journal of clinical microbiology · journalofclinicalmicrobiology volume17 * number1 * january1983...

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGYVOLUME 17 * NUMBER 1 * JANUARY 1983

Henry D. Isenberg, Editor-in-Chief (1984)Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center,

New Hyde Park, N. Y.

Herman Friedman, Editor (1985)College of Medicine

University of South FloridaTampa, Fla.

Michael R. McGinnis, Editor (1985)North Carolina Memorial Hospital

Chapel Hill, N.C.

Nathalie J. Schmidt, Editor (1985)California Department of Health,

Berkeley, Calif.

Peter B. Smith, Editor (1984)Centers for Disease Control,

Atlanta, Ga.

EDITORIAL BOARDLibero Ajello (1985) Joseph Guarneri (1984) MichaWilliam L. Albritton (1984) Ian D. Gust (1985) GlennStephen D. Allen (1984) James L. Hardy (1984) Jon E.Daniel Amsterdam (1983) Maurice W. Harmon (1985) ArthuiAnn M. Arvin (1984) George R. Healy (1983) R. S.Lawrence Ash (1983) Kenneth L. Herrmann (1985) Sally JArthur L. Barry (1984) Lillian V. lIoldeman (1985) R. BraBarry Beaty (1984) Milton Huppert (1984) Ira SalJohn E. Bennett (1985) Russell C. Johnson (1985) JuliusMerlin S. Bergdoll (1985) Ronald N. Jones (1984) JosephJennifer M. Best (1984) Wallace L. Jones (1983) AlexisE. L. Biberstein (1983) Anthony R. Kalica (1984) MauriM. J. Blaser (1984) John Kately (1983) PatriciVictor D. Bokkenhauser (1985) Leo Kaufman (1984) DavidEdward J. Bottone (1983) Douglas S. Kellogg (1984) MarceDon J. Brenner (1983) George E. Kenny (1985) MargaGeorge F. Brooks (1984) Mogens Kilian (1985) RoberlLeland E. Carmichael (1985) Wesley E. Kloos (1985) JamesWalter S. Ceglowski (1983) George P. Kubica (1985) StevenMax A. Chernesky (1985) Clete Kurtzman (1985) LeslieWallace A. Clyde, Jr. (1985) Geoffrey Land (1984) Roy MB. H. Cooper (1983) Walter J. Loesche (1985) DanielMarie B. Coyle (1984) Victor Lorian (1984) CharleGeorge Cukor (1984) James D. MacLowry (1983) JasonBurke A. Cunha (1985) William J. Martin (1983) PatriciRichard F. D'Amato (1983) Laurence R. McCarthy (1983) WeltorJules L. Dienstag (1983) Joseph E. McDade (1985) KenneSteven D. Douglas (1984) Jerry R. McGhee (1985) John IWalter R. Dowdle (1985) Joseph L. Melnick (1985) GraceW. E. Dunkelberg (1984) Thomas Mitchell (1984) ClydeStephen C. Edberg (1985) Josephine A. Morello (1984) RicharBennett L. Elisberg (1985) Stephen A. Morse (1983) S. TonRichard W. Emmons (1983) C. Wayne Moss (1983) Bent iMario R. Escobar (1983) Maurice A. Mufson (1983) GabriiRichard Facklam (1985) Brian R. Murphy (1985) AlexaiMary Jane Ferraro (1984) Robert D. Nelson (1983) I. KayPatricia Ferrieri (1983) Harold C. Neu (1985) KenneSydney M. Finegold (1985) Joseph V. Osterman (1985) JosephMaxwell Finland (1983) Demosthenes Pappagianis (1983) San-piJames Folds (1984) A. William Pasculle (1983) LawreMarianne Forsgren (1984) Jerold Penn (1983) TracyEarl H. Freimer (1984) John Penner (1984) HazelLynn S. Garcia (1983) M. John Pickett (1985) RoberThomas L. Gavan (1983) Allan C. Pier (1984) MarioW. Lance George (1984) Richard Polin (1983) WalteiGerald L. Gilardi (1983) Robert H. Purcell (1983) Kwei-]Robert C. Good (1985) Paul G. Quie (1983) G. N.Norman L. Goodman (1983) William E. Rawls (1983) RoberMonica Grandien (1984) Errol Reiss (1985)Dieter Groschel (1983) L. Barth Reller (1983)Peter A. Gross (1983) Shirley J. Richmond (1985)

Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications Board Walter G. Peter III, DireLinda M. lhlig, Managing Editor, Journals Paula R. Gerhardt, Pr

el Rinaldi (1984)D. Roberts (1983)

,. Rosenblatt (1983)r F. Rosenthal,(1985)Ross (1983)Jo Rubin (1983)adley Sack (1984)lkin (1984)Schachter (1983)h D. Schwartzman (1985)Shelokov (1985)ice C. Shepard (1985)a L. Shipley (1985)lM. Shlaes (1985)lino F. Sierra (1984)arita Silva-Hutner (1983)t M. Smibert II (1984)W. Smith (1983)

2 Specter (1983)Spence (1985)V. Stevens (1983)l P. Stites (1983)es W. Stratton (1984)Tanzer (1985)ia E. Taylor (1985)in I. Taylor (1983)eth W. Theil (1985)H. Thompson, Jr. (1983)M. Thorne (1985)Thornsberry (1983)rd C. Tilton (1984)ma (1985)Faber Vestergaard (1984)iel Virella (1983)nder von Graevenitz (1983)ye Wachsmuth (1984)eth W. Walls (1983)h L. Waner (1983)in Wang (1985)ence G. Wayne (1983)D. Wilkins (1984)Wilkinson (1983)rt P. Williams (1984)n E. Wilson (1983),r R. Wilson (1985)Hay Wong (1983)Woode (1985)rt H. Yolken (1984)

ector, Publicationsroduction Editor

The Journal of Clinical Microbiology (ISSN 0095-1137), a publication of the American Society for Microbiology, 1913 I St.,NW, Washington, DC 20006, is devoted to the dissemination of new knowledge concerning the applied microbiological aspects ofhuman and animal infections and infestations, particularly regarding their etiologic agents, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Papersdealing with antibiotics and antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, with fundamental aspects of infection and immunity, andwith food or dairy microbiology fall within the scope of other ASM publications. Instructions to authors are published in theJanuary issue each year, reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Office. The Journal is published monthly,and the twelve numbers are divided into two volumes per year. The nonmember subscription price is $145 per year; single copiesare $14. The member subscription price is $28 (foreign, $36 [surface rate]) per year; single copies are $7. Correspondence relatingto subscriptions, reprints, defective copies, availability of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition of submitted manuscripts,and general editorial matters should be directed to the ASM Publications Office, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006 (area 202833-9680).Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months after

publication of the issues; residents of all other countries must submit claims within 6 months of publication of the issues. Claimsfor issues missing because of failure to report an address change or for issues "missing from files" will not be allowed.

Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC 20006, and at additional mailing offices.POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Journal of Clinical Microbiology, ASM, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006.Made in the United States of America.Copyright © 1983, American Society for Microbiology. E]: l eMR tA . r-A tIf 4t oAll Rights Reserved.The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article

may be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that thecopier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, for copyingbeyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds ofcopying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, orfor resale.

Author IndexAlbert, M. John, 162Appelbaum, Peter C., 48

Bahner, Don R., 55Barksdale, Byron L., 106Beckwith, David G., 48Benes, Solomon, 68Bishop, Ruth F., 162Bohnhoff, Marjorie, 85Bottone, Edward J., 63Brenner, Don J., 128Brooks, F. Lynn, 139Broster, M. G., 41Brown, A., 112Brown, Dustin R., 60Bucher, Candid, 16

Cheasty, Tom, 109Cleary, Timothy J., 155Corey, Lawrence, 92

Davis, James R., 79DeForge, Isobel, 35de Swert, L., 165Dickinson, Gordon M., 155Dipersio, Joseph R., 48Dyke, John W., 48

Elder, E. M., 112Elliott, L. Bruce, 106Erikson, Eric, 79Estevez, E. G., 160

Falkiner, Frederick R., 159Farmer, J. J., III, 172Feeley, James C., 128Fralish, F. Anne, 122

Gary, Edith, 100Gay, Robert M., 168Gemski, Peter, 128Gerber, Michael A., 170Goldstein, Lynn C., 92Gross, Roger J., 109

Helms, Charles M., 146Hickman-Brenner, F. W., 172Huber, Thomas W., 106

Ito, Teruyo, 7

Jacob, Annamma J., 149Jagger, Kathleen Snell, 55Janda, William M., 85Johnson, William, 146Jones, John C., 122

Kay, Bradford A., 128Keane, Conor T., 159Keller, David C., 168Kelly, Niamh M., 159Knight, R. G., 97Kuwahara, Shogo, 7

Lane, Timothy W., 168Lawrence, Andrew J., 13Lemmens, P., 165Lerner, Stephen A., 85Levine, Judith A., 160Levy, Nancy J., 68Lyerly, David M., 72

Madden, David L., 52, 149Martin, K. L., 41Mathewson, John J., 139Maupin, Peggy S., 35McCormack, William M., 68McGinnis, Michael R., 155Morello, Josephine A., 85Morse, Dale, 35Musher, Daniel M., 143

Naot, Y., 112Nerurkar, Lata S., 149Neumann, P. W., 28Ngeow, Yun F., 1Nowinski, Robert C., 92

Paavonen, Jorma, 22Parsons, Linda Malmberg, 35Paton, James C., 13Peterson, Eric, 92Phillips, A. P., 41Przybyszewski, Vincent A., 100Puthucheary, Savithri D., 1

Regional Centers for Salmonellatyphi Bacteriophage Typing inthe United States, 172

Remington, J. S., 112Renner, E. D., 146Ressel, Stephen J., 122Root, Timothy, 35Rowe, Bernard, 109

Saikku, Pekka, 22Salventi, John F., 48Sanderson, Tamara, 155Sandstrom, Robert E., 60Schmidt, Ortwin W., 92Sever, John L., 52, 149Shann, Frank A., 162Shayegani, Mehdi, 35Shekarchi, Isabel C., 52Shipp, Christine R., 109Shlaes, D. M., 97Shonnard, J., 112Simpson, Russell B., 139Stager, Charles E., 79Stauffer, Larry R., 60Steven, Ian M., 13Stone, Larry L., 48Sullivan, Nadine M., 72

Taylor, Roger N., 100Tenser, Richard B., 122Thomas, Linda V., 109Truant, Allan L., 106Tseng, C. H., 146Tzan, Nancy R., 52

Vaananen, Pertti, 22Vaheri, Antti, 22Vandepitte, J., 165von Graevenitz, Alexander, 16

Wachsmuth, Kaye, 128Wallace, Richard J., Jr., 143Wang, Chee W., 1Warren, J., 160Warren, Richard L., 55Weber, J. M., 28Wilkins, Tracy D., 72

Quan, Thomas J., 128 Yokota, Takeshi, 7

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 1983

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

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ScopeThe Journal ofClinical Microbiology is devot-

ed to the dissemination of new knowledge con-cerning the microbiological aspects of humanand animal infections and infestations, particu-larly their etiological agents, diagnosis, andepidemiology. Case reports will be considered ifthey are novel, add to existing knowledge, andare oriented toward microbiology. Manuscriptswhich describe the "normal" microbiota of hu-mans which in turn become involved in diseaseproduction or complication, or manuscriptsdealing with the interactions of hospitalized pa-tients and the microbial environment of thehospital, may also be submitted for consider-ation.ASM publishes a number of different journals

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disease; (b) that are concerned with qualitycontrol procedures for diffusion, elution, or dilu-tion tests for determining susceptibilities to anti-microbial agents in clinical laboratories; and (c)that deal with applications of commercially pre-pared tests or kits to assays performed in clinicallaboratories to measure the activities of estab-lished antimicrobial agents or their concentra-tions in body fluids. Manuscripts on all otheraspects of antimicrobial, antiparasitic, or anti-cancer agents, including reports concerned withdevelopment or modification of assay methodsand validation of their sensitivity and specificity,will be considered for publication in Antimicro-bial Agents and Chemotherapy.

(ii) The Journal of Clinical Microbiology willconsider manuscripts dealing with the isolationor identification of viral agents from human andanimal diseases and with immunological diagno-sis of viral diseases. In addition, epidemiologicalstudies of viral diseases or those involving theuse of phages as a typing system or to identifybacteria will be considered. However, papers onthe biology of bacteriophages and other virusesare more appropriate for the Journal of Virolo-gy-

(iii) Reports of clinical microbiology investi-gations or studies of the hospital population andthe environment as they relate to nosocomialinfections should be submitted to the Journal ofClinical Microbiology. Manuscripts dealing withecology or environmental studies, or with appli-cation of microorganisms to agricultural or in-dustrial processes, are more appropriate forApplied and Environmental Microbiology.

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Regular PapersRegular full-length papers include the ele-

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Title. Each manuscript should present theresults of an independent, cohesive study; thus,numbered series titles are not permitted. Exer-cise care in composing a title. Avoid the main-title/subtitle arrangement.On the title page include: title, running title

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Introduction. The introduction should supplysufficient background information to allow thereader to understand and evaluate the results ofthe present study without needing to refer toprevious publications on the topic. The intro-duction should also provide the rationale for thepresent study. Choose references carefully toprovide the most salient background rather thanan exhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. The Materials andMethods section must include sufficient techni-cal information so that the experiments can berepeated. For commonly used materials andmethods (e.g., commonly used media, proteindeterminations), a simple reference or specifi-cally recommended product or procedure is suf-ficient. If several alternative methodologies arecommonly employed, it is useful to identify themethod briefly as well as to cite the reference.For example, it is preferable to state "cells werebroken by ultrasonic treatment as previouslydescribed (9)" rather than to state "cells werebroken as previously described (9)." You shouldallow the reader to assess the methodologywithout constant reference to previous publica-tions. Describe new methods completely, andgive sources of unusual chemicals, reagents,equipment, or microbial strains. When largenumbers of microbial strains or mutants are usedin a study, include strain tables identifying thesources and properties of the strains, mutants,bacteriophages, plasmids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of

several experiments reported in the papershould be described in the Results section or, ifbrief enough, may be included in a table footnoteor figure legend.

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. .


bles in the order in which they are cited in thetext, and be sure to cite all figures and tables.

Discussion. The Discussion section shouldprovide an interpretation of the results in rela-tion to previously published work and to theexperimental system at hand. It should not con-tain extensive repetition of the Results sectionor reiteration of the introduction. In short pa-pers, the Results and Discussion sections maybe combined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments for fi-nancial assistance and for personal assistanceshould be given in two separate paragraphs. Theusual format for acknowledgment of grant sup-port is as follows: "This work was supported byPublic Health Service grant CA-01234 from theNational Cancer Institute."

Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain sup-plementary material to aid the reader, are per-mitted. Titles, authors, and Literature Citedsections that are distinct from those of theprimary article are not allowed. If it is notfeasible to list the author(s) of the appendix inthe by-line or the Acknowledgment section ofthe primary article, rewrite the appendix so thatit can be considered for publication as an inde-pendent article, either full length or Note style.

Literature Cited. Arrange the Literature Citedsection in alphabetical order, by first author, andnumber consecutively. (Abbreviate journalnames according to the Bibliographic Guide forEditors & Authors, American Chemical Society,1974, or Serial Sources for the BIOSIS DataBase, BioSciences Information Service, 1981.)Cite each listed reference by number in the text.The following types of references are not valid

for listing: unpublished data, personal communi-cations, manuscripts in preparation, manu-scripts submitted, "in press" references,pamphlets, abstracts, patents, theses, disserta-tions, and material that has not been subjectedto peer review. References to such sourcesshould be made parenthetically in the text. An"in press" reference to an ASM publicationshould state the control number (e.g., JCM 123)or the name of the publication, if it is a book.

Follow the styles shown in the examples be-low.1. Agger, W. A., and D. G. Maki. 1978. Efficacy of

direct Gram stain in differentiating staphylococcifrom streptococci in blood cultures positive forgram-positive cocci. J. Clin. Microbiol. 7:111-113.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, andR. E. Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements forenzyme inhibition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbiology-1977.

American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

3. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H.Spaulding. 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobicbacteriology. Coordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd.American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

4. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radio-immunoassay, p. 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H.Friedman (ed.), Manual of clinical immunology.American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order lI. Cytophagalesnomen novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E.Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinativebacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co.,Baltimore.

6. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genet-ics, p. 352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

7. Sacks, L. E. 1973. Influence of intra- and extracel-lular cations on the germination of bacterial spores,p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, andL. L. Campbell (ed.), Spores V. American Societyfor Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

Parenthetical references in the text should becited as follows:. . . and protects the organisms against oxygentoxicity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed.Proc. 35:1686, 1976).. . . system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun., in press).. . . in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D.thesis, University of California, Los Angeles,1972).. . . in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer andC. W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1976, K15, p. 139).

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length

papers. They receive the same review, they arenot published more rapidly than full-length pa-pers, and they are not considered preliminarycommunications. The Note format is intendedfor the presentation of brief observations that donot warrant full-length papers. However, Notesshould contain firm data; observations alone arenot acceptable.Each Note must have an abstract of no more

than 50 words. No section headings are used inthe body of the Note, and methods, results, anddiscussion are combined. The text should notexceed 1,000 words, and the number of figuresand tables should be kept to a minimum. Ac-knowledgments should be presented as in full-length papers, but no separate heading is used.The Literature Cited section is identical to thatof full-length papers.

iV


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PhotographsWhen submitting electron micrographs, pho-

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Color photographs are discouraged. Howev-er, if they are necessary, include three copies sothat a cost estimate for printing may be ob-tained. The cost of printing color photographsmust be borne by the author.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other

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of numbers with exponents. Usually, it is prefer-able to use the appropriate SI symbols (,u for10-6, m for 10-3, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). Acomplete listing of SI symbols can be found inthe International Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of Symbols andTerminology for Physicochemical Quantitiesand Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figureordinate should be made by the number 20,accompanied by the label kcpm.When powers of 10 must be employed, the

editorial style of the Journal follows the CBEStyle Manual recommendation, which differs

from the conventions used by several otherjournals. The CBE Style Manual suggests thatthe exponent power be associated with numbershown. In representing 2 x 107 cells per ml, thecorrect designation would be 2, labeled as 107cells per ml, not cells per ml x 10-7. Likewise,an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml would be shownas 6, accompanied by the label 10-2 U/ml. Thepreferred designation would be 60, labeled asmunits (or milliunits) per ml.

Figure LegendsFigure legends may be placed beneath the

photocopy of a drawing for the convenience ofreviewers. (In addition, however, a complete setof photographs or drawings, with legends onseparate pages, must accompany each copy ofthe manuscript.) Legends should provideenough information so that the figure is under-standable without frequent reference to the text.However, do not repeat experimental methodsin the legend. Define all symbols and abbrevia-tions used in the figure. Common abbreviationsand others used frequently in the preceding textneed not be redefined in the legend.TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange

the data so that columns of like material readdown, not across. The headings should be suffi-ciently clear so that the meaning of the data willbe understandable without reference to the text.See the Abbreviations section of these instruc-tions for those that should be used in tables.Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, but moreextensive table "legends" are not. Footnotesshould not include detailed descriptions of theexperiment. A well-constructed table is shownbelow:

TABLE 1. Correlation between detection of V-Zviral antibody by neutralization and by EIA and

IAHAa

Sera with V-Zneutralizing antibody:

Antibody CorrelationPositive Negative (%)(53)b (68)

EIAPositive 50 4Negative 3 64

IAHAPositivec 37 0 87Negative 16 68

a Sera from individuals without evidence of a cur-rent V-Z virus infection.

b Titer .1:4. Parentheses indicate number of sera.c Titer -1:8.

v


Camera-Ready CopyDrawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc.,

that can be photographically reproduced forpublication without further typesetting orartwork are referred to as "camera ready."Such copy may also be prepared for complicatedmathematical or physical formulas, portions ofgenetic maps, diagrams, and flow schemes. Itshould not be hand lettered. Camera-ready copymust be carefully prepared to conform with thestyle of the Journal. The advantage to submittingcamera-ready copy is that the material will ap-pear exactly as envisioned by the author, and nosecond proofreading is necessary. This is partic-ularly advantageous when there are long, com-plicated tables and when the division of materialand spacing are important.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of

chemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts(Chemical Abstract Service, Ohio State Univer-sity, Columbus) and its indexes. For biochemi-cal terminology, including abbreviations andsymbols, consult the following: InternationalUnion of Biochemistry Biochemical Nomencla-ture and Related Documents (1978; reprinted forThe Biochemical Society, London, England),instructions to authors of the Journal ofBiolog-ical Chemistry and Archives of Biochemistryand Biophysics (first issues of each year), andthe Handbook of Biochemistry and MolecularBiology (G. D. Fasman, ed., 3rd ed., CRCPress, Inc., 1976).Do not express molecular weights in daltons;

molecular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecularmass is expressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial)

name assigned by the Nomenclature Committeeof the International Union of Biochemistry asdescribed in Enzyme Nomenclature 1978 (Aca-demic Press, Inc., 1979). If a nonrecommendedname is used, place the proper (trivial) name inparentheses at first use in the abstract and text.Use the EC number when it has been assigned,and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of ",umol/min."

DrugsWhenever possible, use generic names of

drugs; the use of trade names is not permitted.

Nomenclature of MicroorganismsBinary names consisting of a generic name

and a specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli)must be used for all microorganisms. Names of

higher categories may be used alone, but aspecific epithet must be preceded by a genericname the first time it is used in a paper. Thereaf-ter, the generic name should be abbreviated tothe initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), providedthere can be no confusion with other generaused in the paper. Names of all taxa (phyla [forfungi, divisions], classes, orders, families, gen-era, species, subspecies) are printed in italics;strain designations and numbers are not.

In general, the nomenclature of bacteriashould follow that presented in Bergey's Manualof Determinative Bacteriology (8th ed., TheWilliams & Wilkins Co., 1974). If an authorwishes to challenge this nomenclature, his judg-ment will be followed, but the name given inBergey's Manual should follow in parenthesesthe first time the name is used in both the textand the abstract.

It is recommended that a strain be depositedin a recognized culture collection when thatstrain is necessary for the description of a newtaxon (see Bacteriological Code, 1975 Revision,American Society for Microbiology, 1975).

Since the classification of fungi is so far fromcomplete, it is the responsibility of the author todetermine the currently accepted binomial for agiven yeast or mold. Some sources for thespelling of these names include The Yeasts (J.Lodder, ed., North-Holland Publishing Co.,1970) and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary ofthe Fungi, Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (Com-monwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey,England, 1971).Names used for viruses should be those ap-

proved by the International Committee on Tax-onomy of Viruses (ICTV) and published in the3rd Report of the ICTV Classification and No-menclature of Viruses, Intervirology, vol. 12,no. 3-5, 1979. If desired, synonyms may beadded parenthetically when the name is firstmentioned. Approved generic (or group) andfamily names may also be used.When a study includes a series of microorga-

nisms, viruses, or plasmids, they should begiven strain designations consisting of lettersand serial numbers. It is generally advisable toinclude a worker's initials or a descriptive sym-bol of locale, laboratory, etc., in the designation.Each new strain, mutant, isolate, or derivativeshould be given a new (serial) designation. Sucha designation should be distinct from those ofthe genotype and phenotype, and italicized ge-notypic and phenotypic symbols should not beincluded.

Genetic NomenclatureBacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria

are described in terms of phenotypes and geno-types. The phenotypic designation describes the

Vi


observable properties of an organism. The geno-type refers to the genetic constitution of anorganism, usually in reference to some standardwild type. Use the recommendations of De-merec et al. (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966) as a guidein employing these terms. If your manuscriptcontains information including genetic nomen-clature, please refer to the Instructions to Au-thors in the January issue of the Journal ofBacteriology."Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the

distinction between a mutation (an alteration ofthe primary sequence of the genetic material)and a mutant (a strain carrying one or moremutations). One may speak about the mappingof a mutation, but one cannot map a mutant.Likewise, a mutant has no genetic locus-only aphenotype.

Viruses. The rules for genetic nomenclature ofviruses (bacteriophages) differ from those forbacteria. In most instances, viruses have nophenotype, since they have no metabolism out-side host cells. Therefore, distinctions betweenphenotype and genotype cannot be made. Su-perscripts are employed to indicate hybrid ge-nomes. Genetic symbols may be one, two, orthree letters.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Verb TenseUse the past tense in referring to results

recorded in the present paper. Use the presenttense in discussing previously established find-ings and generally accepted phenomena.

AbbreviationsIt is strongly recommended that all abbrevia-

tions except those listed below be introduced inthe first paragraph in Materials and Methods.Alternatively, define each abbreviation and in-troduce it in parentheses the first time it is used;e.g., "Cultures were grown in Eagle minimalessential medium (MEM)." Generally, eliminateabbreviations that are not used at least five timesin the text (including tables and figure legends).Abbreviations should be used primarily as an aidto the reader, rather than as a convenience forthe author, and therefore their use should belimited. Abbreviations other than those recom-mended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical No-menclature and Related Documents, 1978)should be used only when a case can be made fornecessity, such as in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or toparaphrase a long word after its first use (e.g.,"the drug," "the substrate"). Standard chemi-cal symbols, numerical multiples (e.g., Me2SOfor dimethyl sulfoxide), and trivial names or

their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighbor-ing text.

In addition to abbreviations for standard unitsof measurement and chemical symbols of theelements, the following should be used withoutdefinition in the title, abstract, text, figure leg-ends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid);cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucle-ic acid); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyri-bonuclease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA(messenger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP,ADP, ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc. (for the respective5' phosphates of adenosine or other nucleo-sides); 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and 5'-AMP (the 2'-,3'-, and 5'-, when needed for contrast, phos-phates of the nucleosides); NAD+ (nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH (nico-tinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate);NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidephosphate, reduced); Pi (orthophosphate); PP,(pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU(plaque-forming units); CFU (colony-formingunits); Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminometh-ane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); and EDTA(ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Abbreviationsfor cell lines (e.g., HeLa cells) also need not bedefined.The following abbreviations should be used

without definition in tables:amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)prepn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)expt (experiment)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular weight)no. (number)

SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

Reporting Numerical DataStandard metric units are used for reporting

length, weight, and volume. For these units andfor molarity, use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p (for10-1,10-6,10-9, and 10-12, respectively). Like-wise, use the prefix k (for 103). Avoid compoundprefixes such as m, or ,u,u. Use ,ug/ml or ,ug/g inplace of the ambiguous ppm. Units of tempera-ture are presented as follows: 37°C or 324 K.When fractions are used to express units such

as enzymatic activities, it is preferable to usewhole units, such as g or min, in the denomina-tor instead of fractional or multiple units such as,ug or 10 min. For example, "pmol/min" wouldbe preferable to "pmol/10 min," and ",umol/g"would be preferable to "nmolV,g." It is alsopreferable that an unambiguous form such as the

.ii


exponential notation be used in place of multipleslashes; for example, ",umol g-1 min-m" ispreferable to ",umol/g per min."

See the CBE Style Manual, 4th ed., for moredetailed information regarding the reporting ofnumbers. Also contained in this source is infor-mation on the appropriate SI units to be used forreporting illumination, energy, frequency, andother physical terms. Always report numericaldata in the appropriate SI unit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, the labeling is indicated

in the chemical formula (e.g., 14CO2, 3H20,H235S04). Brackets are not employed when theisotopic symbol is attached to a word that is nota specific chemical name (e.g., 131'-labeled pro-tein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).

For specific chemicals, the symbol for theisotope introduced is placed in square bracketsdirectly preceding the part of the name thatdescribes the labeled entity. Note that config-uration symbols and modifiers precede the iso-topic symbol. The following examples illustratecorrect usage:

["4C]ureaL-[methyl-'4C]methionine[2,3-3H]serine[ax-'4C]lysine[y-32P]ATP

UDP-[U-14ClglucoseE. coli [32P]DNAfructose 1,6-[1-32P]bis-

phosphate

This journal follows the same conventions forisotopic labeling as the Journal of BiologicalChemistry, and more detailed information can

be found in the instructions to authors of thatjournal (first issue of each year).

viii

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