journal of clinical...

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGYVOLUME 30 JANUARY 1992 NUMBER 1

Richard C. Tilton, Editor in Chief (1994)North American Laboratory Group, Ltd.New Britain, Conn.Richard F. D'Amato, Editor (1992)The Catholic Medical Center ofBrooklyn and Queens, Inc.

Jamaica, N. Y.

Steven D. Douglas, Editor (1993)Children's Hospital ofPhiladelphiaPhiladelphia, Pa.Patrick R. Murray, Editor (1994)Washington University School ofMedicine

St. Louis, Mo.Ira F. Salkin, Editor (1995)N. Y. State Department of HealthAlbany, N. Y.

Joseph L. Staneck, Editor (1994)University HospitalCincinnati, OhioFred C. Tenover, Editor (1994)Centers for Disease ControlAtlanta, Ga.

EDITORIAL BOARDDonald G. Ahearn (1993)Libero Ajello (1992)William L. Albritton (1993)Daniel Amsterdam (1994)Peter Appelbaum (1994)Michael Ascher (1992)Lawrence R. Ash (1992)Alan G. Barbour (1992)EUlen Jo Baron (1994)Arthur L. Barry (1993)Vickie S. Baselski (1994)Barry J. Beaty (1993)M. J. Blaser (1993)Barbara Body (1992)Victor D. Bokkenhauser (1994)Carol A. Bolin (1993)William Bonnez (1994)Alexander Borczyk (1992)Patrick J. Brennan (1993)Don J. Brenner (1992)Kenneth Bromberg (1994)George F. Brooks (1993)Arnold Brown (1993)Kay Buchanan (1993)Joseph M. Campos (1992)Roberta B. Carey (1994)Walter S. Ceglowski (1993)H. Fred Clark (1994)Dennis J. Cleri (1993)Richard W. Cone (1992)Chester R. Cooper (1994)Alan L. Coykendall (1992)Jack T. Crawford (1993)George Cukor (1993)Dennis Dixon (1994)Sam T. Donta (1992)Edward J. Duboui (1994)Paul H. Edelstein (1994)John A. Elliott (1994)Mario R. Escobar (1992)J. J. Farmer III (1992)Paul M. Feorino (1993)

Mary Jane Ferraro (1993)Patricia Ferrieri (1992)Marianne Forsgren (1993)Lynn S. Garcia (1992)Michael A. Gerber (1993)Mary J. Gilchrist (1993)Monica Grandien (1993)Larry D. Gray (1993)Harry Greenberg (1993)Peter A. Gross (1992)Joseph J. Guarneri (1993)Ian D. Gust (1994)Margaret R. Hammerschlag (1993)Maurice W. Harmon (1994)William J. Hausler (1992)George R. Healy (1992)Nancy K. Henry (1994)John E. Herrmann (1992)Kenneth L. Herrmann (1994)Dwight C. Hirsh (1992)Rick Hodinka (1992)Barry Holmes (1994)Russell C. Johnson (1994)Wendy M. Johnson (1994)Ronald N. Jones (1993)James H. Jorgensen (1994)Naynesh Kamani (1993)Raymond L. Kaplan (1993)Neil E. Kay (1994)George E. Kenny (1994)Pamela C. Kibsey (1994)Mogens Kilian (1994)Wesley E. Kloos (1994)Peter J. Krause (1993)Geoffrey A. Land (1993)Alan Landay (1994)Paul Lehmann (1992)Phyllis A. Leist (1993)Walter J. Loesche (1994)James D. MacLowry (1992)Louis Magnarelli (1992)James B. Mahoney (1994)

Kenneth H. Mayer (1994)Leonard W. Mayer (1993)Dennis J. McCance (1994)Kenneth McClatchy (1992)Joseph E. McDade (1994)Patrick L. McDonough (1993)Geoffrey A. McKinley (1994)John C. McKitrick (1993)James C. McLaughlin (1993)Patricia Mickelsen (1992)Roger H. Miller (1994)Lillian V. H. Moore (1994)Josephine A. Morello (1993)Stephen A. Morse (1992)Maurice A. Mufson (1992)Brian R. Murphy (1994)Irving Nachamkin (1994)Cynthia Needham (1993)Marguerite A. Neil (1993)David E. Normansell (1994)Paul A. Offit (1992)Andrew B. Onderdonk (1992)Joseph V. Osterman (1994)Timothy L. Overman (1994)Andrew Pachner (1993)Demosthenes Pappagianis (1992)Charlotte D. Parker (1992)A. William Pasculle (1992)John L. Penner (1993)David H. Persing (1992)Edward Pesanti (1994)Stephen R. Petteway, Jr. (1993)Marie T. Pezzlo (1992)Michael A. Pfaller (1993)M. John Pickett (1994)Leon N. D. Potgieter (1994)Lucille E. Rasmussen (1994)Jack S. Remington (1992)Michael Rinaldi (1994)W. Gerard Robey (1994)Barbara Robinson (1992)Frank G. Rodgers (1993)

Richard F. Ross (1992)Steve Rowell (1992)Lorry G. Rubin (1993)Kathryn L. Ruoff (1993)Raymond W. Ryan (1994)Eugene W. Rypka (1992)R. Bradley Sack (1993)Daniel F. Sahm (1993)Paul C. Schreckenberger (1993)Joseph D. Schwartzman (1994)Emmett B. Shotts, Jr. (1992)Salman Siddiqi (1992)Lynne Sigler (1994)Stephen A. Spector (1994)Paul E. Steele (1994)Charles W. Stratton (1993)Nancy A. Strockbine (1994)Terrence L. StuUl (1994)Richard Summerbell (1994)Ela M. Swierkosz (1993)Phillip Tarr (1994)Patricia E. Taylor (1994)Kenneth W. Theil (1994)Grace M. Thorne (1994)Clyde Thornsberry (1992)Thomas J. TinghiteUla (1994)Bent Faber Vestergaard (1993)Alexander von Graevenitz (1992)I. Kaye Wachsmuth (1993)Kenneth W. Walls (1992)Thomas J. Walsh (1994)Joseph L. Waner (1992)Lawrence G. Wayne (1992)Melvin P. Weinstein (1992)Robert W. Wilmott (1994)Alec E. Wittek (1992)Kwei-Hay Wong (1992)G. N. Woode (1994)Charles H. Zierdt (1994)Steven Zuckerman (1994)

Barbara H. Iglewski, Chairman, Publications BoardLinda M. Illig, Director, Journals Pamela Wilks, Production Editor

The Journal of Clinical Microbiology, a publication of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC20005-4171, is devoted to the dissemination of new knowledge concerning the applied microbiological aspects of human and animal infections and infestations,particularly regarding their etiologic agents, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Papers dealing with antibiotics and antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, withfundamental aspects of infection and immunity, and with food or dairy microbiology fall within the scope of other ASM publications. Instructions to authors arepublished in the January issue each year; reprints are available from the editors and the Journals Division. The Journal is published monthly, one volume per year.The nonmember subscription prices are $250 (U.S.), $268 (Canada), and $294 (other countries; air drop shipping) per year; single copies are $42.80 (Canada) and$40 (U.S. and other countries). The member subscription prices are $46 (U.S.), $49 (Canada), and $77 (other countries; air drop shipping); single copies are $10.70(Canada) and $10 (U.S. and other countries). Correspondence relating to subscriptions, defective copies, missing issues, and availability of back issues shouldbe directed to the Subscriptions Department, ASM; correspondence relating to reprint orders should be directed to the Publication Sales Department, ASM; andcorrespondence relating to disposition of submitted manuscripts, proofs, and general editorial matters should be directed to the Journals Division, AmericanSociety for Microbiology, 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171. Phone: (202) 737-3600.Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months after publication of the issues; residentsof all other countries must submit claims within 6 months of publication of the issues. Claims for issues missing because of failure to report an address changeor for issues "missing from files" will not be allowed.Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC 20005, and at additional mailing offices.POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Journal of Clinical Microbiology, ASM, 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171.Made in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper.Copyright © 1992, American Society for Microbiology. ISSN: 0095-1137 CODEN: JCMIDWAll Rights Reserved. l *: {l(fiMr'l5Ait'1 wt ;Ifr1!;O I.

The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article may be made for personal useor for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright ClearanceCenter, Inc., 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does notextend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.

Author IndexAchacha, Maamar, 249Ackermann, Mathias, 1Alam, Munirul, 219Albert, M. John, 207Anderson, G. L., 149Anderson, Stephanie A., 126Arakere, Gayathri, 154Arista, Serenella, 9Asche, Valerie, 207Atlas, R. M., 74

Bale, M. J., 225Beighton, David, 243Bej, A. K., 74Bell, Molly, 115Bibb, William F., 132, 154Bocklage, H., 229Boswell, R. Neal, 126Bowman, Dwight D., 17Brandt, Carl D., 36Brawner, Diane L., 149Brenner, Don J., 132Broome, Claire V., 132, 154Browning, G. F., 59Brussow, Harald, 9, 67Burette, Alain, 176Butzler, Jean-Paul, 176Byrne, Robert E., 115

Campbell, I., 59Carlone, George M., 154Carstens, Julie M., 25Chalmers, R. M., 59Chapman, Nora M., 25Clayton, C. L., 192Coates, P. J., 192Collin, Sheila F., 132Colwell, R. R., 219Corley, K. T. T., 59Cousins, Debra V., 255Czeglddy, J., 233Czinn, Steven J., 96

Dawson, Marilyn S., 245DeWitt, Wallis E., 154Dock, Nancy L., 185Donatelli, Janice, 138

Ehrlich, Garth D., 185Eichhorn, Werner, 67Erwin, M. E., 225Ewan, P., 93Ewing, S. A., 143

Ferrer, Jorge F., 185Fitzgerald, T. A., 59Flores, Jorge, 9Forsman, M., 172Fox, J. C., 143Francis, Barry R., 255Frasch, Carl E., 154Fraser, Hazel Y., 243

Galama, J. M. D., 160Gauntt, Charles J., 25Gellin, Bruce G., 132

Gergely, L., 233Gerlach, E. H., 225Gerna, Giuseppe, 9, 67Gheesling, Linda L., 154Glupczynski, Youri, 176Goldmann, Donald A., 138Goossens, Herman, 176Gow, Beth L., 255Gudipati, Suhasini, 96Guolong, Liu, 181

Hamasaki, Shin-Ichiroh, 240Hammar, Marten, 54Hardie, Jeremy M., 243Harrell, Lizzie J., 63Hayashidani, Hideki, 240Heesemann, J., 229Helsel, Leta O., 132, 154Hendrix, Craig W., 126Hennessy, Joan, 207Herzog, Keith D., 36Hinberg, Irwin, 138Holmes, Ian H., 85Hosein, Ian K., 252Hoshino, Yasutaka, 9Hu, Wensi S., 245Huang, Jin-An, 85Huq, Anwarul, 219Hussain, Z., 93

linuma, Yumiko, 240

Jackson, Dee, 222Jacobson, Richard H., 17Jahn, G., 201Jakubowski, W., 74Jambroes, G., 160Jicong, Wu, 181Jingchuan, Wu, 181Johnson, James E., 216Jones, R. N., 225Josephs, Shelby H., 36

Kanda, Patrick, 126Kaneko, Ken-Ichi, 240Karch, H., 229Kennedy, Ronald C., 126Kihm, Ueli, 1Kleanthous, H., 192Knapp, Cynthia C., 214Kodsy, Salma, 237Kolmel, H. W., 229Koontz, F. P., 225Kopecka, H., 160Kreiswirth, B., 41Kusters, J. G., 79

Lange, R., 229Lannigan, R., 93Lariviere, Serge, 46Larson, Doris, 115Laska, Sharon, 115Leach, Amanda, 207Lin, Dah-Sheng, 17Lo, Shyh-Ching, 245Louie, M., 41

Low, D. E., 41

MacLowry, James D., 252Macone, Ann, 138Madan, Elio, 96Madore, Dace, 154Mahbubani, M. H., 74Malole, M. B., 143Melchers, W. J. G., 160Merz, Cindy S., 237Merz, William G., 237Messier, Serge, 249Mettraux, Christianne, 1Midkiff, Bentley R., 96Miller, J. M., 123Miranda, Paola, 9Mirrett, Stanley, 63Mishankin, B. N., 172Morgan, D. D., 192Murray, P. R., 225

Nagesha, Hadya S., 85Nakagomi, Osamu, 67Nanji, Amin, 138Ndon, John A., 211Nkya, Watoky M. M. M., 126

Ofori, E., 93Ogawa, Masuo, 240O'Hara, C. M., 123O'Toole, Paul W., 54

Parea, Maurizio, 9Parrott, Robert H., 36Parveen, Salina, 219Pasaribu, Farian H., 143Patel, M., 41Pavlovich, N. V., 172Penner, John L., 207Perlin, M. H., 74Phillips, Jack, 115Phipps, Donna, 154Picken, Roger N., 99Pinner, Robert W., 132Plachter, B., 201Plikaytis, Brian D., 154Poiesz, Bernard J., 185P6ka, R., 233Poon, Raymond, 138

Qiang, Chen, 181Quataert, Sally, 154

Rakusan, Tamara A., 36Redfield, Robert R., 126Reeves, Michael W., 132Reller, L. Barth, 63Rhoden, D. L., 123Rihs, John D., 227Rikihisa, Yasuko, 143Rosenberger, Anne E., 166

Sandstrom, G., 172Sarasini, Antonella, 9Saxena, Ela S., 36Schaefer, F. W., III, 74

Schieven, B. C., 93Schneider, T., 229Scholl, B.-C., 201Sever, John L., 36Shao, John F., 126Sherman, Michael P., 185Shih, James W.-K., 245Shively, Roxanne, 252Siber, George R., 154Simor, A. E., 41Siregar, Abdul Gani, 143Sison, Antonio V., 36Sjostedt, A., 172Sninsky, John J., 185Snodgrass, David R., 59, 85Solomon, Harvey M., 222Steiger, Yves, 1Stoakes, L., 93Stratton, Charles W., 63Sulong, Yang, 181Swaminathan,

Balasubramanian, 132, 154Sweeney, Raymond W., 166Szeto, S., 41

Tabaqchali, S., 192Thompson, Claudette, 154Thorne, Grace M., 138Todd, John, 115Tracy, Steven, 25Trottier, Yvon-Louis, 46Turner, Susan H., 154Tyszkiewicz, Tadeusz, 54

Van den Borre, Chantal, 176van der Poel, H. J. A., 160van der Zeijst, B. A. M., 79Veress, G., 233Vickers, Richard M., 227

Wabuke, Mel, 126Wadstrom, Torkel, 54Wang, Richard Y.-H., 245Warren, Ronald Q., 126Washington, John A., 214, 225Waterman, Stephen H., 132Weinstein, Melvin P., 63Westblom, T. Ulf, 96Whiley, Robert A., 243Whitlock, Robert H., 166Wieczorek, L., 201Wilson, Michael L., 63Wilton, Stephen D., 255Winstanley, Trevor G., 243Wolf, Hans, 126Woods, Toni C., 132Wright, Peter F., 46

Yanglong, Mou, 181Yu, Victor L., 227Yuen, K. Y., 149

Zandomeni, Ruben, 185Zhenhua, Zhang, 181Ziegelmaier, R., 201Zierdt, Charles H., 252Zoll, G. J., 160Zwaagstra, K. A., 79

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 1992

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

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ScopeThe Journal of Clinical Microbiology is devoted to

the dissemination of new knowledge concerning themicrobiological aspects of human and animal infec-tions and infestations, particularly their etiologicalagents, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Case reports willbe considered if they are novel, add to existing knowl-edge, and are oriented toward microbiology. Manu-scripts which describe the "normal" microbiota ofhumans which in turn become involved in diseaseproduction or complication, or manuscripts dealingwith the interactions of hospitalized patients and the

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Regular PapersRegular full-length papers include the elements de-

scribed in this section.Title, Running Title, and Byline. Each nitanusciipt

should present the results of an independent, cohesivestudy; thus, numbered seiies titles cle not permitted.Exercise care in coniposing a title. Avoid the maintitle/subtitle arrangemi-ent, comhplete s tnt-nnes, aridunnecessary articles. On the title page include the title,running title (not to exceed 54 charadters and spa%xs),name of each author, address(es) ot the institution(s)at which the work was perfoiiiied, each author'saffiliation, and a tootnote indicating the present ad-dress(es) of any author(s) no longer at the institutionwhere the work was pertormed. Place anl asteiisk atterthe name of the author to whomn inquiries regardirig thepaper should be directed and give that author's tele-phone and fax numbers. The BiINE'T or other elec-tronic mail address of the corresponding author, ifsupplied on the title page of the manuscript, will beincluded as a footnote in the published article.

Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words or fewerand concisely summarize the basic content of thepaper without presenting extensive experimental de-tails. Avoid abbreviations and do not include dia-grams. When it is essential to include a reference, usethe References citation but omit the article title. Con-clude the abstract with a summary statement. Becausethe abstract will be published separately by abstractingservices, it must be complete and understandablewithout reference to the text.

Introduction. The introduction should supply suffi-cient background informlation to allow the reader tounderstand and evaluate the results of the presentstudy without referring to previous publications on thetopic. The introduction should also provide the ratio-nale for the present study. Choose references caretullyto provide the most salient background iather tharn anexhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. J he Materials and Methodssection must include sufficicnt technical intoi m-lationi toallow the experimnents to bc repeated. The sources otall media (i.e., name and location ot tndnufattuure) orcomponents of a new tormulation riiust bc piovided.When centrifugation conditions ate c;iitial, givc

enough intormnation to enable another inivestigator torpecat the proedure: makte of centrifuge, model ofrotor, teimperature, time at maximum speed, and cen-trifugal force (x g rather than revolutions per minute).For comnmonly used inaterials and mnethods (e.g.,media and protein determinations), a simple referenceor specifically recommended product or procedure issuffcient. If several alternative Inethods are com-iiionly used, it is helpful to identify the method brieflyas well as to cite the reference. For example, it ispreferable to state 'cells were broken by ultrasonictreatrrient as previously described (9)" rather than tostate "cells were biokeni as previously described (9)."the reader should be allowed to assess the mlethodwithout constant reterenice to previous publications.Descitibe iiew methods wompletely, and give sourcesot utnusual i.heimiicals, reagents, equipmnent, or nilLro-bial strains. When large numnbers of inicrobial stIrinsor iriutai-is are used iii a study, include tables identi-tying the soUILCs and properties of the strains, mnutants, bacteiliophages, plasiiiids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of several

expeiiinients reported in the paper rtmay be descLibed inthe Results section or very briefly (one or two sen-tences) in a table tootnote or figure legenid.

Results. In the Results section, include the rationaleor design of the experiments as well as the results;reserve extensive interpretation of the results for theDiscussion section. Present the results as concisely aspossible in one of the following: text, table(s), orfigure(s). Avoid extensive use of graphs to presentdata which might be more concisely presented in thetext or tables. For example, except in unusual cases,double-reciprocal plots used to determine apparent K,,values should not be presented as graphs; instead, thevalues should be stated in the text. Similarly, graphsillustrating other methods commonly used to derivekinetic or physical constants (e.g., reduced viscosityplots, plots used to determine sedimentation velocity)tneed not be shown except in unusual circumstances.All tabular data iriust be accompanied by either stan-dard deviation values or standard errors of the means.The nurriber of replicate determinations (or animals)used for making such calculations must also be in-cluded. All statements concerning the significance ofthe differences observed should be accomrpanied byprobability values given in parentheses. I'he statisticalprocedure used should be stated in Materials andMethods. Limilt illustrations (particularly photomicro-gi aphs and electron illlirographs) to those that areabsolutely necessary to show the expeIrimental find-ings. Number tigures and tablcs in the or-der in whiLchthey are cited in the text, and be sure to cite all figuresand tables.

Discussion. thc Discussion section should provideani interpretation ot the results in relatioii to previouslypublished work aiid to the expertinntal systemyf athand It mnust not oI-Itdlan extensive repetition ot the

IV


Results section or reiteration of the introduction. In

short papers, the Results and Discussion sections maybe combined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments of financialassistance and of personal assistance should be givenin separate paragraphs. The usual format for acknowl-edgment of grant support is as follows: "This workwas supported by Public Health Service grant CA-01234 from the National Cancer Institute."

Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain supplemen-tary material to aid the reader, are permitted. Titles,authors, and References sections that are distinct fromthose of the primary article are not allowed. If it is notfeasible to list the author(s) of the appendix in thebyline or the Acknowledgment section of the primaryarticle, rewrite the appendix so that it can be consid-ered for publication as an independent article, eitherfull-length or Note style. Equations, tables, and figuresshould be labeled with the letter "A" preceding thenumeral to distinguish them from those cited in themain body of the text.

References. The References section must include allrelevant sources, and all listed references must becited in the text. Arrange the citations in alphabeticalorder by first author and number consecutively. Abbre-viate journal names according to Serial Sources forthe BIOSIS Data Base (BioSciences Information Ser-vice, 1991). Cite each listed reference by number inthe text.Follow the styles shown in the examples below.

1. Agger, W. A., and D. G. Maki. 1978. Efficacy of directGram stain in differentiating staphylococci from strepto-cocci in blood cultures positive for gram-positive cocci.J. Clin. Microbiol. 7:111-113.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E.Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi-bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schles-singer (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

3. Cox, C. S., B. R. Brown, and J. C. Smith. J. Gen.Genet., in press.*

4. Dhople, A., I. Ortega, and C. Berauer. 1989. Effect ofoxygen on in vitro growth of Mycobacterium leprae,abstr. U-82, p. 168. Abstr. 89th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1989.

5. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding.1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co-ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

6. Fitzgerald, G., and D. Shaw. In A. E. Waters (ed.),Clinical microbiology, in press. EFH Publishing Co.,Boston.

7. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoassay, p.169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman (ed.), Manualof clinical immunology. American Society for Microbi-ology, Washington, D.C.

8. Gustlethwaite, F. P. 1985. Letter. Lancet ii:327.

9. Jacoby, J., R. Grimm, J. Bostic, V. Dean, and G. Starke.Submitted for publication.

10. Jensen, C., and D. S. Schumacher. Unpublished data.11. Jones, A. (Yale University). 1990. Personal communica-

tion.12. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomen

novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gib-bons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacte-riology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Balti-more.

13. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p.352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y.

14. Powers, R. D., W. M. Dotson, Jr., and F. G. Hayden.1982. Program Abstr. 22nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., abstr. 448.

15. Sacks, L. E. 1973. Influence of intra- and extracellularcations on the germination of bacterial spores, p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and L. L. Camp-bell (ed.), Spores V. American Society for Microbiol-ogy, Washington, D.C.

16. Sigma Chemical Co. 1989. Sigma manual. Sigma Chem-ical Co., St. Louis, Mo.

17. Smith, J. C. April 1970. U.S. patent 484,363,770.18. Smyth, D. R. 1972. Ph.D. thesis. University of Califor-

nia, Los Angeles.19. Yagupsky, P., and M. A. Menegus. 1989. Intraluminal

colonization as a source of catheter-related infection.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:2025. (Letter.)

* Note that an "in press" reference to an ASMpublication should state the control number (e.g., JCM123-92) or the name of the publication if it is a book.

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length papers.

They receive the same review, they are not publishedmore rapidly than full-length papers, and they are notconsidered preliminary communications. The Noteformat is intended for the presentation of brief obser-vations that do not warrant full-length papers. How-ever, Notes should contain firm data; observationsalone are not acceptable.Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50

words. Do not use section headings in the body of theNote; report methods, results, and discussion in asingle section. Paragraph lead-ins are permissible. Thetext should be kept to a minimum and if possibleshould not exceed 1,000 words; the number of figuresand tables should also be kept to a minimum. Materialsand methods should be described in the text, not infigure legends or table footnotes. Acknowledgmentsshould be presented as in full-length papers, but noseparate heading is used. The References section isidentical to that of full-length papers.

MinireviewsMinireviews are brief summaries (limit of 4 printed

pages) of developments in fast-moving areas. Theymust be based on published articles; they may addressany subject within the scope ofJCM. Minireviews maybe either solicited or proffered by authors respondingto a recognized need. Irrespective of origin, mini-

v


reviews are subject to editorial review. Three double-spaced copies must be provided.

Letters to the EditorLetters to the Editor must include data to support

the writer's argument and are intended only for com-ments on articles published previously in the journal.They may be no more than 500 words long. Send lettersto the Journals Division. They will be processed andsent to the editor who handled the article in question.If the editor believes that publication is warranted, hewill solicit a reply from the corresponding author ofthe article and make a recommendation to the editor inchief. Final approval for publication rests with theeditor in chief. All letters intended for publicationmust be typed double spaced.

ErrataThe Erratum section provides a means of correcting

errors (e.g., typographical) in published articles.Changes in data and the addition of new material arenot permitted. Send errata directly to the JournalsDivision.

Author's CorrectionsThe Author's Correction section provides a means

of adding citations that were overlooked in a publishedarticle. The author who failed to cite a reference andthe author whose paper was not cited must agree tosuch a publication; the editor, editor in chief, andchairman of the Publications Board will not be in-volved. Letters from both authors must accompanythe author's correction sent to the Journals Division.

DisclaimersStatements disclaiming governmental or any other

type of endorsement or approval will be deleted by theJournals Division.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLESThe figure number and authors' names should be

written on all figures, either in the margin or on theback (marked lightly with a soft pencil). For micro-graphs especially, the top should be indicated as well.Do not clasp figures to each other or to the manu-

script with paper clips. Insert small figures in anenvelope.

Continuous-Tone and Composite PhotographsWhen submitting continuous-tone photographs (e.g.,

polyacrylamide gels), keep in mind the journal pagewidth: 35/16 inches for a single column and 67/8 inches fora double column (maximum). Include only the signifi-cant portion of an illustration. Photos must be ofsufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable loss ofcontrast and detail inherent in the printing process.Submit one photograph of each continuous-tone figurefor each copy of the manuscript; photocopies are notacceptable. If possible, the figures submitted should be

the size they will appear when published so that noreduction is necessary. If they must be reduced, makesure that all elements, including labeling, can withstandreduction and remain legible.

If a figure is a composite of a continuous-tonephotograph and a drawing or labeling, the originalcomposite must be provided for the printer (i.e., not aphotograph of the composite). This original, labeled"printer's copy," may be sent with the modifiedmanuscript to the editor.

Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop-ies of the original negative. Indicate the magnificationwith a scale marker on each micrograph.

Color PhotographsColor photographs are discouraged. However, if

they are necessary, include an extra copy at the timeof manuscript submission so that a cost estimate forprinting may be obtained. The cost of printing colorphotographs must be borne by the author.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, complicated chemical or

mathematical formulas, diagrams, and other drawingsas glossy photographs made from finished drawingsnot requiring additional artwork or typesetting. Com-puter-generated graphics produced on high-quality la-ser printers are also usually acceptable. No part of thegraph or drawing should be handwritten. Both axes ofa graph must be labeled. Most graphs will be reducedto one-column width (35/16 inches), and all elements inthe drawing should be large enough to withstand thisreduction. Avoid heavy letters, which tend to close upwhen reduced, and unusual symbols, which the printermay not be able to reproduce in the legend.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well astable column headings), avoid ambiguous use of num-bers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to usethe appropriate SI symbols (,u for 10-6, m for 10-3, kfor 10 , M for 106, etc.). A complete listing of SIsymbols can be found in the International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual ofSymbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quan-tities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figureordinate should be made by the number 20, accompa-nied by the label kcpm.When powers of 10 must be used, the journal

requires that the exponent power be associated withthe number shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml,the numeral of the ordinate would be "2" and the labelwould be i104 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x10-4'"). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/mlwould be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2U/ml. The preferred designation would be 60 mU/mllabeled as mU (or milliunits) per ml.

Presentation of Nucleic Acid SequencesNucleic acid sequences of limited length which are

the primary subject of a study may be presented

Vi


freestyle in the most effective format. Longer nucleicacid sequences must be presented in the followingformat to conserve space. Submit the sequence ascamera-ready copy of dimensions 8½2" x 11" (orslightly less) in standard (portrait) orientation. Printthe sequence in lines of 100 bases, each in a nonpro-portional (monospace) font which is easily legiblewhen published at 100 bases/6 inches. Uppercase andlowercase letters may be used to designate the exon/intron structure, transcribed regions, etc., if the low-ercase letters remain legible at 100 bases/6 inches.Number the sequence line by line; place numerals,representing the first base of each line, to the left of thelines. Minimize spacing between adjacent lines ofsequence, leaving room only for annotation of thesequence. Annotation may include boldface, underlin-ing, brackets, boxes, etc. Encoded amino acid se-quences may be presented, if necessary, immediatelyabove the first nucleotide of each codon, using thesingle-letter amino acid symbols. Comparisons of mul-tiple nucleic acid sequences should conform as nearlyas possible to the same format.

Figure LegendsLegends should provide enough information so that

the figure is understandable without frequent referenceto the text. However, detailed experimental methodsmust be described in the Materials and Methodssection, not in a figure legend. A method that is uniqueto one of several experiments may be reported in alegend only if the discussion is very brief (one or twosentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations usedin the figure that have not been defined elsewhere.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange the

data so that columns of like material read down, notacross. The headings should be sufficiently clear sothat the meaning of the data will be understandablewithout reference to the text. See the Abbreviationssection of these instructions for those that should beused in tables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable,but more extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotesshould not include detailed descriptions of the experi-ment. Tables must include enough information towarrant table format; those with fewer than six piecesof data will be incorporated into the text by the copyeditor. Table 1 is an example of a well-constructedtable.

Tables that can be photographically reproduced forpublication without further typesetting or artwork arereferred to as "camera ready." They should not behand lettered and must be carefully prepared to con-form to the style of the journal. The advantage ofsubmitting camera-ready copy is that the material willappear exactly as envisioned by the author, and nosecond proofreading is necessary. This is particularlyadvantageous when there are long, complicated tablesand when the division of material and spacing are

important.

TABLE 1. Correlation between detection of V-Z viral antibodyby neutralization and by EIA and IAHA'

No. of serum samples withAntibody V-Z neutralizing antibody Correlation

Positiveb Negative

EIAPositive 50 4 94Negative 3 64

IAHAPositive' 37 0 87Negative 16 68

"Sera from individuals without evidence of a current V-Z virus infection.b Titer > 1:4.'Titer > 1:8.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of chemical

compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical AbstractService, Ohio State University, Columbus) and itsindexes. The Merck Index (llth ed., 1989; Merck &Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.) is also an excellent source.For biochemical terminology, including abbreviationsand symbols, consult the following: Biochemical No-menclature and Related Documents (1978; reprintedfor The Biochemical Society, London), instructions toauthors of the Journal ofBiological Chemistry and theArchives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (first issuesof each year), and the Handbook ofBiochemistry andMolecular Biology (G. D. Fasman, ed., 3rd ed., CRCPress, Inc., 1976).Do not express molecular weight in daltons; molec-

ular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass isexpressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name

assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In-ternational Union of Biochemistry as described inEnzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1984).If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper(trivial) name in parentheses at first use in the abstractand text. Use the EC number when one has beenassigned, and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of micromoles perminute.

DrugsWhenever possible, use generic names of drugs; the

use of trade names is not permitted.Nomenclature of Microorganisms

Binary names, consisting of a generic name and aspecific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), must be usedfor all microorganisms. Names of higher categoriesmay be used alone, but specific and subspecific epi-thets may not. A specific epithet must be preceded bya generic name the first time it is used in a paper.Thereafter, the generic name should be abbreviated to

.ii


the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided therecan be no confusion with other genera used in thepaper. Names of all taxa (phyla, classes, orders,families, genera, species, subspecies) are printed initalics and should be underlined (or italicized) in themanuscript; strain designations and numbers are not.The spelling of names should follow the Approved

Lists ofBacterial Names (amended edition) (V. B. D.Skerman, V. McGowan, and P. H. A. Sneath, ed.) andthe Index of the Bacterial and Yeast NomenclaturalChanges Published in the International Journal ofSystematic Bacteriology since the 1980 ApprovedLists ofBacterial Names (1 January 1980 to 1 January1989) (W. E. C. Moore and L. V. H. Moore, ed.), bothpublished by the American Society for Microbiologyin 1989, and the validation lists and articles publishedin the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriol-ogy since 1 January 1989. If there is reason to use aname that does not have standing in nomenclature, thename should be enclosed in quotation marks and anappropriate statement concerning the nomenclaturalstatus of the name should be made in the text (for anexample, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:547-556, 1980).

It is recommended that a strain be deposited in arecognized culture collection when that strain is nec-essary for the description of a new taxon (see Bacte-riological Code, 1975 Revision, American Society forMicrobiology, 1975).

Since the classification of fungi is not complete, it isthe responsibility of the author to determine the ac-cepted binomial for a given organism. Some sourcesfor these names include The Yeasts: a TaxonomicStudy, 3rd ed. (N. J. W. Kreger-van Rij, ed., ElsevierScience Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1984) andAinsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, In-cluding the Lichens, 7th ed. (Commonwealth Myco-logical Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1983).Names used for viruses should be those approved

by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Vi-ruses (ICTV) and published in the 4th Report of theICTV Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses(Intervirology 17:23-199, 1982). If desired, synonymsmay be added parenthetically when the name is firstmentioned. Approved generic (or group) and familynames may also be used.

Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should begiven designations consisting of letters and serial num-bers. It is generally advisable to include a worker'sinitials or a descriptive symbol of locale, laboratory,etc., in the designation. Each new strain, mutant,isolate, or derivative should be given a new (serial)designation. This designation should be distinct fromthose of the genotype and phenotype, and italicizedgenotypic and phenotypic symbols should not be in-cluded.

Genetic Nomenclature

Bacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria aredescribed in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. The

phenotype describes the observable properties of anorganism. The genotype refers to the genetic consti-tution of an organism, usually in reference to somestandard wild type. Use the recommendations ofDemerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-64, 1966) as a guide tothe use of these terms. If your manuscript containsinformation including genetic nomenclature, pleaserefer to the Instructions to Authors in the Januaryissue of the Journal of Bacteriology.

"Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the distinc-tion between a mutation (an alteration of the primarysequence of the genetic material) and a mutant (astrain carrying one or more mutations). One mayspeak about the mapping of a mutation, but one cannotmap a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has no geneticlocus, only a phenotype.

Viruses. The genetic nomenclature for viruses dif-fers from that for bacteria. In most instances, viruseshave no phenotype, since they have no metabolismoutside host cells. Therefore, distinctions betweenphenotype and genotype cannot be made. Superscriptsare used to indicate hybrid genomes. Genetic symbolsmay be one, two, or three letters.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Patient IdentificationTo protect the privacy of individuals mentioned in

clinical studies, in case histories, and as sources ofisolates, do not identify them by their initials, even aspart of a strain designation. Change the initials tonumerals or use randomly chosen letters. Do not givehospital unit numbers; if a designation is needed, useonly the last two digits of the unit. (Note: Establisheddesignations of some viruses and cell lines, althoughthey consist of initials, are acceptable [e.g., JC virus,BK virus, HeLa cells].)

Verb TenseASM strongly recommends that for clarity you use

the past tense to narrate particular events in the past,including the procedures, observations, and data ofthe study that you are reporting. Use the present tensefor your own general conclusions, the conclusions ofprevious researchers, and generally accepted facts.Thus, most of the abstract, Materials and Methods,and Results sections will be in the past tense, and mostof the introduction and some of the Discussion will bein the present tense.Be aware that it may be necessary to vary the tense

in a single sentence. For example, it is correct to say"White (30) demonstrated that XYZ cells grow at pH6.8," "Figure 2 shows that ABC cells failed to grow atroom temperature," and "Air was removed from thechamber and the mice died, which proves that micerequire air." In reporting statistics and calculations, itis correct to say "The values for the ABC cells are

. .i.

INSTRUCTAIONS 140 AUTHORS

statistically siginhitant, indikating that the drug inhib-ited. .. "For an in-depth distussion of tense in scientific

writing, see p. 158-160 in How to Write and Publish aSc ientific Paper, 3rd ed.

AbbreviationsGeneral. Abbieviations should be used as an aid to

tht redder, rather than as a convenience for theauthor, and therefore their use should be limited.Abbreviations other than those recommended by the1U PAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomenclature and RelatedDo umut-nts, 1978) should be used only when d caSecatn be miade tor necessity, such as in tables andfigure-s

It is ottenl possiblt to ust pronourns or to paraphrasea long woid atti its first use (c.g., "the drug," ,thesubsti ate"). Standard chtmitclal symbols dnd trivialnatnes or theit symlbols (to(late, Ala, Leu, etc.) inmy beused tor teiius thdt dppedr in tull in the neighboiingtext.

It is strongly recoirincrrdcd that all abbreviationsexcept those listed btlow be introdu-ed in the thistparagiaph in Mateiials and MLthods. Alternativcly,detine each abbreviation and intioduce it in parenthe-ses the first tinic it is used; e.g., "'Cultures were grownin Eagle rinlinal essential iriedium (MEM)." (6ener-ally, elinlinate abbreviations that are not used at leasttive tinmes in the text (including tables and figurelegends).

Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia-tions for Systeme International d'Unites (SI) units ofmeasureiment, other comrnon units (e.g., bp, kb, andDa), and chemical symbols for the elements, thefollowing should be used without definition in the title,abstract, text, figure legends, and tables: DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid); cDNA (complementary DNA):RNA (ribonucleic acid); cRNA (coniplementaryRNA); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyribonu-clease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA (messengerRNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP,dAMP, ddATP, GTP, etc. (for the respective 5' phos-phates of adenosine and other nucleosides) (add 2'-,3'-, or 5'- when needed for contrast); ATPase,dGiTPase, etc. (adenosine triphosphatase, deoxygua-nosine triphosphatase, etc.); NAD (nicotinamide ade-nine dinucleotide); NAD' (nicotinarnide adenine dinu-cleotide, oxidiLed); NADH (nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide, i educed); NADP (nicotindamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate); NADPH (niLotInamide ade-niine diiiucleotide phosphate, reduced); NADP+ (nic-oti iamide aderiine dinucleotide phosphate, oxidized);poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylic acid, polydeo-xythymidyhlc acid, etc.); oligo(d r), etc. (oligodeoxythy-n-imdylil a%id, etc.); P, (orthophosphate); PP, (pyro-phosphate): UV (ultraviolet); PF'U (plaque-torrninguniits); CF U (colony-foi mnirig units); MIC (mrinimalinhibitory conLCntration); MBIC (riiinimal bactcriciddlconcentratlon); Iris [tris(hydroxyniicthyl)aininoniL-

thane]; DEAE (diethylaininoethyl); A260 (absorbanceat 260 rim); EDI'A (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid);and AIDS (acquired immuriodeficiency [or immunedeficienc;y] syndrome). Abbreviations for cell lines(e.g., HeLa) also need not be defined.The following abbreviations should be used without

definition in tables:

amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (expeliiiment)exptl (experimental)ht (height)mo (imionth)rriol wt (molecular wright)no. (number)pi,epn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)

SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (wcek)wt (weight)yr (year)

Reporting Numerical Data

Standard metric units are used for reporting length,weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity,use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p for 10-3, 10-6, 10-9,and 10 -12, respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for103. Avoid compound prefixes such as mi or RR. Use,ug/ml or ,ug/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units oftemperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 324 K.When fractions are used to express units such as

enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use whole units,such as "gg" or "min," in the denominator instead offractional or multiple units, such as ,ug or 10 min. Forexample, "'pmoUmin" would be preferable to "nmol/10min," and "',mol/g" would be preferable to "nmol/,ug." It is also preferable that an unambiguous formsuch as exponential notation be used; for example,'',mol g-1 min 1" is preferable to "'mol/g/min. "See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de-

tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con-tained in this source is information on the appropriateSI units for reporting illumination, energy, frequency,and other physical terms. Always report numericaldata in the appropriate SI unit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor sirniple nmolecules, labeling is indicated in the

chemical formula (e.g., 14C02, 3H20, H235S04).Brackets are not used when the isotopic symnbol isdttached to the name of a compound that in its naturalstatc does not contain the eleiiient (e.g., 32S-ATP) orto a word that is not a specific chefmical name (e.g.,"'11-labeled protcin, '4C-aiiino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).

iX


For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotopeintroduced is placed in square brackets directly pre-ceding the part of the name that describes the labeledentity. Note that configuration symbols and modifiersprecede the isotopic symbol. The following examplesillustrate correct usage:

["4C]ureaL-[methyl-'4Cjmethionine

UDP-[U-'4C]glucoseE. coli [32P]DNA

[2.3-3H]serine[a-'4C]lysine

fructose 1,6-[1-32P]bisphosphate[y-32PIATP

This journal follows the same conventions for iso-topic labeling as the Journal ofBiological Chemistry,and more detailed information can be found in theinstructions to authors of that journal (first issue ofeach year).

x