It would take the use of force to contain the spirit of revolution and

this was not always successful.

Spain: Spanish liberals, supported by Spanish troops, revolted against their reactionary king, Ferdinand VII, and compelled him to approve a limited monarchy under a liberal, constitution.• The revolt collapsed before an invading French

army under Quadruple Alliance orders and the king was restored to power

Italy: Led by the Carbonari, a secret liberal society, the Italian people revolted in the Two Sicilies (1820) and in Piedmont (1821)• They sought to replace reactionary rule with a

liberal constitutional government• Austrian armies, acting for the Quadruple

Alliance, invaded and suppressed the revolution

With Spain involved in the Napoleonic Wars, The Spanish colonies of Latin America declared independence and adopted democratic constitutions and established republican governments• By 1823 the Quadruple Alliance plan to

reconquer Latin America for Spain.• Britain and the U.S. sharply opposed reconquest Both had developed a profitable trade relations with independent Latin America and did not wish for a return to Spanish mercantilist policies.

The European Powers abandoned their plans of reconquest once Britain sided with Latin American Independence.

France: In 1824 Charles X succeeded his brother , Louis XVIII, and whereas Louis had followed a middle of the road policy, Charles rejected compromise and attempted to restore the Old Regime conditions.• In 1830 the French revolted under liberal

leadership and drove out Charles X• Enthroned Louis Philippe , Duke of Orleans, as a

limited monarch• Enacted a liberal constitution• Reduce property qualification for voting to

enfranchise more members of the middle class• French success in 1830 ignited other European

revolutions

Belgium: Rebelling against Holland, Belgian nationalists received support from France und Louis Philippe and from Britain.• In 1839 Belgium secured independence

Italy: In a series of uprisings, Italians liberals again revolted but were suppressed by Austrian troops again

Poland: Polish nationalist rebelled against Russian rule, but their uprising was suppress by the Czar’s army.