Introduction to Human Anatomy &

PhysiologyChapter 1

Questions since the beginning of time

How does the body work?

Study of the human body, both alive and cadavers

How does one treat injuries and illnesses?

Doctrine of Humors, Doctrine of Signatures, Trial & Error

How will herbs and potions help?

Trial & Error

Definitions

Anatomy – the study of the structures of the human body

Physiology – the study of the functions of the human body

Levels of organization

Levels of organization

Atoms

Molecules

Macromolecules

Organelles

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ systems

Human body

Characteristics of life

Movement

Responsiveness

Growth

Reproduction

Respiration

Digestion

Absorption

Circulation

Assimilation

Excretion

Maintaining life

Requirements for maintaining life

Requirements for maintaining life

Water

Food

Oxygen

Heat

Pressure

Water

Most abundant chemical in body

Required for many metabolic processes to take place

Important regulator of body temperature

Food

Provides the body with its necessary chemicals

As an energy source

As the building blocks for new matter

As a regulator for vital chemical reactions

Oxygen

Releases energy from food substances which can then drive other metabolic processes

Heat

A form of energy that is a byproduct of metabolic reactions

Amount of heat determines the rate at which reactions occur

The more heat; the more rapidly chemical reactions take place

Pressure

An application of force to something

Atmospheric pressure

The force on the outside of the body due to the weight of air

Important in the process of breathing

Hydrostatic pressure

The force exert by a liquid (ex. Blood pressure)

Important in the process of pushing blood through blood vessels

HomeostasisMaintaining a stable internal environment

Homeostasis

Our body only functions well when the concentrations of those requirements for maintaining life remain within certain narrow limits.

Homeostasis

1. Receptors – provides information about specific conditions in our internal environment

2. Set point – the particular value a necessary component of our body should be

3. Effectors – causes responses within the body that alter conditions in our internal environment

Homeostatic mechanisms(blood sugars)

Homeostatic mechanisms(body temperature)

Negative feedback

Once the values for the set point are brought back in line, the effectors are shut down

Seen in the previous two examples

Most common homeostatic mechanisms

Positive feedback

Once the values for the set point have been altered, the effectors continue working

Seen in the next two examples

Homeostatic mechanisms(Blood clotting)

Homeostatic mechanisms(Uterine contractions)

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Biology is a multidisciplinary science.

Campbell Biology, 9th edition (page 30)

Human anatomy and physiology is no different.