impact of mgt info sys

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TITLE PAGE

THE IMPACTS OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM IN

AN ORGANIZATION

(A CASE STUDY OF BWARI AREA COUNCIL)

BY

DAUDA OCHANDO ZAINAB

FPN/SO1/2009/2010/NDBAM/3459

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND

MANAGEMENT

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STUDIES

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA

P.M.B.001, NASARAWA STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

OCTOBER, 2011

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APPROVAL PAGE

This project has been scrutinized and approved as meeting the requirement

for the award of National Diploma in Business Administration and

Management, School of Business Studies, Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa,

Nasarawa State.

------------------------- ----------------------

Salihu Adam Jiddah Date

(Project Supervisor)

-------------------------- -----------------------Alh. Musa Salihu Date

(Head of Department)

-------------------------- -----------------------External Examiner Date

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the project titled The Impacts of Management

Information System in an Organization (A case study of Bwari Area

Council) by Dauda Ochando Zainab meets the requirement governing the

award of National Diploma (ND) in Business Administration and

Management of the Federal Polytechnic, Nasarawa.

------------------------- ----------------------

Salihu Adam Jiddah Date

(Project Supervisor)

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DECLARATION

I declared that the content of this research work titled The Impact of

Management System in an Organization (A case study of Bwari Area

Council) is a research work carried out by Dauda Ochanda Zainab with Reg.

No. BAM 3459 under the guidance of my able supervisor Salihu Adam

Jiddah of the Department of Business Administration and Management,

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.

The authors/ writers whose books I have referred to in this work have been

acknowledge therefore, I shall be found in this project work.

------------------------- ----------------------Dauda Ocanndo Zainab Date

(Student NDBAM 3459)

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DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to God Almighty for granting me the

strength, blessing, favour, protection, guidance, grace and mercy for a

successful completion of my academic period.

I also dedicate this project work to my parent Mr. / Mrs. Dauda Momoh

Jimoh for their support and prayers through out the period of my academic

pursuit.

Finally, I dedicate this project work to my lovely husband, Supol Sanni

Siyaka and my lovely children Hassan and Hussein for their support

financially and morally he gave to me.

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTALDepartment of Business Administration,

School of business studies,

Federal polytechnic Nasarawa,

P.M B 00I, Nasarawa state

The Head of Department,

Business Administration

And management

Federal polytechnic

Nasarawa,

Nasarawa State.

Sir

SUBMISSION OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA PROJECT WORK

I have the honour to submit this research work on the impacts of

management information system in an organization in compliance with the

established policy of national board for technical education (NBTE) and the

federal polytechnic Nasarawa that every student should submit. The final

year project work on an approved topic in partial fulfillment for the award of

national diploma in business administration and management.

Yours faithfully

Dauda Ochando Zainab

(Student NDBAM 3459)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my profound gratitude to God the creator of the heaven

and the earth, foreseeing me through the vigour of carrying out a research

work and above all, studying in an institution like this.

I also expressing my gratitude to my supervisor Salihu Adam Jiddah who

despite his busy schedules, still create time to attend to me especially in

reading through the work over and over and making necessary correction of

errors.

I also acknowledge the most important people in my life especially my

beloved father Hon. Dauda Momoh Jimoh and my mother Hagia Mariyam

Dauda for the up bringing and inevitable discipline and also my brothers and

sisters Nafisat, Hamza Abdul Samad, Muhammed Rabiu, Hamid, Mugsit,

Mubarag for their being supportive. I also appreciate my beloved Husband

Supol Sanni Siyalaa and my lovely children Sikirat Sadiya Maryiyam,

Hassan and Hussein for their love and support.

I sincerely pray that Almighty (Allah) to grant them favour in all segment of

human endeavour. The work is incomplete if I forget the contribution of my

grand mother Hagia Sadatu Abu my to regard to her.

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TO GOD BE THE GLORY!

ABSTRACT

Management in any organization requires information to take decision

that has to do with the over all objectives of this research work is to

examine the need for management information system in an organization

with Bwari Area Council as the case study unity over the years the

management of Bwari Area Council has uncounted delay in process,

accuracy and storage of information required for decision making.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page - - - - - - - - - i

Approval page - - - - - - - - ii

Certification- - - - - - - - - iii

Declaration - - - - - - - - - iv

Dedication - - - - - - - - - v

Letter of Transmittal - - - - - - - vi

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - vii

Abstract - - - - - - - - - viii

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 1

1.2 Background knowledge of the case study - - - 2

1.3 Statement of problems - - - - - - 3

1.4. Objective of the study - - - - - - 3

1.5 Significance of the study - - - - - - 3

1.6 Research hypothesis - - - - - - 4

1.7 Scope of the study - - - - - - - 4

1.8 Limitation of the study - - - - - - 41.9 Definition of relevant terms - - - - - 5

Reference - - - - - - - - 6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - 7

2.1 Information Technology and Computer - - - 7

2.2 Generation of computer - - - - - - 8

2.3 Classes of computers - - - - - - 12

2.4 The development of computer - - - - - 14

2.5 Charles Babbage and George book computer logic 1822-1854. 16

2.6 Hardware configuration - - - - - - 18

2.7 Concept of software - - - - - - 20

2.8 Computer programming language - - - - 22

2.9 Types of computer data processing system - - - 25

2.10 Data communication - - - - - - 27

2.11 Data communication channels - - - - - 28

2.12 Computer network - - - - - - - 29

2.13. Network strategies - - - - - - - 34

2.14. The need for information system - - - - 35

2.15. Information Technology and society - - - - 36

Reference - - - - - - - - 38

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 39

3.2 Sources of data collection - - - - - 39

3.3 Research population - - - - - - 40

3.4 Sample size - - - - - - - - 40

3.5 Research instrument used- - - - - - 40

3.6 Questionnaire design - - - - - - 41

3.7 Questionnaire distributions and collection - - - 41

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CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - 42

4.1 Data presentation and analysis - - - - - 42

4.2 Test of Hypothesis - - - - - - 47

4.3. Research findings - - - - - - - 50

CHAPTER FIVESUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - 51

5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 51

5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - 52

Bibliography - - - - - - - 53

Appendixes - - - - - - - - xii-xiv

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APPENDIX I

The Federal Polytechnic,

School of Business Studies,

Department of Business

Administration

And Management,

P.M.B 001,Nasarawa,

Nasarawa State.

Dear Sir,QUESTIONNAIRE

With most respect, I am National Diploma Student from Department of

Business Administration in Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa. I am carrying out

a project work on topic, the impacts of management information system in

an organization, it would be much appropriated if you can spare your time to

answer question I strongly believe that your cooperation will go a long way

in helping to solve some of the various problem the management

information system in an organization.

Thanks for your maximum cooperation.

Your faithfully,

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9. What are your major problems in the local government service?

10. Does the management of the organization regularly exchange

information about the activities of the organization with employers?

A. Quite often ( )

B. Some time ( )

C. Uncertain ( )

D. Never ( )

11. Does the organization hold management meeting of regular intervals

and inform subordinate about issues concerning information system?

A. Strongly agree ( )

B. Agree ( )

C. Uncertain ( )

D. Disagree ( )

E. Strongly disagree ( )

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The need for information technology by individual business emphasized.

Long time the history of information technology as well as was invented BY

different scholars.

On the years business have progressed globally with digital revulation that

has convert the world into a village. Information technology has made it

easy to access. Through the internet service any where we want to reach as

for as the information technology is concern. Many business have also

integrated into the valley stream of trade world wide seeking for under and

suppliers of products and raw materials across the international boundaries.

T. Lucy (2001) defined management information as a device that accept

instruction and electronically process storage and retrieve for decision

making. This is to say apart from the manual calculator. The computer as

information technology device has integrated business world wide.

Management of an organization need management information system as a

tool for data barked, their organization information on sales, products,

design storage and retrieved of same for decision making for the single fact

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that almost surviving organization system to control operation and effective

collection of data on daily transactions.

1.3 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE OF THE CASE STUDY

The federal capital territory is the seat and administrative head quarter of

Nigeria, Government policies bordering in area of economy are formulated

and directed to lies and growth. In December (1991), the seat of power was

relocated from Lagos to FCT Abuja by the then military government headed

by General Ibrahim Babangida (GCFB). In this regard the federal capital

territory was created with area council for adninstration, convenience.

Bwari Area concil is one of the council which was further created by the

former minister Gen. J. I Useni to further enhance communication and

facilitate administration within the federal capital territory. Each area

council has his implementing some for even development of the Inhabitant

in order to faced life the whole territory by putting the council management

in place. It became obvious that this council can not operate effectively

when there is no adequate infrastructure for communication. Process and

retrieval of information required for decision making. This study is therefore

necessary to make and in depth research to identify. The need and relevance

of management information system by an organization in facilitating

decision making it has become necessary to undergo a study on the need of

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management information system in an organization to provide the required

information for decision making at any given point.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Many organization have failed in decision making due to poor information

for such decision for production sale, marketing distribution defends largely

on the degree of accuracy of the information. Management information

system as a device is required by management of all organization to process,

storage and retrieval of information for any decision making process.

1.5. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

i. The study is to provide became information for decision making.

ii. To provide basis for data bank.

iii. To provide an in-depth study on the subject matter.

iv. To provide well inform management at all level where information

system is required.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

These research work is very important to the researchers as it serve as part of

there program before they can be given ND certificate in Business

Administration at Federal Polytechnic, Nasarawa. And it serve as a remedy

to organization under study, Because the end the suit is to provide solution

to identified problem of the organization which is Bwari Area CouncilAbuja.

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It can also serve as a guide to future scholars as they equally serve as a

source of research topic.

To the general public, research promote the growth and the development and

equally facilitate over economic, social and political system, from what we

have said so far, is important to know that research is very useful not only to

the research scholars, member of the public but also to the society in general.

1.9 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The aim of the study is to question the reliability and to validate this

hypothesis.

Ho: Poor management information system hinders the effective decision

making in an organization.

Hi: Lack of adequate information network cause delay in decision making

process in an organization.

1.10 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the is limited to Bwari Area Councilwith emphases on the

impact of management information system.

1.11 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The crucial problem of the study is in connected with lack of primary data,

primary source of information including experiment and investigation with

reasonable work, interview and questionnaire are part of brain behind

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deficiency due to illiteracy and negative attitude toward research work on

wide of respondents. Until (1951(, that the first commercial electronic

computer became available this was the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic

Computer) built by John W. Manchly and J. Tresper Echert, (1954). Another

UNIVAL I was installed at general electronic appliance park in loms

Kentcky.

1.12 DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS.

JMPACTS:- Impact can be view as collision, storage effect of policies or

program.

MANAGEMENT:-Management is the process of utilizing material and

human resources to accomplish designated objectives.

SYSTEM:- System is a set of connected things that form a whole work

together.

INFORMATION:- Information can be defined simply as the fact told,

heard or discovered.

ORGANIZATION:- Organization can be defined or view as a planned unit

deliberately structured for the purpose of attaining designated objective.

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REFERENCE

Beach D.S (1980): Personnel, the Management of People at Word,

Macmillan Pub. Inc New York.

J.O.A Ayeni : Fundamental of Computing University of Lagos Press.

A.S Horn by (1997): Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, New Student

Edition.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with review of the relevant literature related to the subject

matter. There is many conceptual frame work on the information system.

Take look of the advancement information technology is to be the focus of

this study in order to identify the updated information system required for

the smooth running of a dynamic modern organization.

2.1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER

In real life, application of information technology and computer can not be

separated. One can be used in a place of the other defending on its

applicability convenience. Computer is many things to many people to some

if is a terrible complex invention, which is best avoided, while to other it is

the ultimate solution to all problems. These are the only two examples of

several misconception about the computer. While the former vices depicts a

deliberate and ultimate fertile attempts to ignore an overwhelming

technological development, the later view is rather simplistic as it invariably

is rather simplistic as it invariably leads to disappointment and frustration.

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2.2. GENERATION OF COMPUTER

Ever since the emergence of the electronic computer, they have undergone

several major changes. So far five clear generations are recognized.

A) FIRST GENERATION.

The first generation computer which spanned between 1947 and 1958 were

made of value (I.E Vacuum tubes) as the basic black for building the logic

part of the computer. The technological base was circuitry, consisting of

wires and thermionic values i.e based on the Jan Von Neumann design

principle. They were characterized by very small memory, slow to operation

consume large amount of power, radiate enormous heat, gigantic in sign and

can be unreliable. They used magnetic drums and delay lines for their

internet storage.

Example are Mark I (1945), ENIAC (1948) EDVAC (1947), EDSAC

(1949), UNIVAC (1951), ACE (1951), IBM 650.

CHARACTERISTICS OF 1ST GENERATION

The used vacuum tubes to control internal operation.

General considerable amount of heat.

They were very and not reliable.

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They require a lot of space and special air conditioning equipment to

dissipate the heat generated by the tubes.

.Input and output operations were performed using purchased cards.

The internal capacity was limited.

The cycle time was very low

Scientific application oriented.

Create compatibility of components, allowing daisies expansion of

computer systems.

The use of communication channels to permit remote input and

output.

Ability to perform several operations simultaneously.

Capability to handle both business and scientific application.

B) SECOND GENERATION

These spanned between 1959 and 1963. The technology used transistors

instead of the value. The transistors were invented by a team of scientist

headed by William Shockley at Bell laboratory in the US. Transistors are

made less prone to failure, simpler to manufacture, cheaper, consume less

power, more reliable and perform similar operations as the values. The use

of transistors went a long way in reducing size, dissipate less test, reduced

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manufacturing cost, improved reliability and overall processing power, they

use magnetic core storage. For the more. There were major advances in

computer programming languages development. For example, the high-level

languages were introduced e.g formular transistor, ALGOL, APL and

COBOL. Examples IBM (international 7090, IEO and IBM 7094. Their

applications include payroll and inventory processing.

C) THIRD GENERATION

The third generation computer spanned between 1964 and 1971, the

integrated circuit (IC). This above everything brought about enhanced

processing speeds, efficiency and smaller in former. They were relatively

cheaper and smaller in terms of cost and size respectively cheaper and

smaller in terms of cost and size respectively. The first set of IC produced

contains ten or twenty inter connected transistors and diode, giving three or

four basic circuits on a single module referred to as mall scale integrated

circuit (SSIC). This era marked the development of mini computers as

against mainframe. Also as part of innovations of the generation of

computers the development of multi-programming and time-sharing

facilities, which enable several users to make use of the same computer at

once and the same time, with each user thinking that he/she is the only user

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using the system system at the material time. Example: IBM S/360 and IBM

S/ 370 series.

D) FOURTH GENERATION

The fourth generation spanned between 1971 and 1982, the IC of the formal

was re[laced with a very large scale integration (VLSI) and ultra large scale

integration (ULSI) or the micro processor. In each VLSI over 8,000 flip

flops are placed in a single silicon chips. The most important result of this

generation was the production micro computers which emerged as a result of

advancement in micro processors. These micro processors were

characterized with faster processing abilities, expandable memory, for

cheaper than the IC machines. This generation produces a wide variety of

software tools like DBMS, word processing packages, games software. This

generation also witnessed the enhancement of networking capabilities such

as electronic fund transfer. Examples IBM 3033, HP 3000 mini computers.

E) FIFTH GENERATION

The fifth generation spanned between 1983 to date. This generation is

considered as the state- of-the-art to describe the level of sophistication of

evolution computer has reached today. The main feature of this generation

of computers is knowledge-based oriented processing, which implies giving

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the computer a brain so that it can reason like human beings. This is found in

what is known as artificial intelligence used in designing machines called

expert system, which now adorned our high tech industrial outfits like

refineries, assembly plants, note that the artificial intelligence is the

capability of a device to perform functions that are normally associated with

human intelligence such as reasoning, decision taking and responsiveness.

This generation of computer is not just faster and cheaper than the former

generations, but is configured based on cutting edge technology and artificial

intelligence (AI), which makes them interactive or user friendly. They were

designed using parallel architecture to utilize knowledge (i.e. learn from

experience) and accept inputs through voice and vision system.

2.3 CLASSES OF COMPUTERS

Using the mode of operation there are two broad classes of computer namely

analog and digital.

Analog computers are design for processing continues signals like oil blour

into a reserve in petroleum refinery.

Digital computer on the other hand process signals that is signal which can

be meaning fully connected into digitals. Computer that are designed with

both digital and analog work in mind bid computer. A digital computer is

programmable or non- programmable. on programmable computer is

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developed to perform only one specific set of tacks e.g. pocket desk-top

calculators, programmable computer can be made to perform different sets

of tasks at different times depending on the set of contraction given the

computer each time.

Types of digital computer: include the following based on their physical size

cost of purchase and memory capacity.

Micro computer (small)

Mini computer (medium)

Mainframe computer ( large)

Super computer

a) Mini computer are usually small, single users system with no peripherals

apart from built in disk. The first commercial micro computer which had

a micro processor as its brain appeared in 1974. it was caused the

Altair 8800, a macro computer is designed for specific applications and

in corporate give basic components, micro processor, random access

memory (RAM) input and output (110) devices, interface components.

b) Mini computer are smaller in size and memory capacity accommodate

fewer peripherals than main frames, mini computer are new

accomplishing tasks that used to be reserved for main frames.

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c) Main frame are physically large systems with large memory capacity.

Apart from the obvious difference between mini computer and main

frame is in the number of remote terminals the can service i.e. they have

variety of capable peripherals (1/10) equipment.

d) Super computer are computers with enormous power and size which are

employed for scientific research and military application e.g. Cray

1.cray2.

2.4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER

CALCULATING DEVICES: the history of calculation in computer could be

traced to be first developed by headmen or ancient time who sought method

of taking stock of their animal using pebbles using pebbles to avoid losses.

These pebbles drekept in their pocket when leaving for grazing in the

morning and mounted in the evening when returning to as certain that none

was wished or left behind. However, mens grist for aid to calculation dated

as far as the seventy century BC.

The Abacus (450 BC) the dailies mechanical aid to calculation was the

abacus which is a mechanical pebbles computer. Abacus was invented in

chain and mostly used by merchants for arithmetic purpose. The abacus is

still in use today in some parts of Asia and is believe to be modern day hard

calculator

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Nappies Bone and Pascal adding machine (1617-1642) logarithms is said to

be invented by john Napier ascetical mathematician. Today logarithms

enable us to multiply or divide large numbers quickly, accurately and easily.

The device was Nick named Napier Bones. The bones were actually rods,

which were manipulated to multiple or divide two numbers. On the other

hand, bllaise Pascal is a French mathematician, who device the first time

adding marching called paralarithmatics machine of the eye of 19, the

development of this arithmetic paved way for further development some

century later, a computer programming called Pascal was developed by

professor Niklans with in Zurich and named after Pascal in appreciation of

his contribution to believed to be the 1st mechanical calculator but it never

worked realizably enough to be adapter on a wider scale .

Samuel moor land and Gatt fried von lebnitz (1663-1671) between 1666, see

Samuel moorland, an Englishman invented three calculating machine. The

first was adding machine used for simple addition and subtraction while the

remaining tow were device for device for giving access to pre-calculated

pages.

Gottfried von Labnitz (1971) a German mathematician invented a calculator

that could perform both multiplication and division in addition to those of

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not land Pascals calculators that calculate mainly on the principles of

addition and subtraction, calculators with modern from did not come until

1870 through Frenchman, chokes axisies Thomas. The banging of computer

Awe mechan.k electronic desires and jacquard wearing loan 1800-1950.

From 1800-1950 further development of comprises were centered armed:

Information storage (data and instructions)

Computer logic

Electronics

Principle of computer design.

When a French man, Joseph maric jacquard between 801-1804 made first

successful use of punched cards to control a weaving loom with the card

various pattern could be stored with high designed of accuracy to facilitate

the production of textile materials.

2.5 CHARLES BABBAGE AND GEORGE BOOK COMPUTER

LOGIC 1822-1854.

In 1812 Babbage conceived the idea of building a calculating machine to

compute mathematical tables. He completed the machine in 1822 and named

it the deference engine.

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He further conceived the ideal of analytical engine a machine that embodied.

The principles and capabilities of the modern automatic computer. He also

designed a second differences engine .George book an English logician in

1847 & 1854 made a commendable effort on the development of computer

logic. He devises an algebraic system, called book algebra for representing

and manipulating logical expressions.

HOLLERTH PUNCH CARDS AND ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS

Shortly after the USA census in 1880, the census bureau saw the need to

complete the counting before the next census stated for 1890 Dr Herman

Houerith, the inventor of modern parched cards and a statistician at the

Burean proposed a mechanized solution based on equipment handing punch

cards. He derived a system where by information like names, sex address etc

are by purched holes.

The Purched card which the counted and totaled by electrochemical

counters. Dr. Hoverith later from his company the computing tabulating

recording which after some times merged with two other companies to form

the International Business Machine (IBM) corporation. The outbreak of the

world war II reinforced the pace to construct a purely electronic the early

special purpose electronic valve based machine called 23 and 24 were

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produced by a German, Kommd Zuse during the war though they are

believed to have been in existence since 1941, they used the idea of stored

program to perform catenations. In Britain at the same time, another

electronic valve used machine was produced called colossus. It was used to

break the top secret German code in 1943.

The first prohype electronic computer was built by Von Vincent and Soft

and Chifford Berry called Atansoft Berry Computer (ABC). ABC was a

special purpose computer as it was built for a particular design.

2.6 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

All modern computer are constructed using integrated circuit which many

individuals transistors are built together (integrated) on tiny piece of silicon,

often called a chip.

A computer arithmetic and logic unit can be made in way and is called a

micro-processor and an entire micro computer, including store and

input/output control, can be produced on a single chip. All computer system

performs the function of input, output, processing and storage.

The hardware computer of a computer system consist of inter connected

electronic and mechanical device. The primary storage contains the data

being process and the programs controlling the computer. The unit controle

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the operations of all the hardware as the programs in memory dictate the

processor (ALU), performs the catenations and make comparism between

units

Internal storage:

The internal memory (primary storage) of a computer is an integral element

of the processing unit and may be referred to as the computers working

memory.

It is used for storing software in the form of operating system application

programs, utility routines etc.

The most usual type of memory currently in use are:

a. Core storage

b. Semi conductor memory (metal oxide semi conductor (mos) )

i. RAM

ii. RDM

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CONTROL UNIT

ARITHEMATIC AND LOGICAL UNIT

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)


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iii. PROM

iv. EPROM

c. BUBBLE MEMORY

d. OPTIONAL MEMORY

e. CACHE MEMORY

ASCH, EBCDIC: The extended binary codes interchange code. It is a eight-

bit code developed by IBM.

ASCH: the American standard cord for information interchanges (ASCH)

Data is represented in the computer by the presence or absence of electrical

signals in the circuit of the machine. Only two possible states exist, either is

a signal or there is not one. This two states system is known as a binary

system.

2.7 CONCEPT OF SOFTWARE

In general, software is a term used to cover all programs which can be run

on a given computer, together with the language which they are written. This

includes machine codes, subroutines, compilers and commercials packages.

A) COMPUTER SOFTWARE

The software of a computer is a collection of programs which are designed

to solve specific users problems control and enhance the operations.

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It is stored on magnetic disk semi- conductor, or other suitable storage

devices. To inn a program, the computer loads it from the storage device into

RAM, and instructions it constrains then executed by the CPU the software

is subdivided into two broad classes namely system software and application

software.

B) SYSTEM SOFTWARE:

system programs directly affect the operation of the computer. They are

designed to facilitate the we of the hardware and to help the computer

system run quickly and efficiently, for example, a system program allocate

storage for data being entered into the system.

System programs are generally provided by the computer manufacture or a

specialized programme firm. System software, which at micro- computer

level generally comprises three groups:

a) Operating system, which control all activities within the computer

system example ms Dos UNIX.

b) Utilities software which provide additional facilities and routine

example. Disk compression.

c) Program language processor or language transistor, translate English

like programmed into machine language instruction (is and os)

example are COBOL BASIC LONGITERS e.t.c.

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D) APPLICATION PROGRAMS (SOFTWARE)

Application software is a collection of programs, which performs specific

data processing or computational tasks to solve the organizations

management problems. They are usually developed within the organization,

although some can be purchased. This software enables us to write letters,

mean us, play games, e.t.c. application software is usually supplied as a

package consisting of:

a) The software supplied on one or more floppy disk

b) A manual explaining how to use the software

c) Training material either in a disk or in a booklet or both.

There are many varieties of software available to micro computers.

2.8 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A programming language is a collection of commands that direct the control

of computer system, (programming language, like human to human

languages contain a number of rules of expression called system forms the

manner in which the commands may be used. There are basically three level

of programming languages: machine code, high level languages and

assemble language.

a) MACHINE LANGUAGE: is the most fundamental of programming

language of computers. It is the first generation language. It is organized in

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sequence of O. S and I.S. A typical machine language instruction looks like

this: 0011110 1001110. it is the lowest level language one of the

disadvantage is that it is difficult to learn. It is very easy to make errors and

very hard to correct.

b) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES: was developed to alleviate some of the

uses of memory and (in memories) and are therefore, not directly

interpretable by the machine computer. A program in an assembly code must

be translated in machine code before it can run it is second generation

language. It is to road than machine code.

c) HIGH- LEVEL LANGUAGE OR THIRD GENERATION: There

are easy for a programmed to read and understand. They are written in some

thing close to English language. A program in a high level language must be

converted into machine code before it can be executed. The conversion is by

the aid of a computer or interpreter e.g COBOL, FORTANIT.C language,

basic programs in high level language can usually be with little change.

d) THE 4TH GENERATION LANGUAGE: The language allows the

users to specify what to do rather than how to do it. They are designed for

fast application development and many are intended for knowledgeable

users.

e) COMPUTER LANGUAGES CLASSIFICATION

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There are many ways of categorizing languages, by level, purpose, structure

and orientation and translation method.

a) LEVEL: Computer language are called low- level if the require the

programmer to have detailed knowledge of the computer hardware

system.. A high level language is one that is fairly machine

independent in that little or no knowledge of specific computing

machine is required. As a rule the higher the level of a language, the

more similar it is to English on the programmers natural language.

b) PURPOSE: Language are general- purpose if they can be use to solve

a variety of type of problems. The lower the level, the more general

purpose the language.

c) STRUCTURE: Early language like, FORIRAN, COBOL and BASIC

were not designed for structured programming. A language is

structured of it is relatively easy to implement the structure

mechanisms. True BASIC is the example.

d) ORIENTATION: Language can be classified as procedure- oriented

or problem- oriented. In a procedure- oriented language, the computer

the programmer, specify how to solve a problem by medicating the

procedure the computer is to use. In problem oriented language

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programmers specify what is to be accomplished leaving the

development of procedures to the language.

e) TRANSLATION METHOD: Except for machine language, which is

already in machine executable form, every computer language must

be translated into the zeros and once that the computer language

understands, the translation is perform by another computer program

called language translator.

f) SOURCE PROGRAM: The sequence of instructions written in

either low- level language by the programmer is called source

program.

g) OBJECT PROGRAM: Is a sequence of machine executable

instruction derived from source program statements by a language

translator program.

2.9 TYPES OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM

Data processing environments are largely dictated by the types (capacity) of

the computer as well as the native of the application to be computed.

The environments are:

a) Batch processing in- line processing

b) Real time processing

c) Time sharing processing

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d) Distributed processing.

A) BATCH PROCESSING: Jobs are coded and collected into groups or

batches before they can be processed. A batch consists of a convenient

member of records or a collection of records relating to a given, period i.e

daily, weekly, monthly e.t.c

ON- LINE OR REACTIVE PROCESSING: Allow the processing data in a

sufficiently rapid manner, so that the results of the processing are available

in time to influence the current activity. This means that the information

bring produced is up to date. To achieve this level of concurrencies, special

device called direct access storage device (DASO), such as disk and

document together with special software are required. On- line processing

also require the use of dual purpose input and output devices such as VDU

and functioning with the CPU all the time. Examples of applications suited

to this environment are coded, entry, online reservation, and inventory.

Control e.t.c

B) REAL TIME PROCESSING: This is a mode of operation in which

the computer deals immediately with tasks and when then arise and fast

enough to control future developments. All system which is working in real

time, examples of real time must generally be online, but not all online

system are airline seat reservation and process control of a chemical plant.

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C) TIME SHARING: If time sharing operating system headless input

and output simultaneously from number of thermals as well the peripheral of

the computer. Time sharing is thus the simultaneous interaction with a

computer system by several user, each of whom is unaware of presence of

the other.

D) DISTRIBUTED PROCESSION: This is now widely used in relation

to micro and mini computers. it implacable at a number of site instead of a

single computer center

2.10 DATA COMMUNICATION

Data communication is the electronic transmission or data from one location

to another, usually over communication chards such as telephone /telegraph

lines on micro Grover. In a data communication system, data transmitted

between terminals and a central computer.

COMPONENTS OF A DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

There are 3 basic component that institute a data communication system

they are:

The transmitter

The communication channel

The receiver.

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DATA COMMUNICATION

.

DATA COMMUNICATION MODEL

THE TRANSMITTER: is the source where data originates before it been

seen from one place to another. If transmitter might be a computer terminal.

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS: serves as the pipeline that receive the

data from one point to another it is usually a telephone line, but it can also

be any thing that is capable of transmitting electrical signal, e.g. micro

waves system, satellite, fiblle.optics, hasor.

RECEIVER: is the period to which data is delivered. As example of which

may be a computer that receives data from terminal or vice-versa

2.11 DATA COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

The transmission of information between remote locations is the very

essence of data communications. Therefore, the perform ance of a

communication system depends on the ability of the communication

channels to convey data from one place to another.

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TRANSMITTER RECEIVER CHANNEL


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i. COAXIAL CABLE: is basically a single wire conductor

surrounded by an outer layer cylandivical conductor

ii. WIRES: Telephone wires are the most communication channels

used in data communication system. It consist of twisted pear of

wires embedded inside an outer insulated.

2.12 COMPUTER NETWORK

A Computer network is a communication system commenting two or more

computer. That work together to exchange information and share resources

a) NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM: Control and co-ordinates the

activities between computer networks.

b) NETWORK ACCUSATVE: Describe how computer network are

configured and what strategies are used

c) CONFIGURATIONS: A Network can be assuaged or configure in

several different way. This assuagement is called the networks topology

COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS:

Can be connected in different assuagement or network to suit different users

needs

There are four: principal network topologies. Namely:

i. Star

ii. Bees

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iii. Ring

iv. Hierarchical

STAR NETWORK: In a network, a mainly of computer systems or

peripheral devices are record to a central unit. This central unit may be

described as host computer or file server. All communications (exchange or

information) pass through this central unit control is maintained by polling

are given advantage of the star network it that can be used to provide a time

sharing system.

The star is a common topology for linking several micro computers to a

mainframe that allows access to organization data base.

STAR NETWORKING STRUCTURE

BUS NETWORK:

44

PC 4

PC1

PC 2

HOST COMPUTER

PC 5 PC 3


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Each device is that network handles it own communication control. There is

host computer. All communication travel along a common bus connecting

cable. As the information passes alone. The bus, it is examine by each

devices to see the information is intended for it bus network is not efficient

sharing information as the star network because the bus network is not a

direct link to the resources. However, a bus network is less expressive and is

a very common use.

RING NETWORK:

Each device is connected to two other devices forming a ring. There is no

central file server or computer with micro computer, the four networks. A

ring network supports decentralize organization because, it makes possible a

distributed data processing system.

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PRINTER

P 2 P P 4

P 1 P 3 P


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THE HERARCHICAL NETWORKING

The three important types are:

i. LAN- Local is network

ii. MAN-Metropolitan area network

iii. WAN-Wide area network

Different types of communication channels or air allow different type of

network to be made for instance, telephone line may be used to connect

communication equipment within the same building. This day there is exist

building called smart buildings have coavial or fiber optic label installed

inside the walls to make it early to from communication networks.

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MAIN FRAMES

PC PC PC PCPC


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Network may also be citywide and even international using both cable and

air connection.

LAN: Connects devices that as located close to one another in the same

building connection is by cable telephone coanial or fiber optic LAN often

use a bus from of organization.

LAN may be linked to other LANs or to larger networks for example, the

LAN of the are office group. It may also be connected to other in the wider

world, even if their configurations are different.

Thus the host at the top of the heretical could be a mainframe. The computer

below the mainframe could be mini computer and those below, micro

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P C P C PRINTER

PRINTER FILE SERVER

P C P C

NETWORK

GATEWAY


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computer. The hierarchical network is useful in centralized organizations. It

allows various computers to share database processing power and different

output devices

2.14. NETWORK STRATEGIES

Every network has a strategy, way of coordinating the sharing information

and resource.

i) TEAMINAL: One large computer provides all processing, strong

central control; linked flexibility and control for user of the star and

hierarchical network are typical configuration with 05-operating system

ii) PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK SYSTEM: computer modes act as

both servers and dints. It is inexpensive and easy to install wall in small net

work. Commonly used networks 05 are novels network lite, Ms Widows

NT

iii) CLLENT SERVER NETWORK SYSTM: Use one powerful

computer to coordinate and supply service to all other modes on the

network. The service provides access to centralized resources such as

databases, application software and firmware. This strategy is based on

specialization commonly used network 05 are novels network. Ms Windows

NT and IBM LAN server.

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iv) HIERARCHICAL NETWORK SYSTEMS. One top-level host

computer connected to next level computers. Other used in centralized

organization.

Communication network differ in geographical

MAN: This network is used as link software office building in a city.

Connectively is by cellular phone or phone lines.

WAN: are connective wide and network communication channels used are

microware and satellite to all reach user over lorry distances. The widest of

all WANS is the internet, which spans the enter globe.

2.14. THE NEED FOR INFORMATION SYSTEM

It has been said that ever since the computer made its distal on the world

scene, it was the greatest invention since man witness electricity. Today,

several decades later many people would however managed without

computers. In modernized areas of the world almost even aspect of peoples

live in affiliated in some way by computers. If you rely or retirement more,

disability change from the government tax and insurance refined or a host of

other such payment receiving them is dependent on computers. It you are

and a plover chance are that you parody cheques are computerized.

Computers keep track of many deposited in banking institution and the

matters paid. They are a boon to doctors, climes and hospitals in diagnose

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health problem and saving likes computers are viewed to monitor weather

condition and to keep air plane from concluding in the air. What would the

world do without them computers?

2.16. NFORMATION TECHNOLODY AND SOCIETY

The comfort has become an integral part of education. The goals of

computer education were to create;

i. Computer awareness (literary)

ii. Computer use

iii. Computer Airvareness

Scholls of all levels are vigorously acquiring computers and engaged in

computer education.

iv. Computer use: Computers are being used in school to teach students

basic spelling, maths, science, using the technique known as CAL.

v. Computer as a physician and have because a big asset in the

provision of health service area were computer have been food

useful which include.

c. Patient digenesis

d. Patient condition monitoring

e. Aid for the handicapped

f. Hospital information system.

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Computer fined great life in industry for a wide range of application

information processing, processing control computer aided design and

manufacturing (CAD/CAM) robotics, net wet monitoring stimulating

according inventory control M/S data base management e.t.c.

vi Artificial intelligence. It involves the use of computer to solve

problem that require human intelligence judgment, insight and

experience. There are expecting systems that solve problem meant for

human.

vii Social implication of computer an society.

History will undoubtedly regard the computer as the ultimate

technological achievement of our century.

REFERENCES

Larry long and Nancy (1983): Computer Practice, Hall INC New Jerky.

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Bartee .T. O (1985): Basic Computer Programming 2nd edition Harper and

Row New York,

P.S. Idoko (2004): Introduction to Computer Elyon publisher Benin City ND

II Lecture Note (computer department) Introduction to Information

Communication Technology.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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3.2 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the method used in achieving the research objective is

analysis with attention focused on design sources of method of data

collection. The questionnaire is a means of sovereign for information creates

an impression on the respondent and establishes with a frame reference

hence, there is need to motivated respondents in a questionnaire.

3.2 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

Both primary and secondary data were used in this study.

i. PRIMARY DATA

The primary sources of data are the collected from the original source. The

study is purely enquired. The researcher therefore has to rely on personal

interview and questionnaire to obtain the information required from

respondents. The interviews were structured on free-to free

communication. The interview have been made in most understanding ways,

where necessary language were more simplified for easy fact findings.

ii. SECONDARY DATA

Also widely used literatures, which are relevant to the course off study

library material such as textbook, journals, seminar papers and workshop,

documents were used, various periodical magazines, newspaper which has in

one way or the other written about area of the study where consulted.

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3.3 RESEARCH POPULATION

Data were obtained from the Bwari Area Counciland other institution within

the area council. So as to have a balance and reliable information

3.4 SAMPLE SIZE

It is flexible to cover the whole area of Bwari Area Councilfor this study due

to cost involved. In view of this sample size of seventy (70) employers

within the area council were selected. Seventy (70) questionnaires were

distributed but only fifty (50) of them were returned. The method that was

used in distribution is random sampling method.

3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT USED

The research instruments used in carrying out this research work effectively

are:

a. PERSONAL INTERVIEW: Personal interview of the area council

staff and other employers of the other institution with the council area.

Most of the questions put to the respondent in relation to the subject

matter were answered.

b. QUESTIONNAIRE: Questionnaires were designed and administered

to the key officers and information gathered form the basis for data so

analyzed.

3.6 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

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Combination of different type of question was asked with the provision of

two option space, multiple-choice question. This would give the respondent

the chance to choose from arrange of options and open-ended question with

the flexible character, which gives respondent the chance to express their

own opinion.

3.7 QUESTIONNAIRE DISRIBUTIONS AND COLLECTION

Most of the drafted questionnaires were dispatched to the staff of the

organization through personal approach and contact. Some were sent

through hand delivery. Questionnaires were filled by the mange and

subordinates and were collected after wards. Seventy (70) questionnaires

were distributed but only fifty (50) of them were returned.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

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This chapter deals with the analysis of the data collection from the

respondents through the questionnaires. For simplicity and better

understanding, the analysis is done via the following sections.

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Table 1

Distribution of Respondents by Organization

OPTION NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGES (%)

Area council 35 70

Other institution 15 30Total 50 100

Source: Survey data 2011

Table1 above shows that out of seventy respondents initially selected for the

study and issue with questionnaires, only fifty respondents completed and

returned this questionnaire to the research. This means that the analysis in

this chapter was obtained from this group of respondents.

Table 2

Distribution of respondents by management

OPTION NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE(%)

Area Council Management 30 70

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Management of other

institutions

20 30

Total 50 100


Table 2 shows that 70% of the respondents numbering 30 fall within the area

council management which agrees that the need management information.

The other respondents indicate that the need for management information

system is partially required in an organization.

TABLE 3

The need for management information system by Bwari Area Council.

OPTION NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

Yes 35 70

No 15 30

Total 50 100


Respondents response on whether management information system is

required for the processing of information system in the Bwari Area

Council. Form the table above it can be seen that 70% representing 35

people agreed that management information system is required to enhance

management decisions.

Table 4

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The use of management information system in an organization as

required by management

OPTION NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

Yes 39 78

No 11 22

Total 50 100


Respondents response from the above table show that the use of

management information system in Bwari Area Councilis designs for

effective management coordination and control of data with the area council.

Table 5

Management information system as an effective tool in management

efficient and effective tool in employer and salary administration

OPTION NO. OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE (%)

Yes 44 88No 6 12

Total 50 100


If can be seen for the above table that 44 respondents representing 88% of

the respondents response that management information system is an

effective tool in employer data collection and salary administration. It is

obvious by this result to say that the management information system is

required all sphere of daily administration of the council activities.

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In testing hypothesis, the researcher assured a 5% level of significance and

the chi-square (X2) distribution is used as the test statistic.

TABLE 6

In any organization the effective and efficient management information

system, contribute immensely for the attainment of organization goal.


Yes 46 92

No 4 8Total 50 100


Computed from the respondent's questionnaire from 46 respondents

representing 92% are of option that management information system

contributes immensely for the attainment of organization goal . While 4

respondents representing 8% object to it.

TABLE 7

Without management information system, the organization activities

will still be effective.


Yes 5 10No 45 90

Total 50 100


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Compute from above questionnaire from, if respondents representing 90% of

the population disagree that without management information system, the

organization 10% agree to it.

TABLE 8


Yes 47 94

No 3 6

Total 50 100


Compute from the respondents questionnaire from 47 respondents

representing 94% agree that management information system is fundamental

for effective management 6% disagree to it.

4.3 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

Ho: Management information system is not necessary for effective

employer data collection and salary administration in an organization. To

test this hypothesis, a table, which is an analysis of question 5 in table it is

relevant. The question asked the respondent weather the use of management

information system is effective in employer data collection and salary

administration.

Note: Sample size (n) = 50, level of significance is 5% = G.S.

TABLE 9

CATEGORIES OF RESPONDENTS.

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OPTION MANAGEMENT EMPLOYERS TOTAL

Yes 6 29 35

No 7 8 15

Total 13 37 50


Expected frequency is determined by the formula below.

Expected frequency = Row total x Column total

Grand total

Therefore: EF for cell 1 = 35 x 13

50

= 455

50

= 9.1

EF for cell 2 = 35 x 37

50

= 1293

50

= 25.9

EF for cells 3 = 15 x 13

50

= 195

50

= 3.9

EF for cell 4 = 15 x 13

50

= 555

50

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= 11.1

With the observed and expected frequency the chi-square (X2) value can be

calculated using the formula.

Where: X2 = chi-square

E = summation

Fo = observed frequency

Fe = expected frequency

CONTINGENCY TABLE 10

OPTION MANAGEMENT EMPLOYERS TOTAL

Yes 6(9.1) 29(25.9) 35

No 7(3.9) 8(11.1) 15

Total 13 37 50Source: Survey data 2011

Going by the formula = X2 = X2 = E (fo = fe)2

Fe

= (16 9.1)2 (29-25.5)2

9.1 25.9

= (-3.1)2 (3.1)2

9.1 25.9

= 1.056 = 0.371

= (7-3.9)2 (8-11.1)2

3.9 11.1

= (3.1)2 (-3.1)2

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3.9 111

= 2.464 = 0.866

Therefore, 1.056 + 0.371 +2.464 + 0.866

= X2 = 4.757 computed chi-square degree off freedom = (R-I) (K-I)

Where:

R = Row

K = Columns

= (2-1) x (2-1)

= 1x1 = 1Therefore: 1 is the degree of freedom. To proof the significance of X 2, we

check the appendix of this project, which contains the critical values of chi-

square, the critical value of chi-square for significance, the critical value is

3.841.

4.4. RESEARCH FINDINGS

It is important to state the aim and objective of the research work. The aims

and objective of the research work is to examine the need for management

information system in an organization with Bwari Area Council as the case

study. It was establish that management information system is required for

effective for the revealed that management information system as a concept

is widely been applied for processing stoning and retrieval of information as

required by management for decision making at any time. It is obvious that

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individuals, organization, both private and public require management

information system for daily transaction. This indicates the quest for

information technology by all business organization to be on line so that

customers can access the information on the operation of those

organizations.

Globalization of world trade in one village necessitates all organization for

the needs for management information system for the smooth operation.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY

The summary of finding based of hypothesis carried out using chi-square as

research tool and analysis made in chapter four.

Management information system is one among the most important primary

function of management in any organization. It is an obvious fact that

management information system is required for effective co-ordination,

monitoring and control of organization operation at all levels. The degree of

accuracy of information required by management in any organization

depends largely on the completeness of the information. Bwari Area

Councilas revealed in study is desirous of management information system

to form the basis for the data bank of the council.

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5.2. CONCLUSION

The rate of failure in business organization could be attributed to lack of

management information system and existence of poor data collected

method.

Management information system is regarded as a technology which

enhances management in processing. Storage, retrieval of information

necessary for decision making either on sales, production, raw materials,

placement of orders as may be required by management.

5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS

Management information system is an inevitable tool for processing, storing

and retrieval of information as may be required for decision making.

Therefore, management information system should be the focal point in

every policy making of any organization be it private or public organization.

Management information system as a tool is been recommended for all

manager of business organization, public, private, individuals and non-profit

making organization as a device for data bank. The area council should as a

matter of necessity establish management information system department

Unit for handling of all issue related to information generation, storage and

dissemination. Finally, there should be in service training for all staff in the

areas council on the current information management techniques. This can

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be done through organization of workshop, seminar, conference and

symposium among others.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.S Horn by (1997): Orford Advance Learners Dictionary, New Student

Edition.

Beach D.S (1980): Personnel, the Management of People of Word,

Macmillan Pub. Inc. New York.

Bartee .T.O (1985): Basic Computer Programming 2nd Edition Harper and

Row New York.

J.O.A Ayeni Foundemental of Computing University of Lagos Press.

Larry Long and Nancy (1983): Computer Practice. Hall New Jercy.

NDII Lecture Note (Computer Department) Introduction to Information

Communication Technology.

P.S Idoko (2004): Introduction to Computer Elyon Publisher Benin City.

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impact of mgt info sys

Documents