Introduction Anatomy

Azami PHD

Definition

• Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”– Study of the structure of the body, either

regionally or systematically

• Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

History of Anatomy

• Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims.

• First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC. Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th )

• When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies.

• Cadavers were no longer used

• Avicenna ( سینا پورسینایا ابن )

16th Century Contributions

• Began to make drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

19th Century • Anatomy Act of 1832

provided adequate supply of corpses

• Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858

Modern Anatomy

• X-rays, CT scans, MRI

Anatomy definition

• A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms.

• Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another.

• This is generally divided into:– Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye)– Histology (microscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells)– Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)

Gross Anatomy

• Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system

• Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

• Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Organ systems

• Musculoskeletal (muscles, bones, joints)• Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins)• Respiratory (respiratory tract, lungs)• Digestive (oesophagus, stomach, intestine, liver,

pancreas)• Urinary (kidney, bladder)• Reproductive (male/female)• Nervous system

Anatomical Planes• Sagittal – divides the body into right and left

parts• Coronal or frontal– divides the body into

anterior and posterior parts• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) –

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Anatomical planes

Anatomical terminology

Anatomical planes -1

• Sagittal:Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

Anatomical planes - 2

• Coronal or frontal:divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Anatomical planes - 3

• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) :divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Body Planes

2

1

3

Locomotor System

• General• Skeleton• Muscles• Joints

MovementsAdduction• Moving a body part towards

the midline of the body

Abduction• Moving a body part away

from the midline of the body

Prone• Lying face downPronationSupine• Lying face up

Supination

Movements

MovementsFlexion• Bending a joint or

decreasing the angle between two bones

Extension• Straightening a joint or

increasing the angle between two bones

Anatomical movements Flexion/Extension

Retraction• Moving a part backward

Protraction• Moving a part forward

Movements

عضالنی دستگاه اعمالحرکت•بدن • موقعیت حفظداخلی • های ارگان از حفاظتخروج • و ورود کنترلبدن • دمای حفظ

انواع عضله: از نظر شکل ظاهری

اسکلتی عضالت اتصال

Joint Mechanics

اسکلتی عضالت عملکرد نحوه

Synergistic musclesAntagonistic muscles

نيروزايي هم هم ویکدیگر جهت جهت خالف در و متضاد

حدود • انسان دارای 700بدن که دارد عضله. هستند نام

جایگاه، • شکل، به توان می عضله نام روی ازعملکرد انتها، و .ابتدا ... برد پی و

 

نکته

The Joints

Since this cartilage does not contain blood vessels, it must receive nutrients by diffusion from the synovial fluid. Optimal nutrition requires regular movement (loading and unloading) of the cartilage, so that the synovia is pressed into the cartilage.Lack of movement and unphysiologically high tensions lead to degenerative changes (osteoarthritis) in joint cartilage

When a joint is immobilized over a prolonged period of time, the connective tissue fibers shorten, the joint capsule shrinks, and the mobility of the joint can be severely compromised (joint contracture).

Joint Cartilage

Joint Capsule and Synovial Fluid

Bursa