ibadullah salt range field report

8/16/2019 Ibadullah salt range field report

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FIELD REPORT

OF SALT RANGE ,MAINWALI AND PUNJAB

AREA Department of

Geolog

S!"m#tte$ to%

Prof&FA'AD ALI (AI

S!"m#tte$ from%

IBADULLA'

ROLL NO%)* SEMESTER% )T'

Ba+a -an !n#.er/#t +ar/a$$a

012*34

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th


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Wr#tten " IBADULLA' 0/5a"#an4

Ta"le of +ontent

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRA6T

6apter *%

Intro$!+t#on



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Introduction to salt range formation

6apter 1%

Stratigraphy of salt range

Chapter 3 :Field work

S#5al#- gro!p

1. Chingi Formation

2. Nagri formation

3. Dhokh attan formation

Salt Range Format#on

4. Seh!a" mar" mem#er

$. Ban%arkas gys&m mem#er

'. Bi""ian!a"a sa"t mem#er

Jel!m Gro!p

1. (he!ra

2. (&ssak

3. )&tana

4. Bagha!a"an

N#la5aan Gro!p

1. *o#ra

2. +ar,ha

3. Sar%ai

(al!+ gro!p



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1. +arga"

2. Chi%r&

M!/a -el Gro!p

1. -ian!a"i

2. *re%ian3. (ingria"i

Broa+ Gro!p

1. Datta

Ma-ar5al Gro!p

1. Hang&

2. Lo,khart

3. ata"a6errat gro!p

1. Nama"

2. Sakessar

3. Chor ga"i

Refren+e/

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Co&nt"ess thanks to a"mighty A""ah/ ,reator of a"" of &s/ !orthy of a"" raises/ !ho g&i%es in

%arkness an% he"s in %iffi,&"ties. A"" rese,t to the Ho"y rohet 0ea,e #e &on him/ !ho

ena#"es &s to re,ognie o&r ,reator. *hanks to A"mighty A""ah for roi%ing &s this oort&nity

an% granting &s the ,aa#i"ity to ro,ee% s&,,essf&""y.

*his Fie"% tri aeare% in its ,&rrent form %&e to the assistan,e an% g&i%an,e of seera" eo"e.

+e !o&"% therefore "ike to offer o&r sin,ere thanks to a"" of them. +e are hearti"y thankf&" to o&r

*ea,hers/-r.Faha% a"i ai/ -r.*a!eem U" Ha A"i an% -r. Imran/ !hose en,o&ragement/ a#"e

g&i%an,e5 !ho"e6hearte% ,ooeration an% s&ort from the initia" to the fina" "ee" ena#"e% &s to



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%ee"o an &n%erstan%ing of the Fie"% !ork. +e o!e o&r %eeest gratit&%e to o&r rese,te%

tea,her -r. Imran for their he" %&ring o&r Fie"% at Sa"t range formation.An% se,ia""y -r Faha%

naigate% me thro&gh many of the mem#ers/ formations an% gro&s of the sa"t range an% a"so

thro&gh ario&s se,rets of !riting this reort !hi,h ma%e sstantia" imroements to the te7t

an% art!ork. I great"y are,iate the imressie ski""s of my tea,hers. I a"so a,kno!"e%ge the

%eartment of geo"ogy an% &niersity of Ba,ha (han Uniersity that he"e% a "ot in arranging the

fie"% for &s in s&,h ,r&,ia" ,ir,&mstan,es of o&r home"an%. *o my fami"y !ho he"e% me a"ong

eery ste of my "ife an% in &n%erstan%ing of my geo"ogy "ife !hi"e I !as o&t of the natie to!n

in fie"% st&%ies an% !as a ,onstant so&r,e of insiration.

.+e are gratef&" to a"" o&r frien%s from Deartment of 8eo"ogy/ Ba,ha (han

&niersity/Charsa%%a ((/ for #eing the s&rrogate fami"y %&ring the the three %ays !e staye%

there an% for their ,ontin&e% mora" s&ort %&ring this short erio%. +e again !arm"y thanks an%

are,iate o&r arents an% tea,hers for their materia"/ mora" an% sirit&a" s&ort in a"" ase,ts of

o&r "ife.

Abstract

The Salt Range contains the most important geologic and paleontologiclocalities in Pakistan,and is one of the outstanding field areas in the entire

world. Despite its easy accessibility, it has a wealth of geological andpaleontological features. In fact, it represents an open book of geology

where various richly fossiliferous stratified rocks are very well eposed due

to lack of vegetation. These include the Permian carbonate succession with



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its outstanding brachiopod fauna, !ower Triassic ammonoid beds "the#ianwali $ormation, formerly known as %&eratite 'eds%(, and !ower Tertiary

marine strata with age diagnostic foraminifera. These rocks also provide anecellent opportunity for appreciation of tectonics in the field. In addition to

the easily available roadside geology, some prominent gorges provide

fantastic locations to study the sedimentary succession. )lder strata areeposed in the eastern Salt Range between the *hewra+&hoa Saidan Shah

and $ort *ussak including the famous *hewra orge. In the west, beyond*allar *ahar, are younger strata such as in the -ilawahan orge at -urpur,

the -ammal orge near #ianwali, the &hichali orge near *alabagh, and

further west the !umshiwal -ala at #akerwal. This succession has beenrightly called a $ield #useum of eology and Paleontology and can be

classified as one of the great paleontological areas of the world, fully worthyof conservation and protection efforts.

Chapter no 1 Introduction

IntroductionThe Salt Range forms the southern border of the hydrocarbon+bearing

Potowar 'asin in northern Pakistan, along the northwestern margin of theIndo+Pakistani Plate "$ig. (. It derives its name from the occurrence of

gigantic deposits of rock salt embedded in the Precambrian bright red marlsof the Salt Range $ormation "formerly known as the %Pun/ab Saline Series%(.

Strata in the Salt Range dip northwards into the Potowar 'asin where non+



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marine Tertiary sediments, collectively known as the Siwaliks, are eposedwith a wealth of vertebrate fossils. The southern face of the Salt Range is an

escarpment that rises abruptly from the Pun/ab Plains with a /unctionmarked by the $rontal Thurst. 'lock faulting is the most characteristic

tectonic style within the Salt Range. The Salt Range is essentially an 0ast+

1est trending elongated narrow trough bounded on the east by the River2helum and on the west by the River Indus. 'eyond the River Indus at

*alabagh, it takes a sharp turn to run almost in a -orth+South direction "$ig.(. The entire

mountainous belt has, therefore, previously been differentiated

into the &is+Indus Salt Range and Trans+Indus Salt Range now known as The

Salt Range and Trans+Indus Surghar Range, respectively.

Figure 1

Figure 1: #ap of the Salt Range, Pakistan "after 0.3. P4S&)0, 55(. TheSalt Range is one of the most important geological regions in Pakistan. It is

easily accessible and displays a wide variety of geological features andpaleontological remains. It has, therefore, been rightly called a field museum

of geology and paleontology. It represents an open book of geology with

richly fossiliferous stratified rocks that include a Permian carbonatesuccession with brachiopods, !ower Triassic ammonite bearing beds "the

#ianwali $ormation, formerly known as %&eratite 'eds%( and !ower Tertiarymarine strata composed of age diagnostic foraminifera. 4ll the strata are

ecellently eposed due to lack of vegetation. The 6uality of the eposure

also provides ecellent opportunities to appreciate tectonic features in thefield. The Salt Range is, therefore, of international scientific and educational

value, and is highly worthy of conservation and preservation.



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!hi,h is ara ,onforma#"y oer"ain #y the -ian!a"i Formation of ear"y *riassi, age. *he &er

,onta,t of the -ian!a"i Formation is marke% #y the *re%ian Formation/ !hi,h ,onsists of

san%stone/ sha"e an% %o"omite. *he *re%ian Formation is ,onforma#"y oer"ain #y (ingria"iFormation/ !hi,h is ,omose% of %o"omite an% o"omiti, "imestone. *he &er ,onta,t of the

(ingria"i Formation !ith the Data Formation is %is,onforma#"e. *he Data Formation marks the

#ase of the )&rassi, se&en,e an% ,ontains re%/ grey an% !hite san%stone !ith si"tstone/ sha"e an%m&%stone an% fine ,"ay horions. It gra%es &!ar% into me%i&m6#e%%e% "imestone/ mar" an%

san%stone f the Shina!ari Formation/ !hi,h is %is,onforma#"y oer"ain #y me%i&m6#e%%e%/ grey

"imestone of Samana S&k Formation. *o!ar%s to of the )&rassi, se&en,e oer"ies Chi,ha"i/L&mshi!a" formations of Creta,eo&s age. *he Creta,eo&s se&en,e is in t&rn oer"ain #y

a"eo,ene age ro,ks of the Hang&/ Lo,khart an% ata"a formations/ !hereas the yo&ngest ro,k

e7ose% .

SiwaliGrou!Lo!er Si!a"iks5 (am"ia"/ Ching?i

Dani",hik an% Shah 01>'9 esta#"ishe% the Si!a"ik gro& for the fo""o!ing formation@

4.Soan Formation

3.Dhokh attan Formation 2.Nagri Formation

1.Ching?i Formation

"# C$ing%i &ormation

Lit$olog'



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C"ay !ith inter,"ation of san%stone an% intraformationa" ,ong"omerate.

C"ay re% in ,o"o&r/ san%stone5 ash grey/ #ro!nish grey/ fine to me%i&m graine%

o,,ationa"y gritty/ ,ross #e%%e% an% soft.

san%stone,"ay inter,"ation ary at "a,es

T$icness(Distri)ution

+i%e"y %istri#&te% in Uer In%&s an% Lo!er In%&s Basins

*ye se,tion 9$m

Shinghar range 1:m

&ossils

A#&n%ant erte#rate fossi"s/ ,ro,o%i"e/ "iar%s/ t&rt"es a&ati, #ir%s

Age

;ar"y "io,ene

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith (am"ia" Formation

&er@ ,onforma#"e !ith Nagri Formation

En*ironment of De!osition

F"&ia" !ith on% ,on%ition/ %&e to ,ro,%i"e

+# Nagri &ormation

Lit$olog'

San%stone,"ay an% ,ong"omerate

,!!er Indus -asin

San%stone5 greenish grey/ me%i&m to ,oarse graine%

C"ay5 is san%ysi"ty/ ,ho,"ate #ro!n or re%ish grey

Cong"omerate@ aries in thi,kness/ ,omose% igneo&s e##"es

Lower Indus -asin.Suleman/Kirt$ar0

C"ay has no%&"es an% san%stone is soft.


+i%e"y %istri#&te% in Uer In%&s #asin an% "o!er in%&s #asin

*hi,kness ranges from 3 to 2m at "a,es

11m Si#i area 0S&"eman

>4m 8a? =ier 0(irthar



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&ossils

=i,h in erte#rate assem#"ages/ ,ro,o%i"e/ ,he"orians/ rhino,eras

Age

;ar"y to -i%%"e "io,ene

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith Ching?i Formation

Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ith Dhokh attanFormation


F"&ia"

1# D$o$ 2attan &ormation

Lit$olog'

San%stoneC"ay

San%stone@ ,ommon"y grey to "ight grey/ thi,k #e%%e%/ ,a",areo&s/

C"ay@ orange/ #ro!n to %&"" re%/ ,a",areo&s an% san%y.

E,assiona"y ,ong"omerati, in form of "ense an% "ayers


UerLo!er In%&s #asin -a7. thi,kness at (hair6e6-&rat =ange 1:2m

;astern S&"eman =ange 13361$m

8a? =ier 1$m

&ossils

A)undant *erte)rate fauna in u!!er indus )asin less fossilierous in lower indus

)asin

Age

-i%%"e "io,ene

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith Nagri Formation

Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ih Soan Formation



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F"&ia"

3# Soan &ormation

Soan formation !as missing here at ?aa",hakkya sto.

2recam)rian Stratigra!$'

"# Salt 4ange &ormation

Asrar&""ah 1>'9/ Sa"t =ange Formation

T'!e Localit'(Section#

(he!ra 8orge/ in eastern Sa"t =ange is tye se,tion

Lit$olog'

Lo!er art of the sa"t range formation ,omose% of5

=e% ,o"o&re% gyseo&s mar" !ith thi,k seam of sa"t

Uer art ,onsit&tes

Be%s of gys&m/ %o"omite greenish ,"ay an% "o! gra%e oi" sha"es

High"y !eathere% igneo&s #o%y kno!n as (he!ra traG has #een reorte% from the

&er art of Formation/ a"so kno!n as (he!ritesG.

(he!rites@ high"y %e,omose% ra%iating nee%"es of "ight ,o"o&re% minera"s

ro#a#"y yro7ene Asrar&""ah 1>'9/ ,arrie% o&t %etai" st&%y of the formation an% %ii%e% the sa"t range into5

3 mem#ers

A.Sahi!a" -ar" -em#er

B. Bhan%ar (as 8ys&m -em#er

C. Bi""ian!a"an Sa"t -em#er

A# Sa$iwal Marl Mem)er

Lo!er art of sa"t range Can #e %ii%e% into t!o &nits as

,NIT"

Bright re% mar" #e%s !ith irreg&"ar gys&m/ %o"omite #e%s an% khe!ra tra

*hi,kness 0361m at "a,es

,nit +



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D&"" re% mar" !ith some sa"t seams an% 1m thi,k gys&m #e%s on to 0 more than

4m

-# -$andar Kas G'!sum Mem)er

-assie gys&m !ith minor amo&nt of %o"omite an% ,"ay 0 more than :m thi,kness

C# -illianwalan Salt Mem)er

Ferrogeno&s re% mar" !ith thi,k seams of sa"t 0more than '$m thi,kness

&ossils

Deoi% of fossi"s

Age

re,am#rian age/ %&e to "a! of s&erosition 0,ontroertia" age %es,rition

Contact

Base of sa"t range formtaion on"y kno!n at (aram&r +e""G oer"ies metamorhi,

ro,ks

Uer ,onta,t !ith (he!ra San%stone ,onforma#"e


;aoriti, ;nironment

Cam)rian Stratigra!$'

5e$lum Grou!

After the %istri,t )he"&m

)he"&m Series/ as,oe 1>$>

Includes t$e following formations

3. Baghan!a"an Formation

1# )&tana Formation

+. (h&ssak Formation

"# (he!ra San%stone



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"# K$ewra Sandstone

Name !as forma"ie% #y SC as (he!ra San%stone

Lit$olog'

re%ominant"y san%stone5

&r"e to #ro!n/ ye""o!ish #ro!n

Fine graine% san%stone/ most"y thi,k #e%%e% to massie

Lo!er most of formation is re% f"aggy sha"e

Se%imentary fet&res "ike/ ri"e marks/ m&% ,ra,ks/ #a"" an% i""o! str&,t&res are

,ommon


+e"" %istri#&te% in &er In%&s #asin

*he formation is san%stone re%ominant"y in (he!ra 8orge

In (hisor =ange5 the &er art of the formation gra%es &!ar%s into g"a&,oniti,

san%stone5

+hi,h marks the &er ,onta,t of (h&ssak FormationG

+i%e"y %istri#&te% in sa"t range thro&gh o&t

T$icness at

1$m at tye "o,a"ity

2m !estern sa"t range

'm in (hisor =ange

&ossils

*ra,e fossis" of *ri"o#itesG

Age

;ar"y Cam#rian %&e to *ra,e of *ri"o#ites

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith Sa"t =ange Formation

Uer@ gra%ationa" 0,onforma#"e !ith (h&ssak Formation

En*oirnment of De!osition

De"tai,

+# K$ussa &ormation



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*hen SC forma"ie% the name (h&ssak Formation

T'!e Localit'

(h&ssak Fort/ eastren art of sa"t range

Lit$olog'

San%stone@ greenish grey/ g"a&,oniti, mi,a,eo&s san%stone

Si"tstone5 greenish grey/ inter#e%%e% !ith "ight grey %o"omite an% some oo"iti,

arena,eo&s %o"omite

*hin gys&m "ayer are resent at the to haing ink ,o"o&r

N&mero&s "ayers intraformationa" ,ong"omerate are a"so resent

&ossils

Bra,hioo%s 0Neo#o"&s/ *ri"o#ites 0=e%"i,hia/ Ling&"e""a

Age

;ar"y6-i%%"e Cam#rian

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith (h&ssak Formation

Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ith )&tana Formation


-arine to De"tai, 0Com"e7

66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666

66666

1# 5utana &ormation SC/ )&tana Formation

T'!e Localit'

Lies near )&tana i""age/ eastern sa"t range

Lit$olog'

Lower !art6 Light green/ har%/ massie art"y san%y %o"omite

Uer art@

Light green to %irty !hite/ massie %o"omite/ #re,,iate% at "a,es



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+e"" %istri#&te% in eastern sa"t range an% %ies o&t at the !estern sa"t range

F&rther !est at (hisor range it is %istri#&te%

&ossils

*ri"o#ites/ Bra,hioo%s/ 8astroo%s

Age

-i%%"e Cam#rian

Contact


Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ith Baghan!a"an

Formation/ at eastern sa"t range #&t at (hisor range is ,onforma#"e !ith (hisor Formation

0e&ia"ent to the Baghan!a"an Formation.


*i%a" F"ats 0eriti%a" ;nironment

-arine to Lagoona"

6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666

/3# -ag$anwalan &ormation

*hen SC forma"ie% the name Baghan!an"an Formation

T'!e Localit'(Section

Baghan!a"an i""age/ eastern sa"t range

Lit$olog'

=e% sha"e/ ,"ay an% a"ternate #e%s of f"aggy san%stone

San%stone

;7hi#its seera" ,o"o&rs in,"&%ing ink grey or #"&e green/ ese,ia""y in the "o!er

ha"f of the formation



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Se%imentary str&,t&res "ike/ ri"e marks/ m&% ,ra,ke are ,ommon

N&mero&s se&%omorhi, ,asts of sa"t ,rysta"s is the %iagnosti, feat&re of this

formation


+e"" %ee"oe% in eastern sa"t range an% %isaears as !e moe to !est/ #&t reaears at

%ifferent "o,a"ities at ,entra" sa"t range

*hi,kness in ss&rfa,e at (aram&r i""age/ near Baghan!a"an is 1611'm/ at (he!ra

8orge #y erosion re%&,es to 4m

&ossils

Unfossi"ifero&s/ some tra,e fossi"s resent

Age

-i%%"e to Late Cam#rian5 ,an #e ,orre"ate% !it h (hisor Formation at (hisor =nage

;nironment of Deosition

Casts of sa"t se&%omorhs reresent the "agoona" enironment 0Ari% Con%ition

6 Nilawa$an Grou!

Ni"a!ahan Series/ 8ee

*hen SC forma"ie% the Ni"a!ahan 8ro&

8ro& ,ontains the fo""o!ing formations

3. Sar%ai Formation

1# +ar,,ha Formation

+. Dan%ot Formation

". *o#ra Formation

" # To)ra &ormation

*a",hir Bo&"%er #e%s an% *a",hir Stage/ 8ee 0in as,oe 1>$>

Sa"t =ange Bo&"%er #e%s/ *ei,hert 1>'9

T'!e Localit'

Near *o#ra i""age in eastern Sa"t =ange



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Lit$olog'

Comose% of ,ong"omerate/ si"tstone/ san%stone an% sha"e et,

*he formation has #een %ii%e% into three fa,ies #y *ei,hert 1>'9 as5

A. *i""iti, Fa,ies

-. Fresh +ater Fa,ies

C. Com"e7 Fa,ies 0*i""iti, Fresh +ater

A# Tillitic &acies

;astern sa"t range

&nit ,omose% of ,og"omerate@

haing matri7 of ,"ay an% si"tstone/ ,a",areo&s at "a,es

C"ast@ haing #o&"%ers/ e##"es main"y granite/ &artite/ magnetite/ garnet/

,"aystone an% si"tstone. Fe! e##"es are o"ishe% an% s,rat,he%.

-# &res$ Water &acies

Centra" sa"t range

A"ternation of si"tstone an% sha"e

Fossi"s "ike g"ossoteris an% gangmoteris

;nironment is "a,&strine/ %&e to "ess ,omose% of ,"ast et,

C# Com!le7 &acies

+estern sa"t range

Dii%e% into three &nits

"# Lower 2art8

Bro!nish green/ massie &nit ,onsisting of &nsorte% ,"asti, materia" in,"&%ing ,"ay/ si"t/san% an%

#o&"%ers

ii# Middle 2art8

-e%i&m to ,oarse graine%/ thi,k #e%%e%/ %ark to "ight/ o"ie grey san%stone ,ontaining

,ong"omeriti, #e%s

iii# ,!!er 2art

Simi"ar to "o!er one an% ,onsists of %ark green/ grey ,"ay an% san%stone !ith e##"es

an% #o&"%ers



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;,onomi, imortan,e5 !ester sa"t range ,ontains ,ar#ona,eo&s sha"es !ith imersistent

,oa" seam/the on"y ermian ,oa" in akistan

ro%&,tion "o!

&a"ity is oor


+i%e"y %istri#&te% in sa"t range an% (hisor =ange

*hi,kness range from 2' to 1:m

&ossils

=oot ,asts

Age

By "a! of S&erosition/ ear"y ermian

Contact

Lower@ ,onforma#"e !ith *o#ra Formation in


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*he sar%ai formation ,hanges fa,ies form re%ominant"y Laen%er ,o"o&r ,"ays In sa"t

range/ to #"a,k sha"e an% #ro!nish argi""a,eo&s "imestone in (hirsor =ange

*he formation is $m in (hisor =ange/ '$m in +. Sa"t =ange/ at tye "o,a"ity i.e./

eastern sa"t range 42m.

&ossils

"ants remains an% fish s,a"es hae #een reorte%

Limestone #e%s !e"" %ee"oe% at (hisor =ange haing #ra,hioo%s an% #ryooans

Age

;ar"y to -i%%"e ermian


F"&ia" %ominate% De"ta 0F"&ia" to -arine5 transitiona" enironment

9aluc$ Grou!

Name intro%&,e% #y *ie,hert 1>''.


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*ye se,tion gien #y *ie,her 1>'' as 33/ intro%&,es the name Chhi%r& FormationG.

T'!e Localit'

Chhi%r& Na"a/!estern Sa"t =ange.

Lit$olog'

Basa" art ,ontains@

Sha"e@ a"e ye""o!ish/ grey to me%i&m %ark grey in ,o"o&r/ ,ontains hoshati,

no%&"es.



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Eer"ies !ith ,a",areo&s san%stone !ith fe! san%y "imestone.

Uer art ,ontains@

+hite san%stone !ith os,i""ation ri"e marks/ me%i&m to fine graine%

!ith sor%inate %ark sha"es.


+e"" %istri#&te% in Sa"t =ange an% (hisor =ange.

*hi,kness at Chhi%r& Na"a is '4m.

&ossils

High"y fossi"ifero&s/ #ra,hioo%s/ gastroo%s/ #ia"es an% Ammonoi%s et,.

Age

Late ermian

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith +arga" Limestone

Uer@ Un,onforma#"e/ ara,onformity/ marking the 6* #o&n%ary !ith -ian!a"i

Formation.


Sha""o! -arine

Musa$el Grou!

Shah 1>: intro%&,es the term.

*ye "o,a"ity/ Namma" Na"a 0"at. 324J JJ N

an% "ong. 914:J JJ ; 4km east of -&sakhe".

8ro& ,ontains the fo""o!ing *riassi,

&ormations6

1# (ingria"i Formation

+. *re%ian Formation

". -ian!a"i Formation

"# Mianwali &ormation



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+aagen 1:9>/ 1:>$5 Ceratite #e%sG

8ee 0in as,oe 1>$> -ian!a"i seriesG

*he (&mme" 1>''/ -ian!a"i FormationG


Namma" 8orge at "at. 32 4J JJ N an% "ong. 914:J JJ ;/ !estern Sa"t =ange/

Lit$olog'

In,"&%s the fo""o!ing mem#ers5

A# (ath!ai -em#er

-. -itti!a"i -em#er

C. Narmia -em#er

A# Kat$wai Mem)er

Lo!er art@ %o"omite/ the %o"omite is fine"y ,rysta""ine an% in,"&%es fossi" fragements

0main"y of ammonoi%s an% e,hino%erms an% &art grains

Uer art@ "imestone/ grey to #ro!n an% g"a&,oniti,.

*hi,kness of mem#er is 124.9m in *ye Se,tion.

-# Mittiwali Mem)er

Lo!er art@ Limestone/ *he "imestone is grey/ fine graine% an% nong"a&,oniti, !ith

a#&n%ant ammonoi%s Uer art@ sha"e/ greenish to greenish grey !ith some san%stone"imestone. Haing

fossi"s.

*hi,kness of mem#er is >:m in tye se,tion.

C# Narmia Mem)er

Lo!er art@ Limestone/ %ark grey to #ro!n

Uer art@ sha"e/ grey to #"a,k !ith san%stone"imestone inter #e%s. *he to most #e% is

%o"omite.

*hi,kness of mem#er is 23m in tye se,tion.


+e"" %istri#&te% in (hisor an% Sa"t =anges. It is thi,k at the !est an% thins o&t at the east

of the Sa"t =ange.

It is e7ose% in


25/69

2$

&ossils

Ammonoi%s/ #ra,hioo%s/ ,ono%onts/ fish teeth et,.

Age

;ar"y *riassi,

Contact

Lo!er@ &n,onforma#"e/ ara,onfomity marking the 6* #o&n%ary !ith Chhi%r&

Formation

Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ith *re%ian Formation.


-arine 0Een6De"tai,

+# Tredian &ormation 8ee 1>4$/ (ingria"i San%stoneG

8ee 0in (&mme" 1>'' ,a""e% *re%ian FormationG


m.

-# K$atiara Mem)er

San%stone/ massie/ thi,k #e%%e%/ !hite san%stone.



26/69


27/69

29

-ain"y %o"omite

Lo!er art@ #ro!n/ &r"e to &r"ish grey/ ,oarse graine%m massie/ har%/ high"y

#re,,iate%/ ?ointe%/ fra,t&re%.

Uer art@ !hitish to "ight grey/ mi,riti,/ thin #e%%e%/ me%i&m har%.


Formation !i%e"y %istri#&te% in Sa"t =ange/ *rans In%&s =anges/ art of (a"a Chitta/

(ohat an% S; Haara. *hi,kness at *rakai Na"a@ >2m/ Narmia Na"a@ 1:m an% Lan%a Na"a@ 14m.

&ossils

Doya -em#er@ Sirifera/ Crinoi%s/ e,hinoi%s/ gastroo%s an% other #enthi, fossi"s.

an?ari -em#er@ oor"y resere% #&t #ra,hioo%s/ #ia"es are reorte%.

Age

Do&tf&""y Late *riassi,

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith *re%ian Formation in Sa"t =anges/ *rans In%&s =anges.

K !ith Chak )a##i Limestone in (a"a Chitta =anges.

Uer@ Dis,onforma#"e !ith Datta Formation.


*i%a" F"ats

-roac$(Surg$ar Grou!

'.(a!agarh formation

$.L&mshi!a" formation S&rghar

S&rghar 4.Chi,ha"i formation gro&

8ro& 3.Samanas&k formation

2.Shina!ri formation Broa,h gro&



28/69

2:

1.Datta formation

-ost of the Formations hae tye se,tion in S&rghar =ange.

"# Datta&ormation

Name Intro%&,e% #y Dani",hikan% Shah 1>'1 K 1>'9

8ee 1>4$ name% it as arigate%StageG


*ye se,tion is "o,ate% in DattaNa"a0"at. 33 J JJN K "ong. 91 1>J JJ ; in

S&rghar=ange.

Lit$olog'

Litho"ogy,ontains san%stone/ si"tstone K sha"es.

Litho"ogiesgie arigate%,o"o&rsof re%/ maroon/ grey/ green an% !hite.

Formation a"so ,ontains the e,onomi, minera"s "ike si"i,a san%/ fire ,"ay/ s&"h&r/ ,oa"

et,.

T$icness ; Distri)ution

*he formation is !e"" %ee"oe% in *rans6In%&s =anges 0(hisor/ S&rghar/ Shinghar an%

Sa"t =ange.

It is a"so reorte% from the Samana=ange K (a"a Chitta=ange. *hi,kness at tye "o,a"ity 212m an% in,reases at ann&Na"ato !est.

In S+ of (hisor=ange it is 1$m.

In Sa"t =ange 1$m in Namma"Na"aan% %e,resesf&rther east.

In (a"a Chittait is &to1m.

In Samana=ange it is 292m.

&ossils

No %iagnosti, fossi"s reorte%/ some ,ar#ona,eo&s remains are there.

Age

By La! of s&er osition/ ;ar"y6)&rassi,

Contact

*he "o!er ,onta,t is &n,onforma#"e !ith (ingria"i



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2>

&ormation#

*he &er ,onta,t is ,onforma#"e 0gra%ationa" !ith the Shina!ariFormation at

S&rghar=ange/ #&t &n,onforma#"e !ith samanas&kin Sa"t =ange.


Deltaic

+# S$inawari &ormation

Not e7ose in sa"t range.

1# Samana Su &ormation


3 # C$ic$ali &ormation


+#Lums$iwal formation


"#Kawagar$ formation


Maarwal Grou!

Shah 1>:/ !ho name% an% %es,ri#e% this gro&.

*ye "o,a"ity is s&ggeste% at -akar!a" 0"at. 32 $1J JJN K "ong. 91 >J JJ;.

-akar!a" gro& !e"" %ee"oe% a"" oer the (ohatot!ar roin,e !ith gra%ationa"

in,hing of "o!er art of the gro& in eastern Sa"t =ange.

-akar!a" 8ro& ,onsists of the fo""o!ing formation

3.ata"a Formation 2.Lo,khart Limestone

1.Hang& Formation

9 .



30/69

3

*he name has #een forma"ie% #y the Stratigrahy Committee of akistan in 1>93 as

Hang& Formation.

T'!e Localit'

A se,tion so&th of the Lo,khart Fort 0Lat. 33

33J 4JJ N K "ong.91

3J JJ; K Dhak ass "o,ate% on Lat. 32 4J JJN an% Long. 9144J JJ ; has #een %esignate% as

rin,ia" referen,e for this Formation.

Lit$olog'

Litho"ogy ,ontains 0san%stonesha"e"imestone

At tye "o,a"ity

%ominant"y of san%stone

!hi,h is si"ty/ri,h in ferr&gino&s materia" in the "o!er art.

high"y fossi"ifero&s sha"e an% ,a",areo&s san%stone in the &er art.

*he san%stone is "ight grey/ re%%ish #ro!n/ !eathering to %ark r&sty#ro!n/fine to ,oarse graine% 0fe! #e%s are ,ong"omerati,/ me%i&m to thi,k #e%%e%

!ith some massie horions !hi,h are ,&rrent #e%%e%.

In t$e Salt 4ange

san%stone/ %ark grey/ a ferr&gino&s iso"iti, san%stone #e% o,,&rs at its #ase

san%y ,ar#ona,eo&s sha"e !ith inter,a"ation of no%&"ar/ argi""a,eo&s "imestone.


*he formation is !i%e"y %istri#&te% in Sa"t =ange/ *rans In%&s =anges/ (ohat/ (a"a

Chitta

an% Haara areas.

It is >m thi,k in the tye se,tion.

It is 4$m in the referen,e se,tion.

It is 3m in the S&rghar =ange.

&ossils

Forams/ ,ora"s/ gastroo%s/ #ia"es.

Age

;ar"y a"aeo,ene.

Contact



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31

Lo!er ,onta,t@ %is,onforma#"e !ith

Samana S&k Formation at +. Sa"t =ange.

Cam#rian 8ro& at ;. Sa"t =ange.

(a!agarh Formation at (ohat/ (a"a Chitta an% S; Haara areas.

Uer ,onta,t@ ,onforma#"e !ith Lo,khart Formation.

1# Loc$art Limestone

-i%%"emiss in 1:>'/ N&mm&"iti, SeriesG

+ynne in 1:93 an% Cotter in 1>33/ *he "o!er art of Hi"" LimestoneG

8ee in 1>33/ the (haira#a% LimestoneG

;ames in 1>$2/ *arkho#i LimestoneG

Latif in 1>9/ &se% the term -ari LimestoneG for the Lo,khart Limestonein S; Haara.

Daies 1>3/ intro%&,es the term Lo,khart LimestoneG in (ohat area an% Stratigrahi,

Committee of akistan in 1>99 a"y the term to e"se!here.

T'!e Localit'

A se,tion e7ose% near Fort Lo,khart 0Lat. 332'MN@ Long. 93M; in the Samana

=ange has #een %esignate% as the tye "o,a"ity.

Lit$olog'

Litho"ogy ,ontains 0"imestonesha"emar"

At t'!e section

limestone6

•grey to me%i&m grey

• me%i&m to thi,k #e%%e%

• "o!er art #eing %ark grey to #"&ish grey/ f"aggy an% s"intery

• ;"se!here in (ohat area/ the "imestone gets r#"y an% #re,,iate% !ith

the oera"" "itho"ogy remaining the same

In t$e Salt and Surg$ar 4anges

Limestone6

• is grey an% "ight grey/ !eathering "ight #ro!n to ye""o!

• me%i&m graine%

• me%i&m #e%%e% an% no%&"ar !ith no%&"es of fo&r to eight in,hes in

%iameter • Some grey mar" an% %ark #"&ish grey sha"e is a"so resent as minor

inter,a"ations ese,ia""y in the "o!er art


+e"" %istri#&te% thro&gho&t the (ohat6ot!ar orin,e 0Uer In%&s Basin.

*ye "o,a"ity@ 'm



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32

*ha" 0(ohat@ 4m

Namma" 8orge@ 9m

&ossils

Forams/ ,ora"s/ mo""&sks/ e,hinoi%s/ a"gaes et,.

Age

-i%%"e a"aeo,ene

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith Hang& Formation

Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ith ata"a Formation


Sha""o! -arine

C$a!ter#1

&IELDWO4K

&IELD WO4K6

+hen !e rea,he% to o&r first fie"%sto )ha" ,hakkya on 2@ m.

Sto! no "st6 5$al C$a'a

Ist fie"%sto at )ha" ,hakyya !e st&%ie% si!a"ik gro& !hi,h hae %ifferent formation. Detai" is

gien #e"o!.

Siwali grou!@

Age6 "io,ene age

!here !e st&%ie% a#o&t three formations gien #e"o!@

Chingi formation

Nagri formation



33/69

33

Dhokh attan formation

"6c$ingi formation6

Age 6;ar"y a"io,ene

Lit$olog'6

!e o#sere% mero!nish ,"ay an% inter#e%s of San%stone. +e i%entify ,"ay !hen

!ater &t on it then !e fee" m&%%y sme"". An% se,on%"y !i"" no s,rat,hy fee" in mo&th.in this

formation there is > ,"ay an% 1 san%stone.the san%stone is o"%er than the nagri formation

san%stone.

Contact6 Uer is ,onfirma#"e !ith Nagri formation

"o!er is ,onfirma#"e !ith kam"ia" formation.

&ossils6 A#&n%ent fossi"s are erte#rate fossi".0,ro,o%i"e/"iar%/t&rti"es

+6Nagri formation6

Age6;ar"y to mi%%"e "io,ene

Lit$olog'6 !e o#sere% San%stone,"ay an% ,ong"omerate./San%stone5 greenish grey/ me%i&m

to ,oarse graine%/ ,ross #e%%e% an% massie.C"ay is san%ysi"ty/ ,ho,"ate #ro!n or re%ish grey

an% a"e orange. An%> san%stone an% 1,"ay Ointer#e% of ,ong"&merete.

Contact 6 Uer is ,onfirma#"e !ith Dhokh attan "o!er is ,onfirma#"e !ith Chingi formation.

&ossils6 =i,h in erte#rate assem#"ages/ ,ro,o%i"e/ ,he"orians/ rhino,eros

En*ironment of De!osition@ F"&ia"

1# D$o$ 2attan &ormation6

Age 6 -i%%"e "io,ene

Lit$log'6 San%stoneC"ay. -a?or san%stones #&t a"so inter#e%s of ,"ay.San%stone !as ,ommon"y grey to "ight grey/ thi,k #e%%e%/ ,a",areo&s/ ,ross #e%%e%. C"ay !as

orange/ #ro!n to %&"" re%/ ,a",areo&s an% san%y. E,assiona"y ,ong"omerati, in form of "ense an%

"ayers.

&ossils



34/69

34

A#&n%ant erte#rate fa&na in &er in%&s #asin "ess fossi"iero&s in "o!er in%&s #asin

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith Nagri Formation

Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ih Soan Formation


F"&ia"

+# Soan &ormationSoan formation is a !art of Siwali grou! )ut was not e7!ose at 5all ca'a sto!#

Economic im!ortance of Siwali grou!6

From Si!a"ik gro& e,onomi, minera" Urani&m are fo&n% in (arak %istri,t.

2ictures



35/69

3$

Da' +nd 6

En se,on% %ay o&r first sto !as Sa"t range formation. *ye "o,a"ity is (he!ra gorge / in eastern

Sa"t =ange is tye se,tion.

"# Salt 4ange &ormation

Age6 re ,am#rian

E"%est se%imentary formation e7ose in geo"ogy of akistan.Sa"t range formation is ,omose%

of three mem#er .E"%est one is Bi""ian !a"an sa"t mem#er or "o!er "imit of sa"t range

formation.mi%%"e art is ,omose% of Ban%ar khas gys&m mem#er an% &er art is Sahi!a"

mar" mem#er.

&ossils 6Deoi% of fossi"s

Contact Base of sa"t range formtaion on"y kno!n at (aram&r +e""G oer"ies metamorhi,

ro,ks

Uer ,onta,t !ith (he!ra San%stone ,onforma#"e




36/69

3'

;aoriti, ;nironment

Sto! no "st6

E&r first sto !as Ban%ar khas gys&m mem#er.

-$andar Kas G'!sum Mem)er6

+e o#sere% -assie gys&m !ith minor amo&nt of %o"omite an% ,"ay.

Sa$iwal Marl Mem)er6

*hen !e moe% a "itt"e from Ban%har khas gys&m mem#er the tea,her to"% &s that it is Sahi!a"

mar" mem#er

-ar" is kno!n as im&re "imestone !hi,h ossess $ ,"ay an% $Ca",i&m ,ar#onate.

,NIT"

*he tea,hers to"% &s that this mar" osses higher amo&nt of ,"ay than the ,a",i&m

,ar#onate.*hen !e o#sere% Bright re% mar" #e%s !ith irreg&"ar gys&m its is &re ,"ay

,NIT +

*hen !e sa! %&"" re% ,o"or mar" !hi,h !as ,omose% of higher amo&nt of Ca",i&m ,ar#onate

than ,"ay.an% ,o"o&r is "ight #right re% than #irght re% mar"

2ictures6



37/69

39

D&"" re% mar"



38/69

3:

B=I8H* =;D -A=L



39/69

3>

Sto! no +nd 6 *hen !e moe% se,on% sto at 2n% %ay there !as khe!ra san%stone or (he!ra

formation.+hi,h is the start of )eh"&m gro& ossess fo&r formation.

5E


40/69

4

2ictures

K$ewra

sandstone

-all and

!illow structure



41/69

41

4i!!le mars

Mud cracs

Cross )edding

Sto! no 1rd6

En 3r% sto !e st&%ie% the )he"&m gro& !hi,h !as (&ssak formation.

+# K$ussa &ormation

A ge



42/69

42

;ar"y6-i%%"e Cam#rian

Lit$olog'

(&ssak formation is ,omose% of 8"a&,oniti, san%stone. 8"a&,onite is a green ,o"or ,"ay

minera" !hi,h is %iagnosti, minera" of "ake an% she"f marine enironment an% this is ase%imentary minera".

Se,on% ma?or "itho"ogi,a" &nit is g"a&,oniti, sha"e an% "enses of ,ar#oni,io&s

sha"e.!hi,h is ,omose% of ,ar#oni,io&s organi, matter .

Lo!er art is ,omose% of sha"e materia" an% &er art is ,omose% of me%i&m to thi,k

#e%%e% san%stone.

For &n,onformity !e ,he,k ,ong"omeriti, #e%s.!e o#sere% ,on"&merati, #e%s on the

to of sa#%stone/

&ossils

Bra,hioo%s 0Neo#o"&s/ *ri"o#ites 0=e%"i,hia/ Ling&"e""a

Contact

Lo!er@ &n,onforma#"e !ith (he!ra Formation.

Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ith )&tana Formation/


-arine to De"tai, 0Com"e7

2ictures



43/69

43

Sto! no 3t$ 6

E&r 4th sto !as ?&tana formation !hi,h !as the thir% formation of ?eh"&m gro&.

1# 5utana &ormationAge

-i%%"e Cam#rian

Lit$olog'

• *his is a"so ,a""e% ?&tana %o"omite #e,a&se main "itho"ogy of this formation is Do"omite.

Do"omite is a ,ar#onate ro,k !hi,h is ,omose% of Ca",i&m ,ar#onate. Do"omite is a minera" an% the ro,k !hi,h is ,omose% of %o"omite minera" is kno!n as

%o"ostone.

Do"ostone are of t!o tyes@" @rimery %o"omite.

+ @Se,on%ery %o"omite.

"62rimer' dolomite6 fie"% feat&res of rimery %o"omite is gien #e"o!@

*hine"y "iminate% %o"omite.

ossess a"ga" stromato"ite.

Asso,iation of eaorates. La,k of marine fossi"s.

osses m&% ,ra,ks.

osses Se%imentry feat&re of ti%a" "ate enironments.

+6Seconder' dolomite6



44/69

44

Do"omite forme% #y the ro,ess of %o"omitiation .

Do"omitiation means the re"a,ement of Ca",i&m ion #y a -agnesi&m ion.

&ossils

*ri"o#ites/ Bra,hioo%s/ 8astroo%s.

Contact


Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ith Baghan!a"an

Formation/ at eastern sa"t range #&t at (hisor range is ,onforma#"e !ith (hisor Formation

0e&ia"ent to the Baghan!a"an Formation.


*i%a" F"ats 0eriti%a" ;nironment

-arine to Lagoona"

2ictures6



45/69

4$

Sto! no =t$ 6

In sto $th !e st&%ie% a#o&t Baghan !a"an formation !hi,h is 4th formation of

?eh"&m gro&.

3# -ag$anwalan &ormation

Age

-i%%"e to Late Cam#rian5 ,an #e ,orre"ate% !ith (hisor Formation at (hisor =ange.

Lit$olog'

+e o#sere% ,o"o&r of san% stone



46/69

4'

=e% sha"e/ ,"ay an% a"ternate #e%s of f"aggy san%stone. San%stone e7hi#its seera" ,o"o&rs

in,"&%ing ink grey or #"&e green/ ese,ia""y in the "o!er ha"f of the formation. Se%imentary

str&,t&res "ike/ ri"e marks/ m&% ,ra,ke are ,ommon

N&mero&s se&%omorhi, ,asts of sa"t ,rysta"s is the %iagnosti, feat&re of this formation.

&ossils

Unfossi"ifero&s/ some tra,e fossi"s resen


Casts of sa"t se&%omorhs reresent the "agoona" enironment 0Ari% Con%ition

2seudomor!s8 its str&,t&re is ?&st "ike sa"t #&t its ,omostion is m&%

2ictures



47/69

49

Da' 1

En %ay 3 !e starte% o&r fie"% from Ni"a!ahan gro& !hi,h is %ii%e% into fo&r formation are

gien #e"o!@

3. Sar%ai Formation

1# +ar,,ha Formation

+. Dan%ot Formation

". *o#ra Formation



48/69

4:

STO2 NO#"

E&r sto one st&%ie% to#ra formation .!e st&%ie% to#ra formation in Day 2 !hi,h hae

inkish ,o"o&r an% on thir% %ay !e a"so st&%ie% in sto 1 to#ra formation !hi,h hae

Nagar ark garnet

" # To)ra &ormation

Age

;ar"y ermain

Lit$olog'6

Here !e o#sere% ,ong"&merates haing Nagararker granite !hi,h !as ink in ,o"or.

Here main "itho"ogy !as &nsorte% ,ong"omerate haing e##"e /,o##"e/ #o&"%er/ !hi,hare in mi7e% forme%.!hi,h is kno!n is 8"a,ia" %eosits !hi,h is a"so ,a""e% &nsorte% or

&nstratifi,ation.the ink ,o"or of granite is %&e to "agio,"ase. !eathere% ,o"or is #"a,k.

An% this ink ,o"or granite is a"so fo&n% in In%ia !hi,h is ,a""e% =a?isthan

granite.8ranite is a,i%i, ro,k forms at greater %eth an% is "&toni, igneo&s ro,k forms at

the "ast stage of #o!n rea,tion series.

&ossils

o""en an% sores 0"ants Fossi"s

Contact

Lo!er@ %is,onforma#"e !ith Baghan!a"an Formation at Sa"t =ange/ #&t %is,onforma#"e

!ith (hisor Formation in (hisor =ange

Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ith Dan%ot Formation 0gra%ationa" in eastern sa"t range/ #&t in

!est an% (hisor Formation is %is,onforma#"e !ith +ar,,ha Formation.

2ictures



49/69

4>

Nagar !arer sandstone

to)raformation

+# Dondot formation

Don%ot !as missing here .or not e7ose% here.

Sto! no +nd 6

En sto 2n% !e st&%ie% !ar,ha san%stone !hi,h hae %ifferent from kh!era san%stone A,t&a""y

!ar,ha san%stone is soft in nat&re an% kh!era san%stone is har% in nat&re

1# Warcc$a Sandstone

Age



50/69

$

By "a! of S&erosition/ ear"y ermian.

Lit$olog'

-ain"y ,omose% of ,"ay an% san%stone.#&t the ,"ay ,on,entration is more. Co"or of san%stone is

meronish an% -e%i&m to ,oarse graine% it is. San%stone is arkosi,.e##"e most"y of granite of

ink ,o"o&r an% &artite. *his formation is "o,a""y seke"e%.Here are a"so ang&"er san%stone are

resent !hi,h haing ang&"er fragments %&e to "ess transortation.

Economic im!ortance5 !ester sa"t range ,ontains ,ar#ona,eo&s sha"es !ith imersistent ,oa"

seam/the on"y ermian ,oa" in akistan.

&ossils

=oot ,asts

2ictures6

Sandstone s!eceled



51/69

$1

Granuler sandstone

Sto! no 1rd

6

E&r 3r% sto !as Sar%hai formation.A"so ,a""e% "aen%er ,"ay.

3# Sardai &ormation

Age

;ar"y to -i%%"e ermian

Lit$olog'

!e o#sere% seen ,o"o&re% ,"ay.Different ,o"or is %&e to im&rities an% %ifferent

enoirment.there !as more than > ,"ay. &r"ish/ re%%ish/ #"&ish an% greenish grey !ith

minor amo&nt of san% an% si"tstone.*he ,"ay re%ominant"y %is"ay "aen%er ,o"o&r. A"so

,ontains some ,ar#ona,eo&s sha"e.C"ay ,ontains some ,oer minera"s "ike ,ha",oyrite/ minor

amo&nt of )arosite ,hert an% gys&m.*he &er art is ,a",areo&s.

&ossils

"ants remains an% fish s,a"es hae #een reorte%.Limestone #e%s !e"" %ee"oe% at (hisor

=ange haing #ra,hioo%s an% #ryooans.


F"&ia" %ominate% De"ta 0F"&ia" to -arine5 transitiona" enironment

2ictures



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$3

9AL,C< G4O,2

*hen !e trae""e% to Nama" gorge "o,ate% in Centra" Sa"t range.First !e o#sere% the ro,k of


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A#&n%ant fossi"s5 #ryooans/ #ra,hioo%s/ #ia"es/ gastroo%s/ tri"o#ites an% ,rinoi%s/

,ono%onts a"so o""en an% sores

2ictures

-rac$io!od fossil



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$$

Limeston

e

Sto! no =t$

1# C$$idru &ormationAge

Late ermian

Lit$olog'#

Here !e o#seree% +hite san%stone !ith os,i""ation ri"e marks/ me%i&m to fine graine% !ith

sor%inate %ark sha"es.an% +hite san%stone !ith os,i""ation ri"e marks/ me%i&m to fine

graine% !ith sor%inate %ark sha"es.

&ossils

High"y fossi"ifero&s/ #ra,hioo%s/ gastroo%s/ #ia"es an% Ammonoi%s et,

2ictures



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$'

S$ale and calcareous sandstone

Sto! no >t$

Musa$el grou!

In this sto !e o#sere% the ro,k of -&sakhe" gro& !hi,h is f&rther %ii%e% into three

formation.

1# (ingria"i Formation

+. *re%ian Formation

". -ian!a"i Formation

"# Mianwali &ormation.Age

;ar"y *riassi,



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Lit$olog'6

+e o#sere% a#o&t 46$ thi,k #e% of %o"omite /%o"ometi, "imestone

*his formation is f&rther %ii%e% into 3 mem#er.

A# (ath!ai -em#er

-. -itti!a"i -em#er

C. Narmia -em#er

A# Kat$wai Mem)er

!e o#sere% that the Lo!er art is ,omose% of %o"omite !hi,h is fine"y ,rysta""ine an%

in,"&%es fossi" fragements 0main"y of ammonoi%s an% e,hino%ermsan% &art grains.An% Uer art is ,omose% of "imestone/ grey to #ro!n an% g"a&,oniti,.

-# Mittiwali Mem)er

Here !e sa! m&% stone. Sha"e thin #e% of san% stone/,"ay/an% the &er most

art is 362m thi,k #e%%e% is san%y "imestone.

C# Narmia Mem)er

!e o#sere% 364 thi,k #e%%e% "ime stone haing nim&"ities0fossi" haimg *riassi, age

%&e to !hi,h !e gae *riassi, age to mian!a"i.

&ossils

Ammonoi%s/ #ra,hioo%s/ ,ono%onts/ fish teeth et,.

2ictures

Limestone



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$:

Sto! no ?t$ 6

+e o#sere% the ro,k of tre%ian formation.

+# Tredian &ormation

Age

-i%%"e *riassi,

Lit$olog'

D&e to "itho"ogy it is %ii%e% into t!o formation.

A. Lan%a -em#er

-. (hatkiara -em#er

A# Landa Mem)er



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$>

Litho"ogy is ,omose% of San%stone an% Sha"e.San%stone is mi,a,eo&s/ aries in

,o"o&r from inkish to re%%ish grey to greenish grey/ thi,k #e%%e% haing ri"emarks K S"&m str&,t&res.

-#K$atiara Mem)er

-ain"y ,omose% of San%stone/ massie/ thi,k #e%%e%/ !hite san%stone.&ossils

a"ynomorhs 0o""en an% Sores.


F"&ia" 0Non6-arine.

2ictures



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'

Sto! no @ t$ @

+e o#sere% the ro,ks of the thir% formation of -&sakhe" gro&

1# Kingriali &ormation

Age

Do&tf&""y Late *riassi,.

Lit$olog'

D&e to %ifferent tye of ro,ks %ii%e% into t!o mem#ers.

"# Doya -em#er.

+# an?ari -em#er.

"#Do'a Mem)er6Lit$olog'#

San%stone is Light grey to greenish !hite/ inkish/ on !eathering #ro!nish grey/

fine to me%i&m graine%/ thi,k #e%%e%/ soft/ mi,a,eo&s/ %o"omiti, fria#"e an%

,ross #e%%e%. Limestone is grey to #ro!nish grey/ me%i&m #e%%e%/ %o"omiti,/

san%y an% har%. Sha"e is #"a,k/ ,ar#ona,eo&s an% mi,a,eo&s.

+# :an%ari Mem)er

Lit$olog'6

-ain"y %o"omite.Lo!er art is ,omose% of #ro!n/ &r"e to &r"ish grey/

,oarse graine%m massie/ har%/ high"y #re,,iate%/ ?ointe%/ fra,t&re%.Uer art is

,omose% of !hitish to "ight grey/ mi,riti,/ thin #e%%e%/ me%i&m har%/ fra,t&re%

an% mar"y.

&ossils

Doya -em#er@ Sirifera/ Crinoi%s/ e,hinoi%s/ gastroo%s an% other #enthi, fossi"s.

an?ari -em#er@ oor"y resere% #&t #ra,hioo%s/ #ia"es are reorte%.

2ictures



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'2

Age

By La! of s&er osition/ ;ar"y6)&rassi,.

Lit$olog'

Litho"ogy ,ontains san%stone/ si"tstone K sha"es.Formation a"so ,ontains the

e,onomi, minera"s "ike si"i,a san%/ fire ,"ay/ s&"h&r/ ,oa" et,.

&ossils

No %iagnosti, fossi"s reorte%/ some ,ar#ona,eo&s remains are there.

Contact

*he "o!er ,onta,t is &n,onforma#"e !ith (ingria"i

&ormation#

*he &er ,onta,t is ,onforma#"e 0gra%ationa" !ith the Shina!ariFormation atS&rghar=ange/ #&t &n,onforma#"e !ith samanas&kin Sa"t =ange.


De"tai,

2ictures



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'3

Sto! no "Bt$ 6

In sto no 1th

!e o#sere% the ro,ks of makar!a" gro&.

Maarwal Grou!

*his is f&rther %ii%e% into three formation.

3.ata"a Formation

2.Lo,khart Limestone

1.Hang& Formation


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'4

(a!agarh Formation at (ohat/ (a"a Chitta an% S; Haara areas.

Uer ,onta,t@ ,onforma#"e !ith Lo,khart Formation.

2ictures

1# Loc$art Limestone

Age

-i%%"e a"aeo,ene

Lit$olog'

lit$olog' is Limestone6

Co"or is grey an% "ight grey/ !eathering "ight #ro!n to ye""o!.me%i&m

graine%.me%i&m #e%%e% an% no%&"ar !ith no%&"es of fo&r to eight in,hes in



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'$

%iameter.Some grey mar" an% %ark #"&ish grey sha"e is a"so resent as minor

inter,a"ations ese,ia""y in the "o!er art

&ossils

Forams/ ,ora"s/ mo""&sks/ e,hinoi%s/ a"gaes et,.

Age

-i%%"e a"aeo,ene

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith Hang& Formation

Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ith ata"a Formation


Sha""o! -arine

2ictures

Noduler limestone

1# 2atala &ormation



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''

Age

Late6a"aeo,ene

Lit$olog'

In Sa"t =ange the "itho"ogy is

Sha"e@ %ark greenish grey/ at "a,es ,ar#ona,eo&s an% ,a",areo&s.

Limestone@ !hite to "ight grey/ no%&"ar o,,&rs as iner#e%s !ith sha"e at "o!er art.

San%stone@ inter#e%s of ye""o!ish #ro!n/ ,a",areo&s san%stone resent at &er art.

&ossils

A#&n%ant forams/ mo""&sks/ ostra,o%es/ #ia"es.

Contact

Lo!er@ ,onforma#"e !ith Lo,khart Formation Uer@ ,onforma#"e !ith Namma" Formation 0Sa"t =ange*IS= -arga""a Hi""

Limestone 0(a"aChittaS;HaaraBaha%&rkh

e"

Sa"tano#a Sha"e 0(ohat

Sto! no ""t$6



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'9

C$errat Grou!

" Namal &ormation6

Age6 ;ar"y ;o,ene

Lit$olog'6

*he namma" fm is ,omose% of sha"e an% "imestone.

2ictures

+#Saessar formation6

Age6 -i%%"e eo,ene

Lit$olog'6

*he sakesar fm is ,omose% of massie an% no%&"ar "imestone !ith mar" an% ,hert in

the &er art

2ictures



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':

16C$orgali formation

Age6 "ate ;o,ene

Lit$olog'6

*he ,horga"i fm is ,omose% of sha"e inter#e%s !ith "imestones.



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'>

4efrence1 Sir faha% a"i ai

2 Sa??a% ahma% thesis

3 Ahma% ghani fie"% reort4 *he 8eo"ogi,a" S&rey of akistan 0o"&me 22

$ Stratigrahy of akistan P #y S.-.I#rahim Shah

' !!!.#rooks,o"e.,omgeo"ogy

9 !!!.m,gra!6hi"".,o.&kgeo"ogy8)sir taqweem notes

!!!.!ikie%ia.,om

www.brooks/cole.com/geology

www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk/geology

.www.gsp.gov.pk/pakistan/index.html 6. www.wikipedia.com/geology
http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/

ibadullah salt range field report

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