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Intelligence WE WILL…EXAMINE THE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE, THE FACTORS
THAT INFLUENCE IT AND HOW IT IS DEFINED, AND MEASURED.
I WILL…BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE WHAT INTELLIGENCE MEANS TO ME.
2/19/18
Agenda…
1. What does intelligence mean to you? (Post it note
activity)
2. How intelligent am I? (Scenario Cards)
3. Notes on Theories of Intelligence
4. Revisit intelligence cards
5. Exit Slip
I need 10 volunteers…
1. Each individual will be prompted to read the card in front of them.
2. Then we will vote on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 being least intelligent, 5
being the most intelligent).
3. Do I have any volunteers?
What is intelligence? Does it mean your smart academically?
Does it mean you are really good at math and science?
Understanding Achievement:
Refers to knowledge and skills gained from experience.
Understanding Intelligence:
The ability to learn from experiences, to think rationally, and to deal
effectively with others.
Multiple theories on Intelligence…
Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Emotional Intelligence
Spearman’s Two Factor Theory ~1900, Charles Spearman observed that people who do well on one
type of intelligence test tend to do well on others…
G – General Intelligence
Underlies all of our intellectual abilities.
The ability to reason and solve problems.
Examples: SATs, ACTs
S – Specific Intelligence
At the same time…all people are better at some things than others, right?
Math, reading, writing, music, sports, etc.
If you put together the G and the S explained Spearman’s observations on intelligence.
Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
~1930s L.L. Thurstone took exception to Spearman’s
theory…he said that Spearman’s tests were flawed.
Thurstone’s own tests showed that instead of one
general intelligence, there were several “primary mental
abilities”:
Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial
visualization, facility with numbers, memory, reasoning,
and perceptual speed.
However, further testing led him to include something
similar to Spearman’s “G”.
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences 1983 Howard Gardener considered a wide variety of studies and cultures
to develop a new theory…
1. Verbal, or linguistic intelligence
2. Logical-mathematical intelligence
3. Visual spatial intelligence
4. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
5. Musical-rhythmic intelligence
6. Interpersonal intelligence (sensitivity to other people’s feelings)
7. Intrapersonal intelligence (insight into one’s own inner feelings)
8. Naturalistic intelligence (understanding of nature and the laws that
govern natural behavior)
9. Existential intelligence (insight into larger philosophical issues of life)
Are these intelligences? Or abilities? What do you think?
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Gardener refers to these abilities or talents as
intelligences because they can be quite different from
one another.
He also proposes that the different intelligences are
independent of each other.
Critics of Gardener state that exceptional abilities in the
musical or bodily-kinesthetic areas are not really what is
meant by intelligence. His critics argue that those skills
are special talents and that being talented is not the
same thing as being intelligent.
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Analytical Intelligence
Calculating expenses and profits
Diagramming a sentence
Measuring the results of a chemistry experiment
Creative Intelligence
Painting a portrait
Writing a song
Cooking a meal with the ingredients on hand
Practical Intelligence
Changing a tire
Negotiating with an employer
Leading a group on a tour of your school
If you were doing an experiment for an upcoming science fair, which of these would you use?
Emotional Intelligence ~1990 - Peter Salovey and John Meyer became interested in why “smart” people are not
always as successful as might be expected.
1995 gained huge popularity, book published by Daniel Goleman.
5 Factors that are involved in success in school and/or on the job.
Self-awareness
The ability to recognize our own feelings.
Mood management
The ability to distract oneself from an uncomfortable feeling.
Self-motivation
The ability to move ahead with confidence and enthusiasm.
Impulse control
The ability to delay pleasure until the task at hand has been accomplished. (ex. Do hw, then watch TV)
People Skills
The ability to empathize, understand, communicate, and cooperate with others. (ex. Class clown)
Let’s look back at those cards
now…has your opinion changed?
1. Spearman’s Two factor theory of intelligence
2. Interpersonal intelligence
3. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
4. Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
5. Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence
6. Existential intelligence
7. Verbal, or linguistic intelligence (emotional intelligence, people skills)
8. Logical-mathematical intelligence
9. Emotional Intelligence (impulse control)
10. Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence
Think about it…Write about it…
How are you intelligent? Which theory and
theorist do you identify with the most? Tell me
why and explain.
*Use a post it note to answer the above question
and post it to the intelligence banner with your
name on it.
Measuring Intelligence WE WILL…EXAMINE THE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE, THE FACTORS
THAT INFLUENCE IT AND HOW IT IS DEFINED, AND MEASURED.
I WILL…BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE WHAT INTELLIGENCE MEANS TO ME.
2/20/18
Two Ways to measure Intelligence!
The Stanford-Binet Scale
The Wechsler Scales
The Stanford-Binet Scale Early 1900s, the French education system was looking for
a test to identify students with a need for a specialized
education.
Alfred Binet devised the first modern intelligence test.
Binet’s hypothesis was that intelligence increased with
age, so his tests contained different questions for
different age levels.
Binet’s tests yielded a score called a mental age (this
shows the intellectual level at which a child is
functioning)
Louis Terman of Stanford University revised this test. It
became known as the Stanford-Binet test.
IQ = Intelligence Quotient
An intelligence quotient is a number that reflects the
relationship between a child’s mental age and a child’s
actual or chronological age.
Transformed Score: any score that has been changed
from raw score in a systematic way. Psychologists
transform raw scores so that test results can be more
easily compared.
The Wechsler Scales
David Wechsler’s scales are more widely
used.
The Wechsler scale consists of many
subtests
Verbal skills
Words and ideas
Performance skills
Spatial relations
This scale does not use the concept of
mental age
Measures both verbal and non-verbal abilities
Calculates 3 scores with the average being
100
Reliability vs. Validity Reliability
Refers to a tests consistency or repeatability!
“Test-retest reliability”
Validity
If a tests measure what it is supposed to measure!
Controversies and Problems In the late 1800s many began to see intelligence testing as a way to
improve society. Movements sought to elevate the most intelligent people to positions of importance. But the also wanted to reduce
the numbers of the least intelligent people…
In the early 1900s the US used Intelligence tests to determine which
immigrants to allow into the country.
During the same period many nations sterilized people who were
determined to be “mentally defective”
Cultural Bias in intelligence testing…(THIS IS HUGE)
Intelligence tests are not perfect!...
Education and economic background, motivation, facing failure
constantly may make you want to give up,
Stereotype threat: expectations when a test taker is a member of a
stereotyped group regardless of the truth to the stereotype.
Crash Course!
Are there differences in intelligence? Average (IQ 90-109)
Mental Disabilities
Mild (IQ 50-70)
Moderate (IQ 35-49)
Severe (IQ 20-34)
Profound (IQ Below 20)
Causes…
Accidents that result in brain damage, even during childbirth
Alcohol and drug use during pregnancy
Malnourishment, other health problems
Genetic disorders and/or abnormalities (Down Syndrome)
Giftedness
IQ of 130 or above usually designates gifted.
To be gifted is to possess outstanding talent or to show the potential for performing at remarkably high levels of accomplishment when compared with people of a same age, environment, and experience.
Creativity Is the ability to invent new solutions to
problems or to create original or ingenious materials.
Example: Albert Einstein’s best works grew out of his ability to visualize difficult problems. He once said, “the true sign of intelligence is not knowledge, but imagination.”
Research suggests that highly intelligent people are more likely than the average person to be particularly creative.
But high intelligence doesn’t always mean high creativity and vice versa.
Let's take a look at Creative Intelligence
Agenda 2/23/18
What influences Intelligence?
Practice IQ
Research article, “Cultural Explorations of Human
Intelligence Around the World”
QUIZ ON MONDAY 2/26/18!!!
What influences intelligence?
Genetics
Environmental influences
Age
Fluid intelligence
The ability to respond
quickly to novel situations.
Crystalized intelligence
Accumulated skills,
knowledge, and
experience.
Get out you phones! Practice IQ…
You asked for it so let’s see how
you do…
https://www.tests.com/practice/Free-IQ-Test
Article Questions 1. How did the research of Nunes and Lave suggest that there is
more to intelligence than IQ?
2. Why might scores on tests of academic and practical intelligence correlate negatively with each other?
3. What is a "general factor" of intelligence?
4. What implication does the described study in Tanzania have for ideas regarding the possible modification of intelligence?
5. How does the concept of successful intelligence differ from
ordinary conceptions of intelligence?
6. The study that is described, which was done in Russia, suggests
that a test of practical intelligence can have certain advantages
over a test of academic intelligence? What is one example of such
an advantage suggested by the study?
7. By what mechanism might moderate to severe parasitic illnesses
adversely affect tested intelligence?
8. What factors of intelligence were found in the study that was
done in Taiwan?