pmksy: implementation pathways and options (ii)
TRANSCRIPT
PMKSY: Implementation Pathways and Options
Tushaar Shah
and Shilp Verma
|| 08-Sep-2016 || Raipur ||
About IWMI-Tata Program
• ITP has operated as an ‘irrigation-agriculture-poverty’ think-tank for past 15 years
• ITP has closely studied important irrigation interventions in various states.
• It has written about what has worked, where and why in the irrigation playing field (and what has not).
• PMKSY is a subject of intense ITP study
HAR KHET KO PANI?LESSONS FROM IRRIGATION SUCCESS IN
GUJARAT AND MADHYA PRADESH AFTER 2000
Tushaar Shah
Irrigation Miracle in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh post 2001
• The battle cry of BJP 2014 electoral manifesto: Har Hath Ko Kam, Har Khet Ko Pani
• BJP’s spectacular irrigation performance in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh since 2001 (10%+ agricultural growth)
• PMKSY should emulate BJP irrigation strategies that worked in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Har Khet Ko Pani:BJP’s Commitment
PMKSY: A Break from the Past?
• Since Colonial times, irrigation policy has aimed at creating irrigation potential by building major, medium and minor irrigation projects.
• Even after Rs 700,000 crores in these, 6.8 crore out of India’s 13.85 crore farms today are totally rainfed.
• Har Khet Ko Pani means supplemental irrigation to these 6.8 crore farm holdings in 3-5 years time-frame?
Farmers are demanding year-round, on-farm water control.
TYPE I TYPE II
IRRIGATION
SERVICE
5-6 IRRIGATIONS/YEAR IRRIGATION-ON-DEMAND, ALL YEAR-ROUND
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
RESERVOIR/TANK/
CANAL/CHANNELS/ GRAVITY
FLOW
WELLS/TUBEWELLS/ PUMPS/PIPES/MICRO-
IRRIGATION
COMMAND AREA UP TO TO 15 LAKH
HECTARES
1-20 HECTARES
WHO MANAGES GOVERNMENT/ WATER
USER ASSOCIATION
INDIVIDUAL FARMER/WATER SELLER/SMALL
GROUP
GOVERNMENT
POLICIES/
INTERVENTIONS
AIBP/MMM IRRIGATION
PROJECTS/PARTICIPATORY
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
MILLION WELLS SCHEME/ELECTRIFICATION
OF WELLS/MICRO-IRRIGATION PROMOTION/
SOLAR PUMP/GW RECHARGE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Are
a (M
illio
n h
a)
Net irrigated area of India
Canals Tanks Groundwater Other sources
Canals Type I
Tanks type I
Wells &tubewells type II
Since 1985, Irrigation type I is stagnating; Irrigation Type II is
booming all over India
% of cultivated area irrigated
But Jharkhand, Chhatigarh, Bihar,
Orissa, Assam have ample
rainfall
Western Rajasthan and Kutch have little
rainfall
Rapid increase in the index of net area irrigated in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh under BJP governments post-2001;
unprecedented in India and the whole world.
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Figure 5.2 Index of Net Area Irrigated from all Sources (2000-01=100)
Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra India
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
India
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Figure 5.1 Index of Canal Irrigated area (2000-01=100)
Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra India
Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
India
BJP governments in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh recognized the criticality of Type II irrigation.
Madhya Pradesh: NSS survey results of % of cultivated area under irrigation by different sources 2003 and 2013
1.13
28.13
5.09
34.35
6.48
16.56
0.96
24
3.78
34.73
8.2
46.71
21.12
63.36
3.52
88
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Govt. canals wells and tubewells Other sources All sources
Figure 4 INCREASE IN % OF CULTIVATED AREA UNDER IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES IN MADHYA PRADESH:
COMPARING NSSO ROUND 59 (2002-3) WITH NSSO ROUND 70 (2012-13)
Kharif 2003 Kharif 2013 Rabi 2003 Rabi 2013
Madhya Pradesh: Remote-sensing images of increase in land-cover ‘greenness’ between
winter 2009 and winter 2014
Remote sensing assessment of changes in single, double and triple cropping areas in Gujarat
between 2003-4 and 2010-11
11.09
5.53
1.38
12.51
8.96
2.17
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Monsoon Rabi Summer
Gujarat: RS estimates of increase in cropped area:
2003-4 to 2010-11
Area cropped 2003-04 ( million hectares)
Area cropped in 2010-11 (Million Hectares)
It is commonly believed that irrigation increase in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
was due to new projects in Narmada basin; but not true..
Madhya Pradesh: Canal Irrigation increase was in all basins, not only Narmada
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
Figure 3 Area reported to be irrigated by public canals in different river basins of Madhya Pradesh: 2011-12 to 2013-14
Total 2011-12 Total 2012-13 Total 2013-14
Single crop
Double crop
Tripplecrop
Perennial crop
In Gujarat, area outside Sardar Sarovar Command experienced more irrigation growth than command
Other Governments BJP in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
Irrigation potential creation Benefit to farm households
Large projects, distant benefit Small investments, quick benefits
Major, Medium, Minor Irrigation schemesGroundwater wells backed by aggressiverecharge programs
Free power, but no power Reliable energy for irrigation
Construction of new mega projects Management of existing projects
Build-neglect-rebuild maintenance of existing infrastructure
No attention to groundwater recharge Groundwater recharge in campaign mode
Lip service paid to new technologies but small budget allocation
Smart promotion of new-age technologies like micro-irrigation and solar irrigation pumps
Key Take-away’s
1. Quick results
2. Energy for irrigation
3. Decentralized groundwater recharge
4. Maintenance of infrastructure
5. Management of public projects
6. Convergence of water, agriculture, RD, WS&S
7. CM’s & CS’s role in vigorous monitoring and coordination
Re-thinking PMKSY
Practical ways forward for India’s “unirrigated half”
District Clusters…
Different geographies have different hydro-ecological and socio-economic conditions…and would require different interventions…
India’s Unirrigated Half: Primary Target for PMKSY
Cluster # 1: Less than 30% irrigated holdingsCluster # 2: Irrigation constrained by absence of electricity and high cost of dieselCluster # 3: Irrigation constrained by inadequate and unreliable power supply
Contours of Deprivation in Jharkhand
Irrigation, Agriculture, Livelihoods
Mean Annual Rainfall and Irrigation
High rainfall, low storage, very little irrigation…
Groundwater Development and Energy Use
Surplus Groundwater, low density of structures, very little energy use in agriculture
Cropping Intensity and Agricultural Productivity
As a result, low cropping intensity and agricultural productivity, both per hectare and per worker
Irrigation Status in Chhattisgarh
• Over 2006 – 2011, IPC increased by nearly 200,000 Ha. but IPU remained almost constant‡
– 2006 IPC: 16.81 lakh ha; IPU: 11.49 lakh ha
– 2011 IPC: 18.44 lakh ha; IPU: 11.51 lakh ha
• 11 out of 16 [2006-07] Chhattisgarh districts are a part of India’s most irrigation-deprived geography
‡ http://www.cgwrd.in/organisation/activities/irrigation-potential.html
Chhattisgarh INDIA Top 20
Percentage Irrigated Area 26% 41% 86%
Percentage Canal Irrigated Area 18% 11% 14%
Percentage GW Irrigated Area 7% 28% 67%
Percentage Rainfed Holdings 64% 48% 12%
Cropping Intensity 1.21 1.37 1.84
Level of Groundwater Development 35% 61% 92%
GW Wells per 1000 Operational Holdings 89 146 203
GW Structures per 1000 Ha NSA 70 140 210
Energy Consumption in Agriculture (kWh-equivalent)
97 504 1152
Agricultural Productivity (Rs/Ha) 15,570 27,584 74,201
Irrigation Deprivation in Chhattisgarh…
All Classes SC ST
Average Land Holding Size (Ha) 1.36 0.88 1.83
Percentage GCA under Irrigation (%) 27.43% 40.38% 10.81%
Irrigation Deprivation within Chhattisgarh…
Even within Chhattisgarh, Adivasi’s are the most irrigation deprived social group…
PMKSY implementation in Chhattisgarh
Can it ensure ‘Har Khet Ko Pani’? How?
Potential for Sustainable GW Development
District-wise GW Development Opportunity
DISTRICT
Annual GW
Available (MCM)
Current GW Use in Agri. (MCM)
Current TOTAL
GW Use (MCM)
Level of GW
Devt.
Dom. + Ind. GW Demand
2025 (MCM)
Mean GW Draft per Well (m3)
PotentialNew Wells
(70% GWD)
BASTAR 1,218.98 88.90 127.08 10.4 47.61 13,236 51,270
DANTEWADA 1,279.20 27.52 44.78 3.5 22.19 24,834 33,361
JASHPUR 474.18 146.07 164.97 34.8 22.63 5,034 28,671
KANKER 854.81 163.99 180.40 21.1 21.04 18,370 21,607
KAWARDHA 342.81 208.72 227.20 66.3 21.84 36,312 -
KORBA 462.85 96.64 146.26 31.6 56.76 11,949 10,124
KORIYA 509.54 99.94 115.24 22.6 19.60 5,141 43,151
MAHASAMAND 598.13 242.28 282.37 47.2 50.66 23,858 3,590
RAIGARH 402.78 175.74 212.72 52.8 46.16 4,310 5,350
RAJNANDGAON 430.92 215.29 249.13 57.8 34.78 19,877 892
SARGUJA 1,637.02 381.44 433.79 26.5 75.09 5,976 106,607
CHHATTISGARH 8,211.22 1,846.54 2,183.94 26.6 418.38 304,622
Key Points
~300,000 wells can be created across 10 districts without threatening GW sustainability
Creation of even 20% of these wells will add 0.3 – 0.5 mha to the region’s gross irrigated area than at a cost of only Rs. 300 crores assuming one [well + pump] costs ~Rs. 100,000
Cost per Ha = Rs. 15,000 – 20,000
Tank-groundwater conjunctive use can be made possible by restoring available tank capacity
Horticulture
Vegetable and Upland crops
Well + Pump
Cereal crop stabilization
Up-lands
Low-lands
Mid-lands
Type II Irrigation Expansion
Solar Irrigation PumpsOpportunities for Sustainable GW Development
• Rapidly declining PV prices mean that solar pumps are going to re-define India’s groundwater economy in the coming years, irrespective of government programs
• Solar pumps present an opportunity as well as a potential challenge
• Alternate Solar Promotion Models
– BAU: High K-subsidy; Small pumps
– Bigger pumps; Solar ISPs
– Solar “crop” and “coops.”
Recommendations for PMKSY in Chhattisgarh
• Focus on “unirrigated holdings” in most-deprived districts and give priority to “Adivasi” holdings– ITP and Tata Trusts can help in finer level clustering
• Prioritize Type II over Type I irrigation for cost-effective irrigation expansion
• Support farmers to acquire wells, pumps and water delivery systems
• Support decentralized water harvesting and groundwater recharge activities at watershed level
• First ensure access to Type II irrigation, then invest in drip irrigation and other improved irrigation technologies
RaCE Irrigation Expansion Program
• Leverage MGNREGA for constructing private wells
• Leverage solar-PV opportunities for meeting rural energy needs and sustainably developing groundwater– Solar ISPs for catalysing equitable irrigation service markets
– Solarized Public Tubewells and Lis
– Solar Power as Remunerable Crop (SPaRC)
• Support irrigation distribution infrastructure for catalysing equitable irrigation service enterprises
• Invest in multiple avenues for decentralized water harvesting and groundwater recharge
• Maximize conjunctive use in canal and tank commands
Irrigation Source, Water Control
Pumping/ Energy Needs
Distribution Systems
Recharge, Watershed,
Micro Irrigation
