-hns‚ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ°v- acn-®-bm-fpsS`mcysb kwc-£n-t°≠ _m[y-X-bp-≠v.lnμp ZsØSp-°¬ Poh-\mw-i \nb-a-{]-Imcw hr≤cpw \ncm-ew-_-cp-

amb amXm-]n-Xm-°-sf-bpw c≠m-\-Ω-tbbpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

ap…ow \nbaw

ap…ow hy‡n\nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v `mcysb kwc-£n-t°≠ _m[yX`¿Ø-m-hn-\m-Wv. `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂pw Poh-\mwiw Ah-Im-i-s∏Smw.F{XXs∂ [\n-I-bpw hcp-am-\-ap-f-f-h-fp-amWv `mcy F∂mepw Ign-hn-√m-Ø, Btcm-Ky-an-√mØ, ]W-an-√mØ ̀ ¿Øm-hns\ kwc-£n-t°≠_m[yX Ahƒ°n√. F∂m¬ F{Xam{Xw [\n-I-bm-sW-¶nepw ̀ mcy°vPohnXsNehv \¬Im≥ `¿Øm-hn\v _m[y-X-bp-≠v. {]mb-]q¿Øn-sb-Ønb Zmº-Xy-_-‘-Ønse \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]men-°p-∂ A\p-k-c-W-t°tSm- Im]-Sytam- C√mØ Hcp ap…ow`mcy°v, - `¿ØmhvF{XXs∂ \ncm-ew-_-\m-sW-¶nepw kwc-£-Whpw sNehpw \¬tI-≠Xv \nb-a-]-c-amb IS-a-bm-Wv.

Zmº-Xy-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Im-Ø-h-tfm,`¿Øm-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sm≥ AIm-c-W-ambn Xm¬]-cy-°pdhv ImWn-°p-∂-htfm, A\p-k-c-W-t°Sv ImWn-°p-∂-htfm, AIm-c-W-ambn ̀ ¿Xr-hoSv Dt]-£n-°p-∂-h-tfm, ]c-]p-cp-j-_-‘-ap-f-f-htfm BsW-¶n¬`¿Øm-hn¬\n∂pw Poh-\mw-iwe`n-°m≥ `mcy°v A¿l-X-bn-√.

`¿Øm-hns‚ `mKØp\n∂pw \ncp-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-]-c-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ(tam-i-amb s]cp-am-‰w, c≠mwhnhm-lw) h√Xpw D≠m-hp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬B ka-bØv `mcy°v {]tXyI Poh-\mwiw \¬Ip-sa∂v `¿Øm-hpw,`mcybpw Ah-cpsS c£n-Xm-°fpw- XΩn¬ Hcp Icm-dn-se-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Icm-dn¬ `mcybv°v Poh-\mw-i-Øn-\-h-Im-i-an√ F∂v\n_-‘\hbv°p-∂Xv \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-am-Wv.

`¿Ømhv c≠mw`mcysb BZy-`m-cy-bpsS ASp-tØ°v sIm≠p-h-

29

cp-∂Xpw am\-kn-I]oU-\-ßƒ°v hgn-sh-°p-sa-¶n¬ ̀ mcy°v {]tXyI]m¿∏nSw Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. `¿Ømhv Ahsf {]tXyI hk-Xn-bn¬

]m¿∏n®v kwc-£n-°m≥ \nb-a-]-c-ambn _m[y-ÿ-\m-Wv.

ap…ow kv{Xo (hn-hml tamN\ kwc-£-Wm-h-Im-iw) \nbaw

]m¿-esa‚ v- ]m m-°nb Cu \nbaw Xem°psIm≠v hnj-a-ß-f-\p-`-hn-°p∂ ap…owkv{Xo°v hen-sbm-c-\p-{K-l-am-Wv. hnhml ka-btØm AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-t®m AXn\ptij-tam e`n-® hkv-Xp-hlIƒ- C±m-Øv- Ime-b-f-hn-te-°p≈ sNe-hp-Iƒ, `mhn-kwc-£-W-Øn-te-°mbn samØ-amb XpI, _m-°n- In-́ m-\p-≈ al¿ F∂nh bmWv{]kvXpX \nb-a-Ønse 3˛mw hIp∏p{]Imcw hnhmltamNn-X-bmbap…owkv{Xo°v ap≥`¿Øm-hn¬ \n∂pw e`n°phm-\p≈ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ. samgn-sNm-√-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ `mcy K¿`n-Wn-tbm, AX-s√-¶n¬ c≠phb- n¬Xmsg {]mb-ap≈ Ipń-bpsS AΩtbm BsW-¶n¬ Ipń°v2 hb vhsc ape-bq-´p-∂-Xn-∂mbn {]tXyI B\p-Iqeyw samgn-sNm-√-s∏´ `mcy°v \¬Ip-hm≥ ap≥`¿Øm-hn\v _m[y-X-bp-s≠∂v Cu\nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- ]c-kv]c[mc-W-bn-tem, `¿Øm-hns‚ CjvS-Øn-t\m, ap…ow hnhm-ltamN\ \nba{]Im-ctam,- samgn-sNm-√-s∏´ `mcy°pw Cu \nb-a-{]-Im-c-a-p≈ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ e`n-°p-hm≥ A¿l-X-bp-s≠∂v hnhn[tImS-XnIƒ hn[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. `¿Øm-hns‚ kmº-ØnIÿnXn,Ccphcpw Hcp-an®v Pohn-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-bn-cp∂ PohnX\ne-hm-cw,IpSpw_alna F∂nh ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv hIp∏v 3˛se B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ tImSXn \n›bn-°p-∂Xv. BZy hnhmltamN-\-Øn-\p-tijwc≠mwhnhmlwIgn® kv{Xo°v Cu \nba{]Imcw B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒe`n-°p-sa-¶nepw `mhnkwc-£W sNe-hn\v Ah¿°v A¿l-X-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. hnhmltamNnX-bmb kv{Xo H∂mw¢m v aPn-kvt{S‰vtImSXnapºmsI Cu \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v l¿Pn\¬In-bm¬ FXn¿I-£n°vt\mó-k-b-°p-Ibpw Ccp-hn-̀ m-K-Øn-s‚bpw hmZ-ßƒ tI´tijw sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ XpI \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. XpI\¬Ip-hm≥ ̀ ¿Ømhv Xøm-dm-ImØ]£w Pbn¬in£ A\p-`-hn-t°-≠-Xpam-Wv. Aßs\ `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂pw Poh-\mwiw e`n-°mØ Hcpkv{Xo°v, Ah-cpsS G‰hpwASpØ _‘p-°-fn¬\n∂v sNe-hn\p\¬Ip-hm≥ tImS-Xn-tbmSv At]-£n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw \ncm-ew-_-cm-sW-¶n¬ kwÿm\ hJ^v t_m¿Uv Bkv{XobpsS kwc-£Ww Gs‰-Sp-°-W-sa-∂mWv \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv. HcpXc-Ønepw Hcp kv{Xobpw kwc-£n-°-s∏-SmsXt]mh-cp-sX-∂XmWv Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ Xmev]cyw-. Xem°vvsNm√-s∏´ kv{Xo°v GXpka-bØpw Cu \nb-a-{]-ImcwB\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn H∂mw¢m v aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-tb-tbm As√-¶n¬ AXn\v A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Ønb tImS-Xn-tbtbm

30

kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]tXyI Ime-]-cn[n \njv°¿jn-®n-ń-√.

a°-fpsS Poh-\mwiw

inip-°sf sNe-hp-sNbvXpsIm≠v kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv ]nXm-hm-Wv. hnhmlwIgn-bp∂Xphsc s]ä-°-sfbpw, {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Ip∂Xphsc Bä°-sfbpw kwc-£n-t°≠ _m[yX ]nXm-hn-\p-X-s∂bmWv. IqSmsX hn[-h-tbm hnhm-l-tam-Nn-Xtbm Bb aI-sfbpwIp™n-s\bpw kwc-£n-t°-≠Xpw ]nXm-hns‚ IS-a-bm-Wv. F∂m¬Xs‚IqsS Poho-°m≥ {]tXyI Imc-W-sam∂pwIqSmsX hnk-Ω-Xn-°p∂ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-ImØ aI-s\bpw Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmb aI-sfbpw

kwc-£n-°m≥ ]nXm-hn\v _m[y-X-bn-√.

amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS kwc-£-Ww

kmº-Øn-I, enwKt`Zs-a-t\y \n¿≤-\-cpw \ncm-ew-_-cpamb amXm-]n-Xm-°sf kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv a°-fpsS IS-a-bm-Wv. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°vIpd-s®m-s° -k-ºm-Zn-°m≥ km[n°pw F∂XpsIm≠p-am{Xw a°-fpsS

_m[yX C√-Xm-hp-∂n-√.

{InkvXy≥ \nbaw

{InkvXym\nIƒ°v {]tXy-I-ambn Poh-\m-wi-\n-b-a-an√. ]s£,A-h¿°pw Inan-\¬\S-]Sn{IaØnse 125˛mw hIp∏v _m[IamsW∂v

ap≥]v kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.

\S-]-Sn-{Ia-ßƒ

{Inan-\¬\S-]Sn{Iaw hIp∏v 125 {]Imcw Hcp l¿Pn sImSp-t°-≠Xv IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-Ifp-≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IpSpw-_-tIm-S-XnbnepwA√mØ]£w PpUo-jy¬ H∂mw¢mkv aPn-kvt{S‰vtImS-Xn-bnepwBWv. hy‡n\nb-a-ßf\p-k-cn-®p-ff l¿--Pn-IfpsS \S-]-Sn-{IahpwCXpXs∂. F-∂m¬ ap…owkv{Xo (hn-hmltamN\ kwc-£-W-\n-baw)1986 {]Imcw H∂mw¢mkv- aPn-kvt{S‰vtImS-Xn-bnemWv l¿Pn

ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xv.

IpSpw_ tImSXn

Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-itØ°p-th≠n, IpSpw-_-tIm-SXn \nbaa\p-k-cn®v ÿm]n-°s∏´-XmWv IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn. Pn√mPUvPn-bpsS dm¶p-≈ -PpUo-jy¬ Hmô-k¿ Bbn-cn°pw IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS A≤y-£≥. sshhm-lnIX¿°-ß-fn-ep-ff F√mtIkp-Ifpw Cu tImS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬hcpw (ap…ow hnhmltamNnX kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-ißƒ HgnsI) Hcp hy-Iv-Xn°v t\cn´v IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ l¿-Pn\evImw. tImS-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±i{]Imcwam{Xta IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬h°o-e-∑m¿ lmP-cm-hm≥]mSp-f-fq. H∂mw¢mkv PpUo-jy¬ aPo-kvt{S-‰ns‚ AtXA[n-Im-c-tØmsSbmWv CØcw tIkn¬ IpSpw_tImS-Xn-bpsS DØ-c-hp-I-ƒ.

31

Hcp {]mhiyw DØ-c-hmb sNe-hns‚ XpI Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn At]-£-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, ]cn-ÿnXn-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v am‰w hcp-Øm≥tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.- Hcp {]mhiyw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® DØ-chv as‰mcpDØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. thdn´p-Xma-kn-°p∂ sNehv e`n-°p-hm-\mbn l¿Pn \¬Inb `mcy°v A\p-Iq-e-amb hn[n e`n-®m¬, ̀ ¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w ho≠pw Xmakw Bcw-̀ n-®m¬t\csØ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ hn[n kzbw Zp¿_-eam-hp-I-bn-√.

125˛mw hIp∏p-{]Imcw H∂mw-¢mkv aPn-kvt{S‰v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂Hcp DØ-c-hn\p-ta¬ A∏o-en-√. F∂m¬ B DØ-c-hn¬ AXr-]vXn-bp-ff I£n°v skj≥kvtImS-Xn-bntem, sslt°m-S-Xn-bntem dnhn-j≥ l¿-Pn sImSp°mw AXp-t]mseØs∂ IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬\n∂p-ff DØ-c-hn\p-tasebpw dnhn-j≥l¿-Pn- sIm-Sp°mw,-- A∏o-en-√.]nW-ßn-∏ncn™ Zº-Xn-Isf cay-X-bn-em-°m≥ Iu¨kn-e-nßv kwhn-[m-\hpw IpSpw_tImS-Xn-bn¬ D≠v. Iu¨knenßn\ptijta tIkp-

I-fn¬ sXfn-sh-Sp-°m≥ tImS-Xn-°p-I-gn-bq.

\S-∏n-em-°¬

hn[n-bpsS ]I¿∏v l¿-Pn-°m-c\v tImS-Xn-bn¬\n∂v kuP-\y-ambne`n°pw. 125˛mwhIp∏v {]Imcw Hcmƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n Bbm¬AXv \S-∏n -em°n-°n-´p -∂-Xn -\mbn tImS-Xnsb kao-]n°mw. -FXn¿I£n hnkΩ-Xn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Abm-fpsS kzØv I≠p sI´p-∂-Xn\pw, FXn¿I£nsb Pbn-e-n-eS-bv-°p-hm\pw AXn\v hmd≠v ]pd-s∏Sp-hn-°m\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. 125˛mw hIp∏v {]Imcw A\p-h-Zn®pIn´p∂ XpI Hcp h¿j-Øn-\IwXs∂ tImSXnapJm-¥ncw Bh-iy-s∏-´n-√m-sb-¶n¬ {]kvXpX Ime-b-f-hn-te-°p-≈ XpI l¿-Pn-°m-cn°v \jvSwhcm-\n-S-bm-Ipw.

Cßs\ 125˛mwhIp∏v {]Imcw At]£ ka¿∏n®v DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ sshIp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, tIkv\S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬Xmev°m-en-I-ambn l¿-Pn-°m-cn°v sNe-hn\p-\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn tImS-Xn°v DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Xm≥ ]m-∏-cm-sW∂v FXn¿I£n-bpsS hmZwsIm≠v Poh-\mwiwsImSp-t°≠ _m[yXbn¬ \n∂vtImSXn Abmƒ°v Cfhp\¬-In-√. 500 cq]-bn¬Ihn-bm-Ø XpI \¬I-W-sa∂ \n_-‘\ t`Z-KXnsNbvX-tXmsS Poh-\mw-i-XpI F{X-sb∂vhn[n-°m≥ tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v. I£n-bpsS [\-ÿn-Xnbpw Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-chpwa‰pw ]cn-K-Wn®v Hcp XpI Nne-hn\v\¬I-m≥ tImS-Xn°v-DØ-c-hn-Smw.

6.- hnhmlkw_-‘-amb Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ

\nb-a-]-c-ambn hnhmlwIgn-°msX Hcp kv{Xosb ̀ mcybmsW∂p-]d™v hniz-kn-∏n®v IqsSXma-kn-∏n®v ssewKnI _‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp∂Xv- ]pcp-j≥am¿°v ]Øph¿jwhsc XShpw ]ngbpw in£ e`n-

32

°m-hp-∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.`¿Øm-thm, `mcytbm Pohn-®n-cnt° as‰mcp hnhmlwIgn-°p-∂Xv

7 h¿jwhsc XShv e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv. -]t£ CXp ap…ow]pcp-j≥am¿°v _m[-I-a-√. BZyhnhmlw ad-®p-sh-®p-sIm-≠v,c≠mwhnhmlw Ign-°p-∂Xp ]Øp-h¿jwhsc XShpw ]ngbpw e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.

\nb-a-km-[pX Cs√-∂-dn-™p-sIm-≠p- Xs∂ h©n-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS kXy-hn-cp-≤-ambn hnhmlwsNøp-∂Xv 7 h¿jw XShpw]ngbpw e`n-°p∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.

Hcp kv{Xobp-ambn Ah¿ as‰m-cm-fpsS `mcy-bm-sW∂dn™p-sIm≠pXs∂ ssewKnI_‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂Xv 5 h¿jw XS-thm,-]n-gtbm c≠pwIqSntbm e`n-°m-hp-∂- Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.

hnhm-ln-X-cmb kv{Xosb Ah-cpsS ̀ ¿Øm-hn-¬\n∂v AI-‰n-\n¿ØnAhn-ln-X-thgvN\S-Ø-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS XS-™p-sh-°p-∂XpwC¥y≥ in£m-\n-baw 498 {]Imcw c≠p-h¿jw-hsc XSthm ]ngtbmc≠pwIqSntbm e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.

Hcp kv{XotbmSv `¿Ømthm `¿Øm-hns‚ _‘p-°sfm {Iqc-X-tbmsS s]cp-am-dp-∂Xv in£m¿l-am-Wv. Bfl-l-Xy-bn-te°v \bn-°m-hp∂Xc-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ ]oU\hpw,- \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn ]WtamkzØp-h-Itbm Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v \S-Øp∂ D]-{Zhhpw {Iqc-X-bmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Spw. C¥y≥ in£m\nba{]Imcw CØcw Ip‰-

Ir-Xy-Øn\v tIsk-Sp-°mw.

kv{Xo[\ ac-Ww.

hnhm-lnX-bmbn Ggp h¿jØn-\Iw kv{Xo[\hp-am-bn- _\v-[s∏t´m- kv-{Xo-[\w- Bhiy-s∏´p-sIm-t≠m- ̀ ¿Øm-hn-s‚sbm ̀ ¿Øm-hns‚ _‘p-°-fp-sStbm ]oU\-tam, {Iqc-amb s]cp-am-‰tamaqetamHcp kv{Xo Xos]m-≈-tet‰m at‰-sX-¶nepwXc-Øn¬ ico-c-Øn¬ apdn-tht‰m AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ Akm-[m-cW kml-N-cy-Øntem ac-W-s∏-́ m¬`¿Øm-hn\pw Sn-bm-s‚ _‘p°ƒ°p-sa-Xnsc kv{Xo[\ac-W-sa∂ Ip-‰Øn-\v- tIsk-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXv- C¥y≥ in£m-\nbaw 304 _nhIp-∏p-{]Imcw Ggp h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bm-sXbpw, Poh-]-cy¥w hsctbmXShp-in£ e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.

C¥y≥ in£m\nbaw 306-̨ mwhIp∏p{]Imcw Hcp hy‡nsb Bfl-l-Xy°v \bn-°p-∂-Xv ]Øp h¿jwhsc XShpw ]ngbpw e`n-°m-hp-∂-

Ip‰-am-Wv.

K¿`w Ae-kn-∏n-°¬ XpS-ßnb Ip‰-ßƒ

DØ-a-hn-izm-k-tØm-Sp-IqSn K¿`n-Wn-bmb kv{XobpsS Poh≥ c£n-°p-hm≥th≠n-b-√msX tkz—bm K¿`w Ae-kn-∏n-°p∂ H-cmƒ°pw aq∂ph¿j-tØmfw BIm-hp∂ shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn-\X-S-hnt\m in£n-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂Xpw AXn\p]pdsa Abmƒ°p ]ng-in-£bpw \¬I-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. B kv{Xo Po-h\p-≈ K¿ -̀ÿ-in-ip-hn-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-fm-sW-¶n¬

33

XShpin£ Ggp h¿j-tØmfw BIm-hp-∂Xpw AXn\p]pdta ]ng-in-£-IqSn D≠m-Im-hp-∂-Xpam-Wv. Xs‚ K¿`w kzbw Ae-kn-∏n-°p∂kv{Xobpw C{]-Im-c-ap≈ in£bv°v A¿l-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv. C°m-cy-ßƒ hyh-ÿ-sN-bvXn-́ p-≈Xv 312-̨ mw hIp-∏n-em-Wv.

ta¬∏-d™{]Imcw K¿`w Ae-kn-∏n-°p-∂Xv kv{XobpsS kΩXwIqSm-sX-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp- sN-øp∂ GsXm-cmfpw Poh-]-cy¥w XS-hp-in-£bvt°m ]Øp-h¿jwhsc- shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn\XS-hnt\min£n-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂Xpw AXn\p-]pdsa ]ng-in-£-bpw D≠mIpw F∂v313-˛mwhIp-∏n¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

K¿`w Ae-kn-∏n-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-iyØm-Sp-IqSn kv{XobpsS acWw kw -̀hn-°p∂ GsX-¶nepw {]hrØnsNøp∂ GsXm-cmfpw ]Øp-h¿jwhsc-bm-Im-hp∂ shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn\XS-hnt\m in£n-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-h-bm-Wv. {]kvXpX {]hrØn kv{XobpsS kΩXwIqSm-sX-bm-sW-¶nepw ta¬∏-d™ in£ e`n°mw. Xm≥sNøp∂ {]hrØn ac-W-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n-tb°msa∂v {]hr-Øn-sN-øp∂ Bfn\v Adn-bn-s√-¶n¬t]mepw B{]hrØn Ip‰-I-chpw in£m¿l-hp-am-bn-cn°pw 314-̨ mwhIp-∏n-emWv ta¬∏-d™ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-°-s∏-́ n-́ p-≈-Xv.

GsX-¶nepw inip-hns‚ P\-\-Øn-\p-apºv, GsX-¶nepw {]hrØnsNøp∂Xp-hgn AXp Poh-t\msS ]nd-°p-∂Xp XS-b-W-sat∂m P\n-®-tijw acn-°m-\n-S-bm-I-W-sat∂m D≈ Dt±-iy--tØm-Sp-IqSn B{]hrØnsNøp-Ibpw AXns‚ ê-ambn inip Poh-t\msS ]nd-°p-∂Xp XS-bp-Itbm P\n®tijw acn-°m-\n-S-bm-°p-Itbm sNøp∂GsXm-cm-fpw, B {]hrØnsNbvXXv DØahnizmk]q¿hw amXm-hns‚Poh≥ c£n-°p-hm≥th≠n A√m-Ø-]-£w, ]Øp-h¿jwhsc-bm-Im-hp∂ shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn\XS-hnt\m ]ng-in-£bvt°m As√-¶n¬c≠pwIqSnb in£bv°v hn[n-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv F∂v 315˛mw h-Ip-∏n¬ hyhÿsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

Ip‰-I-c-amb \c-lXybmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ km[y-X-bp≈]cnXx-ÿnXn-bn¬ sNbvX GsX-¶nepw {]hrØnaqew Ne-\-ap≈K¿`ÿinip-hn\v acWwkw`-hn-∏n-°p∂ GsXm-cmfpw ]Øp-h¿j-tØm-f-am-Im-hp∂ shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn\XS-hnt\m in£n-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xp-amWv F∂v 316-˛mwhIp-∏n¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

Hcp inip-hns‚ tZlw, B inip acn-®Xv ]nd-°p-∂-Xn-\p-aptºm]nd-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ti-jtam ]nd-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmtgm Bbmepw cl-ky-ambn ssIsbm-gn-bp-Ihgn, B inip-hns‚ P\\w a\x-]q¿Δw Hfn-®p-h-bv°p-Itbm Hfn-®p-h-bv°m≥ {ian-°p-ItbmsNøp∂ GsXm-cmfpwc≠p-h¿jwhsc-bm-Im-hp∂ shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn\XS-hnt\m]ngbvt°m XS-hp-w ]n-gbpwtN¿∂ in£bvt°m A¿l-\m-bn-cn°pw-F∂v 318-˛mw hIp-∏n¬ hyhÿsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

]{¥-≠p-h-b- n¬Xmsg {]mb-ap≈ Ipńsb AXns‚ ]nXmthmkwc-£W®pa-X-e-bp≈ Btfm AXns\ ]q¿Æ-am-bpw Dt]-£n-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-i-y-tØm-Sp-IqSn Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw ssIhn-ń´vt]mIp∂

34

]£w Ahƒ°v/Abmƒ°v Ggp-h¿jwhsc-bm-Im-hp∂ shdpw XSthmITn\XSthm ]ng-in-£tbm e`n°mw. XShpw ]ngbpw IqSn-t®¿∂in£bpw e`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A{]-Imcw Ac-£n-X-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬hnń´vt]mIp-∂-Xns‚ ê-ambn Ipń -a-cn®pt]mbm¬ sIme-]m-X-I-°p-‰-Ønt\m Ip‰-I-c-amb \c-l-Xyt°m hnNm-cWsNø-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 317-˛mw hIp-∏n-emWv Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-°-s∏-´-Xv.1984˛¬ Cu \n-b-aØnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ I¿i-\-am-°n-s°m≠v

t`Z-K-Xn-sN-bvXp.

kv{Xo[\ \ntcm-[\ \nbaw

kv{Xo[\k{º-Zm-bsa∂ kmaqlyhn]-Øn\v AdpXnhcp-Øp-hm≥

1961˛¬ kv{Xo[\\ntcm-[\\nbaw (The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961)\ne-hn¬h-∂p. BXy-¥n-I-ambn kv{Xo[\w sImSp-°p-∂Xpwhmßp∂Xpw XS-bp-I F∂ Dt±-iy-ap≈ Cu \nb-a-Ønse hIp-∏p-Iƒ°v {]mtbm-KnI cq]w\¬Inb tI{μk¿°m¿ 1985˛¬ kv{Xo[\\ntcm-[\\nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ N´-ßfpw \n¿Ωn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.(The Dowry Prohibition (Maintenance of lists of presents to the brideand bride groom Rules, 1985.)kv{Xo[\w˛\n¿h-N\w

hnhm-l-_-‘-Ønse Hcp]£w adp-]-£-Ønt\m hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip∂hy‡n-I-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm a‰p-hy-‡n-Itfm hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip-∂-h¿t°m a‰p-hy‡n-Iƒt°m hnhmlka-btØm AXn\p ap≥t]m]n≥t]m hnhm-lm-\p-_-‘n-bmbn \¬I-s∏-Sp∂ kztØm (Property)hne-a-Xn-°p∂ ]{X-ß-tfm, (valuable security) t\cnt´m ]tcm-£-amtbm \evIp-∂Xns\-bmWv kv{Xo[\w F∂ ]ZwsIm≠v hnh-£n-°p∂Xv.

ap…ow hy‡n\nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp∂ al¿ AYhm Uh¿Cu \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂n√

hnhmlw Imc-W-ambn ka-b-]-cn-[n-bn-√msX ssIam‰wsNø-s∏-Sp∂]Wtam kztØm aqey-h-Ømb hkvXp-°tfm Cu \n¿hN-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬, Cu \n¿Δ-N\w XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ hIp-∏nse\n›-b-ßƒ Iqń-t®¿Øv hmbn-s®-¶nte ]q¿Wam-Iq.

\nb-a-Ønse in£-Iƒ

kv{Xo[\w hmßp∂Xpw \evIp-∂-Xpw, hmßp-hm\pw \evIp-hm\pwt{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw kv{Xo[\w Bhiy-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw \nb-a-Øn¬ Ip‰-I-c-am-Wv.

Hcp \n›nX XpItbm B`-c-W-ßtfm `qkztØm sImSp-°m-sa-∂p≈ hmKvZm-\-amWv Hcmsf hnhm-l-Øn\v kΩ-Xn-∏n-°p-∂sX-¶n¬

AXv-- kv{Xo-[-\-am-Wv.

35

kv{Xo[\w

kv{Xo[\-w- sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv \nba-hn-cp-≤-am-sW-¶nepw X\n-°p≈Ah-Imiw kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kv{Xo[\-am-bn- hm-ßn-b- kz-Øp-°ƒ3 amk-Øn-\Iw h[p-hn\v \¬In-bn-s√-¶n¬ in£m¿l-amb Ip‰-amWvhnhm-ln-X-\m-Ip∂ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ kv{Xo[\w hmßn-bn-®n-s√∂ kXy-hm-Mvaqew Xs‚ ]nXmhv, `mcy, `mcym-]n-Xmhv F∂n-h-cpsS km£y-]-{X-ßƒ-s°m∏w taep-tZym-K-ÿ\v ka¿∏n-°Ww F∂-\p-im-kn-°p∂ ]pXnb N´-ßƒ cq]-s∏-SpØns°m≠v kwÿm-\-k¿°m¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.-

1. kv{Xo[\wsImSp-°p-∂Xpw hmßp-∂Xpw AXn\v t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂XpwIp‰-I-camWv A©p-h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bmØ XS-hpw ]Xn-\-øm-bncwcq]-bn¬ Ipd-bm-ØtXm kv{Xo[-\-Øns‚ aqeytam GXmtWmIqSp-X¬ A{Xbpw XpI ]ng-bn-\-Ønepw in£ hn[n°mw.-

2. t\cnt´m ]tcm-£-am-tbm, h[p-hn-s‚tbm hc-s‚tbm amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmtSm _‘p-°-tfmtSm c£m-I¿Øm-hn-t\mtSm kv{Xo[\wBh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv in£m¿l-am-Wv. Cu Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn\v 6 amk-Øn¬ Ipd-bm-ØXpw c≠vh¿jwhsc \ofm-hp-∂Xpamb XS-hpw,]Xn-\m-bncw cq]hsc ]ngbpw hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Cu c≠-h-k-c-Ønepw G‰hpwIpd™ in£ F{X-bm-sW∂v \nP-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬t]mepw aXnbmb Imc-W-ßƒ hn[n-\ym-b-Øn¬ tN¿Øv XShpin£ CfhpsNøm≥ AXmXv tImS-Xn-Iƒ°vA[n-Im-c-ap≠vv. a‰v kml-N-cy-ß-sf√mwIqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ B\p-Iqeyw D]-tbm-Kn®v \n›-bn-®n-́ p≈G‰hpw Ipdhv XShp-in£mka-b-tØ-°mƒ Ipd™ in£ hn[n-°m≥ tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠mbn-cn-°pw.

hnhm-l-k-a-bØv h[p-hnt\m hct\m \evIs∏-Sp∂ kΩm-\-ßsfkv{Xo[-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-bn-́ p-≠v F∂m¬ C\n-]-d-bp∂ \n›-b-ßƒ ]men-°-s∏-´m¬am{Xta Cu Hgn-hp-e-`n-°q.

1. kΩm-\-ßƒ Ah-Im-i-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xm-I-cpXv (Demand)

2. kv{Xo[\\ntcm-[\\nb-a-Øn≥Iogn¬ D≠m-°-s∏-́ n´p≈ N -́ßƒ{]Imcw kΩm-\-ßƒ tN¿°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´n-´p≈enÃv kq£n-®n-cn-°-Ww.

3. h[p-hn\p-th≠ntbm, h[p-hn-t\mSp- _‘-ap≈ Bsc-¶n-eptamIogv\-S-∏-\p-k-cn-®p≈ (customary) \evI-s∏-tS≠ kΩm-\-ß-fpsSt{iWn-bn¬s∏tS-≠-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

4. CØcw kΩm-\-Øns‚ aqeyw, sImSp-°p∂ BfptStbm B¿°p-th-≠n-bmtWm sImSp-°-s∏-tS-≠Xv Ah-cp-sStbm, kmº-Øn-Ikml-N-cy-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-a-√mØ Xc-Øn-em-I-cp-Xv.

37

`m-Kw- ˛ c≠v-

{In-an-\¬- \n-baßƒ-

38

1.- Hcp {Inan-\¬tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-∂Xpw

Nm¿÷p sNøp-∂Xpw Fßns\

t]meokv Hcp tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXm¬ AXv At\z-jn®v Nm¿÷vtImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm°n hnNm-c-Wbv°v k÷-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-a-Øn¬ ]{¥≠mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p. kzImcy A\ym-b-ßƒ°pw t]meokv Nm¿÷v sNøp∂tIkp-Iƒ°pw shtΔsd \S-]Sn {Ia-ß-fmWv \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. HcptIkv Nm¿÷p-sNbvXv hnNm-c-W-s°-Øp-∂-Xp-hsc hfsc k¶o¿Æhpw

\n›n-X-hp-amb Nne -\-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ ]men-bvt°-≠-Xp-≠v.

F^v.-sF.-B¿

CXv Hcp tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ BZy-\-S-]-Sn-bm-Wv. F^v.-sF.-B¿ F∂p-≈Xv BZy-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ As√-¶n¬ BZy-am-bn- e`n-bv°p∂ hnh-c-Øns‚ dnt∏m¿´v F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ Npcp-°-t∏-cm-Wv.

t]meo-kn\v cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXv At\z-jn-°m-hp-∂Xpw (Cognizable)A{]-Imcw cPn -Ã¿ sNøm≥ \nhr -Øn -bn -√m -ØXpw (Non-Cognizable)F∂p c≠phn[-ambn tIkp-Isf Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p.tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXv At\z-jn-°m-hp∂ tIkp-Ifpw A√mØhbpwGsXm-s°-sb∂v {Inan--\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-a-Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-ambntN¿Øn-´p≈ ]´nI bn¬ {]tXyIw hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v.

t]meokn\p cPn-Ã¿ sNøm-hp∂ Hcp Ip‰IrXyw \S-∂-Xmbn tcJm-aq-e-amtbm A√m-sXtbm Hcp t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ hnhcw e`n-bv°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ B k-abw tÃj≥ Nm¿÷n-en-cn-bv°p∂ Npa-X-e-s∏´DtZym-K-ÿ≥ AX-t∏mƒXs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw, Aßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hnh-c-ßƒ Abm-sf hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®v t_m≤y-s∏-SpØnH∏p-Sp-hn®p hmßn-°p-Ibpw thWw. AXn-s‚ ]I¿-∏v- hn-hcw- \ev-In-b Bƒ-°v- ku-P\y-am-bn- sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw- thWw.- CXmWv B tI-kns‚ F^v.-sF.-B¿ F∂ tcJ. Cßns\ tcJs∏SpØp∂Xns‚hnhcw cPn-Ã-dn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-bv°Ww F∂pw AtX-Xp-S¿∂v tIkvcPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-cn-°Ww F∂p-≈Xpw t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿs‚ IS-a-bm-∂v.- Hcp sSe-t^m¨ sat -Pv, Iºn-hm¿Ø Chbpw km-lNcy-ßf\p-kcn-®v- F.I.R Bbn ]cn-K-Wn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂pw \nbaw

39

A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. Ip‰-IrXyw sNbvX-h-cpsS t]cpw ta¬hn-em-khpwCs√-¶n¬t]mepw tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-cn-°-Ww. km-lNcy-ßf\p-kcn-®v- F.I.R tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v hn-hcw \¬Ip-∂-bm-fn\v kw-̀ -h-sØ-∏‰n t\cn-´p≈ Adnhv D≠m-bn-cn-bv°-W-sa-∂n-√.

Hcp tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXp Ign-™m¬ DS≥Xs∂ tIkns‚ At\z-jWw XpS-tß-≠-Xm-Wv. kw`-h-ÿew kμ¿in®v th≠ At\z-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw XpS¿∂v Ip‰-hm-fnsb AdÃp sNøp-∂-Xn\p≈\S-]-Sn kzoI-cn-bv°pbpw thWw.

F∂m¬ t]meo-kn\v tIkv FSpØv At\z-jWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\vA[n-Im-c-an-√mØ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-amWv tÃj-\n¬ dnt∏m¿´p sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n¬ B hn-hcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw aPn-kvt{S-ńs‚ tcJm-aq-e-ap≈ A\p-hmZw hmßn°gn™v tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXv At\z-jWw \S-Øm-w-.- A{]-Imcw At\z-jWw Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬B hn-hcw DS≥Xs∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-sØ-∏‰n tÃj-\n¬ hnhcw \¬Ip-∂-bm-fns\ tcJm-aqew Adn-bn-®n-cn-°-Ww. F∂p-am-{X-a√, tae-[n-Im-cnsb B hn-hcw Adn-bn-°p-I-bpw thWw. Aßns\ tIsk-Sp-°m-sX-bn-cp-∂m¬ taep-tZym-K-ÿ\pw B hn-hcw tImS-Xnsb [cn-∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww. tImS-Xn°v B hn-h-csØ∏‰n kzbw At\z-jn-°pItbm Xs‚Iogn-ep≈ as‰mcp PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-ńs\ sIm-≠v At\z-jn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNømw.

Hcp t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ e`n-bv°p∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy -hnh-csØ-∏‰n\S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn\v t]meo-k-[n-Imcn Xøm-dm-bn-s√-¶n¬Ip-‰-Ir-XysØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØn tIkv At\z-jWw XpS-cp-∂-Xn\v t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿt-\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v.-aPn-kvt{S-ń\v A[n-Imcw D≠v.

tIk-t\z-jWw

tIkv tcJm-aqew cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w tIkns‚ At\z-jWw Gs‰-SpØv \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ\v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v. Cu tIknse kw`-h-sØ-∏‰n Adn-bm-sa∂pw Adn-bm≥km≤y-X-bp-s≠∂pw ImWp-∂ -B-tcbpw tIk-t\z-j-W-Øn-\p-th≠nt\mó-k-b®p hcpØn tNmZyw sNbvXv sXfnhp tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\vAt\z-j-tWm-tZym-K-ÿ\v A[n-Imcw D≠v-. Aßns\ t]meokv Bh-iy-s∏-́ m¬ tÃj-\n¬ lmP-cmbn sXfn-hp-\¬Im≥ Xøm-dm-Im-Ø-h-cpsS t]cn¬ t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]-Sn- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw At\z-j-tWm-tZym-K-ÿ\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ kv{XoIsfbpw, ]Xn-\©p hb- n¬ Xmsg am{Xw {]mb-ap≈ Ip-ń-Itfbpw A{]-Imcw t\mó-k-b®phcp-Øm≥ ]mSn√.- Aßns\ sNbvXm¬ AXv \nb-a-ew-L-\-am-bn -I-W-°m-°W-sa∂v \μn\n kXv]-Xn-bpsS tIkn¬ kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n-®n-́ p-≠v.

40

C{]-Imcw lmP-cm-Ip∂ Bfn-t\mSp tIknse kw`-h-sØ-∏‰ntNmZn®v tÃ‰vsa‚ v Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v At\z-j-W D-tZym-K-ÿ\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

161-̨ mw hIp∏v A\p-k-cn®v t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂tÃ‰p-sa‚n¬ km£n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. B km-£nsb hnkvX-cn-°p-tºmƒ Abmƒ B tÃ-‰p-sa‚n\p hncp-≤-ambntImS-Xn-bn¬ samgn-\¬Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ B samgn`mKw Abm-fpsS{i≤-bn¬s∏-SpØn Abmsf FXn¿°p-∂-Xn\v am{Xta AXp-]-tbm-Kn-°mhq. t]meo-kn-\p -sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ samgn-bn¬ F¥p-]-d-™n-cp-∂mepw AXp tImSXn kzoIm-cy-amb sXfn-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-I-bn-s√∂p am{X-a√ B Im-c-Ww-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Abmƒ ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ambn tÃ‰p-sa‚p \¬Ip∂p F∂v hcp-Øn-Xo¿°p-∂-Xn\pw Abm-fpsS tÃ‰vsa‚ v \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-°pw.

C{]-Imcw t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ≥ samgn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\vbmsXm-cp -{]-tem-`-\-ßfpw kzm[o-\hpw {]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-√.

tIk-t\z-j-W-Øn-\nsS Hcp {]Xn- Ip‰kΩ-X-samgn \¬Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v 164˛mw hIp-∏-\p-k-cn®p aPn-kvt{S-´ns\ kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp tUmIvSdpsS ASptØm DØ-c-h-mZ--s∏´ Hcm-fpsS ASptØm sImSp-°p∂ Ip‰-k-Ω-X-sam-gnbpw {]kv‡-amb sXfn-hmbn IW-°m-°pw. aPnkvt{S-́ mWv A{]-Imcw samgn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX-¶n¬ samgn \¬Ip-∂-Xn\papºv ho≠p-hn-Nm-c-Øn\vAbmƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-Ibpw, B tÃ-‰p-sa‚ns‚ \nb-a-km-[pXAbmsf _m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw, A{]-Imcw Hcp tÃ‰p-sa‚ v kzta-[bm\¬Ip-∂-XmtWm F∂v t_m≤yw hcp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

tIk-t\z-jWthf-bn¬ tÃ‰p-sa‚ v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn\pw sXfnhvIs≠-Sp-°p--∂-Xn\pw th≠n tim[-\sNbvXv (Search) sXfnhv Is≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw At\z-j-W DtZym-K-ÿ\v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v. AXn-\p-th≠n sk¿®v hmd≠v tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw hmßp-∂-Xn\pw At\z-j-tWm-tZym-K-ÿ\v \S-]-Sn- kzo-I-cn-°mw. A{]-Imcw \S-]-Sn- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv Ime-Xm-akw hcp∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ sXfnhp \in-∏n-°m-sX-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn Hcp satΩm Xø-dm°n tImS-Xn°v Ab®tijw sXc-®n¬ \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

tIk-t\z-j-W-Øn-\p-th≠n ̀ mc-X-Øn\p shfn-bn¬ t]mIp-∂-Xn\pwtImS-Xn-bpsS A\p-a-Xn- hm-ßm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

At\z-j-W-Øn-\nsS Hcp- Ip-‰-hm-fnsb Ad-Ãp- sN-bvXm¬ Ccp-]-Øn-\m-ep- a-Wn-°q-dn-\Iw Abmsf tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-°n-bn-cn-°Ww. Ad-Ãns\ kw_-‘n®v kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]men-®n-cn-°-Ww. Pmayw sImSp-°m-hp∂ tIk-s√-¶n¬ {]Xn°v14 Znh-k-tØ°v tImSXn dnam‚ v A\p-h-Zn-°pw. AXn-\nsS tIk-t\z-j-W-Øn\mbn Abmsf tImSXn A\p-hm-Z-tØmsS t]meo-kv I-Ã-Un-bn¬ hmßm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

41

A{]-Imcw dnam‚p sNøp-∂-bm-fns‚ t]cn-ep≈ Ip‰w ]Øp-sIm-√-Øn¬ IqSp-Xtem Poh-]-cy-¥tam in£ e`n-°m-hp∂ H∂m-sW-¶n¬sXmÆq-dp- Zn-h-k-Øn-\Iw Nm¿÷p lmP-cm-°n-bn-ń-s√-¶n¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw Abm-sf kz¥w Pmay-Øn¬ hn´-b-°-Ww.

C{]-Imcw \S-Øp∂ At\zjW-Øn¬ HcmfpsS ta¬ Nm¿÷p- sIm-Sp-°-Ø° Ip‰w shfn-hm-bn-́ n-s√-¶n¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ tImS-Xn-bn¬lmP-cm-Im-sa-∂p≈ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Abmsf hn -́bbvt°-≠-Xm-Wv.

tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-°p∂ Nm¿÷n¬ {]Xn-bpsS ta¬hnemkw,Ip‰-Øns‚ kz`mhw, km£n-I-fpsS ta¬hn-em-khpw hnh-c-ßfpwF∂nh AS-ßn-bn-cn-°-Ww. AXp-Iq-SmsX F√m dn°m¿Up-I-fp-sSbpw]I¿∏p-Ifpw {]Xn°v \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v th≠n lmP-cm-°p-Ibpw thWw.

174-˛mw hIp-∏-\p-k-cn®v Hcp acWw Bfl-l-Xy-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ t]meokv kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØn t{]X-hn-Nm-cWbpw sXfn-sh-Sp∏pw \S-ØpIbpw sNbvXn-cn-°Ww. Bfl-l-Xytbm Zpcq-l-a-c-Wsam B-sW-¶n¬ AtX-∏‰n sXfn-sh-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Unkv{Sn-Iv‰v (F-Ivkn-Iyp-́ ohv) aPn-kvt{S-ń-\m-Wv.

kzImcy A\ymbw ̂ b-en¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnNm-cW sNøp-∂-Xn\pw D≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hyXy-ÿ-am-Wv.

2.- AdÃv, Pmayw

ssZ\w-Zn\w tI´pw I≠pw ]cn-N-bn® Hcp ]Z-amWv Ad-Ãv. t]meo-kn-\p-t]m-epw ]e-t∏mgpw \nb-a-hn-t[-b-amb Ad-Ãn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ icn-bmb hn[-Øn¬ Adn-bn√ F∂p kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Adkv-‰v- F∂m¬- ssIhn-eßWn-bn-°¬- F∂√ A¿-∞w.- Adkv-‰p- sNøs∏tS≠bm-fn-s‚ tZlØv- kv-]¿-in-®v- ""Xm-¶ƒ- Adkv-‰p-sNøs∏ń-cn-°p-∂p''- F∂v- Adkv-‰p- sNøp-∂ t]m-eo-kp-tZym-Kÿ≥-]d™m¬- AXv \n -bam-\p -kr-Xam-b Adkv-‰m -Wv. - Adkv -‰p -sNøs∏´bmƒ- Hm-Sn- c£s∏Sp-hm≥- km-[y-Xbp-s≠¶n-tem- a‰p- kp-c£m- Im-cWßfm-tem- am-{Xta ssIhn-eßv- AWn-bn-°m≥- ]m-Sp-≈q.-AdÃpw IÃ-Unbpw sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°m-hp∂ kam-\-X-I-fp≈ ]Z-ß-fmWv.CXv ]e-t∏mgpw amdnbpw adn®pw D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p. F∂m¬ HcmsfIÃ-Un-bn-se-Sp-Øm¬ am{Xw Abmƒ Ad-Ãn-em-hp-I-bn-√. IÃ-Un-bn-se-SpØ Bfns\ ]e-t∏mgpw Znh-k-ß-tfmfw Aßs\ Xs∂ kq£n-®-Xn-\p-ti-j-amhpw t]meokv Ad-Ãn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I. CXv \nb-a-hn-t[-b-a√ CØ-c-Øn¬ \nb-a-hn-t[-b-a-√mØ IÃUn kq£n-∏p-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ hym]-I-am-Ip-∂-Xmbn t_m[y-s∏-́ -Xp-sIm-≠mWv \ΩpsS ]c-tam-∂X \oXn-]oTw 1997-̨ ¬ Ad-Ãns\ kw_-‘n® Nne I¿i\ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Hcp hn[n-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-́ p-≈-Xv. B am¿§-\n¿t±-i-

42

ßƒ Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-́ p-≠v.Ad-Ãn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn

\nb-a-Øn-emW.v {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw A©mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ 41apX¬ Adp-]-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ hIp-∏p-Iƒ Ad-Ãn-s\-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. t]meo-kn\v tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNøm-hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰wsNbvX (Cognizable offence) Hcm-sftbm A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ip‰w sNbvXn-cn -°m-\n-S-bp-s≠∂v \ymb-ambn kwi-bn-°m-hp∂ Hcm-sftbmt]meokptZymK-ÿ\v AdÃp sNøm-hp-∂Xm-sW∂pw AXn\v tImS-Xn-bpsS hmd‚ns‚ Bh-iy-an-s√∂pw {In.-\.\n 41-˛mw hIp-∏n¬ ]d-bp-∂p. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ `h-\-t`-Z-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Bbp-[-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ ssIh-i-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Hcm-sfbpw ÿncw Ip‰-hm-fn-bmb Hcm-sfbpw tImS-Xn-bpsS hmd-≠p -Iq-SmsXXs∂ t]meo-kn\vAd-Ãp-sN-øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmbp-[-tk-\-bn¬\n∂v Hfn®v t]m∂ Hcm-sfbpw, Ih¿®-ap-X¬ ssIhiw kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ Bsf-bpw, Ad-Ãp-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v hmd-≠ns≥d Bh-iy-an-√. Hcp t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ≥Uyq´n-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ Abmƒ \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-F√m DØ-c-hn-s\bpw A\p-k-cn-°msX Ccn-°p∂h-sc-tbm, [n°-cn-bv°p-∂-h-sctbm Ad-Ãp-sN-øm-hp-∂-XmWv F∂v {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-a-Ønepw t]meokv BIv‰nepw hyh-ÿ-sN-bvXn-´p-≠v.

ÿncw Ip‰-hm-fn-bmb Hcmsf t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ\v hmd-≠n-√msX Ad-Ãp- sN-øp-I-tbm, Abmsf AdÃp sNøp-∂-Xn\v km[m-c-W-°m-c-\mb ]uc-t\mSv \n¿t±-in-°p-Itbm sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Uyq´n-bn-ep≈ Hcp t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ≥ kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-bn- Im-W-s∏-Sp∂Hcm-tfmSv t]cpw ta¬hnem-khpw Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬, AXv sX‰mbn ]d-bp-I-tbm, ]dbm≥ hnap-JX Im´p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ Abmsf t]meo-kptZym-K-ÿ\v AdÃp sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. icn-bmb hnh-c-ßƒ 24aWn-°q-dn-\Iw In´p-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬IqSn Abmsf 24 aWn-°q-dn-\IwaPn-kvt{S‰p apºmsI lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

km[m-cW ]uc\v Ad-Ãp-sN-ømw!

Ip‰-hm-fn-bmb Hcmsf t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ\v Ad-Ãp-sNømw F∂-Xp-t]mse Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcmsf Ad-Ãp-sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-ImcwHcp km[m-cW ]uc\pw \nbaw A\p-h-Zn-®p-X-cp-∂p-≠v. Hcp {]Jym-]n-X- Ip-‰-hm-fn-sbbpw (Proclaimed offender) Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn¬ G¿s∏-́ p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcm-sfbpw GsXmcp km[m-cW ]uc\pw \nb-a-hn-t[-b-ambn Ad-Ãp-sN-øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp- sN-bvXm¬ DS≥Xs∂B Ip‰-hm-fnsb G‰hpw ASp-Øp≈ t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Abmƒ Hcp Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Ønepw Dƒs∏-́ n-́ n-√m-sb∂v hy‡-am-hp∂]£w DS≥Xs∂ Abmsf hn -́bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv.

43

ta¬]-d™ c≠p kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Hcp km[m-c-W-]u-c≥ t]meokvDtZym-K-ÿ\v Xpey-\m-hp∂p F∂p-≈-XmWv {Inan-\¬ \S-]-Sn-\n-baw43-˛mw hIp∏psIm-≠p≈ t\´w. C{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-´-bmsft]meokv ho≠pw AdÃv (Re-arrest) sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

Hcp aPn-kv{S-́ ns‚ apºn¬h®v Hcp Ip‰-IXyw sNøp-∂-bmsf At±-l-Øn\p Xs∂ Ad-Ãp -sN-øp-Itbm as‰m-cm-tfmSv B Ip‰-hm-fnsbAd-Ãp-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v DØ-chp sImSp-°p-Itbm sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

AdÃp sNø-s∏-tS-≠-bmƒ Ad-Ãn\p Iogvs∏-Sp-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬F¥p-sN-ø-W-sa∂pw \nbaw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ Abm-fpsS tZlØpsXmt´m _‘-\Øn-em-°ntbm Ad-Ãp-sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv.Bhiyw th≠p-∂-Xmb _e-{]-tbm-K-sØ-∏‰n Chn-sS-bmWv kqN-\-bp-≈-Xv. Ad-Ãn\p Iogvhg-ßm-Ø-bm-fns\ c£-s∏-Sp-hm-\-\p-h-Zn-°msXAdÃp \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Bhiyw th≠-Xmb _e-{]-tbmKw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-

Ad-ÃvsN-øp-tºmƒ ]men-t°≠ \n_‘\-Iƒ

t]meokv IÃ-Unbn¬sh®p≈ ]oU\w XS-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn A\p-h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xmb Nne \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Un.-sI.-_mkp F∂ Bƒ ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒk¿°m-cn-s\-XnscsImSpØ tIkn¬ kp{]owtImSXn\¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ah Xmsg∏dbpw{]Im-c-amWv

1. AdtÃm tNmZyw-sN-øtem \S-Øp∂ t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿Ahsc Xncn-®-dn-b-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ Xncn-®dn-b¬ Nn”-ßfpw t]cpwDtZym-K-t∏cpap-≈ SmKpw [cn-®n-cn-°-Ww. Ad-Ãp-sNøs∏´n-´p≈Bfns\ tNmZywsNøp-∂-Xn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-´p≈ F√m t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ≥am-cptSbpw hnh-c-ßƒ Hcp cPn-Ã-dn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww.

2. AdÃp-\S-Øp∂ t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Ad-Ãp-\-S-Øp∂ ka-bØv Hcp satΩm Xøm-dm-t°≠Xpw B satΩm A-dÃpsNø-s∏´Bfns‚ IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp AwKtam AdÃp\S∂ ÿesØ _lp-am-\y-\mb Hcp hy‡ntbm km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

3. Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-Itbm XS-™p-hbv°s∏Sp-Itbm sNøp-Ibpwt]meokvtÃj-\ntem tNmZywsNø¬tI{μ-Øntem tem°-∏ntem IÃ-Un-bn-em-bn-cn-°p-IbpwsNøp∂ Bfn\v Xm≥ A{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw XS-™p-h-bv°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn Xs‚Hcp kplr-Øn-t\tbm _‘p-hn-s\tbm Xm≥ Adn-bp-∂tXm X∂n¬Xm¬∏-cy-ap-≈tXm Bb as‰m-cm-fns\tbm Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ Ah-Imi-ap-≠v. (F-∂m¬ ta¬∏-d™ satΩm km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv AØcwHcp kplrtØm _‘pthm BsW-¶n¬ Cu hyhÿ _m[-I-a-√.)

4. Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bfn-s‚ kplrtØm ASpØ_‘pthm BPn√bvt°m ] -́W-Ønt\m shfn-bnem-sW-¶n¬ Ad-Ãp-sNbvX kabw,

44

Xob-Xn, IÃ-Un-bn¬h®n-cn-°p∂ CSw F∂nh AdÃv \S∂v 8 aWn-°q-dn-\pw 12 aWn-°q-dn\pw CS-bn¬ Pn√-bnse \nb-a-k-lmbkwL-S-\-bn-eq-sSbpw _‘-s∏´ {]tZ-isØ t]meokvtÃj≥ aptJ-\bpwhnRvPm-]\wsNøn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

5. Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bsf Xs‚ Ad-Ãn-s\tbm XS-™p-h-bv°-en-t\tbm]‰n ta¬]d™{]Imcw Adn-bn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-sØ-∏‰n t_m[-hm-\m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

6. XS-¶-en¬h®n-´p≈ ÿeØv Hcp Ub-dn-bn¬ Ad-Ãns\∏‰n-bp≈Hcp Ipdn∏v tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw AXn¬ ta¬∏-d™{]Imcw hnhcwAdn-bn-°-s∏´ ASpØ kplr-Øn-s‚tbm _‘p-hn-s‚tbm- t]cpwAd-ÃvsN-ø-s∏´ Bsf IÃ-Un-bn¬h®n-´p≈ t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ≥am-cpsS t]cpw a‰p-hnh-c-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

7. Ad-ÃvsN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ Bƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂]£w B ka-bØvAbm-fp-sStbm Ah-fp-sStbm ico-c-Ønep≈ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb£X-ßfpw apdn-hp-Ifpwa‰pw ]cn-tim-[n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu]-cn-tim-[\msatΩm-bn¬ AdÃp-sNø-s∏´ Bfpw ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Ønb t]meokv-DtZym-K-ÿ\pw H∏p-sh-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXns‚ ]I¿∏vAdÃvsNø-s∏´ Bƒ°pw AdÃp-\S-Ønb t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ\pw\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

8. Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bsf, Abmsf IÃ-Un-bn¬h®n-cn-°p∂ Ime-b-f-hn¬ Hmtcm 48 aWn-°q-dnepw kwÿm\k¿°mcns‚ Btcm-Ky-h-Ip∏v Ub-d-IvS¿ AwKo-I-cn® tUmIvS¿am-cpsS ]m\-en¬s∏´ HcptUmIvS¿ ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

9. ta¬∏-d™ AdÃp kw_-‘n® satΩm Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√mtcJ-I-fp-sSbpw ]I¿∏v X¬{]-tZ-iØv B[n-Im-cnI-X-bp≈ aPn-kvt{S-‰n\v At±-l-Øns‚ tcJ-I-fn¬ Dƒs°m≈n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-t°≠Xm-Wv.

10. tNmZyw-sN-ø¬ka-bØv Xs‚ A`n-`m-j-Is\ ImWp-hm≥ Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bsf A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ tNmZyw-sN-øp∂kabw apgp-h≥ C-{]-Imcw A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂n-√.

11. F√m Pn√mXeÿm-\-ß-fnepw kwÿm-\-Xeÿm\Øpw Hmtcmt]meokv I¨t{Smƒdqap-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw Hcp AdÃp\-S∂p12 aWn-°p-dn-\p-≈n¬ AXns\ kw_-‘n® hnhcw AdÃp\S-Øp∂DtZym-K-ÿ≥ I¨t{Smƒdqan¬ Adn-bn-t°-≠Xpw AhnsS AXv {]Xy-£-ambn ImW-Ø-°-hn[w Hcp t\m´okvt_m¿Un¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. kv-{Xo-Isf Adkv-‰p-sNøp-tºmƒ- km-[m-cWKXn-bn¬- h\n-Xm-t]m-eo-kv- D≠m-bn-cn-°Wsa∂v- t]m-eo-kn-\v- \n¿-t±iap-s≠¶n-epw-Ip-‰hm-fn- c£s∏Sm-\p-≈ km-[y-X Xp-Sßn-b {]tXy-I km-lNcy-ßfn¬- ]p-cp-j\m-b t]m-eo-kp-tZym-Kkv-Y\pw- kv-{Xo-sb Adkv-‰p-

45

sNømw.- AØcw- kμ¿-`ßfn¬- {]tXy-I km-lNcy-ßƒ- F¥m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- B t]m-eo-kp-tZym-Kkv-Y≥- tcJs∏Sp-ØWw.- kv-{Xo-bp-sS am-\y-X ]m-en-®p-sIm-≠p-thWw- B kμ¿-`ßfn¬-t∏m-epw- t]m-eo-kv- Adkv-‰p-sNtø≠Xv.-

Pmayw

AdÃp sNbvXp Ign™ Hcmsf 24 aWn-°q-dn-\Iw tImSXnapºmsI lmP-c-°m-≠-XmWv F∂v t\csØ ]d-™p-h-t√m. tIkp-Iƒ km[m-cW Pmayw In´m-hp-∂Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb c≠p-hn-[-Øn-emWv FSp-°m-dp-≈-Xv. (Bailable and non bailable) Pmayw e`n-°m-hp∂hn[-Øn-ep≈ tIkp-I-fn¬ {]Xnsb AYhm AdÃp sNø-s∏-´-bm-fns\ t]meo-kn\p Xs∂ Pmay-Øn¬ hnSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Pmayw e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Øn\v Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-́ -bmƒ Pmayw FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v Xøm-sd-¶n¬ Abmƒ°v Pmayw Hcp Ah-Im-i-am-Wv.

Pmayw e`n-°m-\-h-Im-i-an-√mØ tIkp-I-fn¬ Nne \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn Nne {]tXy-I -tI-kp-I-fn¬ aPn-kvt{S-´n\pXs∂Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. GXp-Xcw tIkp-Iƒ°pw Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v skj≥kv tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ°pw sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°pwA[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-\m-hmØ tIkp-I-fn¬ aPn-kvt{S-́ v Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-dn-√. Aß-s\-h-cp-tºmƒ skj≥kvtImS-Xn-t°m, skj≥kvtIm-SXn A\p-h-Zn-®n-√m-sb-¶n¬ sslt°m-SXn apºmsItbm Pmay-t]-£ -sIm-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu tImS-Xn-Iƒ°v kml-N-cy-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-Itbm \ntj-[n-°p-Itbm sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ap≥Iq¿Pmayw F∂m¬

ap≥Iq¿Pmayw Ad-Ãn¬ \n∂p≈ ap‡n-b-√. ap≥Iq¿ PmaywtImSXn A\p-h-Zn-®m¬ {]Xnsb AdÃp tcJ-s∏-SpØn Pmay-Øn¬ hnS-W-sa-∂mWv \nb-aw. AXm-bXv tIkn¬ \n∂pw Xe-bq-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈Hcp D]m-[n-b√ ap≥Iq¿ Pmayw. F√m kml-N-cy-Ønepw ap≥Iq¿ PmaywA\p-h-Z-\o-b-hp-a-√. ab-°p-a-cp∂v \nb-a-Øn-t\m, t]m´ \nb-a-Øn-t\m,]´n-I-PmXn/h¿§ -]o-U-\\nbaØn-t\m ap≥-Iq¿-Pm-ay-an-√. Ct∏mƒA_vImcn tIkp-I-fnepw ap≥Iq¿ Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°m-dn-√.

ap≥-Iq¿- Pmayw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v sslt°m-S-Xn-sbtbm skj≥-kv tIm-S-Xn-sbtbm kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ap≥Iq¿ Pmay-Øn-\p≈ At]£ tIkns‚ hnNm-c-Wbv°v A[n-Im-c-ap≈ tImS-Xn-bn¬Øs∂ ^b¬ sNø-W-sa-∂n-√ F∂v kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n-®n-́ p≠v. GXp ÿe-Øp-h®v AdÃp sNøm-\n-S-bp-t≠m,Ahn-SpsØ tImS-Xn-bn¬ At]£ ka¿∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-®Xv sX‰m-bn-´m-sW-¶n¬ ta¬t°m-S-Xn°v BDØ-chp ]cn-tim-[n®v d±p-sN-øm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

46

Pmayw FSp-°p-∂Xv Fßs\?

{Inan-\¬ tIkp-I-fn¬ Pmayw sImSp-°m-hp∂ tIkp-Ifpw PmaywsImSp-°p-h-\m-hmØ tIkp-Ifpw Ds≠∂v t\csØ ]d-™-t√m. Ah-bn¬ Pmayw \¬Im-hp∂ tIkp-I-fn¬ t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ Pmayw \¬Im-hp-∂-XmWv F∂pw Adn-™p-I-gn-™p. a‰p≈tIkp-I-fn¬ Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw tImS-Xn-Iƒ°mWv. aPn-kvt{S-´p-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw Pmayw e`n-®n-√m-sb-¶n¬Pn√m-tIm-S-Xn-bntem AXp-a-√-¶n¬ sslt°m-S-Xn-bntem Pmaym-t]£\¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A_vIm-cn -\n-b-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ip‰-Øn\v ]pXp-°nb\nb-a-{]-Imcw Pmayw \nb-{¥n-X-am-Wv. ab-°p-a-cp∂p kw_-‘n® Ip‰-ßƒ°pw CtX t]mse-X-s∂-bmWv Pmay-Øns‚ Ah-ÿ. SmU\nbaw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Pmayw e`n-°p-∂Xv Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn¬h∂ t]m´ (`o-Ic hncp≤ \nb-aw) \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®pw Pmayw e`n-°pI Ffp-∏-a-√. s]m-Xp-ap-X¬- \in-∏n-°p-∂Xp-kw-_‘n-® Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßfn¬- ]ªn-Iv- s{]m-kn-Iyq-´dp-sS hm-Zw-Iq-Sn-tI´tijta tIm-SXn- Pm-ayw- A\p-hZn-°p-Ibp-≈q.-

1977˛se kp{]ow tImS-Xn- hn-[n-{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ hy‡n\nb-a-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬\n∂pw IpXdn c£-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-√m-sb-¶n¬ Pmayw A\p-hn-Zn-°-sW-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Pmayw \¬Im-hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ tIkp-I-fn¬ Pmay-Øn-\p≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Xøm-dm-sW-¶n¬ Pmayw B hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-amWv F∂v tImS-Xn-Iƒ]e-X-hW A`n-{]m-b-s∏-́ n-́ p-≠v.

Pmayw \¬Im-hp∂ Ip‰-ß-fn¬ {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw 436-˛mwhIp-∏p-{]-Im-chpw Pmaym-l¿X-bn-√mØ tIkp-I-fn¬ 437-˛mw hIp-∏p-\p-k-cn-®p-amWv Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Poh-]-cy¥w XS-hp-in-£tbm h[-in-£tbm hn[n-°m-hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰-ßƒ°v CuhIp-∏p-{]-Imcw Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-®p-Iq-Sm. AXn\v {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn\nbaw 439-˛mw hIp-∏mWv D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. Pmayw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\vNne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tImS-Xn°v \n¿t±-in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bƒ°v Pmayw \¬Ip-∂Xv kz¥-Pm-ay-Ønepwa‰p c≠p-t]-cpsS Pmay-Ønepw Bbn-cn-°pw. Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂XvPmayan√mØ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬s∏´ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn-\m-sW-¶n¬, {]Xn tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-∂-Xn¬ hogvN-h-cp-ØmsX Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv \n_-‘-\-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Pmay-hy-hÿ ewLn-®m¬Pmayw Aÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw Pmay-ØpI apgp-h-\m-tbm, `mKn-I-amtbm I≠p-sI-´p-∂-Xm-Wv.

tImSXn {Iaw

aPn-kvt{S-´p -tIm-S-Xn-I-fmWv {Inan-\¬ \nb-a-Ønse ASn-ÿm\tImS-Xn-Iƒ. k_vUn-hn-j-W¬ aPn-kvt{S´v (RDO), Pn√m aPn-kvt{S´v

47

(I-fvIvS¿) XpS-ßn-b-h-scms° Ds≠-¶nepw PpUo-jy¬ ̂ Ãv¢mkv aPn-kvt{S-´mWv ASn-ÿm-\Xe-Øn-ep≈ {Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-bmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F√m t]meokv tIkp-Ifpw dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw BZyw ^b¬sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv aPn-kvt{S-´p-tIm-S-Xn-bn-em-Wv. aPn-kvt{S-ń\p hnNm-cWsNøp-hm-\m-hmØ {Inan-\¬ tIkp-Iƒ aPn-kvt{S´p tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂vskj≥kv tImS-Xn-bn-te°v Abv°p-I-bmWv sNtø-≠-Xv. C{]-Imcwskj≥kv hnNm-c-W-bv°p-th≠n tIkp-Iƒ Abv°p-∂-Xn\v IΩn-‰¬s{]mko-UnwKvkv (Committal Proceedings) F∂mWp ]d-bp-I. Cßs\IΩn‰v sNøs∏Sp-∂ e`n-°p∂ tIkn¬ XpS¿ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ skj≥-kv-tIm-SXn-Ifm-Wv- \SØp-∂Xv.

H∂mw-¢mkv aPn-kvt{S-́ p- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ°p sXm´p-ap-I-fn-emWv No v̂PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-ńs‚ ÿm\w. a‰p- Pp-Uo-jy¬- aPn-kvt{S-´p -tIm-S-Xn-Ifp-sS ta¬-t\m-´w- No^v PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-ńs‚ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hcp-∂p.

Ch-Iq-SmsX skj≥kv tImS-Xn-I-fmWv D≈-Xv. Pn√m Xe-Øn¬Hcp skj≥kv tImS-Xn-bp-≠m-hpw. knhn¬ tIkp-I-fnse Pn√m tImS-Xn-bpsS ÿm\w Xs∂-bmWv {In-an-\¬- tIkp-Ifn¬- skj≥kv tImS-Xn-°p-≈-Xv. skj≥kv tImS-Xn°v AUo-j-W¬ skj≥kv tImS-Xn-Ifpw AUo-j-W¬ Akn-Ã‚ v skj≥kv tImS-Xn-Ifpw D≠m-hpw.Cu tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ aPn-kvt{S-ń\v hnNm-cW sNøm-\m-Im--ØXpw in£hn[n-°p-hm-\m-hm-Ø-Xp-amb tIkp-Iƒ hnNm-c-Wbv°p hcp-∂p.

skj≥kv tImS-Xn-Iƒ°p apI-fn -ep≈ A∏o¬ tImSXnsslt°m-S-Xn-bm-Wv. sslt°m-S-Xnbv°p apI-fn¬ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpap≠v.

k_vUn-hn-j-W¬ aP-kvt{S v́ (RDO), Pn√m aPn-kvt{S v́ (I-f-IvS¿)XpS-ßnb FIv-kn-Iyq-ó-hv- aPn-kv-t{S´p-am-cp-sS tImS-Xn-Iƒ {]tXyIw\njvI¿jn-®n-́ p≈ {Inan-\¬ \nb-am-[n-Im-c-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈-Xv. apJy[mcm {Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-I-fp-ambn Aev]w thdn´p \n¬°p∂ań-emWv Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-sa-¶nepw F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw Hcp Pp-Uo-jy¬- aPn-kvt{S-́ n-s‚tbm AXnepw Aev]w Xmsgtbm Bb A[n-Im-c-ßƒ Cu tImS-Xn-Iƒ°p≠v.

Ip‰-hn-Nm-cW GXp-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ BWp \S-t°-≠Xv F∂v {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hmtcm tImS-Xn-Iƒ°pw hn[n-°m-hp∂ in£-Ifpw a‰pw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Ip‰-IrXyw GXp-tIm-SXnbn¬ hnNm-cW \SØpw F∂p \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Nm¿÷psNbvXn-́ p≈ Ip‰-ßƒ°v hn[n-°m-hp∂ ]c-am-h[n in£-bmWv CXns‚am\-Z-WvUw. aPn-kvt{S´p tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ aq∂p-h¿jw-hsc XShpw a‰ptImS-Xn-I-fn¬ AXn\p apI-fn-ep≈ in£-I-fp-amWv hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xmbn\n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp tIkv GXp tImS-Xn-bnemWv hnkvX-cn-t°-≠Xv F∂v {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-a-Øns‚ H∂mw sjUyq-fn¬{]tXyIw \njvI¿jn-®n-´p-≠v.

48

3.- {Inan-\¬ tIkp-IfpsS hnNm-cW

{Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ tIkp -̂ -b¬ sNøp-∂Xpw ̂ b¬ sNbvXtI p-Iƒ hnNm-c-W-s°-Sp-°p-∂Xpw a‰pw Fß-s\-bm-sW-∂p-≈Xvkmam\y P\-ßƒ°v C∂pw A⁄m-X-amW.v aPn-kvt{S-́ p-tIm-S-Xn-bnepwskj≥kp-tIm-S-Xn-bn-ep-sams° lmP-cm-Ip∂ I£n-Ifpw km£n-I-fpw, tImSXn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xßƒ°v A{]m-]y-am-sW-∂p≈ [mc-W-bm-tem Ft¥m, Zqsc-\n∂v t\m°n-Im-WpI am{Xsa sNøm-dp-≈q.

aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-bn¬ tI p- ^-b¬ sNøp-∂Xv c≠p-hn-[-Øn-em-Wv. Hcp Ip‰-IrXyw \S-∂-Xm-bp≈ ]cm-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-ØnepwHcp-t]m-eokv dnt∏m¿ v́ (Nm¿Pv) e`n-°p-tºmgpw aPn-kvt{S-́ p-tIm-S-Xn°vtI v^-b-en¬ kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v {Ian-\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw190-˛mw hIp∏v hnh£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

kzIm-cy-hy-‡n-Iƒ ^b¬sN-øp∂ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ (A-\ym-bw), Bh-em-Xn-°m-cs‚ samgn -tIm-S-Xn- tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw, ̂ b-en¬ kzoI-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv hyh-ÿ. F∂m¬ samgn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ aPn-kvt{S-́ n\v Bh-emXn kwK-Xn-sb-∏‰n ]q¿Æ-t_m≤yw h∂n-´n-s√-¶n¬ km£n-Isf lmP-cm°n samgn-tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn\ptijsam l¿Pn -t]m-eo- n-te-°-b®v AXn-e-S-ßnb hnh-c-ß-sf-∏‰nt]meokv dnt∏m¿´v hcp-Øn-b-Xn-\p- ti-jsam ^b-en¬ kzoI-cn-®m¬aXn. Cu ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ°ptijw tI p- ̂ -b-en¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\vaXn-bmb Imc-W-ß-fn-s√-¶n¬ X≈n-°-f-bp-∂-Xn\v aPn-kvt{S-́ n-\[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

Hcp- kw-ÿm-\- K-h¨sa‚ v DtZym-K-ÿs‚ t]cn¬, As√-¶n¬tI{μ- K-h¨sa‚-ptZym-K-ÿs‚ t]cn¬ Abm-fpsS HutZym-KnI IrXy-\n¿Δ-l-WsØ kw_-‘nt®m AXn-\n-S-bv°p≈ sNbvXn-I-sf- kw-_-‘nt®m BWv kzImcy hy‡n-bpsS A\ymbw F-¶n¬, Abmsf\nb-an-°p-∂-Xn\pw Abm-fpsS t]cn¬ in£-W-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A[n-Im-c-ap≈ taep-tZym-K-ÿ-s‚tbm, Kh¨sa‚n-s‚tbmap≥Iq-´n-bp≈ A\p-hmZw (Sanction) Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta ^b-en¬kzoI-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn-°-[n-Im-c-ap≈q.-

tI v ̂ -b-en¬ kzoI-cn-®-Xn-\p-tijw {]Xn -lm-P-cm-Ip-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw ka≥kv Ab-°-Ww. ka≥kp- In-́ n-b-tijw {]Xn -tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv tI ns‚ hnNm-c-W -Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv. tI-kp- hn-Nm-c-W-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v {]tXy-I- \n-_-‘-\-I-fp-≠v.

F√m {Inan\¬ tIkp-Ifpw hmd‚ v tI p-Iƒ, ka≥kp-tI- p-IƒF∂v th¿Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. c≠p-sI-m√-Øn-\p- ap-I-fn¬ in£- h-cp-∂-Xmb, Poh-]-cy-¥-X-Sthm h[-in-£tbm hsc hn[n-°m-hp∂ tI p-I-sf√mw hmd‚ v tI p-Iƒ F∂ hn`m-K-Ønepw, a‰p-≈-hsb ka≥kp-

49

tI-kp-Iƒ F∂ -hn-̀ m-K-Ønepw s]Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hmd‚p- tI- p-I-fn¬Xs∂ t]meokv Nm¿÷p-sN-bvX -tI- p-Iƒ°pw kzmImcy A\ym-b-{]-Im-c-ap≈ tI p-Iƒ°pw hn`n-∂- \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fmWv kzoI-cn-bvt°-≠-Xv.

kzIm-cy- A-\ymbw ^b-en¬ kzo-I-cn-®-tijw {]Xn- lm-P-cm-Ip-tºmƒ ka≥kp-tI- p-I-fpsS hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ {]Xn-Ip‰w kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bmtWm \ntj-[n-°p-I-bmtWm sNøp-∂-sX∂v aPn-kvt{S´v tNmZn-°Ww. {]Xn- Ip‰w kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ At∏mƒ-Xs∂ in£n-°mw. \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ sXfn-hp- lm-P-cm-°p-∂-Xn\v A\ym-b-°m-c-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏´v, hnNm-cW \S-]Sn kzoI-cn®,vhmZn-`m-Kw -lm-P-cm-°p∂ km£n-Isf hnkvX-cn®,v Ccp-`m-K-sØbpwhmZw- tI-´-Xn-\p-tijw {]Xn -Ip-‰-°m-c-\m-sW∂p I≠m¬ in£n-°p-Ibpw Ip‰w-sX-fn-™n-ń-s√-¶n¬ {]Xn-sb -sh-dp-sX-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNø-Ww. CØcw ka≥kp-tI-kp-I-fn¬ t\cn-´p- lm-P-cm-Im-sX-Xs∂ A`n-`m-j-I≥ apJm-¥ncw lmP-cm-bn -hnNmcWsb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v{]Xn-°-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.

Ip‰-]{Xw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\v aXn-bmb sXfn-hn-s√-¶n¬ {]Xnsb hn -́b-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Ip‰-]{Xw sImSp-°p-tºmƒ Ip‰wsNbvX- co-Xn, ÿew,XobXn Ch hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-bpsS {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂n-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWp \nb-aw.

Ip‰]{Xw -\¬Ip-tºmƒ {]Xn -Ip‰w \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]Xn-s°-Xnsc sXfn-hp -lm-P-cm-°p-∂-Xn\v t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ `mK-Øn-\v A-h-kcw sImSp-°-Ww. AY-hm- {]-Xn- Ip‰w kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬Bb-Xp -kz-ta-[bm sNøp-∂-XmtWmsb∂v t_m≤yw hcp-Øn-b-tijw{]Xnsb in£n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ `mK-Øp-\n∂v lmP-cm-°p-∂ -sX-fn-hp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw X\n-bvs°-Xn-cmbn lmP-cm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂ sXfn-hp-Isf∏‰n hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v km£n-sam-gn-bpsS {]k‡-̀ m-K-ßƒ {]XnbpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-ØWw. {]Xn-sb-tNmZyw sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw {]Xn-`m-K-tØ°v sXfn-hp -lm-P-cm-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw \¬In-bn-cn°Ww.

skj≥kv- tI p-I-fpsS hnNm-cW

aPnkvt{S´p- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ ^b¬ sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ tI p-I-fn¬skj≥ p-tIm-S-Xn-am{Xw hnNm-c-W-sN-tø≠ tI p-Iƒ aPn-kvt{S-´p-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw skj≥kp-tIm-S-Xn-bn-te°v IΩn-‰p-sN-bv-Xv Ahn-sS-thWw hnNm-cW XpS-tc-≠Xv F∂v \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.sIme-°p-‰w, sIme-°p-‰-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb ̀ h-\-t -̀Z-\w, Ih¿®, cmPy-t{Zm-l-Ip-‰w, _em¬kw-Kw, A_vImcn\nbaw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ tI p-Iƒ,]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h-¿§ ]oU\w kw_-‘n-®- tI- p-Iƒ, kv{Xo[-\- a-

50

cWw (Dowry Death), h[-{iaw XpSßn hf-sc-tbsd tI p-Iƒskj≥kp-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ am{Xw hnNm-cW sNø-s∏-tS-≠-h-bm-Wv.-

skj≥kp-tI- p-I-fn¬ hnNm-c-W- h-cp-tºmƒ F¥n-s\-∏-‰n-bmWvtIkv F∂v tImS-Xn°v cq]w In´p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n tI p-tc-J-I-sf-∏‰n t{]mkn-Iyq-́ ¿ tImS-Xnsb t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. F√m- sk-j≥kptI p-Ifpw Kh¨sa‚n-\p-th≠n lmP-cmbn \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Npa-Xe ]ªnIv t{]mkn-Iyq-´¿°mWv.- AXn-\p-tijw tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v {]Xn-bpsS t]cn¬ Ip‰-]{Xw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ AXn-\p-ap≥]v tcJ-I-f-\p-k-cn®v hnNm-c-W -sN-ø-Ø° Hcp- Ip-‰hpw Cs√∂pI≠m¬ tImS-Xn°v Ip‰m-tcm-]n-Xs\ shdp-sX -hn-´-bv°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.Ip‰-]{Xw sImSp-°p-∂ -tI- p-I-fn¬ {]Xn- Ip‰w \ntj-[n-®-Xn-\p-tijwhnNm-c-W-Xo-bXn {]Jym-]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ip‰-]{Xw hmbn-®p-tIƒ∏n-°p-tºmƒ {]Xn- Ip-‰w -k-Ω-Xn-bv°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ B Ip-‰-k-Ω-Xw kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm \ncm-I-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv.

4.4.4.4.4. dmKnßv \ntcm-[\ \nbaw

(Zn tIcf s{]mln-_nj≥ Hm^v dmKnßv BIvS v 1998 )

1. dmKnßv XS-bp-∂-Xn\p th≠n tIc-f-Øn¬ \nehnep≈ ta¬]d™ \nbaw Hcp ZznXe kwhn-[m-\-amWv D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.kwhn-[m-\Øns‚ `mK-ambn hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Xe-h-\n¬ NneNpa-X-e-Iƒ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv.-A-t±lw X\n°v e`n-®- dmKnß v kw_-‘-amb ]cm-Xn-bn≥ta¬ \S-Øp∂ At\z-jWw hfsc {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.At\z-jWØn¬ ]cmXn Ig-ºp-≈-Xm-sW∂v t_m≤y-s∏-´m¬]cmXn t]meo-kn\v ssIam-dp-Ibpw _m°n At\z-jWØn\pwXpS¿∂p≈ tImSXn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°pw t]meo-kmWv Npa-Xe hln-°p-∂-Xv.

2. Hcp hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\Øn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n°v am\-kn-Itam imco-cn-Itam Bb D]-{Zhw D≠m-°p-Itbm B hnZym¿∞n-bn¬`oXntbm Pmfy-X-tbm,-th-h-em-Xn-tbm,-\m-W-t°tSm D≠m-°p-∂-co-Xn-bn¬ s]cp-am-dn-bm¬ Abm-sf dmKv sNbvX-Xmbn ]d-bmw.-HcphnZym¿∞nsb Ifn-bm-°pI,B-t£-]n-°p-I,-A-bmsf ]cn-lm-k-]m-{X-am-°p∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ Xam-i-Iƒ ImWn-°p-I,-A-bmƒ km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ sNømØ Imcy-ßƒ sNøm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-SpI apX-em-bhF√mw dmKn-ßns‚ \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ hcp∂ {]h¿Ø-n-I-fmWv.dm-KnßvhnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\Øn\p≈n¬ ht®m,-]p-d-Ø-vht®m Fhn-sS-h®v \S-∂mepw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb \S-]-Sn-bmWv.

3. dm-Knßv \S-Øp∂ hy‡n°v c≠v sIm√w hsc XS-hp-in-£bpw

51

]Xn-\m-bncw cq]-hsc ]ngbpw e`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-Iq-SmsX BhnZym¿∞nsb Abmƒ ]Tn®psIm≠ncn-°p∂ hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Unkvankv sNøp-∂Xpw Abmƒ°v at‰-sXmcp ÿm-]-\-Ønepw ASpØ aq∂v sIm√-tØ°v {]th-i\w e`n-°mØXp-am-Wv.

4. GsX-¶nepw Hcp hnZym¿∞ntbm,-c-£-I¿Øm-thm,-am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-tfm,A≤ym-]-Itcm, dmKnßv kw_-≤n®v tcJm-aqew ]cmXn D∂-bn-®m¬ hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\Øns‚ Xe-h≥ B ]cm-Xn-bn≥ta¬ ]cmXne`n®v Ggv Znh-k-Øn-\Iw At\z-jWw \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.-]-cm-Xn-bn¬]d™ Imcy-ßfn¬ Ig-ºp-s≠-¶n¬ Ip‰m-tcm-]n-X-\mb hnZym¿∞nsbkkvs]‚ v sNøp-Ibpw dmKnßv kw_-≤n-®p≈ ]cmXn t]meo-kn\vssIam-dp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.]-cm-Xn-bn¬ Ig-ºns√¶n¬ ]cmXn D∂-bn®hnZym¿∞nsb tcJm-aqew A°mcyw Adn-bn-t°-≠-XpamWv.ta¬]-d™ coXn-bn¬ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\Øns‚ Xe-h≥ {]h¿Øn-®n-s√-¶n¬ At±lw dmKn-ßn\v t{]c-I-am-b-coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-XmbnKWn-®p-sIm≠v dmKnßv \S-Ønb hy‡n°v \¬Im-hp∂ XS-hp-in-£bv°pw ]ngbv°pw A¿l-\m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

5. tIcf dmKnßv \ntcm[\ \nbaw IqSmsX dmKnßv XS-bp-∂Xv kw_-‘n®v _lp-am-\-s∏´ kp{]ow tImSXn Viswa Jagrati Mission Vs.Central Government F∂- tI-kns‚ hn[n-\ym-b-Øn¬ Nne am¿§\n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-´p-≠v.-dm-Knßv D≠m-b-Xn\p tijw A®-S° \S-]Sn FSp-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°m-ƒ dmKn-ßn\v FXn-cm-bp≈ hnImcwhnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ßƒ \nc-¥-c-amb I¿Ω ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsShf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-W-sa-∂mWv kp{]ow tImSXn \n¿t±-in®ncn-°p-∂-Xv.-Iq-SmsX dmKnßv XS-bp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \njv{In-b-amb ÿm]-\ßfpsSA^o-en-tb-j≥ d±v sNøp-Ibpw kmº-ØnI klmbw \n¿Ø-em-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰nbpw kp{]ow tImSXn \n¿t±-ißfn¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap≠v.

dmKnßv kw_-‘amb \nb-a-k-lm-b-Øn\v eoK¬ k¿ho-kkvAtXm-dn-‰n°pw bp.-Pn.-kn°pw sl¬]vsse≥ e`y-am-Wv.

hni-Zm-wißƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

tIcfm tÃ‰v eoK¬ k¿ho-kkv AtXm-dn-‰n\nb-a-k-lmb `h≥, sslt°m¿´v tImºu-≠v,Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, sIm®n ˛ 682031.sSen/^mIvkv : 0484 ˛ 2396717C˛-sa-bn¬ : [email protected] , website : www.kelsa.gov.insI¬k-bpsS 24 aWn-°q¿ sl¬]vsse≥ ˛ 9846 700 100

bp.-Pn.-kn bpsS 24 aWn-°q¿ sl¬]vsse≥ ˛ 1800 180 5522

C -̨sa-bn¬: [email protected]

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5.- {`qW ]cn-tim-[\ \nb-{¥W \nbaw

{`qW ]cn-tim-[\bpw K¿`ÿinip-hns‚ enwK]cn-tim-[-\bpwHt´sd ss\XnI kmaq-lnI{]iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-®p. kmt¶-XnIhnZy-Iƒ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn K¿`m-h-ÿ-bn-ep-ff inip-hns‚ enwK-\n¿Æ-bhpw XpS¿∂v s]¨{`q-W-l-Xybpw _‘-s∏´ IrXy-ßfpw XS-bm-\m-Wv 1994 ¬ CØcw Hcp {]tXyI \nb-a-Øn\v cq]w\¬In-b-Xv.

K¿ -̀ÿ-in-ip- ]cn-tim-[\m-\S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂m¬ K¿`m-ib imkv{X˛{]khkw_-‘-amb taJ-e-I-fn-se BtcmKyimkv{Xkmt¶-Xn-I-hnZybpw, Aƒ{Sm-tkm-tWm-{K-̂ n, s^mbn-t‰m-kvtIm-∏n, c‡-km-ºnƒ,Aav\n-tbm-´nIv kmºn-fp-Iƒ, t{ImWn hn√n, amwkI-e-Iƒ apX-em-bh AS-ßp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

K¿`ÿinip-hns‚ P\n-XIsshI-ey-ßƒ,- t{Imatkmw hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ, imco-cnI Akzm-̀ m-hn-I-X-Iƒ, lotam-t•m-_n≥ Ipd-hv, ssewKn-ItcmK-ßƒ apX-em-bh Xncn-®-dn -bm≥ {`qW-]-cn -tim-[-\bpwimkv{Xobam¿§-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn°p-∂-Xn\v \nbaw XS- -a-√.

P\n-XI Iu¨k-enwKv sk‚¿, P\n-XI ¢n-\n°v, P\n-XIemt_m-d-´-dn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\-ß-fpsSta¬ \nb-{¥-W-ß-fp≠v.AXp{]Imcw Cu \nb-a-Øn≥Iogn¬ cPn-Ã¿sNø-s∏-SmØ Hcpÿm]-\-Øn\pw {`qW-]-cn-tim-[\ kw_-‘n® kmt¶-XnIhnZyIƒD]-tbm-Kn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥]mSn-√. (A-Øcw ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ Cu\nbaw \n¿h-Nn-°p∂ \n›nX tbmKy-X-Ifp-≈-hsc am{Xta \nb-an-°phm≥ ]mSp-f-fq.)- G-sXmcp ssK\-t°m-f-PnÃpw {]k-hm-\p-_-‘-tcmKhnZ-Kv[-cpw, inip-tcmKhnZ-Kv≤cpw, cPn-kvt{SUv saUn-°¬{]mIvSo-j-Wdpw, t\cn-t´m at‰-sX-¶nepw Bƒ apJm-¥n-ctam Cu \nb-a-Øn≥Iogn¬ cPn-Ã¿sNømØ ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ {`qW]cn-tim-[-\-tbm, K¿`-ÿ-in-ip-hns‚ ]cn-tim-[-\tbm \S-Øp-hm≥]mSn-s√∂v\njv°¿jn-°p-∂p.

C¥y≥ saUn-°¬ Iu¨kn¬ \nb-a-Øn\p (Indian MedicalCouncil Act, 1956) Iogn¬ cPn-Ã¿sNø-s∏´ BtcmKy{]h¿Ø-I-\mWv cPn-tÃ¿Uv saUn°¬ {]IvSo-j-W¿. Aßns\ cPn-Ã¿sNø-s∏´ ]q¿Æ-ambpw tbmKy-X-bp≈ Hcp- hy‡n°v- {`qW]cn-tim-[\m-kt¶-Xn--IXzw D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°m-hp-∂XvXmsg sImSp-°p∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ am{X-am-Wv.

˛ K¿`n-Wn-bmb kv{Xo°v 35 hb v ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-°Ww

˛ K¿`n-Wn-bmb kv{Xo apºv XpS¿®-bmbn ct≠m, aqt∂m AXn¬A[n-Itam K¿`-On-{Z-Øn\p- hnt[-b-bm-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬

53

˛ K¿`nWn Kuc-h-am¿∂ {]Xym-Lm-X-ap-f-hm-°p∂ cmk-]-Zm¿∞-ß-tfm hnIn-c-Wtam D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ NnIn¬kbv-t°m AWp-_m-[bvt°m hnt[bbmbn-´p-s≠¶n¬

˛ K¿`n-Wn-bmb kv{XobpsS IpSpw-_-]-c-º-c-bn¬ at\m-tcm-K-Ønt\mimco-cnIsshI-ey-Øn-t\m P\n-XIXI-cm-dp-Iƒt°m CS-bp-s≠¶n¬

˛ tI{μ \nco-£-Wkan-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±-im-\p-k-c-W-ap-ff CXc kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬

ta¬]d™ kml-N-cy-ß-fnepff Hcp kv{Xosb Xmsg]d-bp∂ Imc-W-ßƒs°m≠-√msX {`qW]cn-tim-[-\tbm- K¿`-ÿinip-]cn-tim-[-\tbm \n¿h-ln-°m≥ ]mSn-√.

1. t{Ima-tkm-a¬ Akzm-`m-hn-I-X-Iƒ2. P\n-XILS-\-bnse XI-cm-dp-Iƒ3. lotamt•m_n≥ LS\4. ssewKn-I-_-‘-tcm-K-ßƒ5. {]kh-kw-_-‘-amb XI-cm-dp-Iƒ6. K¿`m-ib tcmK-ßƒ

\nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ {`qW enwK]cn-tim-[\Ifnepw,- hnZ-Kv[¿ Xmsg]d-bp∂ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]men-°Ww {`qW-enwK ]cn-tim-[\m hn[n-Iƒ°v kv{XoIsf hnt[-b-cm-°-cp-Xv.

˛ \n¿Δ-ln-t°-≠p∂ ]cn-tim-[-\-bpsS Bh-iy-IX, ]cn-tim-[-\m-co-Xn-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS {]XymLm-X-ßƒ F∂nh kw_-‘n®v K¿`n-Wn-bmb kv{Xosb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

˛ K¿`n-Wn-bpsS tcJm-aq-e-ap-ff kΩ-X-]-{Xhpw Dd∏pw Ah¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ `mj-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn H∏v hmßp-I.

˛ C{]-Imcw e`n-°p∂ kΩ-X-]-{X-Øns‚ ]I¿∏v hnt[-b-bm-Ip∂kv{Xo°v \¬Ip-I.

˛ {`qW-̨ -enwK ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂ GsXm-cmfpw K¿ -̀ÿ-in-ip-hns‚ enwK-\n¿Æbw K¿`n-Wn-tbm-tSm, _‘p-°-tfmtSm hmt°m,Nn”-tam, a‰p am¿§tam D]-tbm-Kn®v shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.

˛ Cu \nb-a-{]-Imcw P\n-XI ]cn-tim-[\m-tI{μ-ß-fntem, a‰p ÿm]-\-ß-fntem K¿ -̀ÿ-in-ip-hns‚ enwK-\n¿Æ-b-Øn\pth≠n Aƒ{S-m-tkm-tWm-{Km^n Dƒ∏sS as‰mcp sSÃp-Ifpw \S-Øm≥ ]mSn-√.

˛ Cu \nbaw hyhÿsNøp∂ Npa-X-e-I-fpsS \n¿Δ-l-W-Øn-\mbnHcp tI{μ-\n-co-£I t_m¿Un\v cq]w\¬Im≥ tI{μk¿°m-cn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. CXn\p-]pdsa tI{μ-̨ kw-ÿm\ k¿°mcpIfp-sS \b Xocp-am-\-{]-Imcw {]tXyI AtXm-dn-´ntbm D]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xntbm Cu \nb-a-Øn≥Iogn¬ cq]o-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

P\n-XI]cn-tim-[\mkw_-‘n-bmbn GsXmcphn[ ]c-kyhpw{]kn-≤s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-\n-S-bm-°p-Itbm sNø-cp-Xv.

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{`qW-l-Xy,- K¿`ÿinipenwK]cn-tim-[\ apX-em-b-h-bv°p-ff kuI-cy-ßƒ kw_-‘n® ]c-kyhpw \¬Im≥]mSn-√. hy‡n-tbm kwL-S-\-tbm ÿm]-\tam CØcw ]cky{]kn-≤o-I-c-Wtam {]Nm-c-WtamsNøm≥]mSn-√. CXn\v hncp-≤-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-hsc ]c-am-h[n 3h¿jwhsc XS-hn-t\m, 10,000 cq]hsc ]ngin£bv-t°m- hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-®-Sn® t\m´o-tkm k¿°p-etdm te_¬, dm∏¿ apX-em-b-htbm at‰-sX-¶nepw tcJtbm Dƒs∏sS Zriy˛{imhy km[y-X-Ifp-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ GsXmcp ]c-kyhpw Cu hni-Zo-I-c-W-Øn¬ s]Spw. Ip‰-I-c-ambcoXn-bn¬ K¿ -̀ÿ-in-ip-hns‚ {`qW-]-cn-tim-[\mkuIcyw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p∂ GsXmcp hy‡n°pw 3 h¿jwhsc XS-hp-in-£tbm 10,000 cq]hsc ]ngin£tbm hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Cu \nbaw \n¿h-Nn-°p∂ P\n-X-I-imkv{X ÿm]-\-Øns‚ DS-a-tbm DtZym-K-ÿ-t\m- Cu \nbaw ewLn-®-Xmbn sXfn-™m¬ 3h¿jwhsc XS-hnt\m ]Xn-\m-bncw cq]hsc ]ngbvt°m in£n-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ip‰w Bh¿Øn-°-s∏´Xmbn sXfn-™m¬ 5h¿jwhsc XSthm 50,000 cq]hsc ]ngtbm hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

C¥y≥ sXfnhp\nbahyh-ÿ-{]-Imcw Cu \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®vadn®v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sm-Øn-S-tØmfw,- {`qW]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-bm-°-s∏-Sp∂ K¿`-h-Xn-bm-sbmcp kv{Xosb {]kvXpX IrXy-Øn\vt{]cn-∏n-®-Xm-tbm \n¿_-‘n-®-Xmtbm ]cn-K-Wn®v Ah-cpsS ̀ ¿Øm-hn-s\-Xnscbpw _‘p-°ƒs°-Xn-scbpw hnNm-c-W-bm-cw-`n-°p-∂-XmWv.

6.- `£-W-km-[-\-ß-fn¬ ambw tN¿°¬

C∂p \mw \ntXy\ Ign-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ `£-W-km-[-\-ß-fn¬Fs¥-¶nepw Ie¿∏n-√m-ØXv Is≠-Øp-hm≥ km[n-bv°ptam? `£-W-km-[-\-ß-fn¬ ambw tN¿°¬ C∂v AXn-̀ -b-¶-c-amb hn]-Ømbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

ambw tN¿Ø- `-£W ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ hnev°p-∂Xv tZio-b-hn-cp-≤hpw kmaq-ln-I-\o-Xnbv°v \nc-°m-Ø-Xp-amWv F∂p am{X-a√ `mc-X-Øns‚ al-Ømb ]mc-º-cy-sØbpw A¥xkØ-sbbpw kmc-ambn_m[n-bv°p∂ Hcp alm-hn-]Øpw IqSn-bm-Wv F∂v ]©m_v sslt°m-SXn Hcp tIkn¬ A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. sIm≈-em-`-Øn-\p-th≠nbp≈ AXym-{Klw sIm≠v \√ ̀ £-W-km-[-\-ß-fpsS IqsSD]-tbm-K-tbm-Ky-a-√mØXpw hne-Ip-d-™-Xp-amb CX-c -]-Zm¿∞-ßƒIq´n-°-e¿Ønbpw \ntcm-[n-®n-´p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ tN¿Øpw `£y-tbm-Ky-a-√m-Øh \√-Xm-sW-∂p≈ `mh-Øn¬ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xpw hnX-cWw sNøp-∂Xpw XS-bp-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv

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1954˛se `£-W-km-[-\-ß-fn¬ ambw tN¿°¬ \ntcm-[\ \nbawsIm≠p-h-∂-Xv.

a\p-tjym-]-tbm-K-Øn\p ]‰mØ ]pfn-¶p-cp-t]mepw s]mSn®v `£-W-km-[-\-ß-fpsS IqsS tN¿Øv hnev°p-∂-Xmbpw a‰pw ]{X-am[ya-ß-fn¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ hcm-dp-≠-t√m. \ΩpsS kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fmb Ipcp-ap-fIv, Gew XpS-ßn-b-h-bnepw \ntXym-]-tbm-K-km-[-\-ß-fmb Im∏n,tXbne Ch-bnepw GsX√mw ]Zm¿∞-ß-fmWv Iqń-°-e¿Øn hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-bv°p-∂Xv? hS-s° C¥y-bn¬ ]ip-hn\v Ime-Øo-‰-bmbnsImSp-Øn-cp∂ ]´m-Wn--∏cn∏v Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-amb tImƒ-´m¿ssU -tN¿Øv \ndhpw `wKnbpw sImSpØp hn]-Wn-bn¬ a\pjymlmc-ambn hn‰n-cp-∂p. CXp a\p-jym-lm-c-tbm-Ky-a-s√∂p I≠v \ntcm-[n-®-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw \ΩpsS \mńse ]mh-s∏´ F{Xtbm sNdp-I-®-h-S-°m¿ CXp- hn-‰-Xn\v Pbn-ene-S-bv°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v F∂p-≈Xv ZpxJI-c-amb Hcp kXy-am-Wv. CXp hn]-Wn-bn¬ FØn-bv°p-∂- h≥InS hnX-c-W-°mcpw Dev]m-Z-Icpw \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n∂pw hgp-Xn-am-dp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Cu hkvXp-X-I-fmWv 1954˛se ambw tN¿°¬\ntcm-[\ \nb-a-Øns‚ t{]c-I-i-‡n.

ambw tN¿°¬ \nb-a-Øns‚ c≠mw hIp-∏n¬ ambw tN¿°¬F∂m¬ F¥m-sW∂v hni-Z-ambn \n¿Δ-Nn®n-cn-bv°p-∂p. D]-t`m-‡mhvBh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ km[-\-ßƒ°p ]Icw KpW-ta-∑-bn-√m-ØXpw hne-Ip-d-™Xpw Bb `£W ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ sImSp-°p-∂Xpw D]-tbm-KtbmKy-amb km[-\-ß-fp-sS-IqsS D]-tbm-Ky-tbm-Ky-a-√m-ØXpw hne-Ip-d-™Xpw Bb ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ Iqń-I-e¿Øn Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏´km[-\-am-sW-∂p≈ coXn-bn¬ hn¬°p-∂-Xpw, Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\o-I-c-amb `£W ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ hn¬°p-∂Xpw hne-Ip-d™ ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ hne-Iq-Snb ]Zm¿∞-ß-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n®p hn¬°p-∂-Xpw, A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb kml-N-cy-Ønepw Np‰p-]m-Snepw \n¿Ωn®v ]mbv°vsNbvXv kq£n-°p-∂-Xp-amb hkvXp-°fpw No™v Agp-Inb amwkm-lm-chpw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw hn¬°p-∂Xpw {]mWn-Ifpw ]pgp-°fpw \in-∏n® ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw hnjw-I-e¿∂ If¿ tN¿Øv hn¬∏-\°p hn®n-cn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw F√mw ambw tN¿Ø ]Zm¿∞-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.

Cß-s\-bp≈ ̀ £-W-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ I≠p-]n-Sn®v Ah hn¬∏-\°vCd-°n-b-h-cp-sSbpw hym]m-c-Øn-\p-th≠n tÃm°v sNbvX-h-cp-tSbpwhn‰-h-cp-tSbpw t]cn¬ \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Xt±ikzb-̀ -c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ°pw (tem-°¬ AtXm-d-n‰n) Ahn-SpsØ _‘-s∏´ km\n-´dn DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°pw (B-tcm-Ky hIp-∏nse sl¬ØvC≥kv]-IvS¿am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿) D≠v.

56

ambw tN¿Ø ̀ £-WW]Zm¿∞-ßƒ \nb-am-\p-k-cWw al- dn¬hnh-cn®v kmºnƒ tiJ-cn-®-tijw `-{Z-ambn s]mXn-™p-sIń koep-sNbvXv AXn\p ]pdØpw al- -dnepw hn¬∏-\°v h®n-cn-°p∂ Bfn-s\-s°m≠pw ÿeØv Cu kw-`hw I≠ -km-£n-I-sf-sIm≠pw H∏n-Sp-h-®n-cn-°Ww. s\øv XpS-ßnb {ZmhI ]Zm¿∞-ßfn¬\n∂v kmºnƒtiJ-cn-t°-≠Xv ipNnbp≈Xpw Cu¿∏-an-√m-Ø-Xp-amb ]m{X-ß-fn-em-bn-cn-°pw. kmºnƒ FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v kmºnƒ FSpØ ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ Ccp∂ ]m{X-Øn¬ \n∂v icn-bmbn Cf-°n -tbm-Pn-∏n-®-Xn-\p-ti-jta kmºnƒ FSp-°mhq F∂mWv \nb-aw. kmºnƒ FSp-Øp-Xn-\p-tijw an®-an-cn-°p∂ km[-\-ßƒ hn¬°msX \ntcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn\pwI≠p-sI-´p-∂-Xn\pwhsc ^pUv C≥kv]IvS¿°-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. ^pUv-C≥kv]-IvS-dpsS HutZym-Kn-I -IrXy\n¿Δ-l-WsØ XSbp∂Xv Hcp {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-am-Wv. ̂ pUv C≥kvs]-IvS¿ \S-]-Sn -kzo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv {Inan-\¬\S-]-Sn-\n-b-a-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.hy‡n sshcmKyw aqe-tam, ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-bn-t´m, DØ-a-hn-izm-k-c-ln-X-ambn t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]-Sn-kzo-I-cn-°p∂ ^pUv C≥kv]-IvS-dpsS \S-]-Snbpw in£m¿l-am-Wv.

kmºnƒ- F-Sp-Ø-tijw hni-I-e\w sNbvXp ]cn-tim-[n®v dnt∏m¿´pka¿∏n-bv°p-∂-Xn\v em_-d-́ -dn°v Abv°-Ww. em_-d-́ -dn-bn¬ \n∂pwambw tN¿Ø-Xm-sW∂v k¿ń-̂ n-°‰p e`n-®m-ep-S≥ em_-d-́ dn dnt∏m¿-ńs‚ tIm∏n klnXw t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw, B dnt∏m¿ńs\ ]‰n X¿°-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Xt±i kzb-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-Ønse A[n-Im-cn-bpsS ]°¬ \nb-a-{]-Imcw kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ at‰ kmºnƒ tI{μ -^p-Uvem-_-d-´-dn°v Abbv°p-∂-Xn-\p≈Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂pw ImWn®v ]Zm¿∞w hn¬∏-\ -\-S-Ønb Bfn\vt\mókv Ab-®n-cn-bv°-W-w.- sk≥{S¬ ̂ pUv em_-d-́ -dn-bpsS dnt∏m¿ v́A¥n-a-am-bn-cn°pw.- kmºnƒ tiJ-cn®bmƒ B ]Zm¿∞-Øns‚ hmd‚n-tbm, _nt√m lmP-cm-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ B _n-√-\p-k-cn®v tlmƒsk-bn¬ I®-h-S-°m-c-s\tbm `£-W-]-Zm¿∞-Øns‚ D¬]m-Z-I-s\tbmIqsS {]Xn- tN¿°p-∂-Xn\v ^pUv C≥kvs]-I-S¿°-h-Im-i-ap-≠v. ^pUv C≥kvs]-I-S¿ A{]-Imcw sNbvXn-ń-s√-¶n¬ _nt√mhmd‚ntbm tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm°n D¬∏m-Z-I-s‚tbm (Manufacturer)samØ-hn-X-c-W-°m-c-s‚tbm t]cn¬ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂p sNdp-In-S-I-®-h-S-°m-c\v At]-£n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

IS-bn¬ \n∂pw km[\w hmßn-°p∂ Bfn\pw km[-\-ßƒ em_-d-´-dn-bn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.

`£-W-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ \n¿Δ-Nn-®n-´p-≠v. acp-∂p-Ifpw ip≤-P-ehpwHgn®v a\p-jym-lm-c-Øn\v DX-Ip∂ `£W ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw ]m\o-b-

57

ßfpw, `£Ww ]mIw sNøp-∂-Xnt\m Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xnt\m th≠nD]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw, `£-W-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ°v \ndhpwaWhpw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ hkvXp-°fpw `£-W-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ F∂-Xns‚ \n¿Δ-N\ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. aWhpw KpWhpw ta∑bpw D≈GXp `£-W-]-Zm¿∞hpw Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\v \nb-aw-aqew t\m´n-̂ n-t°-j≥ Cd-°p-∂-Xn\p tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n-\-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

^pUv C≥kv]IvSdp-sS-b-SpØv t]cpw ta¬hn-em-khpw a‰p hnh-c-ßfpwshfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v hn¬]-\-\-S-Ønb Bfn\v \nb-am-\p-krXw _m≤y-X-bp-≠v.

GXp- ̀ -£W ]Zm¿∞hpw hnjw tN¿∂-Xm-sW∂p I≠m¬ AsX-]‰n Adn-hp-In-´p∂ tUmIvS¿am-cpw, saUn-°¬ {]mIvSo-j-W¿amcpwhnhcw DS≥Xs∂ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ns\ Adn-bn-®n-cn-°-W-sa∂v \nbawA\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.

t{]mkn-Iyq-j\n¬\n∂pw \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw c£-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\v Fs¥-¶nepw am¿§-apt≠m?

samØ-hn-X-c-W-°m-c\pw D¬∏m-Z-I\pw Uoe¿am¿°v hn¬°p-tºmƒD¬∏-∂-Øns‚ hn¬∏-\-sb -kw-_-‘n®v Hcp hmd‚n (Warranty) \n›n-X-̂ m-d-Øn¬ hn‰-km-[-\-Øns‚ ta∑bpw a‰p-Im-cy-ßfpw hnh-cn®v sImSp-Øn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv \nb-aw. Cu hm-d‚n ImWn®v Xm≥ hm-ßnb km[\wAtX-co-Xn-bn¬ Xs∂ kq£n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-psh∂pw hmd‚n-bn¬]d-™n-cn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞w Xs∂-bmWv Xm≥ hn‰-sX∂pw sXfn-bn-®m¬sNdp-In-S-I-®-h-S-°m-c-t\m, Uoe¿t°m tI n¬ \n∂pw c£-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hmd‚n- \¬In-bbmƒ hymP-ta¬hn-em-kw \¬Ip-I-tbm, Hgn-™p-am-dp-Itbm sNbvXmepw hmd‚n-bpsS KpWw I®-h-S-°m-c\v e`n-°p-sa∂vtImSXn hn[n-®n-́ p≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ {]mY-anI ̀ £y-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒXs‚-X-√mØ Ip‰w-sIm≠v kzm`m-hn-I-ambn KpW-ta∑ Ipd-™-XmbnXo¿∂-Xm-sW∂p sXfn-bn-®mepw Uoe¿t°m, I®-h-S-°m-ct\m c£-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn IoS-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒsImt≠m]mbv°v sNbvX Ah-k-c-Øn¬ hmbp-{]-th-in-®-Xp-aqew D≠m-Im-hp∂cmk-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒsImt≠m {]mY-anI `£y-]-Zm¿∞-Øn\v hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ kw -̀hn-®XmImw F∂p sXfn-bn-®mepw t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]Sn \ne-\n¬∏n-√m-sX-bm-Ipw. ]m¬, s\øv, sFkv{Iow apX-em-bh th≠-hn[wtbmPn-∏n®v Cf-°n-bn-s√-¶nepw kmºnƒ FSp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]ngIƒ hcp-Øn-bmepw AXn-s‚-sb√mw Zqjyw t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]-Snsb _m[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

{Inan-\¬ tI p-I-fn¬, {]tXy-In®v C¥y≥ in£m \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ Ip‰-ßƒ \n¿Δ-Nn-°p-tºmƒ {]Xn-bpsS a\x]q¿Δ Dt±iw hfsc

58

{]k-‡-am-Wv. Xs‚ {]h¿Øn-bn¬ acWw kw -̀hn-°m-\n-S-bp-s≠∂pwAßs\ acWw kw -̀hn-°p-sa-∂p≈ a\:]q¿Δ Dt±-ihpw (Mens rea)Adnhpw Ip‰-Øns‚ Kuc-hsØ _m[n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ `£-W-km-[-\ßfn¬ ambw tN¿°¬ F∂ Ip‰-Øn\v a\x]q¿Δ Dt±-ihpw Icp-Xepw Hcp {]iv\-ta-b√. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ H∂p-a-dn-bmsX h≥InSD¬∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \nt∂m samØ-hym-]m-cn-I-fn¬ \nt∂m km[-\-ßƒhmßn hn¬°p∂ ]mh-s∏-´-h-cmWv an°-hmdpw in£n-°-s∏-SpIF∂p≈ hkvXpX Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ Hcp t]mcm-bva-bmbn Nq≠n- Im-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. he-bn¬ sNdp-ao≥ IpSp-ßp-Ibpw hen-b -Xn-an-w K-e-ßƒ he-bn¬ IpSp-ßmsX c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu coXn am‰n-h≥InS D¬∏m-Z-I-scbpw samØ hym]m-cn-I-sfbpw \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bnepw hym]vXn-bnepw sIm≠p-h-s∂-¶n¬ am{Xta Cu \nbaw ^e-{]-Z-am-hp-I-bp-≈q.

59

`m-Kw- ˛ aq-∂v-

a‰p-\n-baßƒ-

60

1.- D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W \nbaw.....

D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbpw, Ah-cpsS Xmev]-cy-ßƒ \ymbambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\pwth≠n D]-t`m‡r X¿°]cn-lmc GP≥kn-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv 1986--˛se D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W\nbaØneq-sS-bm-Wv.

D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W\nba{]Imcw {]Xn-êw\¬In km[-\-tamtkh-\tam ssI]-‰p∂ GsXm-cmfpw D]-t`m-‡m-hm-Wv.

km[\w hnebv°p-hmßp-tºmƒXs∂ {]Xn-êw (hn-e) \¬Ip-I-tbm, {]Xn-̂ ew\¬Im-sa∂v hmKvZm\wsNbvXv km[-\-ßƒ hmßp-I-tbm, {]Xn-êw `mKn-I-ambn \¬In km[-\-ßƒ hmßp-I-tbm,-A-s√-¶n¬ {]Xn-êw `mKn-I-ambn \¬Imsa∂ hmKvZm-\-Øn¬ km[-\-ßƒ hmßp-Itbm sNøp-∂-h¿ D]-`m-‡m-hm-Wv.

{]Xn-êw\¬In as‰m-cm-fpsS tkh\w Iqens°Sp-°p∂ GsXm-cmfpw D]-t`m-‡m-hm-Wv. tkh-\w-t\-Sp-tºmƒXs∂ {]Xn-̂ ew \¬In-tbm, As√-¶n¬ \¬Imsa∂v- hmKvZm-\w-sN-bvtXm, As√-¶n¬ {]Xn-êw \¬Ip-hm≥ Ah-[n°p-sh°p∂ GsX-¶nepw coXn {]Im-c-tam,tkh\w Iqens°Sp-°p-∂-h¿ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fm-Wv.

km[-\-ßƒ hnebv°phmßnb BfpsS ]°¬\n∂pw Abm-fpsSkΩ-X-{]-Imcw B km[\w D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ a‰p- hy‡n-Ifpw AXp-t]mse tkh\w hnebv°phmßnb BfpsS ]°¬\n∂pw Abm-fpsSkΩ-X-{]-Imcw tkh\w {]tbm-P-\-s∏Sp-Øp∂ a‰phy‡n-Ifpw A\p-`hAh-Im-i-°m-¿- F∂\ne-bn¬ D]-t`m-‡m-°fm-Wv.

F∂m¬ km[-\-ßƒ hne-sIm-SpØv hmßp-∂Xv emàp-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn adn®v hn¬°p-∂-Xn-t\m, hmWn-Py-hym-]mc Bh-iy-Ønt\mBsW-¶n¬ A{]-Imcw {Ib-hn-{Ibw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\mbn km[\whmßn-°p∂ Bƒ D]-t`m-‡mhv A√.

hmWnPykw_-‘-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ°m-bn hmß-s∏-Sp∂ Hcpkm[-\-Øn\pw D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W\nb-a-Øns‚ B\p-Iqeyw e`n-°p-Ibn√. ]t£ kzbwsXmgn¬Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn hne-sIm-Sp-Øp-hm-ßnb BƒXs∂ kz¥w D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w Is≠-Øp-hm-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-bp-Øp-∂Xv hmWnPym-h-iy-ambn IW-°m-°p-I-bn√. hmWn-Py-]-c-amb Bh-iy-ßsf D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W\nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-s√-¶nepw, D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hym-]m-csØCu \nbaw kwc-£n-°p-∂p F∂¿∞w.

61

{]Xn-^ew \¬In ssI∏-‰p∂ km[-\-ßƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw \yq\-X-Iƒ Ds≠∂v a\- n-em-Ip-tºmgpw tkh-\-ßƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepwt]mcmbvabp-s≠∂v a\- n-em-Ip-tºm-gpam-Wv D]-t`m‡r X¿°-ßƒD≠m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

km[-\-ß-fnse \yq\X,- AXm-bXv Af-hv, KpWw, \ne-hm-cw, ip≤nF∂n-h-bnse \yq\-X-Iƒ˛DXv]m-Z-Icpw hym]m-cn-Ifpw D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ I_-fn∏n-°p-∂-X-S-°-ap≈h CXnepƒs]-Spw. Hcmƒ \nb-a-{]-Im-c-tam, Icm¿{]-Im-c-tam ]men-®n-cn-t°≠ tkh-\-Ønse KpW-Øn-epw kz`m-h-Øn-epw {]h¿Ø-\-co-Xn-bn-ep-ap≈ GsX-¶nepw tZmjtamA]q¿Æ-X-tbm Ipd-thm A]-cym-]vX-Xtbm BWv tkh-\-Ønset]mcmbva.

A\ym-b hym]mck{º-Zm-bsØ kw_-‘n-t®m, ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Ønbhym]m-c-k-{º-Zm-bsØs®m√ntbm Bhmw X¿°w.- km[m-cW ]c-ky-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ KpW-\n-e-hmcw C√m-Xn-cp∂mepw, Af-hnepw a‰pwambwtN¿Ømepw KpW-t`m-‡m-hn\p ]cm-Xn-s∏-Smw. KpW-\n-e-hmcwDd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm\pw IrXy-amb hnebv°v hkvXp-°ƒ e`y-am-°m\pwhne-bnepw Af-hn-ep-ap≈ h©\ XS-bp-I-bp-amWv Cu \nb-a-Øn-s‚{][m\ e£y-ßƒ.

Hcp D]t`m‡m-hn\v \jvSwkw`-hn-°p-Itbm tkh\w bYm-hn[ne`y-am-Im-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ Abmƒ°v, kw`hw \S∂v Hcph¿jØn\Iw ]cmXn t_m[n∏n°mw.- 20-e£w cq]-bn¬ Ihn-bmØX¿°-ßƒ°v Pn√mt^md-Øn-em-Wv ]cmXnsImSp-t°-≠-Xv. Pn√m-X¿°-]-cn-lm-c-t^m-d-Øn\p]pdsa kwÿm\ D]-t`m-‡r-I-Ωo-j\pw tZiob-I-Ωo-j\pw \nehnep≠v. hn[n \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw hn[n A\p-k-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p∂ FXn¿I£nsb Pbn-e-S-°p-∂-Xn\pw t^md-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W\nb-a-Øn¬,- tkh\taJ-e-bn¬,- _m¶nMv,ss^\m≥kn -M v , C≥jzd≥kv , KXm -KXw, kwkv°-cWw,sshZypXnbpsSbpw AXpt]mse-bp≈ Du¿÷ßfpsS hnX-cWw,t_m¿Unw-Mv, temUvPnw-Kv, `h\\n¿ΩmWw, hnt\m-Zw, hm¿Ø-IƒtiJ-cn-°¬ XpS-ßnb hn`m-K-ßƒ tkh\ kuI-cy-ß-fm-Wv. --

hne-sIm-SpØv km[-\tam tkh-\tam hmßp-∂-bm-fmWv D]-t`m-‡m-hv. kuP\y tkh\wt]mse-bmWv kwc-£W \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-Øp-I.

BXpctkh-\-Ønse A\m-ÿ-bm-sI-Xnsc D]t`m-‡ kwc-£W\nb-a-{]-Imcw \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ thZn-Isf kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tUmIvS-dpsS A{i-≤-aqew tcmKn°v Fs¥-¶nepw\jv-S]cn-lm-cw- hn[n-°m≥ t^md-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. F∂m¬

62

k¿°m¿ Bip-]-{Xn-bn-te-Xp-t]m-ep≈ kuP\y NnIn-’-bm-sW¶n

¬- \jv-S]cn-lm-cw- e`n-°p-Ibn-√.-

]cmXnsIm-Sp-t°≠Xv Fßs\ ?

]cmXn ka¿∏n-°m≥ \nbXamb amXrI \nb-a-Ønen-√. ]cm-Xn-°m-cs‚ hn-em-khpw FXn¿I-£n-bpsS t]cpw- -hn-em-khpw ]cm-Xn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØWw. _n√p-s≠¶n¬ AXpw- ]-cm-Xn-s°m∏w lmP-cm-°Ww. km[-\-ß-tfm- tk-h-\-ßtfm ]Ww-\¬In hmßn-sb-¶n¬AXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ Fgp-XWw. FXn¿I-£n-bpsS tkh-\-ØnseA]m-I-X- ]cm-Xn-°mc≥ hy‡-am-°-Ww. ]cm-Xn-°m-c≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ \nh¿Øn-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v Fgp-X-Ww.

\S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ

efn-X-amb \S-]-Sn-{Iaw.- knhn¬tIm-S-Xn-t]mse hni-Z-am-b- sX-fn-

sh-Spt∏m hnkvXm-ctam C√.

D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W(t`Z-KXn)N´w 2004 {]Imcw Pn√mt^md-

Øn¬ ]cmXn ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp e£whsc ]cn[nhcp∂ hyh-

lm-c-Øn\v 100 cq]bpw Hcp e£-Øn-\p -ap-I-fn¬ A©v e£Øn\v

Xmsghscbp-≈ hy-hlm-cßƒ-°v- 200 cq]bpw A©v e£w cq]-ap-

X¬ ]Øv e£-Øn¬Xmsghscbp-≈ tIkp-Iƒ-°v- 400 cq]bpw ]Øv

e£-Øn\v apI-fn¬ Ccp-]Xp- e£w cq]-hscbp-≈ tIkp-Iƒ-°v- 500

cq-]bpw- ^o-kv- AXmXv t^md-Øn¬ AS-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

]cmXn GXv Pn√mt^md-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°Ww

1) ]cmXn°v B[m-c-amb CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-∂Xv FhnsSsh®m-tWm,B ÿ-e-Øp≈ Pn√mt^md-Øn¬ ]cmXn\¬Imw.

]cm-Xn°v Imc-W-amb CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ `mKn-I-ambn \S-∂n-´p≈ÿesØ Pn√mt^md-Ønepw ]cmXn ka¿∏n-°mw.

2) ]cm-Xn-bn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ FXn¿I£n-Iƒ FhnsSbmtWmXma-kn-°p-∂Xv B ÿe-Øp≈ Pn√mt^md-Øn¬ ]cmXnka¿∏n-°mw.

3) H∂n-e-[nIw FXn¿I£n-Iƒ D≈-t∏mgpw Ah¿ hyXykvX Pn√mt^md-Øns‚ A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-tºmgpw Ah-cn¬ GsX-¶nepwHcmƒ Xma-kn-°p-I-tbm, _nkn-\ v \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-tbm,{_m©v Hm^okv D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-tbm, sXmgn¬sNbvXpsIm≠n-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ ÿe-Øp≈ Pn√mt^md-Øn¬ ]cmXn ka¿∏n-

°mw.

63

kwÿm\ IΩo-j≥

Ccp-]Xv- e-£-Øn-e-[n-Ihpw Hcp-tIm-Sn-bn¬ Ihn-bm-Ø-Xp-amb D]-

t`m‡rX¿°-ßƒ kwÿm\IΩo-j\v ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. Pn√mt^md-Øns‚ Xocp-am-\-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb A∏o¬ kwÿm\IΩo-j-\nem-Wv-^b¬sNtø-≠-Xv. kwÿm\ D]-t`m‡rIΩo-j-\n¬ {]kn-U‚pwc≠p saº¿amcpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. {]kn-U‚ v Hcp sslt°m-SXnPUvPntbm As√-¶n¬ PUvPn Bbn-cp-∂bmtfm Bbn-cn-°pw. c≠v

saº¿am-cn¬ Hcmƒ h\nXbm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

tZiob IΩo-j≥

tZinb D]-t`m‡rIΩo-js‚ Bÿm\w \yqU¬ln-bnem-Wv.

tZiobIΩo-j-\n¬ {]kn-U‚pw a‰p \mev AwK-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.\mev AwK-ß-fn¬ Hcmƒ h\nXbm-bn-cn-°pw. Pn√mt^md-Ønsesaº¿am¿°v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ tbmKy-X-IƒXs∂-bmWv tZiobIΩo-j-\n-tebpw saº¿am¿°v D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xv.

kwÿm\IΩo-j-\p-I-fpsS DØ-c-hp-Iƒ°v FXn-sc-bp≈ A∏o-ep-Iƒ ka¿∏n-t°-≠Xv tZiobIΩo-j-\n-em-Wv. kwÿm\IΩo-j-\p-I-fpsS hn[n-I-fntem kwÿm\IΩo-j-\p-I-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ tI p-I-fntem CS-s]-Sp-hm≥ tZiobIΩo-j\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. Hcp-tImSn cq]-bne[nIwhcp∂ X¿°-ßƒ tZiobIΩo-j-\n¬ D∂-bn-°mw.

D]-Ivt`m-‡m-hns‚ ]cm-Xn°v ASn-ÿm-\-amb kw`hw \S∂v c≠v

h¿j-Øn-\Iw _‘-s∏´ t^md-Øn¬ ]cmXn ka¿∏n-t°-≠-X-m-Wv.

2.- A¥-co-£, Pe, ]cn-ÿnXn -a-en-\o-I-cWw

\Ωƒ izkn-°p∂ hmbp-hn¬ b{¥-km-a-{Kn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p -

Im-c-W-ßƒsIm≠pw hnjmw-iw -I-e¿∂v a\p-jy-Po-h\v A]-I-SIc-

ambn Xo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ IpSn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂

ip≤-Pew hnjhpw a‰p-am-en-\y-ßfpw Ie¿∂v Imfn-μo-\-Zn-t]mse aeo-

-a-k-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

`mc-XØn¬ 1981- ¬ hmbp-hn¬ hnjmwiw Ie¿Øp-∂-Xn-s\bpwhmbp-a-en\am-°p-∂-Xns\bpw XS-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cW\ntcm-[\ \nb-{¥W-\n-bahpw (The Air Prevention and Control ofPollution Act of 1981), 1974-se Bdmw BIvSmb Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW\nb-{¥W \nbahpw (The Water Prevention and Control of PollutitonAct) \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Cu \nb-aw- \n-e-hn¬ D≠m-bn´pw ^e-{]-Z-ambn\nb-{¥Ww km≤y-am-Im-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v th≠ am¿§-\n¿t±ißƒ \¬I-

64

W-sa-∂p-Im-Wn®v Hc-`n-`m-j-I≥ sslt°m-S-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-IbpwA∂v tIcf sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-bm-bn-cp∂ PÃokv sI.‰n. tXmakvCXns‚ Kuchw IW-°n-se-SpØv Nne am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-Ibpw B am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ inc- m-h-ln®v th≠ \n¿t±-i-ßƒDS-\Sn kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂v A∂sØ AUz-t°‰v P\-d¬ tImS-Xn-bn-ep-d∏v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. \K-c-k-̀ -I-fnepw a‰pw Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\-cwKw Imcy-£-a-am°n sImXpI,v A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cWw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n∂pw a\p-jy\v kwc-£Ww sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v sslt°m-SXn _‘-s∏´ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v\n¿t±iw sImSp-Øn-́ p-≠v. s]mXp-\n-c-Ønepw Xotb-‰-dp-I-fnepw a‰pw ]c-ky-ambn ]pI-h-en®v a‰p-≈-h¿°v ieyhpw A¥-co£w aeo-a-k-hpam-°p∂ coXn C∂p- Ip-sd- Ip-d™n-́ p-s≠∂p≈Xv Hcp hmkvX-h-am-Wv.AXp-t]mse ]pI-Xp-∏p∂ hml-\-ß-fpsS DS-a-Iƒ ]pI-]-cn-tim-[\k¿´n-̂ n-t°‰v lmP-cm-°-W-sa∂v \n¿∫-‘n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv F{X-am{Xw ^e-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øn-bn-́ p-s≠∂v kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

A¥-co-£-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-a-Øn¬ aen-\o-I-cWw F∂m¬ aen-\o-I-c-W-h-kvXp-°ƒ sIm≠v a\p-jyt\m a‰p-Po-hn-Iƒt°m hr£-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒt°m tISp-h-cp-Øp∂ {]h¿Øn-bmWv F∂p \n¿h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. aen-\o-I-cW hkvXp F∂Xv hmbpthm sh≈tam aeo-a-k-am-°p∂ Kymkv AYhm ]pI, {Zmh-I-ßƒ, ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ, i_vZw F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

A¥-co-£ -a-en-\o-I-cWw XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\pwtI{μ-Ønepw kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw A¥-co-£- a-en-\o-I-c-W- \n-b{¥Wt_m¿Up-Iƒ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v \ne-hn¬h-∂p. GsX-¶nepw kwÿm-\Øv Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Up-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ B t_m¿Up-Iƒ°v A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈t_m¿Up-I-fmbn XpS¿∂p {]h¿-Øn-°mw. ImcWw A¥-co-£-a-en-\o-I-cWw \nbaw 1981˛¬ \ne-hn¬h-cp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW\nb-{¥W \nbaw 1974 apX¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p F∂p-≈-Xp-Xs∂.kwÿm-\- t_m¿Up-Ifn¬ A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W kwhn-[m\w kw_-‘n®v {]mK-¤y-ap≈ Hcmsf apgp-h≥kab sNb¿am-\m-tbm, ]m¿´vssSw sNb¿am-t\mtbm \nb-an-t°-≠-XmW.v AXp-t]mseCu cwKØv {]mK-¤y-ap-≈-hsc t_m¿Unse AwK-ß-fmbpw \nb-an-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

tI{μ-t_m¿Up-Iƒ°v aen\oIc-W-{]-h¿Ø\w kw_-‘n®pw, aen-\o-I-cWw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n\v D]-tZ-ihpw am¿§-Z¿i-\hpw \¬Ip-hm-\p≈ Npa-X-ebpw,hnZ-Kvt≤m-]-tZ-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ]pdta kwÿm-\-t_m¿Up-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w \nb-{¥n®pw ]-c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n®pw {]h¿Øn-°p-

65

∂-Xn-\p≈ Npa-X-e-bp-ap≠v.kwÿm-\- t_m¿Up-Iƒ°v 1974˛se Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-W -\n-b-{¥W

\nb-a-Ønse \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A¥-co-£˛-P-e- a-en-\o-I-cWw kw_-‘n® Imcy-ß-fn¬ kwÿm-\ -K-h¨sa‚p-Iƒ°v am¿§-\n¿t±iw \¬Ip-Ibpw D]-tZiw \¬Ip-IbpwsNøp-∂-Xn-\pap≈ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. hmbp˛-P-e -a-en-\o-I-cWw kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw, Aß-s\-bp≈ ÿe-ßƒkμ¿in®v aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw a‰pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n®v ae-\o-I-cWw XS-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±iw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\pw, hmbp-ip-No-I-cWw aen-\o-I-c-W- \n-b-{¥Ww XpS-ßn-b-h- kw-_-‘n®v tI{μ- \n-b-{¥W t_m¿Up-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Ønbp‡-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw, hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W -\n-baw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n Bfp-Iƒ°v ]cn-io-e\w-sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwÿm-\- t_m¿Up-Iƒ°-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

GsX-¶nepw taJ-e -hm-bp-a-en-\o-I-cW taJ-embmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw, hyh-kmb ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ta¬ \nb-{¥-Ww -G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cW D]-I-c-W-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v k¿ń-^n-°‰v \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw kwÿm-\ -t_m¿Up-Iƒ°[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ GsX-¶nepw hyh-km-b- ÿm-]-\-ß-sfm-, bq-Wn-‰p-I-sfm, hy‡nIsfm \nb-{¥W DØ-chp ]men-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Ah- \-S-∏m°n In´p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw \nh¿Øn tXSp-∂-Xn\pw \ntcm-[-\-D-Ø-c-hp- k-ºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwÿm-\-t_m¿Up-Iƒ°-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

Hcp- ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ DS-a,- kwÿm\ t_m¿Unse DtZym-K-ÿ≥Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬ th≠ hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v _m≤y-ÿ-\m-Wv.Hcp-{]-tZ-iØv A¥-co-£w -a-en-\-am-Ip∂p F∂p I≠m¬ AhnSw ]cn-tim-[n®v kmºn-fp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v \nb-aw-aqew hyh-ÿ -sN-bvXn-´p≈em_-d-´-dn°v Ab-®p- sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw dnt∏m¿´-p h-cpØn bp‡-amb \S-]-Sn- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwÿm-\- t_m¿Up-Iƒ°-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. tI{μ˛-kw-ÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-I-fpsS \n¿t±im\p-k-cWw{]h¿Øn-°p-∂ em-_-d-´-dn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v A¥n-a-am-bn-cn°pw. AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ bmsXmcp Imc-W-h-imepw knhn¬tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-h-b-√.

in£m \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

\nb-a-Øn\p -hn-cp-≤-ambn {]h¿Øn®v Ip‰w sNøp-∂-h¿s°-Xn-cmbn,

kwÿm-\- t_m¿Un\pw t_m¿Up -Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ DtZym-K-ÿ\pw

]pdta 60 Znh-ksØ ap≥Iq-ń-bp≈ t\mókv \¬In-b-Xn-\p-tijw

Hcp kzIm-cy -hy-‡n°pw ]cm-Xn -t_m-[n-∏n°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \nb-a-hn-

66

cp-≤-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂p -I-≠m¬ B Bfns\ Bdp-sIm√w

hsc XShn\pw \nb-a-ew-L\w \S-Øp∂ Hmtcm -Zn-h-k-Øn\pw 5000

cq] ]ng-H-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw in£n-°m≥ \nb-a-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v.

F∂m¬ XShp in£ -bm-sXm-cp- Im-c-W-h-imepw Hcp sIm√-Øn¬

Ipd-bp-hm≥ ]mSn-s√∂v hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W \nbaw

Aan-X-amb hnj-{]-tbmKw sIm≠v a’yw- N-Øp-s]m-ßp-∂-Xpw^mIvS-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-tØ-s°m-gp-Ip∂ aen-\-Pewaqew \Zn-I-fn¬ kv\m\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-t]mepw \nh¿Øn-bn-√mØ hn[w hnj-en-]vX-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xpw Xoc-tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS IpSn-sh-≈-sØ-t∏mepwaen-\-am-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßsf _m[n°p-∂-Xp-sams° Ne-\m-fl-I-amb hyh-km-bnI hnπ-Øns‚ Zpc-¥-^-e-ß-fm-Wv. CXv IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv Pe-a-en-\o-I-cWw XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw ip≤-amb IpSn-\o¿ e-`y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-wth-≠n-bp≈ e£y-tØmsS 1974˛¬Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W \nbaw ]m- m°n \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-b-Xv.

sIan-°-ep-Itfm GsX-¶nepw ]Zm¿∞-ßtfm D]-tbm-Kn-®p Pe-tam-P-em-i-b-ßsfm Pe-t{km-X-kp-Isfm aen-\-am-°p∂Xns\-bmWvPe-a-en-\o-I-cWw F∂v \n¿Δ-Nn-®n-cn°p-∂Xv. Pe-t{km-X-s -∂Xvsh≈-sam-gp-Ip∂ Acp-hn-I-ƒ, sh≈w- sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ss]∏v a‰p-]-I-c-W-ßƒ Ch-sbm-s°-bmW.v Stream(A-cp-hn-Iƒ) F∂m¬ \Zn-Iƒ, sh≈-sam-gp-Ip∂ sNdnb Acp-hn-Iƒ, Ir{Xn-a -P-em-i-b-ßƒ Ir-{Xn-ahpw {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xpw,ASn-sbm-gp-°p≈ sh≈w, kap-{Z-P-ew, Hmcp-sh≈w Ch-sb√mwDƒs∏-Spw.

A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W t_m¿Un-te-Xp-t]mse Xs∂Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW \ntcm-[-\-Øn\pw \nb-{¥-W-Øn-\p-ambn tI{μ -̨kw-ÿm-\- t_m¿Up-I-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv. Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\hpw A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bpw, {]h¿Ø-\-ssi-enbpw A¥-co-£- a-en-\o-I-cW \n-b-{¥-W-t_m¿Un-t‚-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂-bm-I-bm¬ {]tXyIw hnh-cn-t°≠-Xn-√. aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-amb Pe-Øn-s‚bpw ]Zm¿∞-ß-fp-sSbpw Dd-hnSw apX-em-bh ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw kmºn-fp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ hcpØn bp‡-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pwaen-\o-I-cWw XS-™v DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xn\pw aen-\o-I-cWwXSbp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw t_m¿Un-\-[n-I-c-ap-≠v.

Ip‰-°m-sc∂p I≠m¬ Bdp-sIm√w-hsc XS-thm, XS-thm-Sp-IqSnb]ngsbm hn[n°p∂-Xn\pw tImS-Xn-bv°-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ Cuin£ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bp-hm≥ ]mSn-√. Ip‰w

67

sNøp∂ Iº\n-I-fpsS t]cnepw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ip‰-°m-cpsS t]cp-hn-hcw AS-ßn-b -enÃv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \nb-a-ap-≠v.

\nbaw ewLn-°p-∂Xv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hcp Un∏m¿´p-sa‚m-sW-¶n¬\nbaw ewLn-°p∂ Hcp -hy-‡n-sb-t∏mse Xs∂ B Un-∏m¿´p-sa‚ vtaep-tZym-K-ÿ≥ Ip‰-°m-c-\m-sW∂p I≠v Abm-fpsS t]cn¬ t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]tXyIw hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v.

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W \nbaw

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww C∂v hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m\yw ssIh∂

hm°m-Wv. A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ̂ e-ambn Hmtkm-¨ ]mfn-

I-fn¬ hn-≈ep-Iƒ- hoWv temI-Øns‚ \ne-\nev]p Xs∂ k∂n-Kv≤m-

h-ÿ-bn¬ FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p F∂ Im-cyw- 1980Ifn¬- sXfn-bn-°s∏´p.-

1960Ifn¬- cm-kam-en-\y-ßƒ- Ie¿-∂ taLßfn¬-\n-∂p-ap-≠m-Ip-∂

Aæagaq-ew- h\kºØpw- Ir-jn-bpw- \in-°p-∂Xn-s\Xn-tc kv-Im≥-

Un-t\hn-b≥- cm-Py-ßƒ- ap-dhn-fn-Iq-ń-bXn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v- imkv{X-⁄-

∑mcpw ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw 1972-̨ ¬ tÃm°vtlm-an¬ ktΩ-fn-®p. sFIy-

cmjv{S k`-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ \S∂ Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ `mc-

Xhpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ Dt±-i-ß-fpw e£y-ßfpw

km£m-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A¥-co£ k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ Btcm-Ky-I-

c-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xp\pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W \nbaw ]mkm°n

\S-∏m-°n.

]cn-ÿnXn F∂m¬ hmbp, Pew, ̀ qan Ch-bp-ambn ]c-kv]c _‘-

ap-≈Xpw, kakvX Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpw, ktN-X-\hpw AtN-X-\-hp-amb

kq£va-tIm-i-ßfpw AS-ßp-∂Xv F∂mWv \n¿h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-I-cWw F∂m¬ hmX-Ihpw Jc-h-kvXp-°fpw {Zh-

cq-]-Øn-ep≈ hkvXp-°fpw F√mw aen-\-s∏-SpØn \in-∏n-°p∂ A¥-

co£ aen-\o-I-cWw F∂v A¿∞w sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn

aen-\o-I-cWw D≠m-°p∂ GXp-hn[ {]h¿Ønbpw ]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-

I-c-W-am-Wv. Cßs\ aen-\o-I-c-W-\-ap-≠m-°p∂ GsXmcp hkvXphpw

A]-I-S-I-c-amb hkvXp (Hazardous substance) BWv F∂p \n¿h-Nn-

®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Cu \nb-a-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn-\p≈

ê-{]-Z-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v ùam-¥-co-£-sØbpw kakvX

Poh-Pm-e-ß-sfbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ _m≤yX tI{μ Kh¿sa‚n-

\m-Wv. CXn-te-°mbn tZi-hym-]-I-amb {]N-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-

Sn-∏n-°p-I, aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-Øn\pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-

68

Øn\pw th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I, ̂ mIvS-dn-Ifn¬\n∂pw a‰pw

]pd-tØ°p hcp∂ amen-\y-ßƒ XS-bp-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

I, AXn-te-°p≈ Kth-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-I, Cu e£y-{]m-]vXn°p

th≠ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-ØpI F∂n-h-sbms° tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\

Kh¿sa‚p-I-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-Wv. CXn-\mbn \nb-an-°p∂ DtZym-

K-ÿ¿°v Fhn-sSbpw ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw bp‡-amb \S-

]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-

W-Øn-\m-bp≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \S-∏m-°m-sX-bn-cn-°p-Itbm ewLn-°p-

Itbm sNbvXm¬ A©p h¿jw hsc XSthm ]ngtbm c≠pw

IqsStbm in£ hn[n-°mw. Ip‰w Bh¿Øn-®m¬ Bh¿Øn-°p∂

Hmtcm Znh-k-Øn\pw Aøm-bncw cq] hsc ]ng-bn-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]cn-

ÿn-Xn- kw-c£WtØm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hn-Ik\ {]h¿-

Ø\ßƒ-Iq-Sn- \St°≠Xv- A\n-hm-cy-am-Ibm¬- kp-ÿn-chn-Ik\w-

(Sustainable Development) F∂ XXzw- 1980 Ifn¬- cq-]s∏´p.- Xeap-

dIƒ- XΩn-ep-≈ ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I Xp-ey-X (intergenerational equity) hn-

h£n-°p-∂Xm-Wv- Cu- XXzw.-

hmbp˛-Pe˛A¥-co-£- a-en-\o-I-cWw a\p-jy-Po-hs‚ \ne-\n-ev]n-

s\-t∏mepw _m[n-°p∂ ̀ oI-chpw ̀ bm-\-I-hp-amb Hc-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øn-

t®¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]cn-ÿnXn k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿsb XInSw adn®v

a\p-jym-cm-in-sb-Xs∂ D∑q-e\w sNøp-hm-\n-S-bp≈ ̀ bm-\-I-amb Cu

Ip‰-ßƒ°v \n m-c-amb in£-bmWv hn[n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂p-≈Xv

thZ-\m-P-\-I-am-Wv. Hcp -hy-‡nsb sIme-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcm-fn\v h[-in-

£-bmWv hn[n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ Hcp hy‡nsb am{X-a-√, kaq-

lsØbmsI ac-W-Øn-te°p X≈n-hn-Sp∂, As√-¶n¬ ac-W-Xp-ey-

amb bmX-\bpw thZ-\bpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-h¿°v

Ah-c¿ln-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ in£ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw (Polluter PaysPrinciple) e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n \nbaw IqSp-X¬ I¿°-»-am-t°-

≠nbncn°p-∂p. ]cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-_‘n-® hn-]Øp-Iƒ- ap≥-Iq-´n- I≠v-

Ahbv-s°Xn-scbpw- \S]Sn-Iƒ- kzo-Icn-t°≠Xm-Wv- (PrecautionaryPrinciple).

3.- BtcmKy kwc-£Ww

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ P\-ß-fpsS BtcmKyw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v `c-W-Iq-S-tØmSvA\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.

69

A\p-tOZw 21 {]Imcw `cWLS\ hy‡n°v Pohn-°m-\p-ff`cWLS\m Ah-Im-ihpw, kzmX-{¥yhpw \¬Ip∂p F∂-XvsIm≠vA¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Pohn-°m-\p-≈Ah-Im-isØIqSn-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ ̀ c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ {]mY-an-I_m-[y-X-bmWv hy‡n-bpsS BtcmKykwc-£-Ww. BtcmKykwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw, Btcm-Ky-tI-{μ-ßfpw kv-Ym-]n-°p-Ibpw- P\-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb sshZyklm-b-sa-Øn®p sImSp°pIbpw-sNøm≥- Kh¨sa‚n\v _m-[y-Xbp≠v

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \n¿t±-i-IXXz-ß-fn¬ `c-W\b-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ hy‡n-bpsS Btcm-Ky-c-£bv°v Du∂¬sImSp°WwF∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI_m[y-X-aqew _me-thebpw AXp-h-gn-bp≈ A\m-tcm-Kyhpw D≠m-I-cpXv.- \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb hf¿®-bv°pw, Iuam-c-{]m-b-°m-cp-sS-bpw, AΩ-am-cp-sSbpw Btcm-Ky-c-£bv°pw {]tXyI Du∂¬\¬Ip-hm≥ k¿°m-cn\v _m[y-X-bp-≠v. sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v an\naw thX\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw, sa®-s∏´ sXmgn¬kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-hm\pw Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂Xn-\pw -th≠coXn-bn¬ \nba\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-hm\pw `c-W-L-S\ `c-W-Iq-S-tØmSv \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. aZy-]m\w, ab-°p-a-cp∂v XpSßnbh \n¿am¿-P\wsNøm\pw s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw ̀ c-W-IqSw {ian-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±iIXXz-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ̀ -cWLS-\-bpsS auenIIS-a-I-fn¬ ]cn-ÿnXnkwc-£-WØns‚`mK-ambn h\w, Imb¬, \Zn-Iƒ, h\y-ar-K-ßƒ- F∂n-hbp-sS kw-c-£Ww Dƒs]-Sp-Øn-bn´p≠v. imkv{Xob D∂-Xnbpw, am\-hn-I-Xbpw,]cn-jvIm-chpw, hy‡n-hn-I-k-\hpw,- Iq´mb{]bXv\hp-w aqew cmPysØDb-c-Øn-te-s°-Øn-°pI F∂Xv Hmtcm ]uc-s‚bpw _m[y-X-bm-Wv.

sshZy-cw-K-Øv tUmIvS-dpsS AYhm `nj-Kz-cs‚ tkh-\whfsc hne-s∏-́ -Xm-Wv. tcmKn-Ifpw tUmIvS¿amcpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-wa\p-jyXzØnepw ]c-kv]chnizm-k-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww

F∂Xv- G‰hpw- {][m-\am-Wv.-

tUmIvS¿°v tcmKn-tbm-Sp-f-f- I-S-a-Iƒ

˛ Xs∂ -k-ao-]n-°p∂ tcmKn-bpsS As√-¶n¬ A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏´-bm-fpsS Poh≥c-£n-°p∂Xn-\mbn Xs‚ tkh-\w -D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibm-Wv-, tUmIvS-dp-sS- {]mYanI I¿Ø-hyw.

˛ GsXm-cmƒ°pw- ssh-Zy-k-lmbw \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬\n∂v tUmIvS¿am-sc- Hcp \nb-a-Ønt\m, ̀ c-W-Iq-S-Øn-t\m- X-S s∏Sp-Øm≥ Ah-Im-i-an-√.

70

˛ Hcp-tcmKn Xs∂- k-ao-]n-®m¬ Xs‚ tkh\wam{XwsIm≠v BtcmKn-sb- kw-c-£n-°m≥ Ign-bn√m-sb∂v t_m[y-am-bm¬ Bh-iy-am-b- hn-Z-Kv[-cpsS tkh-\w- F-{Xbpwt\csØ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠nklmbsam-cp-°pI- F-∂-Xpw- tUm-IvS-dpsS _m[y-X-bm-Wv.

˛ Hcp- tcm-Kn-bpsS kzIm-cy-X -kq-£n-°p-hm≥ _m-[yÿ\mbtUmIvS¿ AXv a‰m-cp-tSbpw apºn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√. ]t£B kzIm-cyX kq£n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kaq-l-Øn\v samØw A]-I-S-ap-≠m-hm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠m-bm¬ tcmKn-bpsS kzIm-cy-X-bv°p≈ Ah-Imiw \jvS-s∏-Spw.

˛ Hcp- tcm-Knsb ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥XpS-ßp-tºmƒ tcmK-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw Abmƒ°v \¬Ip∂ NnIn-’m-co-Xn-Ifpw, a‰ph√ coXn-IfpwDs≠-¶n¬ Ah-sb√mw tcmKnsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-hm≥tUmIvS¿°v _m[y-X-bp-≠v.

˛ AXym-lnXwkw`-hn-®m¬ tcmKn°m-h-iy-am-b- Nn-In’ as‰-√mwam‰nh®v,- ASn-b-¥n-c-am-bn- \¬Im≥ tUmIvS¿°v _m[y-X-bp-≠v. tcmKn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn-\mWv {]mY-anI]cn-K-W\ \¬tI-≠-Xv. GXpkml-N-cy-Ønepw tcmKn-bpsS Poh≥ kwc-£n-°pI F∂p-≈-XmWvtUmIvS-dpsS _m[y-X.

Hcp tcmKn°v Bh-iy-amb sshZy-k-lmbw F{Xbpws]s´∂v\¬Ip-hm≥ tUmIvS¿°v _m[y-X-bp≠v. Hc-Xym-lnXwkw -̀hn-®m¬hy‡n-I-fpsS Poh≥ c£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cn-°Ww apJy{][m\yw \¬tI-≠Xv. [m¿Ωn-I-amb Cu _m[yX tUmIvS¿°p-am{X-a-√, t]meokvHmô-k¿°pw, Hcp km[m-c-W-°m-c\pt]mepw _m[-I-am-Wv.

km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp A]-ISwkw`-hn-®m¬ AX-s√-¶n¬ Hc-Xym-ln-X-Øn-tem, kwL-´-\-Øn-tem- ]-cn°p]‰n-bm¬, AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ssewKn-I-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏´m¬- s]Ïpń-tb-tbm, BÏp-ń-tbtbm sshZy-]-cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°n-s∏´m-¬ tUmIvS¿am¿Chsc kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ hni-Z-ambn tcJs]Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. apdn-hns‚ Bgw, hym]vXn, ]cn-tim-[\mkabw, B-cmWv tcmKnsbsIm≠p-h-∂Xv, ]cn-°ns‚ kz`mhw F∂nhbpw {]tXyIw {]tXy-I-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv tIkns‚ hnNm-c-W-bn¬ sXfn-hmbn lmP-cm-°p∂p.- Cß-s\-bp-≈- Imcy-ßƒ _‘-s∏´ t]meokv Hmô-ksdAdn-bn-°m\pw tUmIvS¿°v _m[yXbp-≠v

_em¬kw-K-Øn-\n-c-bmb kv{Xotbtbm Ipń-tbtbm ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥-tUmIvS¿°v {]tXyI _m[y-X-bp≠v.- Cß-s\bp≈hsc ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠Xv H∂p-In¬ Hcp kv{XotUmIvStdm, Hcp kv{XotUmIvS-dpsSta¬t\m´Ønsem, GsX-¶n-ep-samcp kv{XobpsS km∂n[yØntem am{Xam-bn-cn-°-Ww. Kh¨sa‚ v tUmIvS¿am¿ CØcw tIkp-

71

Iƒh∂m¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ ssha-\kywImWn-°p∂ {]h-W-Xsb,Cub-SpØImeØv kp{]owtImSXn \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw, `c-W-Iq-S-tØmSv Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-s\-Xnsc \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-°p-hm≥ \n¿t±-

in-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.

4.- sN°v kw_-‘-amb \nb-a-ßƒ

kmº-ØnI CS-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw h©-\-Iƒ \S--°m-

dp≠v . km[m-cW kmº-ØnI CS-]m-Sn¬ sN°n¬ H∏n v́ \¬In-bm¬sN°ns‚ DSa AXn¬ Fgp-Xnb ]Ww \¬Im≥ _m[y-ÿ-\m-Wv.

sN°v _m¶n¬ \¬In-bm¬ A°u-≠n¬ ]W-an-s√∂v ]d™vC°mcyw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ satΩmklnXw sN°v Xncn-®p-X-∂m¬ satΩme`n®v 30 Znh-k-Øn-\Iw sN°v ]W-an-s√∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ aS-ßnbhnhcwImWn®v sN°v X∂-bmƒ°v t\mókv Ab-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.t\mókv ssI∏‰p-Itbm ssI∏‰msX Xncn-®p-h-cn-Itbm sNbvXm¬At∂XobXn apX¬ 15 Znh-k-Øn-\p-tijw XpS-ßp∂ 30 Znh-k-Øn-\Iw AXm-bXv 45 Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]WwXcm-\p-≈-bmsf t{]mkn-Iyq v́sNø-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-́ p-sIm≠v H∂mw¢mkv aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-apºmsI ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

sN°v \¬Inb ÿe-Øns‚ A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂tXmsN°v aS-ßnb _m¶ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp-∂tXm sN°v \¬Inb_m¶ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂tXm As√-¶n¬ CS-]mSv \S∂ ÿe-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp∂tXm {]Xn- Xm-akn-°p-∂ ÿeØp-≈tXm-Bb H∂mw¢mkv aPn-kvt{S v́tImSXn apºm-sI-bmWv A\ymbw t_m[n-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ]Wan-S]m-Sp-Ifn¬- Pm-ay-°m-c≥- F∂\n-ebn-tem,-]WØn-s‚ Dd∏n-\p-th≠n- F∂ \n-ebn-tem- sN°p-Iƒ- \¬-In-bm-epw- sN°v- \¬-Ip-∂bm-fn-\v- \n-ba{]Im-cw- _m-[y-Xbp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.-Xp-I Fgp-Xm-sX ªm-¶v-sN°v- H∏n-´p-sIm-Sp-ØXm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hm-Zw-\n-jv-êam-Wv.--

]c-am-h[n c≠p-h¿jwhsc XShpw ]ngbpw c≠pw-Iq-Sntbm e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-amWv s\tKm-jy-_nƒ C≥kv{Sq-sa‚ vkv- BIvSv138˛mw- hIp-∏p-{]Im-c-ap≈ Cu Ip‰-Ir-Xyw. Cu- Ip-‰w- hn-Nm-

cWthfbn¬- HØp-Xo¿-∏m-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.-

5.- _me\oXn \nb-aw

Hcp cmjv{SØns‚ `mhn IpńI-fnemWv. Ipń-Isf kwc-

£n°pIbpw Ah-cpsS k¿h-tXm∑p-J-amb hnImkw Dd∏phcp-Øp-

72

Ibpw sNøm-\p≈ _m[yX kaq-l-Øn-\p≠v. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-

bnse A\p-tO-Z-ßƒ IpńI-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ̀ c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\p≈ DØ-

c-hm-Z-Øn\v ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p. A¥m-cmjv{S I¨sh≥j-\p-Ifpw Ipń-

I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m≥ cmjv{S-ßƒ°v _m[y-X-bp-

s≠∂v {]Jym-]n-®p. Cu ]›mØeØn-emWv \ΩpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v

2000˛Øn-¬ _me-\oXn\n-baw ]mkm-°n-b-Xv. -1986˛se _me-

\oXn\nbasØ \mw ka-{K-ambn s]mfn-s®-gp-Xn.

_me-\oXn t_m¿Up-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m\pw hgnsX‰nt∏mIp∂ Ipń-

Iƒ°mbn \nco-£W\ne-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°m\pw _me-t£-a-k-an-Xn-

Iƒ cq]-h¬°-cn-°m\pw \nbaw hyhÿsNøp-∂p. Ipń-Iƒ Ip‰w

sNbvXm¬ Ahsc km[m-cW t]meokv AdÃp-sNbvXv km[m-cW

tImS-Xn-bn¬ hnNm-cWsNbvXp-Iq-Sm. Ah¿°p-th≠n {]tXyI

t]meokv D≠m-hWw. Ahsc hnNm-cWsNtø-≠Xv _me-\oXn

t_m¿Um-Wv. Ahsc \nbaw Ipń-°p-‰-hm-fn-Iƒ F∂p-t]m-ep-a-√ hnti-

jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \nb-a-hp-ambn kw-L¿-jØn-ep-≈ Ipń (Child inconfict with law) F∂p-am-{X-am-Wv. AdÃp-sNø-s∏-´m¬, AsX-{X -

h-en-b-Ip-‰-am-bmepw Ipń-Iƒ Pmay-Øn-\-¿-l-cm-Wv. B hnhcw c£n-

Xm-°sf Adn-bn-°-Ww. Iu¨k-enwKv, kmaq-ln-I-tk-h\w, \√\S-

∏v, {]tXy-I-`-h-\-Ønse Xmakw-, kpc-£n-X-am-bn-SØv ]m¿∏n-°¬

XpS-ßn-b-hbv--°v DØ-c-hn-´p-sIm-≠mWv hgn-sX-‰p∂ Ipń-Isf

ssIImcyw sNtø-≠-Xv.-

Ip‰wsNbvXtXm ]oU-\-Øn\v Cc-bm-btXm Bb Ipń-I-fpsS hni-

Zmw-i-ßƒ ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ am[y-a-ßƒ Ip‰wsNbvX-Xmbn ]cn-K-

Wn-°-s∏-Spw. AXn\v 1000 cq]-hsc ]ng in£-bm-Imw F∂pw \nbaw

]d-bp-∂p.

Ipń-I-tfmSv {Iqc-X-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw Ahsc kw-c£n-

°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xn-\pw- Ahsc bmN-I-hr-Øn-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-

scbpw Ah¿°v ab-°p-a-cp∂pwa‰pw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw Ah-

sc-s°m≠v tPmen-sN-øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw \nb-a-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ-

Ifp-≠v.

6.- tZio-b-h-\n-Xm- I-Ωo-j≥

kv{XoIƒs°Xnsc h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ a\p-jym-h-Imi [zwk-\-ßfpw B{I-a-W-ßfpw XS-bm-\m-bpw, kv{XoI-fpsS {]iv\-ß-fn¬ ]c-am-h[n \oXn Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbpw C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v 1990 ¬

]m m-°nbXmWv tZiobh\nXm-IΩo-j≥ \nbaw.

73

h\n-Xm-I-Ωo-js‚ IS-a-Iƒ

˛ `c-W-L-S-\-bnepw a‰p\nb-a-ß-fnepw kv{XoI-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-

\mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnj-bßsf°p-dn®v ]cn-tim-[n®vAt\zjWw\S-Øp-I.

˛ kv{XoI-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn \S-Øp∂ CØcw At\z-jWdnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw k¿°mdn\v ka¿∏n-°p-I.-

˛ kv{Xokw-c-£-W-Øn-\mbn `c-W-L-S-\-bn-sebpw _‘-s∏´ \nb-a-ß-fn-sebpw hIp-∏p-Iƒ ImemIme-ß-fn¬ ]p\x--]-cn-tim-[\

\SØpIbpw GsX-¶nepw ]gp-Xp-I-tfm Ipd-hp-Itfm Ds≠-¶n¬Ah am‰m-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ hcp-

Øp-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I.˛ kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-ImiewL\w, Ah-cpsS kwc-£Ww, kaXzw,

hnI-k\w F∂nh Dd∏phcp-Øp∂ \nb-a-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈\S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI Chsbkw_-‘n® ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-

[n-°p-Ibpw-, kzta-[bm IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.˛ kv{XoIƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ B{I-a-W-ßsfbpw hnth-N-\-sØbpw Ah-

bn¬\n-∂p-≠m-Ip∂ {]tXyI {]iv\ß-sfbpw kml-N-cy-ß-sfbpwIpdn®v ]T-\-ßtfm At\z-j-W-ßtfm \S-ØpI; ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ

\n¿t±-in-°pI.-˛ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ kv{XoI-fpsS {]mXn-\n[yw Dd∏p hcpØm-

\p≈ Kth-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\p≈am¿§-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw- sNøp-I.-

˛ kv{XoI-fpsS kmaq-loI kmº-ØoI D∂-a-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ Bkq-{XW {]{In-b-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØv D]-tZ-i-ßƒ \evIp-I.

˛ kv{XoI-fpsS D∂-a-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®sb°pdn®v hnebn-cp-Øp-I.

˛ kv{XoIsf ]m¿∏n-°p-∂ ̀ h-\-ßƒ, Pbn¬, ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂nh]cn-tim-[n-®v Bh-iy-amb \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-I.

˛ kv{Xo kaq-l-Øns‚ {]iv\-ß-fn¬ tIkv \S-Øn-°m-\p≈ [\-k-lmb am¿§-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

˛ kv{XoI-fpsS {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw IjvS-∏m-Sp-I-sf-°p-dn®pwk¿°m-cn\v ImemIm-e-ß-fn¬ dnt∏m¿´v \evIp-I.

At\z-j-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn IΩo-j\v tIkv \S-Øp-tºm-gp≈knhn¬ tImS-Xn-bpsS AsX A[n-Imcw D≠v., {]tXy-In®pw

˛ C¥y-bpsS GXp-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw Hcp hy‡n-sbbpw ka≥kvAb®v hnfn-∏n-°m\pw, kXyw sNøn-∏n®v samgn-sb-Sp-°m\pw

˛ GsX-¶nepw tcJ-Iƒ Is≠Øm\pw lmP-cm-°p-hm\pw kXy-hm-ßvaqew hgn sXfnhv kzoI-cn-°m\pw .

74

˛ s]mXp-tc-J-Itfm ]I¿t∏m tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ \nt∂m at‰-sX-¶nepwHm^o-kp-I-fn¬ \nt∂m Bh-iy-s∏-Sm\pw.

˛ tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m hy‡n-Isf hnkvX-cn-°p-∂-

Xnt\m IΩo-j≥ \nb-an-°phm\pw A[n-Im-cw- D≠v.-

tIcf h\nXm IΩo-j≥

kwÿm\ Xe-Ønepw h\n-Xm-I-Ωo-j≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. A≤y-

£bpw c≠v saº¿amcpw tN¿∂ Cu kwÿm-\-I-Ωo-j\pw tZiobIΩo-j-\p-ff AtX A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. 1990 se tIcf h\nXm IΩo-j≥ \n-ba{]Imcam-Wv CXv \ne-hn¬h∂-Xv.

7.- a\p-jymh-Imi IΩo-j≥

`cWLS-\-bntem A¥m-cmjv{S {]Jym-]-\-ß-fntem Dd∏p \¬Ip-

∂Xpw hy‡n-bpsS Poh-\pw, kzmX{¥yØn\pw, ka-Xz-Øn\pw, A¥-

n\pw- Df-fXpw am\p-jn-I-hp-amb GsXm-c-h-Im-i-sØbpw a\p-jym-

h-Im-iw F∂p hnfn-°mw. C¥ybn¬ CØcw Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]cn-

c£ ap≥\n¿Øn cq]w \¬In-bn-´p-ff ÿm]-\-amWv tZio-b-a-\p-jym-

h-Imi IΩo-j≥. 1993-˛¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ a\p-jym-h-Imi kwc-£W

\nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p∂ A[nIm-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw \n¿Δ-

ln-°p-I-bmWv IΩo-js‚ Npa-Xe.

tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-js‚ cq]-o-IcWw- \SØp-∂Xv tI{μ-

K-h¨sa‚mWv.- Hmtcm kw-kv-Ym-\ßfn-epw- kwÿm-\a-\p-jym-h-Im-

i-I-Ωo-j\pw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p≠v-.

tZiob IΩo-j-\n¬ sNb¿am≥ C¥y≥ No^v Pkvd-dnkv ]Zhn

hln-®n-cp∂bmƒ Bbn-cn-°Ww. sNb¿am\v ]pdsa a‰v \mew-K-ßƒ

IqsS IΩo-j-\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.

IΩo-js‚ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw

a\p-jym-h-Imi ewL\w kw_-‘nt®m AØcw kw`hw Hgn-hm-

°p-∂-Xnse Dt]-£ kw_-‘nt®m- {]kvXpX IrXy-Øn\v hnt[-b-\m-b hy‡ntbm hn`m-Ktam \¬Ip∂ ]cmXnbn≥tatem, AXv kw_-‘-ambn e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-Øn≥ta¬ t\cnt´m At\z-jWw \S-Øp-I.

˛ a-\p-jym-h-Imi ewL\w kw_-‘n® tImSXn \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ I£n-tN-cp-I.

˛ P-bn-ep-Iƒ, kwc-£-Wm-e-b-ßƒ, ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ, NnIn-’m-e-b-ßƒ apX-em-bh kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw ]cn-jvI-cW \n¿t±-

75

i-ßƒ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw Ahn-S-ß-fnse At¥-hm-kn-I-fpsSt£aw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

˛ -̀c-W-L-S-\m-]-chpw \nb-a-]-c-hp-ambn \ne-hn-ep-ff a\p-jym-h-Imi]cn-c£mkwhn-[m-\-ßfpsS \n¿Δ-l-Whpw ̂ e-{]m-]vXnbpw hne-bn-cpØn bp‡-amb \n¿t±-i-ßƒ e`y-am-°p-I.

˛ a\p-jym-h-Imi [zwk-\-ßƒ, AXn-{I-a-ßƒ, ̀ oI-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒapX-embh kw_-‘n®v \nco-£Ww\SØn ]cnlmc-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°pI .

˛ a\p-jym-h-Imiw kw_-‘n® A¥¿t±iob Icm-dp-Iƒ, {]Jym-]-\-ßƒ apX-em-bh hni-I-e\wsNbvXv {]mtbm-KnI\S-]-Sn-Iƒ\n¿t±-in-°p-I.

˛ a-\p-jym-h-Imiw kw_‘n® Kth-jW]T-\-ßƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøpI

IΩo-js‚ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ°v 1908se knhn¬\S-]Sn \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xpw Hcp knhn¬tImS-Xn-°p-≈-Xp-amb F√m A[n-Im-c-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. I£n-I-sfbpw km£n-I-sfbpw hnfn-®p-h-cp-Øp-I, {]Xn-⁄-sNm√n samgnsbSp-°p-I, tcJ-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I, t\cnt´m {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ aptJ-\tbm sXfn-sh-Sp-°p-I. CXctImS-Xn-I-fn¬\nt∂m Hm^o-kp-I-fn¬ \nt∂m s]mXp-tc-J-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-SpI F∂nh IΩo-js‚ A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-

∂-Xm-Wv.

kwÿm\ IΩo-j≥

sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ No v̂-PÃokv]Zhn hln-®n-cp-∂-bm-fm-bn-cn-°Ww

kwÿm\ a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-js‚ sNb¿am≥. tIc-f-Ønse IΩo-

j\v \ne-hn¬ sNb¿ams\°qSmsX c≠w-K-ßƒIqsS-bp-≠v. AXp-

\mep-h-sc-bm-Imw. tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-js‚ AtX A[n-

ImcßƒXs∂-bmWv kwÿm\ IΩo-j-\p-Iƒ°pw D≈-Xv.

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-[zw-k-\-ßƒ \S-°p-tºmƒ Ahsb kw_-‘n®

]cm-Xn, [zwk-\-ßƒ°v Cc-bmb hy‡n-t°m Abmƒ-°p-th≠n

a‰m¿s°-¶n-eptam ]cmXn kuP-\y-ambn \evImw. ]cmXn°v {]tXyI

cq]w \njvI¿jn-°p-∂n-√. ]cm-Xn-bpsS ASnÿm\-Øn¬ a\p-jym-h-

Imiw ewLn-°-s∏-´-Xmbn IΩo-j\v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬ \jvS-]-cn-lmcw

\evIp-∂-Xn-\mbn IΩo-j\v `c-W-IqStØmSv ip]m¿isNømw

hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-ßƒ, Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, tPmen-ÿ-e-ßƒ XpS-

ßn-b-h-bn-sems° \S-Øp∂ a\p-jym-h-ImiewL-\-ßsf ]cn-tim-

[n®v At\z-jWw\S-Øm≥ IΩo-j\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

76

a\p-jym-h-ImiewL-\-tI-kp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ {]tXyIPn√mXetImS-Xn-Iƒ \nbp-‡-am-°m≥ kwÿm\k¿°m-cn\v Cu\nbaw A[n-Imcw\evIp-∂p.

8. hnhcm-h-Imi \nbaw

cmP-ÿm-\nse \nc-£-c-cmb {KmaoW kv{Xo sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ kwL-

Sn-X-ambn \S-Ønb t]mcm-́ -amWv hnh-cm-h-Im-i-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ tZiob

kwhm-Z-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv.hnh-cm-h-Imiw F∂Xv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 21-mw A\p-tO-Z-{]-Im-c-

ap≈ Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-sW∂v kp{]ow-

tIm-SXn {]Jym-]n-®n-´p≠v. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 19-mw A\p-tOZw Bi-

b-{]-Im-i\ kzmX{¥yw ]uc\v \¬Ip-∂p≠v. Cu auen-Im-h-Imiw

ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ bYm¿∞ hnh-c-ßƒ Adn-bWw.AXn-\m¬ Adn-bm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw 19-mw A\p-tO-Z-Øn¬ A¥¿eo-

\-amWv.

hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw

C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y ka-c-Øns‚ Xo®q-f-bn-emWv {_nó-jp-Im¿ Xß-

fpsS Xm¬]cy kwc-£-Wm¿∞w HutZym-KnI clky \nbaw \n¿an-

®Xv. 1923-¬ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-csØ ASn-s®m-Xp-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn® Cu

\nbaw kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c C¥y-bnepw \ne-\n∂p. cmPy-kp-c-£sb

l\n-°mØ k¿°m¿ hnh-c-ßƒ t]mepw HutZym-KnI cl-ky-\n-b-a-

Øns‚ ad-bn¬ P\-ßƒ°v \ntj-[n-°-s∏´p. 1997¬ tKmh, Xan-gv\mSv

XpS-ßnb kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw ]n∂oSv cmP-ÿm≥, alm-cmjv{S, I¿Æm-

SI, U¬ln, PΩp-Im-ivao¿, B mw, a≤y-{]-tZiv F∂o kwÿm-\-

ß-fnepw \nbaw {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂p. hnhc kzmX{¥y \nbaw 2002C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]m m-°p-Ibpw cmjv{S-]Xn AXn¬ H∏p-h-bv°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-¶nepw HutZym-KnI hn⁄m-]\w sNøm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ \nbaw cmPyØv \S-∏m-bn√. XpS¿∂v 2005¬ k¿°m¿ hnh-cm-

h-Im-i-\n-baw \S-∏n-em°n.Cu \nbaw tI{μ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p am{X-a√ kwÿm\

Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw _m[-I-amWv. PΩp-Im-ivao¿

HgnsI C¥y apgp-h≥ Cu \nb-a-Øn\v {]m_-ey-ap≠v.hnhcw F∂m¬ tcJ-Iƒ, {]am-W-ßƒ, ]{X-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, Adn-bn-

∏p-Iƒ, DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS bm{Xm-tcJ, Icm-dp-Iƒ, amXr-I-Iƒ, ]I¿∏p-

Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ GXp hkvXp-X-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. k¿°m¿ Hmô-

77

kp-I-fnepw s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw Ib-dn-s®∂v tcJ-Ifpw {]am-W-

ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw hkvXp-X-I-fpsS km£y-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]I¿∏p-

Iƒ e`n-°p-hm\pw hnh-cm-h-Im-i-\n-baw ]uc\v Ah-Imiw \¬Ip∂p.F¥v Bh-iy-Øn-\mWv hnhcw tNmZn-°p-∂Xv F∂v hy‡-am-t°-≠-

Xn√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, s]mXp-a-cm-aØv hn`mKw FIvkn-Iyp-́ ohv F©n-

\o-b-dpsS Hmô-kn¬ t]mbn \nß-fpsS \mń¬ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Hcp

]me-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS kmºn-fp-Ifpw Icm-dns‚

]I¿∏pw km£y-s∏-SpØn hmßmw. \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-

°p∂ kma-{Kn-Iƒ \n›nX A\p-]m-X-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-tWm-sb∂v

\nßƒ°p ]cn-tim-[n°mw. {Ia-t°Sv Is≠-Øn-bm¬ _‘-s∏´

DtZym-K-ÿt\m, tIm¨{Sm-IvStdm CXn\p kam-[m\w ]d-tb≠n hcpw.DtZym-K-ÿ≥ HutZym-KnI hml\w Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-t®m-sb-∂-dn-bm≥

temKv_p-°p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

Hgn-hm-°-s∏-́ h

]c-am-h[n hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw hfsc Ipd®p hnh-c-ßƒ am{Xw

shfn-hm-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kao-]-\-amWv \nb-a-Øn¬ kzoI-

cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. hnh-c-ßƒ Adn-bp-hm-\p≈ ]ucs‚ Ah-Imiw

t]mse-Xs∂ {][m-\-amWv cmjv{S-Øns‚ kpc-£bpw. AXn-\m¬

cmPy-kp-c-£-tbbpw AJ-WvU-X-sbbpw _m[n-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ e`n-

°m≥ ]uc\v Ah-Im-i-an√. hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-ßsf

_m[n-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ, Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fn-tebv°p \bn-°-s∏-Sm-hp∂

hnh-c-ßƒ, tImSXn DØ-chp aptJ\ \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ hnh-c-ßƒ,tImS-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn\p Imc-W-am-tb-°m-hp∂ Imcy-ßƒ, hym]mc cl-

ky-ßƒ, ]m¿e-sa‚n-s‚tbm \nb-a-k-`-bp-sStbm khn-tij Ah-Im-

isØ l\n-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ, Ip‰m-t\z-jWw kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnh-

c-ßƒ F∂nh e`n-°m≥ ]uc\v Ah-Im-i-an√. s]mXp-Xm¬∏-cy-an-

√m-ØXpw XnI®pw hy‡n-]-chpw Hcm-fpsS kzIm-cy-Xsb l\n-°p-

∂-Xp-amb hnh-chpw \nb-a-]-cn-[n-bn¬\n∂pw Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. hnh-

c-ßƒ e`n-°m-\mbn At]£ ]ªnIv C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hmô-k¿°mWv

\¬tI-≠Xv. CXn-\mbn C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hmô-ksd Hmtcm k¿°m¿

Hmô-knepw Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v Xmsg-bp-≈-

h-cmWv At]-£-I-sc-¶n¬ ôkv \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw Ahsc Hgn-

hm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. \nc-£-c-\mWv At]-£-I-s\-¶n¬ _‘-s∏´ DtZym-

K-ÿ≥ Abmsf klm-bn-°m≥ _m≤y-ÿ-\mWv. At]-£-Is‚

Bhiyw tNmZn-®-dn™v DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Xs∂ At]£ Xøm-dm°n

78

Abmsf hmbn®p tIƒ∏n-®-tijw At]-£-bn¬ H∏p-h-bvt°-≠-Xp-

amWv.At]£ Inń-bm¬ Ign-bp-∂Xpw thK-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n 30 Znh-k-

Øn-\Iw Hmô-k¿ hnhcw tcJm-aqew At]-£-I\p \¬IWw.At]£ \nc-kn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXn-\p≈ Imc-Whpw tcJm-aqew\¬IWw. at‰-sX-¶nepw k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv hnhcw e`y-am-t°-≠Xv. F¶n¬ At]£ {]kvXpX hIp-∏n-tebv°v 5 Znh-k-Øn-\Iw ssIam-dp-Ibpw A°mcyw At]-£-Is\ tcJm-aqew Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw thWw. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Poh-s\tbm kzmX-{¥y-sØtbm_‘-s∏´ hnh-c-am-sW-¶n¬ 48 aWn-°q-dn-\Iw hnhcw \¬In-bn-cn-°Ww. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcmsf t]meokv ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-bm¬Abm-fpsS AdÃv kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ 48 aWn-°q-dn-\Iw At]-£-I\v \¬In-bn-cn-°Ww.

A∏o¬

C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hmô-k-dpsS Xocp-am\w {]Xn-Iq-e-am-sW-¶n¬

A∏o¬ t_m[n-∏n°mw. 30 Znh-k-Øn-\Iw At]-£-bn¬ Xocp-am\w

FSp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm At]£ \nc-kn-°p-Itbm sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-

Itbm A]q¿Æ-amb hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-Itbm sNbvXm¬ A∏o-en-

eqsS ]cn-lmcw tXSm-hp-∂-XmWv. F∂n´pw ]cn-lmcw e`n-®n-s√-¶n¬

C≥^¿ta-j≥ IΩo-js\ kao-]n°mw. icn-bmb hnhcw \¬Ip-∂-

Xp-hsc Znhkw H∂n\v 250 cq] hoXw ]c-am-h[n 25,000 cq] hsc

_‘-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ\v ]ng-in£ hn[n-°m≥ IΩo-j\v A[n-Im-c-

ap≠v. am{X-a√, hIp-∏p-Xe in£W \S-]-Sn-Ifpw D≠mImw.

\nßƒ sNtø-≠Xv

\nß-fpsS kao-]-Øp≈ k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-I-fn¬ t]mbn AhnsShnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hmô-ksd \nb-an-®n-´p-t≠m-sb∂v At\z-jn-°pI. A{]-Imcw sNbvXn-ń-s√-¶n¬ \nß-fpsS A≤ym-]-Is‚ klm-b-tØmsS Xe-ÿm-\-Øp≈ hnh-cm-h-ImiIΩo-js\ C°mcyw Adn-bn-°pI.

tIcf kwÿm\ C≥^¿ta-j≥ IΩo-js‚ hnemkw

sk{I-´dntIcf kwÿm\ C≥^¿ta-j≥ IΩo-j≥Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ˛ 696 039t^m¨: 0471 - 2320920^mIvkv: 0471 - 2330920

79

9. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xv

XS-bp∂ \nbaw

( Zn {]nsh≥j≥ Hm^v UmtaPv ‰p ]_vfnIv t{]m∏¿ń BIv‰v 1984 )

1. ka-c-ß-fp-sSbpw {]t£m-`-ß-fp-sSbpw ad-hn¬ hym]-I-ambns]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWw ]e-t∏mgpw \S-°m-dp-≠v.-C-Øcw\io-I-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ aqew \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-Is‚ ]WwsIm≠v D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-ØXpw s]mXp-\-∑-°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂Xpw Bb BkvXn-I-fmW v \in-°p-∂Xv.\-in∏n-°-s∏´BkvXn-Iƒ ]p\:krjvSn-°mt\m \∂m-°mt\m ̀ oa-amb XpI-Iƒ thWw.-hn-I-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂XpI-Iƒ Aßs\ D≠m-bn-cp∂ BkvXn-Iƒ ]p\:krjvSn-°mt\m \∂m-°mt\m hgn-amdn Nne-hn-tS-≠n-h-cp-tºmƒ \jvSws]mXp-P-\-Øn-\p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

2. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWw BWv k¿°m-cn-t\m-Sp≈ {]Xn-tj[w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ am¿§w F∂ hnizm-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv A{]-Im-c-ap≈ {]h¿Øn-I-fn¬ Bfp-Iƒkm[m-c-W-bm-bn- G¿s∏-Sp-∂X.vCØcw {]h¿Øn-I-fpsS Xn‡-êw ]uc-∑m¿ Xs∂-bmWv A\p-`-hn-t°≠n hcp-∂Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬ AØcw {]h¿Øn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°v amXr-Im-]-c-amb in£ \¬In Ah XS-tb≠ Bh-iy-IX DSse-SpØp.

3. 1984 se \nb-a-{]-Imcw s]mXp-ap-Xens‚ \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ tI{μkwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fp-sSbpw Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw k¿°m-¿ tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-I-fpsSbpw k¿°m¿ Iº-\n-I-fp-sSbpw ssIh-i-Øntem A[o-\-Xbntem D≈ ÿmh-c-Pw-K-a-h-kvXp-°ƒ F√mw Dƒs∏-Spw.Pew,-ssh-Zyp-Xn,-Du¿÷wF∂n-h-bpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-\pw,-hn-X-c-W-Øn\pw Bh-iy-ambsIń-S-ßƒ, -hy-h-km-b-im-e-Iƒ,-J-\n-Iƒ,-s]m-Xp-K-Xm-KXkwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ `mK-amb BkvXn-Iƒ,F-Æ Dev]m-Z-\-im-e-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw s]mXp-ap-XembmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

4. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWw GXp-co-Xn-bn¬ \SØn F∂-Xns‚ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ AØcw {]h¿Øn-Isf c≠mbn Xcw Xncn-®n-́ p-≠v.-A-·n-tbm,-kvt^m-S-I-h-kvXp-°tfm D]-tbm-Kn®v s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ in£ Hcp sIm√-Øn\pw ]ØpsIm√-Øn\pw CS-bn-ep≈ ITn-\X-S-hmWv.an\naw in£ Hcp

80

sIm√w ITn-\X-S-hmsW-¶n¬ t]mepw tImS-Xn°v X°-XmbImc-W-ßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ AXnepw eLp-hmb in£ \¬Im\pwA[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. A·n-bpw, kvt^m-S-I-h-kvXp-°fpw D]-tbm-Kn-°msX \S-Øp∂ s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWØn\v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ A©p sIm√w hsc-bp-ff X-Shpin£bpw ]ngbpwe`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-F-∂m¬ \io-I-cW {]h¿Ø\w Pew,-ssh-Zyp-Xn,-Du¿÷w F∂n-h-bpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-\pw,-hn-X-c-W-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb sI´n-S-ßƒ,-hy-h-km-b-im-e-Iƒ,-J-\n-Iƒ,-s]m-Xp-K-Xm-KX kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ `mK-amb BkvXn-Iƒ,F-Æ Dev]m-Z-\-im-e-Iƒ F∂n-h-s°Xn-cm-sW-¶n¬ AØcw{]h¿Ø-\ßfn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ Bfp-Iƒ°p Bdv amkw apX¬A©p sIm√w hsc-bp-ff ITn\X-Shp in£ e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.an\naw in£ Bdv amkw ITn-\X-S-hmsW-¶n¬ t]mepwtImS-Xn°v X°-Xmb Imc-W-ßƒ Ds≠-¶nepw AXnepw eLp-hmb in£ \¬Im\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-GXp Xc-Øn-ep-ff \io-I-cW{]h¿Ø\w Bbmepw X-Shpin£tbmsSm∏w ]ng-Np-a-Øm\pw tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

5. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \miw kw_-‘n-®p-ff tIkv {]Xn-Iƒ°v Pmaywe`n-°m-hp∂ tIkp-IfpsS KW-Øn¬s∏-́ -Xm-Wv.-F-∂m¬ \io-I-cWw kw_-‘-amb tIkv Pmayw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v apºvt{]mkn-Iyq´¿°v Pmayw \¬Ip∂Xns\ FXn¿°m-\p-ff Ah-kcw \¬tI-≠-Xm-sW∂v \nb-a-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-®n-´p-≠v.

6. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in∏n°p-∂Xv XS-bp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, s]mXp-ap-X¬ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff DØ-c-hm-ZnØhpw ]uc-[¿ΩwF∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw Hm¿t°≠-Xm-Wv.

81

10. amXm]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw apXn-¿∂

]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Pnh-\mw-i-Øn\pw

t£a-Øn-\p-am-bp≈ \nbaw 2007

‘hm¿≤Iyw’ C∂v kaq-l-Ønse {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fnsem∂m-Wv.hr≤P\-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\pw _lp-am-\-Øn\pw Du∂¬\¬Ip∂ ]c-º-cm-KX aqey-ßfpw \nbaßfpw B¿j-`m-cXss]Xr-IamWv.F-∂m¬ AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-tØmsSIq´pIp-Spw-_-ß-ƒ°p≠mb XI¿®bpw A{]-Xy-£-am-I-epw Cuapey-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ De-®n-ep-≠m-°n.-\n-c-h[n htbmP\ßƒC∂v Bcpw kwc-£n-°m-\n-√msX imco-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-Ihpwkmº-Øn-I-hp-amb t¢i-ßƒ aqew Ah-cpsS PohnX kmbm-”-Øn¬ ISpØ GIm-¥-X-bnepw Zpcn-X-Øn-ep-am-Wv.

Cu kmaqly-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw amXm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpwapXn¿∂ ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Poh-\mw-ihpw t£ahpw `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Dd-∏ph-cp-Øm-\p-ambn cq]oI-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv, amXm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw apXn¿∂ ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpwPoh-\mw-iØn\pw t£aØn\p-am-bp≈ \nbaw 2007 (The Mainte-nance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007). 1973 ˛ se{Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-a-{]-Imcw amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°pw apXn¿∂-h¿°pw a°-fn¬\n∂v Poh-\mw-iw e`n-°p-sa-¶nepw AXnepwIpd™ ka-b-ssZ¿Ly-Ønepw kmº-ØnI Nne-hnepw \S-∏m-°m-hp∂ hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv ]pXnb \nb-aØnep-≈-Xv.-kz-¥-ambnhcp-am-\tam kºm-Zytam C√m-ØXpw Adp-]Xv hb- n\v apI-fn-ep≈ A∏q-∏\pw AΩq-Ω-bpsams°-bmb apXn¿∂ ]uc≥am¿°pwamXm-]n -Xm-°ƒ°pw Adp-]Xv hb- n\v apXn¿∂-h-c -s√-¶n¬t∏mepw Bh-iy-amb ]cn-c-£bpw anI® NnIn’m kuI-cy-ßƒ \¬Im\pw Ah-cpsS Poh\pw kzØn\pw kwc-£Ww\¬Im\pw AXn-te-°mbn Pn√-IƒtXmdpw hr≤-P-\-k-Z-\-ßƒÿm]n-°m-\p-amWv Cu \nb-aw e£yw hbv°p-∂-Xv. apXn¿∂]uc≥amscbpw amXm-]n-Xm-°sfbpw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ _m≤yXA\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-cpsS a°ƒ°p-≈-XmW.vamXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ F∂ \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ c≠m-\-—\pw c≠m-

82

\-Ωbpw As√-¶n¬ ZsØ-Sp-Øn-´p≈ amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.-k-¥m-\-ß-fn-√mØ Hcp hy‡nsb kw_‘n®v B_m≤yX Ah-cpsS kzØns‚ A\-¥-cm-h-Im-inbmb _‘p-hn-s‚-Xm-Wv. A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-I-fmb a°fpw _‘p-°fpw H∂n-e-[n-I-am-hp-tºmƒ _m≤yX Xpey-am-bn-cn-°pw.-km-[m-cW Pohn-X-Nn-ehp t]mepw a°tfm _‘p-°tfm \¬Ip-∂n-s√-¶n¬apXn¿∂h¿t°m amXm-]n-Xm-°-ƒt°m sabn‚-\≥kv ss{S_yq-W-en¬ Poh-\mw-i-Øn-\mbn ]cmXn \¬Imw.-t\-cn v́ ]cmXn \¬Im≥Ah¿°v Ign-bn-se-¶n¬ Ah¿ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcphy‡nt°m As√-¶n¬ kwL-S -\bvt°m sabn‚-\≥kvHmôk¿t°m Ah¿°vth≠n ss{S_yq-W-en¬ ]cmXn\evImw.ss{S_yq-W-en\v kzta-[-bmbpw \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xpam-Wv.-]-cmXn e`n-®m¬ a°ƒ°v As√-¶n¬ _‘p-°ƒ°v ss{S_yq-W¬ t\mókv sImSp-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS `mKw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥Ah-kcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøpw.Cu \S-]Sn{Ia-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬Xs∂ Hcp CS-°me Poh-\mw-iw \¬Im≥ ss{S_yq-W-en\va°tfmtSm _‘p-°tfmtSm Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.Poh-\mw-iw Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-≠p≈ ]cmXn a°ƒ As√-¶n¬ _‘p-°ƒ B¿s°-Xn-sc-bmtWm Ah¿ Xma-kn-°p-∂tXm As√-¶n¬ Ah-km\w Xma-kn-®n-cp∂tXm Bb Pn√-bn-ep≈ sabn‚-\≥kv ss{S_yq-W-enemWv ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xv.Cu ]cmXn {]Imcw _‘s∏´-h-tcmSvlmP-cm-Im≥ \n¿t±-in-®p-sIm≠v t\mó-k-b-°p∂ ss{S_yq-W-en\v Cu Imcy-Øn¬ 1973˛ se {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nba {]ImcwH∂mw ¢m v PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-‰n-\p≈ F√m A[n-Im-c-ßfpwD≠v.Poh-\mw-iw \¬tI≠ a°tfm _‘p-°tfm C¥ybv°v]pd-Øm-sW-¶n¬ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ HutZym-KnI hn⁄m-]\w hgn\n¿t±-in°p∂ AtXm-dn‰n hgn ka≥kv Ab-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-k-a≥kv e`n-°p∂ a°tfm _‘p-°tfm ss{S_yq-W-en¬a\:]q¿Δw lmP-cm-Im-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Ahsc IqSmsX ss{S_yq-W-en\v hmZw tI´v Xo¿∏pI¬∏n°mw.kzbw kwc£n-°m≥ {]m]vXn-bn-√mØ Hcmsf kwc£n-°p∂-Xn\v a°tfm _‘p-°tfm hnk-ΩXw {]ISn∏n°pItbm Ah-K-Wn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p-sh∂vhy‡-am-bm¬ ss{S_yq-W¬ Xs∂ Abm-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-te-°mbn ]Xn-\m-bncw cq]-bn¬ IqSmØ Hcp XpI \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw AXv amkw tXmdpw \¬Im≥ DØ-c-hn-Sp-∂-XpamWv.-C-ß-s\-bp≈ DØ-chv hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb sX‰p-aq-etam sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-´Xp aqetam BsW∂v sXfn-™m¬ CXn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm\pw ss{S_yqWen\v Ign-bpw.

a°tfm _‘p-°tfm aXn-bmb Imc-W-ß-fn-√msX ss{S_yq-W¬ DØ-c-hn\v FXn-cmbn Poh-\mw-iw sImSp-Øn-s√-¶-n¬ss{S_yq-W¬ hmd≠v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn°pIbpw DØ-chv ewL-\-

83

Øn\pw XpIbpw IpSn-in-I-bp≈ amk-ß-fnse Poh-\mw-ihpw\S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fpsS Nnehpw CuSm-°pw.-apgp-h≥ ]Whpw CuSm-°m\ns√-¶n¬ B ]Ww AS-°p-∂Xv hsctbm As√-¶n¬ Hcpamkw hsctbm XS-hp-in-£bv°pw hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-F-∂m¬Poh-\mw-i XpI apS°w hcpØn aq∂p-am-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IpSn-inI CuSm-°p∂Xn-\p≈ ]cmXn ss{S_yq-Wen¬ ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ss{S_yq-W-ens‚ DØ-c-hn¬ Adp-]Xv Znh-k-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ A∏-te‰v ss{S_yq-Wen¬ A∏o¬ \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.F∂m¬ Cu Ime-b-f-hnepw Poh-\mwiw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.ss{S_yq-W-entem A∏-te‰v ss{S_yq-Wentem ]cm-Xn-°msc{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°m≥ A`n-`m-j-I¿°v Ah-Imi-an√.\n-b-a-Øns‚18˛mw hIp∏p {]Imcw k¿°m¿ \ntbm-Kn -®n -´p≈ Pn√mtkmjy¬ sh¬^-b¿ Hm^oktdm AXn\v Xpey ]Z-hn-bp-≈-bmtfm ]cm-Xn-°m-cs‚ Xm¬]-cy-{]-Imcw am{Xw ]cm-Xn-°m-cs\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v ss{S_yq-W-entem A∏-te‰v ss{S_yq-Wentem lmP-cm-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

84

11. ASn-aØ sXmgn¬ k{º-Zmb

(\n¿Ø-em-°¬) \nb-aw, 1976

`c-W-L-S\ F√m-Øcw \n¿_-‘nX sXmgn-ep-Ifpw \ntcm-[n-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw cmPy-Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fnepw IS-_m-[y-X-I-fpsSt]cn¬ hy‡n-I-sfbpw Ah-cpsS B{in-X-scbpw \n¿_-‘nX sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kml-Ncyw \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv ASnaØ sXmgn¬ k{º-Zm-bw(-\n¿Ø-em-°¬) \nb-aw,1976 (1976-˛se 19-˛mw \nb-aw) \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. Cu \nbaw Zp¿_eP\-hn-̀ m-K-ßsf kmº-Øn-I-ambpw imco-cn-I-ambpw NqjWw sNøp-∂Xv XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw ASn-aØ sXmgn¬ k{º-Zmbw \n¿Ø¬ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ambn D≈-Xm-Wv. Cu \nbaw 1975 HIvtSm-_¿ amkw 25-̨ mwXob-XnbmWv {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂-Xv.

Cu \nb-a-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v, a‰p \nb-a-ß-fnse hyh-ÿ-I-fp-ambn sshcp-≤y-ap≈ ]£w Ahsb adn-I-S-°m-\p≈ A[n-ImcwD≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu \nbaw \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-tijw Hcmfpw ASn-a-Ø-sØm-gn¬ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ ̀ mK-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw hmKvZm\w sNøp-Itbm a‰m-sc-sb-¶nepw ASn-a-Ø-sØm-gn-ent\m at‰-sX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ \n¿_-‘nX sXmgn-ent\m \n¿_-‘n-°p-Itbm sNøp-hm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX Cu \nbaw \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-ti-jtam AXn-\p-ap≥t]m ASn-aØ sXmgn¬ k{º-Zmb ssien-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂n-́ p≈ GsXmcp DS-º-Snbpw Cu \nbaw \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-tijw Akm-[phpw {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-a-√m-ØXpw Bbn-cn-°pw. ASn-aØ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Cu k{º-Zm-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v́ Xß-fpsSIS-ßƒ Xncn-®-S-bv°p-∂-Xn\v DØ-c-hm-ZnØw D≠m-bn-cn-°n-s√∂pwAh kw_-‘n® \nba \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-I-bn-s√∂pw \nbawhy‡-am-°p-∂p.

Cu \nb-a-{]-Imcw d±m-°-s∏´ IS-_m-≤y-X-I-fpsS `mK-ambnbmsXmcp XpIbpw hmbv] \¬In-b-h¿ kzoI-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂v\nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. Cu \n-b-a-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v kwÿm\ ̀ c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v Pn√m aPn-kvt{S-‰ns\ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂Xpw Pn√m aPn-kvt{S-‰n\v At±-l-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-Øn≥Iogn-ep≈ as‰mcp DtZym-K-kYs\ Cu \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v \ntbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

\nb-a-k-a£w F√m ]uc-∑m-cpsS Xpey-Xbpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb kzmX-{¥yhpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ \nb-a-amWv ASn-a-Ø-sØm-gn¬ k{º-Zm-b(-\n¿Ø-em-°¬) \nbaw 1976.

85

12. alm-flm-Km‘n {Km-ao-W

sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- \n-baw- 2005

N{μafietØm-fap-b¿-∂ hn-Ik\ kz-]v-\ßƒ-°v- Xøm-

sdSp-°p-tºm-gpw- Zm-cn-{Zy-\n¿-am¿-÷\w- C¥y-bp-sS ap-Jy-e£y-

ßfn-sem-∂m-Wv.- ÿn-cXbm¿-∂ sXm-gn-epw- hcp-am-\hpw- ]u-

c∑m¿-°v- e£y-am-°p-∂Xn-eq-sS Zm-cn-{Zyw- Xp-S®p-\o-°m-\m-Ipw.-

Cu- e£yw- ssIhcn-°p-∂Xn-\m-Wv- tZio-b {Km-ao-W sXm-gn-ep-

d∏v- \n-baw- 2005 (The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employ-ment Guarantee Act, 2005) ]m¿-esa‚ v- ]m-km-°n-bXv.- {Km-ao-W

C¥y-bn-se ÿn-chcp-am-\am¿-§an-√m-Ø Akw-Jyw- {Km-ao-W¿-

°v- Hm-tcm- km-ºØn-Ih¿-jØn¬- Np-cp-ßn-bXv- \q-dv- Zn-hksa¶n-

epw- sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- \¬-Ip-∂p.- tI{μ˛kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- CXn-

\m-bn- hn-hn-[ ]≤Xn-Iƒ- Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.- CXn-s‚ Io-gn¬- Hm-

tcm- Pn-√bn-epw- ]©m-bØp-Iƒ- ]≤Xn-Iƒ- hn-`m-h\w- sNøp-

Ibpw- \S∏m-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- Pn-√m-Xeßfn¬- CXn-\v- t\Xr-

Xzw- \¬-Ip-∂Xv- Pn-√m- tIm-˛Hm¿-Un-t\‰dm-bn-cn-°pw.- Pn-√m-

IeŒtdm- As√¶n¬- Pn-√m-]©m-bØn-se No-^v- FIv-kn-Iyq-ó-

hv- Hm-ô-ktdm- Bbn-cn-°pw- Pn-√m- t{]m-{Kmw- tIm-˛Hm¿-Un-t\‰¿.-

C{]Im-cw- Xøm-dm-°p-∂ ]≤Xn-Iƒ-hgn- Hcp- Ip-Spw-_Øn-se ap-

Xn¿-∂ Aw-KØn-\v- Np-cp-ßn-bXv- \q-dv- As√¶n¬- AXn-¬-Iq-Sp-

X¬- Im-ebfhn¬- sXm-gn¬- e`n-°pw.- Zn-hk°q-en- IW°m-°n-

Bgv-NtXm-dpw- Iq-en-bpw- \¬-Ipw.- ]≤Xn-{]Im-cap-≈ sXm-gn-en-

\m-bn- At]£n-°p-∂bmƒ-°v- At]£ e`n-®v- ]Xn-\©v- Zn-

hkßƒ-°p-≈n¬- As√¶n¬- ap≥-Iq¿- At]£bn¬- tPm-en-

Bcw-`n-°p-∂ Xo-bXn-ap-X¬- sXm-gn¬- e`n-°p-∂n-s√¶n¬- \n-

ba{]Im-cw- Abmƒ-°v- sXm-gn¬-cln-X thX\Øn-\v- A¿-lXbp-

≠v.- F∂m¬,- At]£It\m- As√¶n¬- Abm-fp-sS hoń-se

Hcp- ap-Xn¿-∂ Aw-KØn-t\m- sXm-gn¬- \¬-Ip-Ibm-sW¶n¬- CXp-

e`n-°n-√.- ]≤Xn-{]Im-cap-≈ sXm-gn-en-\v- ]≤Xn-bhkm-\w-

hscbpw- At]£I≥- Xøm-dm-hm-Xn-cn-°¬,- Hcp- km-ºØn-Ih¿-

jØn¬- \q-dv- Zn-hksa¶n-epw- sXm-gn¬- e`n-°p-I,- \q-dv- Zn-hksØ

86

sXm-gn-en-s‚ Iq-en-°v- Xp-ey-am-b Xp-I sXm-gn¬-cln-X thX\am-

bn- e`n-°p-I Xp-Sßn-b km-lNcy-ßfn¬- sXm-gn¬-cln-X thX\w-

e`n-°p-∂X√.- sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- ]≤Xn- \S∏m-°p-∂Xn¬- {Km-akÌƒ-

°v- {]ap-J ÿm-\ap-≠v.- ]©m-bØv- {]tZißfn¬- sXm-gn-ep-

Iƒ- \S∏m-°p-Ibpw- ]≤Xn-bn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-tØ≠ sXm-gn¬-

taJeIsf°p-dn-®p-≈ \n¿-t±ißƒ- \¬-Ip-I,- ]≤Xn-\SØn-

∏n-s‚ ta¬-t\m-́ hpw- IWs°Sp-∏pw- \n¿-hln-°p-I,- Iq-Sm-sX sXm-

gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS lm-P¿- ]p-kv-XIw,- A\p-aXn- DØchp-Ifp-sS tIm-

∏n-Iƒ,- Afhv- ]p-kv-XIßƒ,- hu-®dp-Iƒ,- A°u-≠v- ]p-kv-

XIßƒ-,- a‰p- t]∏dp-Iƒ- Xp-Sßn-bh kq-£n-®p-sIm-≠v- Ir-Xy-

am-bn- tkm-jy¬- Hm-Un-‰n-Mv- \StØ≠Xv- {Km-akÌfm-Wv.- sXm-

gn-ep-d∏v- \n-baØn-s‚ ta¬-t\m-´Øn-\m-bn- tZio-b˛kw-ÿm-\

Xeßfn¬- sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- Iu¨-kn-ep-Ifp-sS cq-]o-IcWhpw- \n-

baw- hn`mh\w- sNøp-∂p.- A≤y-£\pw- πm-\n-Mv- IΩo-js‚bpw-

kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Ifp-sSbpw- {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw- ]Xn-\©v- A\u-

tZy-BKn-I Aw-Kßfpw- saº¿- sk{I´dn-bpw- ASßp-∂Xm-Wv-

tI{μ sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- Iu¨-kn¬.- A≤y-£\pw- ]©m-bØv- ÿm-

]\ßfn¬-\n-∂pw- sXm-gn-em-fn- kw-LS\Ifn¬-\n-∂pw- k¿-°m¿-

\m-a\n¿-t±iw- sNøp-∂ ]Xn-\©v- A\u-tZym-Kn-I Aw-Kßfpw-

ASßp-∂Xm-Wv- kw-ÿm-\ sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- Iu¨-kn¬.- ]≤Xn-

sfbpw- AXn-s‚ \SØn-∏n-s\bpw- Ip-dn-®v- k¿-°m-cp-Isf D]tZin-

°p-I,- \n-baw- ê{]Zam-bn- \S∏n-em-°p-∂p-s≠∂v- Dd∏p-hcp-

Øp-I,- ]cm-Xn-]cn-lm-c kw-hn-[m-\ßfp-sS Im-cy-£aX ]cn-tim-

[n-°p-Ibpw- Im-em-Im-eßfn¬- ]cn-jv-Icn-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-I,- hm¿-

jn-I dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ- Xøm-dm-°p-I Xp-Sßn-bhbm-Wv- sXm-gn-ep-

d∏v- Iu¨-kn-ep-Ifp-sS ap-Jy-Np-aXeIƒ.- \n-baØn-se hy-

hÿIƒ- ew-Ln-°p-∂Xn-\v- Bbn-cw- cq-]hsc ]n-gin-£ Cu-Sm-

°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- CXp-am-bn- _‘s∏´p-≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ- kzo-Icn-

°p-∂Xn-\pw- ]cn-lcn-°p-∂Xn-\pw- kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m¿- N´w-hgn-

tªm-°v,- Pn-√m-Xeßfn¬- ]cm-Xn-]cn-lm-c kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ- sIm-

≠p-hcpw.- tIcfØn¬ BZyambn 2007 am¿®v 26˛mw XobXn Cu

\nbaw CSp°n, Imk¿tImUv Pn√Ifn¬ \nehn¬ h∂p.

87

13. Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn-em-fn-

km-aq-ly- kp-c£m- \n-baw- 2008

ASn-ÿm-\ sXm-gn-ep-Ifn¬- G¿-s∏´n-cn-°p-∂ C¥y-bn-se

hen-sbm-cp- P\hn-`m-Kw- C∂pw- Akw-LSn-Xcm-Wv.- cm-Py-Øv-

BsIbp-≈ sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS \m¬-∏Øn-sbm-∂v- iXam-\hpw-

Cu- Akw-LSn-X taJebn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-∂p.- Chcp-sS km-aq-ly-

kp-c£ Dd∏p-hcp-Øp-Ibm-Wv- Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS

km-aq-ly- kp-c£m- \n-baw- 2008 (Unorganised Workers' So-cial Security Act, 2008)s‚ e£yw.- _o-Un-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,-

a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,- kn-\n-a sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,- s\bv-Øv- sXm-

gn-em-fn-Iƒ,- t\m¨- tImƒ- J\n- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- Xp-Sßn-b Np-

cp-°w- Akw-LSn-X taJeIfn¬- tI{μ˛kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-

Iƒ- Ahcp-sS sXm-gn¬- kw-c£WØn-\pwkm-aq-ly-kp-c£bv-

°p-am-bn- t£a]≤Xn-Iƒ- Bhn-jv-Icn-®n-´p-≠v.- Ch Iq-Sp-X¬-

Du¿-÷kz-ehpw- ^e{]Zhp-am-°n- am-‰p-Ibpw- Im¿-jn-I sXm-gn-

em-fn-Iƒ,- \n¿-Ωm-WsØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,- Xp-I¬- ]Wn-°m¿- Xp-Sßn-

b Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn¬- taJeIsf°q-Sn- t£a]≤Xn-Ifn¬-

Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øp-I F∂ e£y-hpw- \n-baw- ap-t∂m-́ p-hbv-°p-∂p.- CXn-

\m-bn- tI{μk¿-°m¿- tZio-b km-aq-ly-kp-c£m- D]tZiIkan-

Xn-bpw- kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- kw-ÿm-\ km-aq-ly-kp-c£m-

D]tZiIkan-Xn-bpw- cq-]o-Icn-°pw.- tZio-b sXm-gn¬-hIp-∏p-a{¥n-

A≤y-£\m-bn- ap-∏Øn-\m-ew-K D]tZiIkan-Xn-bm-Wv- tI{μØn-

ep-≈Xv.- CXn¬- Ggp-t]¿- Akw-LSn-X taJesb {]Xn-\n-[o-

Icn-°pw- Ggp-t]¿- Akw-LSn-X taJebn-se sXm-gn¬-Zm-bI¿,-

]u-ckaq-lØn-se al\o-bcm-b Ggp-t]¿,- cm-Py-k`sbbpw- tem-

Iv-k`sbbpw- {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn-®p-sIm-≠v- c≠p-t]¿,- tI{μa{¥m-

ebßsfbpw- hIp-∏p-Isfbpw- {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn-®p-sIm-≠v- A©p-

t]cpw- kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Isf {]Xn-\o-[o-Icn-®v- A©p-t]cpw-

tN¿-∂Xm-Wv- tZio-b km-aq-ly-kp-c£m- D]tZiIkan-Xn.- kw-

ÿm-\ km-aq-ly-kp-c£m- kan-Xn-bp-sS Aw-K_ew- 28 BWv.-

sXm-gn¬-hIp-∏p-a{¥n- A≤y-£\m-bp-≈ kan-Xn-bn¬-,- Akw-LSn-

X taJebn¬-\n-∂pw- Ggp-t]¿,- Akw-LSn-X taJebn-se sXm-

88

gn¬-Zm-bIcn¬-\n-∂pw- Ggp-t]¿,- \n-bak`sb {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn-®v-

c≠p-t]¿,- kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m¿- hIp-∏p-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn-®v-

Ggp-t]¿,- kaq-lØn-se al\o-bcm-b A©p-t]¿- F∂n-h¿- Dƒ-

s∏Sp-∂p.-

89

14. tZio-b km-aq-ly-kp-c£m- \nbaw

Akw-LSn-X taJebn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS Po-h\pw- hn-IeXIƒ-s°Xn-scbp-≈ kw-c£Ww,- Ahcp-sS Btcm-Kyw,-{]khm-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ,- htbm-P\ kw-c£Ww- F∂n-hbp-am-bn-_‘s∏´v- kabm-kabßfn¬- t£a]≤Xn-Iƒ- cq-]o-Icn-°p-Ibpw- AXv- \S∏m-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS t{]m-hn-U‚ v- ^≠v,- `h\ ]≤Xn-Iƒ,- Ip-´n-Ifp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-k ]≤Xn-Iƒ,- sXm-gn¬- sshZKv-[yw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\v,- acWm-hiy-ßƒ-°v-,- hr-≤kZ\ßƒ- cq-]o-Icn-°p-∂Xv- Xp-Sßn-b taJeIfn¬- kw-ÿm-\ km-aq-ly-kp-c£m- ]≤Xn-Iƒ-Bhn-jv-Icn-°pw.-

Akw-LSn-X taJebn-se 14 hb v- ]q¿-Øn-bm-b F√m-h¿-°pw,- Xm-s\m-cp- Akw-LSn-X taJebn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-sW∂v- hy-‡am-°p-∂ {]kv-Xm-h\ kzo-Icn-®p-sIm-≠v- k¿-°m¿-cPn-kv-t{Sj≥- \¬-Ipw.- CXn-\m-bn- tbm-Ky-Xbp-≈ Akw-LSn-XsXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- \n-›n-X t^m-an¬- Pn-√m- ̀ cWIq-SØn-\v- At]£ka¿-∏n-°Ww.- F√m- Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn-em-fn-Isfbpw- cPn-Ã¿- sNøp-Ibpw- Ah¿-°v- sIm-≠p-\S°m-hp-∂ XcØn-ep-≈"kv-am¿-´v- Im¿-Uv'- Xn-cn-®dn-b¬- \ºcn-´v- \¬-Ip-Ibpw- sNøpw.-CXn-\m-bn- k¿-°m¿- klm-btI{μßƒ- ÿm-]n-°pw.- Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn-em-fn kaq-lØn-s‚ a\p-jym-hIm-ißƒ- kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn-\pw- a\p-jy-s\∂ \n-ebn-ep-≈ Ahcp-sS A¥ pw- Bflm-`n-am-\hpw- kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ DØchm-Zn-Xz-hpw- cm-{„Øn-t‚Xm-Wv- F∂Xm-Wv- Cu- \n-baØn-s‚ A¥x-kØ.-

90

15. s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn-se

]pI-hen in£m¿l-amWv

]pI-h-enbpw ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw AXn-Kp-cp-X-c-amb BLm-X-amWv a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn\v G¬∏n-°p-∂-Xv.-s]mXp ÿe-ßfn-ep≈ ]pI-h-en Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Btcm-Ky-sØ-am-{X-a√ kl-Po-hn-bpsS IqSn Btcm-KysØ l\n-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.-A-Xn-\m¬CXp kw_-‘n®v Hcp Ah-t_m[w Db¿∂v htc-≠Xv Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-enbpw {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Im-Ø-h-cpsS ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw \nbaw aqew\ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂ -cm-Py-amWv \Ω-ptS-Xv. 2003˛se knK-c‰n-s‚bpwa‰p ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsSbpw ]ckyw sNø¬ \ntcm-[-\hpwhym]m-chpw a‰pw \nb-{¥n-°¬ \nb-a-Ønse \memw hIp∏v{]Imcw s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-en \ntcm-[n-®n-´p-≠v. \nb-a-Ønse Bdmw hIp∏v {]Imcw {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Im-Ø-h¿°v]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬°p-∂Xpw ,hn¬∏\ ]ckyw sNøp-∂Xpw hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS 150 ao‰¿ Np‰-fhn¬ AØcwD¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hn¬∏-\bpw ]ckyw sNøepw in£m¿l-ambIp‰-amWv.

apc-fn-tZhvd tIknse _lp-am-\-s∏´ kp{]ow-tIm-SXnhn[nbpw cmaIrjvW≥ tIknse _lp-am-\-s∏´ tIc-fm-ssl-t°m-SXn hn[nbpw s]mXpÿe-ßfnse ]pI-h-en Kpcp-X-c-ambBtcm-Ky{]iv\-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ s]mXp-i-ey-am-bn-´mWv{]Jym-]n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

2008 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛mw XnbXn Km‘n-P-b¥n Zn\-Øn¬ \S-∏n¬h∂ s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-en \ntcm-[n-°¬ N´ßƒ2003-˛se ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ tI{μ-\n-b-a-Øns‚ hIp-∏p-Iƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏n-¬ hcp-Øp-hm≥ Dt±-in-®n-´p-f-f-Xm-Wv.

s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v {]th-i\w km[y-amb GXp ÿehpws]mXp-ÿew F∂-Xns‚ \n¿Δ-N-\-Øn¬ hcpw.- HmUnt‰m-dn-bw,-B-ip-]-{Xn, -sd-bn¬sh- hn-{i-a-tI-{μ-ßƒ, hnt\mZtI-{μ-ßƒ, tlm-´-ep-Ifpw s]mXp-`£ytI-{μßfpw,- s]m-Xp-Hmôkp-Iƒ,- tIm-S-

91

Xn-sI-´n-S-ßƒ, hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ, -{K-Ÿ-im-e-Iƒ,- _-kv, s{S-bn≥ XpS-ßn s]mXpK-Xm-K-X-am¿§-ßƒ,-tPm-en-ÿ-e-ßƒ,-hym-]m-c-k-ap®bßƒ,kn-\n-am-lm-fp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v {]th-i\w A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb s]mXp-ÿeßfm-Wv.-F-∂m¬ \nb-a-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Ønb]pI-hen A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ÿe-ßfpw s]mXp-P-\-km-∂n-≤y-an-√mØ Xpd- mb ÿe-ßfpw ]pI-hen \ntcm-[nX ÿe-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.

s]mXp-ÿeßfpsStbm s]mXp-ÿm]-\-ßfpsStbm \S-Øn-∏p-Imcpw Npa-X-e-s∏-´-hcpw CØ-c-Øn¬ ]pI-hen \ntcm-[\w Dd-∏p -h-cp -Øm≥ _m≤y-ÿ-cm-Wv. -Iq -SmsX s]mXp-ÿeßfn¬ ]pI-hen \ntcm-[nX t_m¿Up-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw Ch¿°v _m≤y-X-bp-≠v.

\nb-a-Øn¬ ]pI-hen A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ÿe-ßƒ (smok-ing area) Fßs\ k÷o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.]pI-hen A\p-h-Z-\o-bÿe-ßƒ (smoking area) F∂v Cw•o-jnepw {]mtZ-in-I-`mjbnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb t_m¿Up-Iƒÿm]n®v \mep-̀ m-KØpw ̀ nØn ]WnXv th¿Xn-cn® CØcw ÿe-ß-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn AS-™p-In-S-°p∂ kzbw \nb-{¥nXhmXnepw hmbp-k-©mcw {]m]y-am-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \nbaw \njvI¿jn-°p-∂p.s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-enbpw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsShn¬∏-\bpw 200 cq] hsc ]ng-in£ e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-amWv.

s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-en Is≠Øn ]ng Npa-Øm≥Xmsg ]d-bp∂ DtZym-K-ÿ≥amsc Ah-cpsS A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-bn¬ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

1. tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ \nIpXn hIp-∏p-I-fn-sebpw BtcmKyw,K-Xm-KXw F∂o hIp-∏p-I-fn-sebpw C≥kvs]-IvS¿ ]Z-hn-bntemAXn-\p-ap-I-fntem Dff DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿ Ah-cpsS ]cn-[n-bn-ep-f-f-s]m-Xp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬.

2. sdbn¬sh-tÃ-j-\p -I -fnepw ]cn -[n -bnepw _‘-s∏´tÃj≥am-Ã¿,- A-kn-Ã‚ v tÃj≥am-Ã¿,tÃj≥ Npa-X-e-bp-ff a‰v DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿.

3. tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°m¿ k¿ho-knse Kk-‰Uv ]Z-hn-tbm,-A-Xn\p apI-fntem Dff DtZym-K-ÿ¿,Xp-ey-]-Z-hn-bn¬ kzbw--̀cW/s]mXp-ta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fnse DtZym-K-ÿ∑m¿, _‘-

s∏´ k¿°m¿, kzbw-`-cW / s]mXp-ta-J-em-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS]cn-[n-bn¬.

92

4. k¿°m¿-˛-kz-Im-cy-B-ip-]-{Xn-Ifn¬ AXns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿/saUn-°¬ kq{]≠v As√-¶n¬ Bip-]{Xn `c-Wm[n-Imcn.

5. t]mÃv Hm^okp-I-fn¬ t]mÃv am-Ãtdm AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-temDff DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿.

6. kzIm-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw a‰v tPmen-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw Ahn-SpsØ ÿm]-\-ta-[mhn/D∂-Xm-[n-Imcn As√-¶n¬ amt\-P¿ (a-\p-jy-hn-`-hw).

7. hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ {]n≥kn-∏mƒ/slUvam-Ã¿As√-¶n¬ A≤ym-]-I¿.

8. {KŸ-im-e-I-fnepw hmb\im-e-I-fnepw sset{_-dn-b≥/A-kn-Ã‚ v sset{_-dn-b≥/`c-W-Np-a-X-e-bp-ff a‰v Poh-\-°m¿.

9. hnam-\Øm-h-f-ß-fnepw hnam-\-ß-fnepw hnam-\-Øm-h-f amt\-P¿/Fb¿t]m¿´v AtX-mdn‰n Hm^v C¥ym -DtZym-K-ÿ¿, hnam-\-°-º-\n-I-fp-sSbpw hnam-\-Øm-h-f-ß-fn-tebpw DtZym-K-ÿ¿,IqSmsX s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw As√-¶n¬ Btcm-Ky-tk-h-\-h-Ip-∏p-I-fnse Ub-d-IvS¿am¿, tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°mcn¬`c-W-Np-a-X-e-bp-ff DtZym-K-ÿ¿, ]p-I-bne hncp-≤-sk-√ns‚Pn√m kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn-ep-ff t\mU¬ Hm^ok¿am¿ F∂n-h¿ {]tXyI A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-Ifn-√msX F√m s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bp-f-fXpw ]pI-hen \ntcm-[\ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°pw ]ng-Np-a-Øp-∂-Xn\pw NpaX-e-s∏´hcp-am-Wv.

CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff -DtZym-K-ÿ≥amtcmSv \n -l-I-cn-°p-∂-h-tcbpw kz¥w t]tcm ta¬hn-em-ktam shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ hn -Ω-Xn-°p-∂-h-tcbpw XS-™p-h®v DS-\Sn ASp-Øp-ff aPn-kvt{S‰vapºmsI lmP-cm°n \nb-a-\-S-]-SnIƒ°v hnt[-b-am-°m\pw CuDtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

93

16. hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI \nbaw

2000(IT Act 2000)hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS D]-tbmKw kpc-£n-Xhpw `{Zhpw

B°p-hm\pw \nb-{¥n-°p-hm\pw th≠n C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚-n¬

2000-˛¬ \S-∏m-°nb \nb-a-amWv hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI \nbaw 2000(ITAct 2000)

ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°v I¿i-\-amb

\nb-a\S]SnIfpw in£bpw Dd-∏m-°p∂ \nb-a-ßƒ CXn¬

hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Cu \nb-a-Ønse IX˛mw A≤ym-b-Ønepw

XI˛mw A≤ym-b-Ønepw hyhÿ sNøp∂ \nb-a-ßƒ {]Imcw

Ip‰w sNøp-∂-h¿°v 3 h¿jw hsc ITn-\-X-Shpw 2 e£w cq]

hsc ]ngbpw AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ Ch-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw H∂v in£

hn[n°mw F∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

as‰m-cm-fpsS Iºyq-´¿ kwhn-[m-\-Øn-tebvt°m ^b-en-

tebvt°m t{]m{Kmw hgn AXn-{I-an®p Ibdn AXv X\nsb a‰p

^b-ep-I-fn -tebvt°m irwJ-e-bn-ep-≈- a‰p Iºyq-´-dp -I-fn -

tebvt°m {]th-in-°p-Ibpw AXn-ep≈ hnh-c-ßƒ \in-∏n-°p-

94

Itbm am‰n adn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂Xv Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ hyhÿ

sNøp-∂Xp {]Imcw 3 h¿jw hsc ITn-\-X-Sthm 2 e£w cq]

]ngtbm As√-¶n¬ Ch c≠pw IqSntbm in£ hn[n-°mhp∂

Ip‰-am-Ip-∂p.

A«oew Ie¿∂ D≈-S°w Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS

{]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv 3 h¿jw

hsc XShpw 5 e£w cq] hsc ]ngbpw in£ hn[n-°m-hp∂

Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv. Ip‰-hmfn CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn-te¿s∏-

Sp-∂Xv BZysØ Xh-W-bm-sW-¶n¬ ta¬∏-d™ in£bpw

XpS¿∂pw {]kvXpX Ip‰-IrXyw Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ 5

h¿jw-hsc XShpw 10 e£w cq] hsc ]ngbpw F∂ \ne-bn-

te°v in£-bpsS ]cn[n h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.

IT \nb-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ip‰-IrXyw \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂v Hcp t]meokv

DtZym-K-ÿt\m k¿°m¿ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ at‰-sX-

¶nepw DtZym-K-ÿt\m \ymb-amb kwibw tXm∂p∂ ]£w

{]kvXpX DtZym-K-ÿ\v s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn-¬ {]th-in®v Ip‰-hm-

fn-Iƒ°mbn Xnc-®n¬ \SØp∂-Xn\pw hmd‚n-√msX Ip‰-hm-fn-

Isf AdÃv sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \nbaw hyhÿ sNøp-∂p.

cmPy-Øns‚ kpc£bpw kmº-ØnI `{Z-Xbpw s]mXpkwhn-

[m-\-ßfpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ Cu \nb-a-Ønse 70-˛mw hIp-∏n¬∏d-

bp∂ kpc£mkwhn-[m-\-ßƒ°v £Xw kw`-hn-°p∂ coXn-

bn-ep≈ ssk_¿ AXn-{I-a-ßfpw ssk_¿ `oI-cm-{I-a-W-ßfpw

\SØn kaq-l-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ°v ac-Wtam ac-W-Øn\p Imc-

W-am-tb-°m-hp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ amc-I-amb apdn-hp-I-tfm, ASn-b-

¥nc k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ \in-∏n®v P\-Po-hnXw Xs∂ Zpx -l-am-°p∂

Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßtfm sNøp-∂-h¿°v Poh-]-cy¥w in£

95

Dd-∏m-°p∂ \nb-a-ßfpw Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ sNøp∂p

F∂Xv FSpØp]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

hnhc hn\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS kpc-£n-X-amb

D]-tbmKw

Iºyq-´¿, C‚¿s\-‰v, C˛-sa-bn¬, samss_¬ t^m¨,

t^m¨Iym-a-d, Nm‰nßv Ch-sbms° C∂v \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\-

Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw kw`m-j-W-ß-fp-sSbpw `mK-am-Wv. hnh-c-˛-hn-

\n-ab cwK-Øp-≠mb Cu IpXn-®p-Nm´w temIsØ Xs∂ Hcp

{Kma-am°n am‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. `c-Ww, hnZym-`ym-kw,

kmº-ØnI cwKw, BtcmKyw XpS-ßnb Ht´sd taJ-e-I-fn¬

hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-ßƒ \ap°v ImWm-\m-hpw. F∂m¬ F√m

Imcy-ßfp-tSXpwt]mse Cu \h-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-Ifpw \ΩpsS

Pohn-X-ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ sX‰mbn

D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \h-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-

Iƒ am‰w-sIm-≠p-h-∂n-´p-s≠∂v ]d-bp-tºmgpw Ch-bpsS sX‰mb

D]-tbmKw sIm≠v kzIm-cy-X-bn¬ IS-∂p-I-b‰w D≠m-hp-Ibpw

kpc-£n-XXzw \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xmbn \ap°v ImWmw.

ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ

hnhc hn\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Knt®m Ahsb

e£yw-ht®m \S-Øp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-sf-bmWv ssk_¿ Ip‰-

Ir-Xy-ßƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. Iºyq-´¿, samss_¬ t^m¨,

UnPn-‰¬ Iyma-d-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-

fnse D]-I-c-W-ßƒ.

C‚¿s\-‰pw, samss_¬ t^mWp-sams° ]e Ip‰-Ir-Xy-

ßƒ°mbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Iºyq-´¿ t]mep≈ \qX-\-km-

t¶-XnI D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X, sNdnb CS-Øn¬

96

[mcmfw hnhcw tiJ-cn®p hbv°m≥ Ignbpw F∂-Xm-Wv.

Aßs\ tiJ-cn-®p-h-®n-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ tNm¿Øn-sb-Sp-

°m\pw km[n-°p-∂p.

hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ kv{XoIfpw

Ip´n-Ifpw {]mb-am-b-hcpw D≠m-Ipw. Ch-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-X-Iƒ

hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°mØ [mcmfw t]¿ Ch-cn¬ D≠m-Ipw.

AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ°v s]s´∂v Cc-

I-fm-Ip-∂Xv IqSp-Xepw Cu hn`m-K-Øn-¬ s]Sp-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw.

ssk_¿ temIØv hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ßƒ Ffp∏w e`y-am-

Wv. Hm¿°p-´v, s^bvkv_p°v XpS-ßnb kmaq-lnI irwJ-e-Iƒ

hgn CØcw hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ßfpw t^mt´m-Ifpw B¿°pw

e`y-am-Ipw. Chbpw ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ°v hf-am-Ip-∂p.

{][m-\-s∏´ Nne ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ

ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßsf ]e- co-Xn-I-fn¬ XcwXncn-°m

-dp≠v.

1. hy‡n-Iƒs°-Xn-cm-bp≈ Ip‰-ßƒ(-ssk-_¿ A-Xn-{I-aw).

2. kmº-ØnI Ip‰-ßƒ (s{I-Un‰v Im¿Uv hnhc tamjWw

apX-em-b-h).

3. `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s\-Xnsc (ssk-_¿ `oI-cm-{I-a-Ww, \nb-a-]-

c-a-√mØ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ).

C‚¿s\‰v/samss_¬ t^m¨ Ch D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ

{i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ

Iºyq-´¿ s\‰vh¿°n¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xpw A]-cn-Nn-X-cp-ambn Nm‰v

sNøp-∂Xpw sabn-ep-Iƒ°v adp-]Sn \¬Ip-∂Xpw Hgn-hm-°p-I.

Cu Bfp-Iƒ Bscm-s°-bm-sW∂v \ap-°-dn-bn-√. kv{XobpsS

97

t]cn¬ sabn¬ Ab-bv°p-∂Xv ]pcp-j-\m-Imw. ]pcp-js‚ t]cn¬

kv{Xobp-am-Imw. Hm¨sse-\n¬ Hcmƒ°v Fßns\ thW-sa-

¶nepw kzbw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.

Nm‰n-ßn-eq-sS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tcmSv \nß-fpsS t]cv, A{U-

v, kvIqfn-s‚ t]cv, t^m¨ \º¿ XpS-ßnb hy‡n-]-c-amb

hnh-c-ßƒ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.

bmsXmcp Imc-W-h-imepw \nß-fpsS t^mt´m Ab-°p-Itbm

apXn¿∂-hsc Adn-bn-°msX Bsc-sb-¶nepw t\cn¬ ImWm≥

{ian-°p-Itbm Acp-Xv.

hrØn-sI-´Xpw A«oew \nd-™-Xp-amb ktμ-i-ßƒ, `oj-

Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ktμ-i-ßƒ XpSßn \nßƒ°v {]bmkw D≠m-

°p∂ A\m-hiysa∂v tXm∂p∂ Hcp ktμißƒ°pw adp-

]Sn Ab-bv°-cp-Xv. Ch Bh¿Øn-®m¬ apXn¿∂-h-cpsS {i≤-

bn¬s∏-Sp-ØpI.

samss_¬ Iymad D]-tbm-Kn®v A\p-hmZw IqSmsX Bcp-

sSbpw t^mt´m FSp-°m≥ ]mSn-√. AXp as‰m-cm-fpsS kzIm-cy-

X-bpsS ewL-\-am-Wv.

A«oe Nn{X-ßƒ, hmN-I-ßƒ XpS-ßnbh sat Pv Bbn

Ab-bv°-cpXv.

A«oe ktμ-i-ßƒ/ t^mt´m -Iƒ apX-em -bh Ab-

bv°p∂Xv IT \nb-a-{]-Imcw in£m¿l-am-Wv. 3 h¿jw hsc

XShpw 5 e£w cq] hsc ]ngbpw in£-bmbn e`n-°mw.

A]-cn-Nn-X-cpsS sat -Pp-Iƒ°v (sms/mms) adp-]Sn Ab-bv°m-

Xn-cn-°pI.

98

Nm‰v sNøp-tºmƒ e`n-®tXm Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw s{]mss^-

ep-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂tXm Bb A]-cn-Nn-X-cpsS \ºdp-I-fn¬ hnfn-

°-cp-Xv.

tIm∏n-ssd‰v D≈ Iºyq-´¿ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ (tkm^v‰v shb-dp-

Iƒ)tamjvSn-°-cp-Xv. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ Ibdn Ah ]I¿Øm≥ {ian-

°p-∂Xv tam„n-°p-∂-Xn\v Xpeyam-Wv.

C‚¿s\-‰n¬ D≈ teJ-\-ßfpw a‰pw ]I¿Øn Ah \nß-

ƒ cNn-®-sX∂ coXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv. Hcp ]pkvX-I-Øn-

setbm amkn-I-bnsetbm teJ-\-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿ-X( author-ship) \nßƒ ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-t]msebmW-Xv. \nßƒ

I≠p]nSn-°-s∏-Smw. \nß-fpsS A≤ym-]-I¿°pw a‰p hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ°pw AtX teJ\w C‚¿s\-‰n¬ e`y-am-sW-t∂m¿°p-I.

C≥¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂pw t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ Uu¨temUv sNøp-∂-

Xn\p apºv Ah-bn¬ sshdkv Dt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

Nne t{]m{Km-ap-I-fn¬ \nß-fpsS Iw]yq-´-dns\ \in-∏n-°m≥

tijn-bp≈ sshd-kp-Iƒ D≠m-Imw.

DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒDØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒDØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒDØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒDØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ

CØcw Bi-b-hn-\n-atbm]m-[n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ

\ap°pw Nne DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fp-s≠∂v Hm¿°pI.

hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ samss_¬ t^mWns‚ D]-

tbmKw I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-®n-´p-s≠-∂p≈ hkvXpX \nßƒ°-

dn-bm-a-t√m. CØcw \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv

\nß-fpsS \∑-bv°m-ssW∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-°-cp-Xv.

Bip-]{Xn-Iƒ, ao‰nwKv lmfp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-

fn¬ samss_¬ t^m¨ Ign-bp-∂Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-

99

I. AXym-h-iy-sa-¶n¬ sske‚ v tamUn¬ am{X-an-Sp-I. kwkm-

cn-°m-\p-s≠-¶n¬ a‰m-scbpw iey-s∏-Sp-ØmsX ]pd-Øn-dßn

kwkm-cn-°p-I.

\nßƒ°m-cp-sS-sb-¶nepw t^mt´m FSp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A\p-

hmZw hmßn am{Xw A{]-Imcw sNøp-I.

samss_¬t^m-Wn\v ªqSqØv Ds≠-¶n¬ AXv Hm∏¨

B°n hbv°-cp-Xv. t^mWnse hnhc-ßƒ tNm¿Øs∏-Sm\pw

A«oe/A\m-hiy ktμ-i-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpw e`n-t®-°m\pw

km[y-X-bp-≠v.

Iº-\n-Iƒ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ k¿Δokv sk‚-dp-I-

fn¬ am{Xta t^m¨ k¿Δo-kn-ßn\v \¬Im-hq-. As√-¶n¬

AXnse hnh-c-ßƒ tNm¿Øn Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°mw.

******

100

17.- \nba tkh\ AtXm-dn‰n \nbaw

\nb-a-Øns‚ apºnse Xpey-Xbpw \nb-a-Øns‚ Xpey-]-cn-c-£bpw

]uc∑m--cp-sS auenI- Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. `cWIqS-Øn-s‚bpw ]uc-∑m-cp-sSbpw _‘-Øn¬ F√mtaJ-e-I-fnepw Xp√y \nba]cn-c-£bpw, Xp√ykao-]-\-ßfpw \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. \oXn e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬(access tojustice)\n∂v GsXmcp Imc-WwsIm≠mbmepw Hcp hy‡n ]n¥-≈-s∏´pt]mI-cp-Xv. F∂ncn-°nepw kmºØnIhpw kmaq-lyhpw hnZym-`ymk]chpw hy‡nKX-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ \ym-bm-k-\-ßsf kao-]n-°p-hm\pw \oXn-\ymb Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\pw- ]e¿°pwIgn-bm-dn-√. CXv ]cn-l-cn-°p--hm-\mWv C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v 1987¬ \nb-a-tk-h\ AtYm-dn‰n \nbaw(Legal Services Authorities Act) sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. \nba tkh\ AtYm-dn‰n \nbaw \S-∏n-em-°p∂Xn-\mbn hnhn[AtYm-dn-‰n-Isf \nb-an-°m≥ \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. tI{μX-e-Øn-epw kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn-epw Pn√m-X-e-Ønepw AtYm-dn‰n {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. kp{]owtImSXn \nbatkh\kan-Xn, sslt°-SXn \nb-a-tk-h\kanXn, Xmeq°v \nb-a-tk-h\kanXn F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ kan-Xn-Ifpw \nehn¬h∂n-́ p-≠v.- Pn√mAtXm-dn-‰nbpw Xmeq°v IΩn-‰n-Ifpw{]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv AXXv Pn√m˛Xmeq°v Bÿm-\-ß-fnse tImS-Xn-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂mWvv. kwÿm-\sØ -\nba tkh\{]{In-bIƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xv kwÿm\ \nbatkh\ AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv.

Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ 12˛mw hIp∏p-{]Imcw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hn`m-K-ßƒ°vkuP\y \nb-a-k-lm-bhpw \nbatkh-\hpw e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.1. ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§ hn-`m-K°m¿°vv2. bmNIhrØn, s]¨h-mWn`w, ASn-a-th-e, apX-em-b-h-bv°mbn A\-[n-IrX ssIam-‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-cm-Ip-∂-h¿°v-.-3. kv{XoIƒ-°pw- Ipń-Iƒ-°pw-.--4. hnI-emwKt£a -\n-b-a]-cn-[n-bn¬s∏´h¿°v.-5. {]IrXnZpc¥w, kmap-Zm-bnIIem-]w, aX-h¿§ob Iem-]w, `qI-ºw, hymh-km-bnI Zpc-¥w, apX-em-b-hbv°v Ccbm-b-h¿°v.-6. hymh-km-bnI sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v.-7. ]p\-c-[n-hm-k- Kr-l-ß-fnse At¥-hm-k-nIƒ Pph-ss\¬ tlmap-

101

I-fnse At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ, am\-kn-ItcmK NnIn-’m-e-b-ßƒ, A\m-Ym-e-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-S-ß-fnse At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ apX-em-b-h¿°v.-

Pn√m-\n-b-a-tk-h\ AtYm-dn-ń-Iƒ AXmXv {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ign-hp‰h°o-e≥am-cpsS ]m\¬ \n›-bn-®n-́ p≠v.- Ah-cn-eq-sS-bmWv Pn√m-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ hsc-bp≈ Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Ifn¬ Bh-iy-amb kuP\y \nb-a-tk-h\w FØn-°p-∂-Xv. sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fnepw kp{]owtImS-Xn-bnepwtIkv \S-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb kuP\y \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v A¿l-X-s∏-´-h¿ AXXp kanXn apºmsI At]-£-Iƒ ka¿∏n-®m¬ aXn.Db¿∂ hm¿jnI IpSpw-_-h-cp-am\w 100000 cq]bn¬- Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°vkuP\y \nb-a-tk-h-\-Øn-\¿l-X-bp-≠v. kp-{]ow-tIm-SXn-bn¬- ku-P\y- \n-baklm-bw- e`n-°m≥- 50000 cq-]bv-°p-Xm-sg hm¿-jn--I hcp-

am-\ap≈hcm-bn-cn-°Ww.-

\nba km£-cX

kuP-\y- \n-batkh-\-ßƒ°pw klm-b-ßƒ°pw]pdsa \nb-a-

tk-h\ AtYm-dn‰n-Iƒ \nbakm£-cXm¢m p-Ifpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. sslkv-Iq-fn-epw- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epw,- {KmaßƒtXmdpw CØcw¢m p-Iƒ \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p-≠v. tIcf kwÿm\ \nbatkh\ AtYm-dnń AYhm KELSA (Kerala State Legal Services Authority) kwÿm-\-Øn-\-IØv 9˛mw¢m v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \nb-a-km-£-cXm ]≤XnF√m- kvIq-fp-I-fnepw \S-∏n-em-°nbn-´p-≠v-. k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-fnseB¿´vkv B‚ v kb≥kv tImtf-Pp-I-fnse hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°pw Cu-]≤Xn \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. kv-{Xo-im-‡o-IcWw- \n-bat_m-[\Øn-eq-sS F∂ e£yw- h®p-sIm-≠v- tIcfØn-se Ip-Spw-_{io-an-j\n-se Aw-Kßfm-b kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°pw- \n-bakm-£cXm- ¢m-kp-Iƒ- \SØp-∂p-≠v.-

\nb-am-h-t_m[w hf-¿-Øp-∂-Xp-hgn Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw Ah-Im-i-ß-sfbpw IS-a-I-sfbpwIpdn®v t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°m\pw X¿°-ßƒ cay-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw AXp-hgn hyh-lm-c-ßƒ Ipd-bv°m\pw

Ign-bpw.

kwÿm\ \nba tkh\ AtYm-dn‰n

kwÿm\ßfnse \nbaklm-b- tk-h\{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

t\XrXzw\evIn \S-∏m-°m-\mbn AXXvkwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \nbatkh\ AtYm-dn-‰n°v cq]w\evIm≥ kwÿm\k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.kwÿm\ AtYmdn-ń-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ1. tI{μ AtYm-dnń \nb-a-tk-h\ klm-btaJ-e-bn¬ cq]w\¬Ip∂\b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-I.2. A¿l-cm-b-h¿°v \nb-a-k-lm-bhpw \nb-a-tk-h-\hpw e`y-am-°p-

102

I. sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-epƒs∏sS \ne-hn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\mbn temIv-AZ-m-em-Øp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.3. tI{μ AtYm-dn-ń-bp-ambn Btem-Nn®v a‰v IrXy-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-Ibpw N´hyh-ÿ-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.4. kwÿm-\Øv \nb-a-tk-h\ klmb{]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂ hnhn[GP≥kn-Isf GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw DZv{K-YnX{]h¿Ø\ßƒ cq]-s∏SpØp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

Pn√m \nba tkh\ AtYm-dn‰n

sslt°m-SXn No^vPÃo-kp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v Pn√m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ \nb-a-tk-h\ AtYm-dn-ń-Iƒ°v cq]w\¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Imcw kwÿm\k¿°m-cn-\p-≠v.

temIv AZm-eØv

tImS-Xn-I-fn-eqsS F√m-bvt∏mgpw F√m-Xcw tIkp-Ifpw ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambpw Xo¿∏p-I-ev]n-°-s∏-SpI km[y-a-√. Hcp hyh-lm-c-tam, {Inan-\¬tItkm XpS¿∂p-t]mhp-∂Xv h¿j-ß-tfm-f-amWv.- AXns‚{][m\ ImcWw P\-kwJymh¿≤-\hpw tIm-SXn-Ifp-sS FÆ°p-dhpw-a‰pw BWv.- \nb-a-km-£-c-Xbv°pw \nb-a-k-lm-b-Øn\pw]pdta hnhn-[-X-eßfn¬ \oXn-\ymb X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\mbn G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ temIv-AZm-e-Øp-I-fmWv \nb-a-tk-h\ AtYm-dn-́ n-bpsS khn-tijamb {]h¿Ø\ taJ-e.temIv -A-Zm-e-Øns‚ -]-cn[nbn¬ Xmsg∏d-bp-∂-h hcp-∂p≠v:--˛1 GsX-¶nepw tImS-Xn-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ2. GsX-¶nepw tImS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬hcm-hp∂ X¿°-ßƒ3. \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-{]-Imcw tImºu≠vsNøm-hp∂ {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ

AZm-e-Øns‚ ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp tIkv FØp-∂Xv X¿°-Øn¬s∏´ GsX¶nepw I£n-bp-sStbm As√-¶n¬ Ccp-I-£n-I-fp-sSbpw- kwbp‡ At]£-bn≥-tatem AXp-a-s√-¶n¬tImS-Xn kzta-[bm Xo-cp-am-\n-®{]Im-ctam- BWv.-

temIv- A-Zm-e-Øn‚ \S-]-Sn-{Iaw hfsc efn-X-am-Wv. At]£e`n-®m¬ X¿°°£nIƒ°v kzoIm-cyhpw kwtbm-Pn-Xhpw cay-hp-amb ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v AZmeØv {iaw \S-Øpw. kmam-\y-\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw \oXn-]q¿Δ-I-amb ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw hnth-N\ _p≤n-bp-sSbpwASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv ]c-kv]c [mc-W-bn-eqsS Hcp Xocp-am-\Øn¬FØn-t®-cp-I. temIv AZm-e-Øns‚ Xo¿∏v {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´p-I-gn-™m¬ B Xo¿-∏n-\v- Hcp kn-hn¬- tImS-Xn- hn-[n-bp-sS aqeyhpw \n¿Δ-lW £a-Xbpw e`y-am-Ipw. tIm-SXn-Ifn¬- \n-ehn-ep-≈ tIkp-Iƒ-tem-Iv- AZm-eØn-eq-sS HØp-Xo¿-∂m¬- AS®n-´p-≈ tIm¿-´v- ô-kv-Xn-cn-sIIn-´pw.-

km£n-I-sfbpw lc-Pn -°m-scbpw hnfn -®p -h-cp -Øp-hm\pwkm∂n≤yw Dd-∏m-°m\pw tIm-SXn-Iƒ-°v - sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn°phm\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≈-Xp-t]mse temIv AZm-e-Øn\pw- CØcw

A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≠v.

103

s]¿a\‚ v temIv AZm-eØv

s]mXpPt\m-]-tbmK tkh\ taJ-e-I-fmb (1) {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v

k¿Δokv (hm-bp, Ic, Pew F∂nh aptJ-\-bp≈ k©m-chpw Nc°v

IS-Øpw), (2) t]mÃ¬, sSe-{Km-̂ v, sSen-t^m¨ k¿Δo-kv, (3) sshZyp-

Xn, shfn-®w, sh≈w F∂n-h-bpsS hnX-c-Ww, (4) s]mXpP\m-tcm-Ky-

kw-c-£-Whpw ipNo-I-c-W-hpw, (5) Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, Unkv]≥k-dn-

Iƒ Ch-bpsS tkh-\w, (6) C≥jp-d≥kv tkh\w F∂n-h-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1987-˛se eoK¬ k¿Δo-

kkv AtXm-dn-‰okv BIvSv, 2002-˛se eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn-

‰okv Aa‚ vsa‚ v BIvSv F∂nh {]Imcw ÿm]n-X-amb kwhn-[m-\-

amWv s]¿a-\‚ v temIv AZm-eØv (]n. F¬. F.). 25 e£w cq]-

bn¬ Xmsg aXn-∏p-XpI hcp∂ tkh-\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ X¿°-

ßƒ, at‰-sX-¶nepw tImS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\bv°v hcp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]v

s]¿a-\‚ v temIv AZm-e-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°mw. ]n.-F¬.F.-bn¬ ]cmXn

ka¿∏n-®m¬ B X¿°-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ I£nIƒ at‰-sX-¶nepw

tImSXnbn¬ {]kvXpX X¿°w D∂-bn-°m≥ ]mSn-√.

]n.-F¬.-F.-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ ]cmXn-I-fn¬, A\p-c-RvP\w km≤y-

am-Ip∂ X¿°-ßƒ D -̀b-I£n kΩ-X-{]-Imcw Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-Itbm

A\p-c-RvP\w km≤y-a-√msX hcp∂ X¿°-ß-f-n¬ IqSp-X¬ sXfn-

hp-Iƒ tiJcn®v Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p. ]n.-F¬.-F. ]pd-

s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ Xo¿∏p-Iƒ "Ahm¿Uv' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-

Sp∂Xv. C{]-Imcw ]m m-°p∂ Ahm¿Up-Iƒ A¥n-ahpw F√m

I£nIƒ°pw _m[-Ihpw tImSXn hn[n F∂ t]mse \S-∏m-t°-

≠Xpw a‰v tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ tNmZyw sNøm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.

tIc-f-Øn¬, \ne-hn¬ c≠v taJ-e-Ifn¬ ]n.-F¬.-F.bpsS

tkh\w e`y-am-Wv. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm√w, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ F∂o Pn√-

Iƒ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bmbn Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Bÿm-\-ambn 2006 apX¬

]n.-F¬.-F. {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Be-∏p-g, tIm´-bw, CSp-°n, Fd-

Wm-Ip-fw, Xr»q¿ F∂o Pn√-Iƒ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bm-bn-´p≈ Fd-Wm-

Ipfw taJ-e-bn¬ 2011-̨ ¬ ]n.-F¬.-F.ÿm]n-X-ambn {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-

`n-®n-´p-≠v. tIcf sslt°m-S-Xn-tbmSp tN¿∂p≈ sI´nS kap-®-b-

Øn-emWv Fd-Wm-Ipfw taJ-e-bnse ]n.-F¬.-F. {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

]me-°m-Sv, ae-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hb-\m-Sv, IÆq¿, Imk¿tKmUv

F∂o Pn√-Ifnse P\-ßƒ°v ]n.-F¬.F bpsS tkh\w e`y-am-°p-

∂-Xn-\mbn tImgn-t°mSv Bÿm-\-ambn ]n. F¬. F.- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-

Xn-\p≈ \S-]-SnIƒ \S∂ph-cn-I-bm-Wv.

104

18.- \nba ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßƒ

Hmtcm- \n-ba{]iv\-ßƒ°pw Hmtcm ]cn-lmcam¿§-ßƒ D≠v.

\nb-a-]-c-amb Hcp- Ah-Im-iw \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXns\mcp\nbam-\p-kr-X ]cn-lm-c-hp-ap-≠v. kzmX-{¥-k-aq-l-Øns‚ \o-Xn-\ym-bhy-hkv-Y Cu XXz-ØnemWv A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Cßs\\nba Ah-Imiw \jvS-s∏-´-h¿°v ]cn-lmcw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv\ΩpsS \m´n¬ knhn¬-˛-{In-an-\¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ°p-]p-dsa hyh-kmbX¿° {So_q-W-ep-Ifpw em‚ v{Sn-_y-q-W-ep-Ifpw tamt´m¿ BIvkn-U‚ v ss¢w {Sn--_y--q-W-ep-Ifpw hmSI\nb-{¥W tImS-Xn-Ifpwa‰pw

ÿm]n-®n-́ p-≈-Xv.

knhn¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ

knhn¬X¿° ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ°mbn kao-]n-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw

Xmsg°nS-bn-ep≈ tImS-Xn-I-fmWv ap≥kn^vvtImSXn-Iƒ. Hcp e£wcq]-bn¬Ihn-bmØ X¿°-ßƒ ap≥kn v̂tImS-Xn-bn¬ hcp-∂p.- sXm´papI-fn-embn k_v-˛-tIm-S-Xn-Ifpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-embn Pn√m tImS-Xn-Ifpw sslt°m-S-Xnbpw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

ap≥kn^vtImS-Xn-I-fpsS Xo¿-∏p-Ifn-t∑ep-≈ A∏o-ep-Ifpw Hcpe£w cq]bv°p-apI-fn-ep≈ kmº-Øn-I{]iv\-ßfpw k_vtIm-S-XnbmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.

{Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ

{Inan-\¬kz`m-h-ap≈ tIkp-Iƒ ]cn-K-W-\bv°p-hcp-∂Xv H∂mw

¢m v aPn-kvt{S´v tImS-Xn-bpsS ap≥]m-sI-bm-Wv. Pmaywe`n-°mØIp‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ°v Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°m\p≈ A[n-Im-chpw aPn-kvt{S-´n-\p-≠v. aq∂p-h¿jwhsc XShpw 5000 cq]hsc ]ngbpw am{Xta H∂mw-¢m v aPn-kvt{S-́ n\v A[n-Im-c-ap≈q. AXn-\p- sXm´p-ap-I-fn-emWv- No v̂PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S´v tImSXn. (kn.-sP.Fw tImS-Xn)- B tIm-SXn-°v ]c-am-h[n 7 h¿j-Øn-\p-Xmsg-bp≈ XShp-in£bpw AXn-cp-I-fn-√msX ]ngbpw hn[n-°p-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. aPn-kvt{S´v tImS-Xn-I-fpsS `c-W-]-c-amb \nb-{¥Ww kn.-sP.-Fw. tImS-Xn-°m-Wv. CXn-\p-]p-dsa Aknkv-‰‚ v skj≥-kv tImS-Xnbpw skj≥kv- tImS-Xnbpw\ne-hn-ep-≠v. aPn-kvt{S´v tImS-Xn-Ifn¬-\n-∂p-≈ A∏oepw skj≥kv

105

PUvPn°p- am{X-ambn hnNm-cW\S-Øp-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-s∏´ tIkp-IfpwCh-cpsS ]cn-K-W-\bv°p- hcp-∂p. CØcw tIkp-I-fn¬ Pmayw A\p-

h-Zn-°p-∂Xpw skj≥kv PUvPnXs∂.

IpSpw-_-tIm-SXn

1984se IpSpw-_-tIm-SXn \nb-a-{]-Imcw \ne-hn¬h∂ IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬ hnhmlkw_-‘-amb F√m tIkp-Ifpw ]cn-K-W-\bv-°p-hcp-∂p. Ahbv°p]pdsa hnhmlkw_-‘-ambn Db¿∂p-h-cp∂kzØpX¿°-ßfpw Cu tImS-Xn-bpsS A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p-≠v. tIkv ]cn-K-W-\bv°p-h∂m¬ Ccp-Iq-´scbpw hnfn®v Iu¨kn-e¿am-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS HØp-Xo¿∏n¬ FØn-°phm≥ {ian-°pw.

hnhmlkw_-‘-amb tIkp-I-fn¬ ap…owhnhmltamNnXkv{Xokw-c-£W \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ tIkp-Iƒ Xo¿∏pIev]n-°p-∂-Xn\vIpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ°v A[n-Im-c-an-√. IpSpw-_-tIm-SXn \ne-hn-en-√mØPn√-I-fn¬ \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂-co-Xn-bn¬ _‘-s∏´ tImS-Xn-bn¬

tIkp-Iƒ ^b¬-sNtø≠Xm-Wv.-

{Sn-_y-q-W-ep-Iƒ

tImS-Xn-Iƒ°p]pdsa hyXykvX \nb-a-{]-Imcw hml\m-]-IS

\jvS-]-cn-lmc {Sn_y-q-W-ep-Iƒ, hyh-kmb˛sXm-gn¬-X¿° {Sn_y-q-W-ep-Iƒ, D]-t`m‡r X¿° ]cn-lmc t^mdw,- em‚ v {Sn_y-q-W-ep-

Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh \ne-hn-ep-≠v.

sslt°mSXn

kn-hn¬-tIkp-Ifn¬- X¿-°kw-KXn- c≠p-e£w- cq-]bv-°p-ta¬- hn-

e]n-Sn-∏p-≈Xm-sW¶n¬- k_v-tIm-SXn-bp-sS hn-[n-bn-t∑¬- sslt°m-SXn-bn-em-Wv- A∏o¬- \¬-tI≠Xv.- {]m-[m-\y-tadn-b \n-ba{]iv-\ßfpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ Nn-e tIkp-Ifn¬- c≠mw- A∏o-ep-Ifpw- sslt°m-SXn-°v-ssIIm-cyw-sNømw.- {In-an-\¬- tIkp-Ifn¬- \n-bam-\p-kcWap-≈ GXp-in-£ hn-[n-°m-\p-≈ A[n-Im-chpw- sslt°m-SXn-°p-≠v.- 7 h¿-jØn-tesd Pbn¬-in-£ hn-[n-°p-∂ Akn-kv-‰‚ v- skj≥-kv- tIm-SXn- hn-[n-bn-t∑epw,- skj≥-kv- tIm-SXn-bp-sS in-£m-hn-[n-bn-t∑epw- A∏o-e[n-Im-cw- sslt°m-SXn-°m-Wv.- au-en-Im-hIm-iew-L\w,- \n-bam-\p-kcWam-b a‰p-]cn-lm-cam¿-§ßfn-√m-Ø Ahkv-Y F∂o- kμ¿-`ßfn¬- dn-́ p-l¿-Pn-Ifpw,- km-[m-cW tIm-SXn-If√m-Ø ss{S_yq-Wep-Ifp-sS hn-[n-bn-t∑¬- `cWLS\bp-sS 227˛mw- N´a\p-kcn-®p-≈ l¿-

Pn-Ifpw- sslt°m-SXn- ]cn-KWn-°p-∂p.-

106

kp{]owtImSXn

\ΩpsS cmPysØ ]c-tam-∂X \oXn-]o-T-amWv kp{]owtImS-Xn.

sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬\n-∂p≈ A∏o-ep-Ifpw dn´v l¿-Pn-Ifpw kp{]owtImSXn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. kp{]-[m-\-amb ̀ c-W-L-S\m{]iv\-ßfnepwauen-Im-h-Imi {]iv\-ß-fnepw as‰√m \nba]c-amb Imcy-ß-fnepwkp{]owtImS-Xn-bpsS Xo¿∏v A¥n-a-am-Wv.

\nb-a-]-c-ambn ]cn-lmcw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ta¬ kqNn-∏n® tImS-Xn-Iƒ°pw {Sn-_y-q-W-ep-Iƒ°pw]pdsa Xmeq°v eoK¬ k¿ΔokkvIΩn‰n Pn√m eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXm-dn´n,- sslt°m¿-´v- eo-K¬-k¿-Δo-kkv- IΩn-‰n,- kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXm-dn´n F∂n-h-sbbpw kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

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