india’s irrigation challenge: is pmksy equal to it?
TRANSCRIPT
INDIA’S IRRIGATION CHALLENGE:
IS PMKSY EQUAL TO IT?
Tushaar ShahSenior Fellow,
International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Field Office: Anand, Gujarat 388001, India
HIGHLIGHTS• Three phases in evolution of Indian
irrigation• How do our farmers irrigate today?• What are key constraints to irrigation
expansion?• What can be done to overcome these?• Example of Madhya Pradesh• Example of Gujarat• How should PMKSY be refocussed?
ERA OF ADAPTIVE IRRIGATION-UPTO 1830
• Community was the unit of irrigation management
Rainfall, soil-moisture, floods
Rainfall and Soil moisture
Flow irrigation from tanks, canals, rivers
Lift irrigation from wells and surface sources
% of water consumptively used in agriculture
% Contribution to aggregateFarm output and incomes
ERA OF CANAL CONSTRUCTION-1830-1970
• State emerged as the architect, builder, manager of irrigation
Canal and tankirrigation
Soil moisture management
Flow irrigation from tanks, canals, rivers
Lift irrigation from wells & surface sources
% water consumptively used in agriculture
% Contribution to aggregateFarm output and incomes
ERA OF ATOMISTIC PUMP IRRIGATION:1970-TODATE
Individual farmer as the irrigation manager
ScavengedGround and
Surfacewater
Soil moisture management
Flow irrigation
Pump irrigation from wells, tube wells, canals
% of water consumptively used in agriculture
% ContributionTo Farm output & incomes
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India inherited the world’s largest canal infrastructure in 1947; today India is the world’s groundwater champion!
% OF CULTIVATED AREA IRRIGATED
Little groundwater irrigation
Pre-
1970
1970-80
1980-90
After 1990
India’s GroundwaterJuggernaut is stillAccelerating!!!
India today has some 25 million irrigation wells.2/3rd of these were sunk after 1990..
Over 70% of irrigated areas are served by groundwater wells. Yet, India’s
Irrigation investments are focused on canal irrigation, neglecting groundwater.
2006-07
EACH DOT IN THIS MAP REPRESENTS 5000 IRRIGATION WELLS.
IRRIGATION IS LOW, WHERE GROUNDWATER IS NOT DEVELOPED OR MANAGED
India’s Energy Divide, 2006-07 Eastern India has
abundant groundwater but no energy to pump it
In western India, perverse power subsidies have
ruined aquifers .
India’s pockets of serious
groundwater depletion
54% of India’s Groundwater wells are decreasing
Scarce or depleted
groundwater
DOES PMKSY ADDRESS THESE PRIORITIES?
PMKSY Components
Ministry/Deptt.
Physical Target
(in lakh ha)
Indicative outlay
(in Rs. crores) 2015-
202015-
162015-
202015-
16AIBP MoWR,
RD&GR7.50 1.20 11060 1000
Har Khet Ko Pani 21.00 2.80 9050 1000Per Drop, More Crop
DAC 100.00 5.00 16300 1800
Watershed Development
DoLR 11.50 4.40 13590 1500
Total - - - 50000 5300• AIBP - Major and Medium Irrigation Projects• Har Khet Ko Pani - CAD, Minor Irrigation (Surface
and Ground Water) and RRR of Water Bodies
DURING THE PAST DECADE, GUJARAT AND MADHYA PRADESH HAVE MADE RAPID STRIDES IN IRRIGATION.
6080
100120140160180200220240
Figure 1 Index of Canal Irrigated area (2000-01=100)
Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat
Maharashtra India
Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
MaharashtraIndia
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Figure 2 Index of Net Area Irrigated from all Sources (2000-01=100)
Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat
Maharashtra India
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
IndiaMaharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra & AP invested heavily in canal
construction with little increase in irrigation
Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh focused on
groundwater, farm power and improving canal
management
MP INCREASED IRRIGATED AREA FROM 6 LAKH HA TO 30 LAKH HA IN 5 YEARS
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Particulars (in ha) 2003-04 2010-11
1) Monsoon cropped area 1,10,92,327 1,25,12,769
1) Rabi cropped area 55,27,918 89,55,230
1) Summer cropped area 13,77,562 21,69,342
Total 1,79,97,807 2,36,37,737
GUJARAT GOVERNMENT SUPPORTED COMMUNITY BASED CHECKDAM MOVEMENT IN SAURASHTRA, KUTCH AND
NORTH GUJARAT WITH REMARKABLE RESULTS
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Figure 1 a Electricity Network Before Figure 1 b Electricity Network after
GUJARAT INVESTED RS 1250 CRORE IN FEEDER SEPARATION; BUT IT HELPED IMPROVE POWER QUALITY AND CONTROLLED
GROUNDWATER DEPLETION
GUJARAT’S AGRICULTURE HAS BEEN GROWING @ 9+%THIS GROWTH IS ENERGIZED BY GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION.YET, GUJARAT IS THE ONLY STATE IN WESTERN INDIA WHERE
GROUNDWATER LEVELS ARE IMPROVING..
SEVEN STRATEGIES TO ENSURE“HAR KHET KO PANI”
• Tighter management of canal systems to bring larger areas under command;
• Rationalize farm power subsidies in western states;• Improve the quality of farm power supply;• Accelerate pump electrification in Bihar, Orissa,
Assam• Decentralised Managed Aquifer Recharge programs;• Revitalize 600,000 irrigation tanks in peninsular
India; • Solarize the groundwater economy by promoting
solar energy as a ‘remunerative crop’.
SOLAR PUMPS OFFER A GROUND-BREAKING IRRIGATION OPPORTUNITY THAT PMKSY IGNORES
• Solar pumps can quickly provide affordable energy to farmers of eastern India and kick-start its green revolution.
• In western India, solar pumps with a buyback guarantee for surplus solar power can offer reliable day-time energy for irrigation, stable cash income and incentive for conserving power and water.
www.iwmi.orgWater for a food-secure world
IWMI-WLE SPaRC Pilot in Anand
www.iwmi.orgWater for a food-secure world
IWMI-WLE SPaRC Pilot in Anand
RamanBhai Parmar, Village Thamna, Anand
Phot
o: D
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Bra
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IWM
IPh
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:Tom
van
Cak
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/IW
MI
Phot
o : D
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Bra
zier/
IWM
IPh
oto:
Dav
id B
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MI
THANK YOU FOR THIS OPPORTUNITY.