{iaw (order) - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7651/6/06_chapter 1.pdf · {iaw...

$: {Iaw (order) - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7651/6/06_chapter 1.pdf · {Iaw 2 1. aXw (religion) 2. aX-k-aqlw (religious society) 3. ip²m-ip² k¦-ev]-hpw,$
{Iaw 1

A[ymbw 1

{Iaw (order)

{Iaw 2

1. aXw (religion)

2. aX-k-aqlw (religious society)

3. ip²m-ip² k¦-ev]-hpw, hnL-SnX/{]Xn-jvTm-]nX a\p-jycpw

4. _p²/{_mÒ-W-a-X-§-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ

5. lnμp-aXw kaq-ls¯ \nco-£n-¨n-cp-¶Xv

6. _p²-a-X-k-ao-]\w s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯n-\p-th n

7. _u²-ZÀi-\s¯ `mK-hXw ISw-sIm- -Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v

8. tImtfm-Wn-bÂ L«hpw Imt\-jp-am-cnbpw

9. Ah-Øm- ]-Zhn

10. cmjv{S-sa¶ kmaq-ly-i-cocw

11. kaq-l-a-\p-jyÀ

12. amÀIvkn-ks¯ ]cn-tim-[n-¨p-sIm v C´y-\-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn¨v

13. Ah-Øbpw ]Z-hnbpw aX-k-aq-lhpw XpSÀ¨

{Iaw 3

“Npcp¡n-¸-d-ªmÂ sslμh kmaq-ly-{Iaw A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-

¡p-¶Xv kmaq-ly-hn-̀ mK-§-fn-em-Wv, hyàn-bn-e-Ã. kmaq-ly-hn-`mK-§sf

H¶n\p apI-fnÂ H¶mbn {]Xn-jvTn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ hn`m-K-§-fpsS {Ia-am-W-

Xv. hn`mK-§-fpsS ]Z-hnbpw [À½-§fpw ap³Iq«n \nÝ-bn-¡p-Ibpw

Ønc-¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ H¶m-W-Xv. sslμh kmaq-ly-{Iaw H«pw

Ab-hn-Ãm¯ Hcp {Ia-am-Wv. Hcp hyànbpsS Bt]-£nI ØnXn-bnÂ

F´p amä-ap- m-bm-epw, Xm³ P\n¨ hn`mK-¯nse AwK-sa¶ \ne-

bnÂ Abm-fpsS kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn-bnÂ, asämcp hn`mK¯nÂ P\n¨ asämcp

hyàn-bpsS kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ, bmsXmcp

amähpw D m-hp-I-bn-Ã. BZy-Øm-\¯v \nÂ¡p-¶-hÀ Hcn-¡epw Ah-

km-\-Øm-\-¡m-cm-hp-I-bn-Ã. Ah-km-\-Øm-\¯v \nÂ¡p-¶-hÀ Hcn-

¡epw BZy-Øm-\¯v F¯p-I-bn-Ã.” (t]. 146. tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ

k¼qÀ® IrXn-IÄ hmeyw þ 6)

{Iaw 4

B`y-´-c-ambn (interior) Nn«s¸Sp-¯mt\m Agn-s -̈Sp-¡mt\m Ign-bp¶

H¶ns\ {Iaw (order) F¶p hnfn-¡mw. tUm. Awt_-ZvI-dpsS ZÀi-\-

¯n-eq-¶n-s¡m v kmaq-ly-{I-aw, AXnsâ k`mhw Ah \nÀ®-bn-¡p¶

CSw F¶n-§s\ ZfnXv kmaqly At\z-j-W-¯n\v {ian-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-

sS. kaq-lhpw {Iahpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯nÂ ]cn-]q®-cm-cmWv F¶

tNmZyhpw AXn-\pÅ At\z-j-W-§fpw \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. PmXn lnμp

hnNm-cn-¡p¶p AhÀ ]cn-]qÀ®-cm-sW¶v; Akv]ÀiyÀ A]qÀW-cm-

sW-¶pw. Cu ]qÀW/A]qÀW bpànsb adn-¨n-Sp-I-bmWv Awt_-ZvIÀ.

C§s\ adn-¨n-Sp-¶-Xn-eqsS ssk²m-´n-I, ZmÀi-\n-I, A[n-Imc cq]-

§-fnse A]qÀW-Xsb At±-l-¯n\v tNmZyw sN¿m³ Ign-bp-¶p.

\Kcw / {Kmaw (urban/rural) F¶o c p kao-]-\-¯nsâ {Iaw

\nÀ½n-bv¡p¶ hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ. AXm-Xn-tâ-Xmb \nc-h[n Imc-W-§-

fp-tS-Xm-sW¶v {Kmwjn Nq n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p.1 k¼qÀW-\m-hpI F¶mÂ

A[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cn-¡pI F¶ t_m[s¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ \ncm-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

A[n-Im-c-sa-¶--Xn\v BIÀj-W-X-bp-s ¶v Xncn- -̈dn-bp-¶p. adp-h-i-¯v,

A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ\n¶v ]pd-´-Åp¶hcpsS hi-¯v, Nne ]qÀW-X-sb-¦n-

ep-ap-s ¶v AXv Is -¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶p.

PmXn sslμ-ho-bX \nÀ½n-¡p¶ s]mXp-t_m-[-k-aq-l-am-b-Xn-

\mÂ lnμp-¡-fp-ambn tNÀ¶v H¶m-I-W-sa¶pw AXn-eqsS s]mXp-

k-aq-l-am-bn¯ocm\papÅ Nne {ia§Ä F¡m-ehpw D m-Ip-¶p.

AXns\ \ncm-I-cn-¨p-sIm pw \nÀ_-Ô-ambn thdn-«psIm pamWv {Iaw

AYhm s]mXp-k-aqlw \ap-¡n-S-bnÂ \nÂ¡p-¶Xv. A]qÀW-P-\-X-bpsS

]qÀW-X-bntebv¡v ]S-cm-\pÅ {iaw XS-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

1. P. 91-933, Selected from the prison Note books Antonio Gramsci, Orient Longman, 1996.

{Iaw 5

aäp-Å-hsc X§-fpsS A[o-\-X-bnÂ \nÀ¯pI F¶ t_m[-

¯nÂ \n¶mWv C§-s\-bpÅ kmaqly hncp² kz`mhw kaq-l-¯n-

\p-taÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-I.2 s]mXp kaq-l-¯nÂ {]th-in-¡pI F¶

Xmev]-cy-amWv Akv]Àiysc aäp a\p-jy-cp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-hm³ t{]cn-

¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]qÀW-X-bp-s ¶p \Sn-¡p-¶-hÀ ho pw A]qÀWkz`m-

h-amWv \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. A[n-Imc -k-aq-l-¯mÂ ASn-t¨Â¸n-bv¡-

s¸« A]qÀW-X-bp-ambn X§-fpsS ]qÀW-Xsb Xncn- -̈dn-bm-\pÅ {iaw

Akv]ÀiyÀ Bcw-`n-bv¡p-¶p.

k¼¯pw hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgnepw Pohn-X-¯nsâ hnhn[ taJ-

e-Isf \nb-{ń-¡p¶ LS-I-§-fm-hp-t¼mÄ ]qÀW-X, A[n-Imcw

F¶nh Cf-¡-ap-Å-Xpw amän {]Xn-jvTn-¡m-hp-¶-Xp-am-sW¶v t_m[y-

am-hp-¶p.

“]s¯m³]Xpw Ccp-]Xpw \qäm- p-I-fnÂ DbÀ¶ PmXn kaq-

l-§Ä, kaq-l-¯nse DbÀ¶ P\-hn-`m-K-§-fm-sW¶v kzbw k¦-

ev]n-¡pI (imagining) am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. aäp kaq-l-§-tfm-SpÅ P\m-

[n]Xy acym-Z-bn-Ãm¯, Imev]-\n-I-am-b, ip²-cà kz`m-h-am-bn-cp¶p

CXv”3 F¶v KbnÂ Hmwshäv hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

Cý³ kaq-l-¯nÂ Bßobw þ kmaqlyw þ F¶nh ]c-¼-

cm-KX t_m[w \nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw Ahsb tNmZyw sN¿m³ A\p-h-Zn-

¡m-sX XpS-cp-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. k¼-¯v, sXmgnÂ, hnZym-`ymkw F¶o

ASn-Øm\ kmaqly t_m[-¯n\p ]I-cw, PmXn þ kap-Zmbw þ ]mc-

¼cyw F¶o t_m[hpw AXn-\mbpÅ kmaqly{Ia-§-fp-amWv \S-

¯nh¶ncp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ Cu PmXn þ kap-Zmb þ ]mc-¼cyw \S-¯n-

2. Bcy³ F¶Xv “A¿³” F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. A[n-Im-c-̄ nsâ ̀ mKambn AhÀ ]pXnb {]tbm-

K-§Ä kzoI-cn-̈ p. Bi-b-§-Ä kzoI-cn-̈ p. aäp a\p-jy-k-aq-ls¯ Iog-S-¡n. ]p. 26-þ29.

BZn Cý-cpsS Ncn-{Xw, Sn.-F-̈ v, ]n. sN´m-c-tÈ-cn, ssa{Xo _pIvkv, Xncp-h-\-́ -]p-cw.

3. P. 244, Dalits and the Democratic Revolution, Gail Omvedt, Sage Publications.

{Iaw 6

h¶ kaq-l-¯nÂ Pohn-¡p-Ibpw / AtX kabw H¸w AÃm-sX,

A]-cÀ (other) Bbn PmXn clnXw F¶ t_m[w ]p\:Øm]n-bv¡m³

{ian-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp h¶n-cp¶ PmXn-IÄ¡v ]pd-¯p-Å-hÀ F¶ \ne-

bn-emWv ZfnXv kaqlw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv.*1

C§-s\-bpÅ Bßo-b-þ-ù-XnI IpSp¡v (lock) \nc-´-c-Xsb

{]hÀ¯n-¸n¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. an¯v (myth),iIp\w, `mhn-{]-hN-\w,

Bßm-hv, hn[n F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n Bßob {]N-c-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-

fn-eqsS CXv \ne-\nÀ¯m³ {ian¨p. Awt_-ZvIÀ tdma³ ASn-a-IÄ¡v

e`n-¨n-cp¶ kzmX-{ýs¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-p- v. hmS-Ibv¡v sImSp-¡p¶

`qan, ]m«-¯n\v hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ _m¦v, _nkn-\-kn-\mbn I¸Â F¶n-

§s\ ASn-a-IÄ¡v hn\n-abw \S-¯m³ A[n-Im-cn-IÄ A\p-aXn \ÂIn-

b-Xnsâ sXfnhp \nc-¯p-¶p v. Fgp¯pw {KÙ-§fpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m\pw

ASn-a-IÄ¡v tdmanÂ A\p-aXn e`n-¨n-cp-¶p.

“Cý-bnse ASn-a-IÄ¡v s]mXp-hmb t]cp-I-fmWv \ÂIn-bn-cp-

¶-Xv. Zmk, Zmkn F¶n-§s\ hnfn-¨n-cp-¶p... _p²nÌv tam¦v kaq-l-

am-hs« AhÀ c£-s]-Sp-¯nb ASn-a-Isf¡pdn-¨pÅ hnhcw {_mÒW

A[n-Im-cn-I-f-dn-bm-Xn-cn-¡m³ {ian-¨n-cp-¶p.”4

tdmanÂ ASna¯w P·-]-c-a-Ã. `mc-X-¯nÂ P·-]-c-am-bn-cp-¶p.

sslμ-h-þ-{_m-Ò-WnI [mÀan-I-amb Hcp aqey-¯n-sâbpw IS-a-bp-

sSbpw `mK-am-bn-«mbncp-¶p ASn-a-¯-¯n-sâbpw AXnsâ kz`m-h-

4. P. 77-81, Slavery in Ancient India, Dev Raj Chanana, people publishing house, 1960.*1

a. Imf-bn-d¨n Xn¶p-Ibpw ]ip-hn-t\mSv A\m-Z-chv Im«p-Ibpw sN¿pI.

b. acn-̈ -hsc Ipgn-̈ n-SpI

c. thZ-§-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb tNmZyw sN¿p-I, XnkvI-cn-¡p-I.

d. {_mÒ-W-cpsS ta[m-hn-Xzs¯ Xnc-kvI-cn-¡pI

e. {_mÒ-W-cnÂ \nt¶m aäv AwKo-IrX sslμh Kpcp-hnÂ \nt¶m, a{´w kzoI-cn-¡m-̄ -hÀ

f. Aip-²-am-I-en\v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶-hÀ F¶n-§s\ ]t¯mfw {]am-W-§Ä apÉo-ap-I-fpw,

Akv]Àiycpw s]mXp-k-aq-l-̄ nÂ \n¶pw kzoI-cn-t¡- n-h-¶p. (t].6. tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ

k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ. hmeyw.9.)

{Iaw 7

¯n-sâbpw Øm\w.5 ]tcm-£-am-hp¶ (indirect) \nc-h[n cq]-§Ä,

kz`m-h-§Ä Abn-¯-¯nÂ ImWmw. Cu ]tcm-£-kz-`mhw Ime-

§-tfmfw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. CXn\v Abn-¯-¯n-\-¸pdw \½psS \nÀh-

N-\-§Ä¡pw A¸pdw hnth-N-\-]-²-Xn-IÄ \nÀ½n-bv¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-

¶p. Dd-¸n-Ãm¯ kaq-l-¯nsâ krjvSn-bmbn CXv XpS-cp-¶p.

kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS D¶X cq]-amb Iem-cw-K-§-fnÂ \n¶pÅ Hgn-

hm-¡Â, \mK-cnI Pohn-X-¯nsâ hmXm-b-\-§sf sIm«n-b-S-bv¡Â,

Blm-cw, ]mÀ¸n-Sw, hkv{Xw, BtcmKyw Ch-bnÂ \n¶pÅ Hgn-hm-

¡Â/ ‘sXm«p-Iq-Sm-¯-hÀ N¯p,’ ‘Aip-²n-bpsS òXn CÃm-Xmbn’

F¶n-§-s\bpÅ lnμp ]gsamgnIÄ, Ch-sbms¡ a\p-jy³ F¶

{]mY-anI kaq-ls¯ Hgn-hm-¡p¶ kao-]-\-¯n-tâ-Xm-bn-cp-¶p-h-tÃm.

kzX{´ kmaq-lnI {Iaw F¶ Pohn-Xm-h-Øsb Cý³

kaqlw shÃp-hn-fn-bmbn Gsä-Sp-¯n-«n-Ã. ASn-a-¯-¯n-tâ-Xmb kmaq-

ly-{I-a-¯nÂ sXmgn-epw, ]cn-c-£bpw \ÂIm³ DSa _m[y-Ø-\m-

bncn¡pw. tdmw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Abn¯w þ ASn-a¯w F¶-XmWv

Cý³ ASn -a - þ -km -aq -lym -h -Ø-bpsS {]tXy -I -X -sb -¦nÂ,

AXnÂ\n¶pw amdm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw \ÂIp-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p tdma³ kaq-

l-¯nsâ ASna¯ t_m[w. kzX{´sXmgnÂ kwhn-[m-\-¯nÂ sXmgn-

en-\p-th n sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ aÕ-cn -t¡- -Xp- v. C§-s\-sbmcp

kzX{´ kaq-lhpw Cý-bnÂ \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶n-Ã. Gähpw Ah-km\w

5. t]. 14, Ip«¸³ km£n, am[yaw þ 462, “FSm ht¶¨v tX§m-bn-SWw

“DÆv {¼mt\.... IvSm¯³ ht¶-¡m-th...

ChntSw IvSm¯³ F¶p ]dªm \n¡pt¶ Cu X -́bn-Ãm-t¯m³þ

amcv. A¸-\-̧ q-̧ ³am-cm-sW-¦nepw ]d-bm-Xn-cn-¡m³ H¡p-tI-e...

Ahcv IvSm¯³ F¶p hnfn-¡pt¼m Chcpw ]d-bphm IvSm¯³ ht¶-¡m-th¶v!! A¨\pw

]d-b-̄ nÃ A¨sâ t]sc-́ m-¶v. C§s\ \mb-·mcv h¶v hnfn¨m Ah-tcmSv ]d-bm³ Adn-b-

¯n-Ã. t]Sn, XÃpw. Ch-½mcv hcpt¼m XpWow Xm¯n hmbpw ]q«n, ]mf-s¯m¸ow FSp¯v

I£¯pw h¨v A¸\¸q-̧ -·mcv \n¡p-s¶.”

{Iaw 8

sXmgnev e`n-¡p-I-bpw, Gähpw BZyw ]ncn-¨p-hn-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ A]-

am-\-¯n-tâ-Xmb kmaq-ly-{I-a-amWv Cý-bnÂ ImWm-\m-hp-I.6

“aebmf-¡-c-bnse tk\m-hn-`mKw apgp-h\pw \mb-·m-cm-Wv.

\¼ym-·m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nepw cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ

IognepamWv Cu \mbÀ¸S \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv.... . Hcp \mbÀ¡v Xs¶

sXm«v Aip-²-am-¡nb Cug-h-s\tbm ap¡p-h-s\tbm DS-\Sn Kf-tOZw

sN¿m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse Hcp \mbÀ¡v hgn-am-dns¡mSp-¡m¯

ASn-a-hÀ¤-¯nÂs¸« BÄ¡pw ac-W-am-bn-cp¶p A\p-`-hw.”7

tÌäv (state), ]pÀÆ-tÌ-äv (pre state), D¯c tÌäv (post state)

Cu {Iahpw Cý-bnÂ XpS-cp-¶Xv amÀ¤-§Ä, Pohn-X-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ

Chsb Akz-X-{´-am-¡n-bpw, AtX-k-abw Pohn-¡m-\pÅ D¯-c-hm-

Zn¯w P\-§-fnÂ am{Xw GÂ¸n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ coXn-bn-

em-Wv. AXm-hs« hnizm-kw, hn[n, ssZhw, ssZh-§Ä, IWn, ssI\o-

«w, ip`w, Aip-`w, \mfv, Zn¡v, Øm\w, iIp-\w, ka-bw, Xe-h-c,

F¶n-§s\ t\cn-«-Ãm¯ (indirect) {Ia§-fp-sS-bpw, ioen-¸n-¡-en-

sâbpw ]n³_-e-¯n-eqsS ss\c-ćyw krjvSn-¨p-sIm- n-cn-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p. Akz-X-{´-k-aq-l-¯nse B\q-Iq-ey-§-fpw, kzX-{´-km-

aq-ly-{I-a-¯nse {]Xn-Iq-em-h-Ø-bpw, A\p-Iq-em-h-Øbpw e`y-am-

hm¯ asämcp kmaq-ly-{I-aw PmXn kaq-l-¯nÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

Htc ka-b¯v DS-a-Ø-cmbn Na-bp-Ibpw AtX-k-abw ssIsbm-gn-bp-

Ibpw sN¿p¶ Ah-Ø-sb¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ CXns\ hnfn-¡p-¶p.

“CsXmcp ck-I-c-amb kwK-Xn-bmWv. {_mÒ-W³ ]d-bp¶p

[À½w F¶ Ah-cpsS hnip² Bi-b-¯n-tâ-Xm-Wn-sX-¶v. Cu Adn-

6. t]. 16,17, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ. hmeyw.9.

7. t]. 64, {^m³knkv _p¡m-\³ I tIc-fw, tIcf ̀ mjm C³Ìn-äq-«v, 1981.

{Iaw 9

hp-IÄ aäv PmXn kaq-l-¯n\v ssIam-dm³ Ign-bn-Ã.”8 C´y³ {Kma-

§Ä¡m-bpÅ `c-W-L-S-\sb lnμp-¡fpsS IqSpXÂ ]nSn -hm-in-

bnÂ\n¶pw Hgn-hm-¡m³ Ign-ª-Xn\v ssZh-t¯mSv \μn ]d-b-W-sa¶v

Awt_-ZvIÀ. F¶mÂ F¬]-Xp-I-fpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS {Kma-k-¦ev]w

Xncn-¨p-h-cn-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶Xv. Akv]Àiy-cpsStaÂ P·n- A-[n-Im-c-k-

aqlw \S¯n h¶n-cp¶ \nc-h[n hne-¡p-IÄ¡v At_-ZvIÀ \S-¯p¶

hnaÀi-\-§sf Hfn¨phbv¡m-\pÅ {iaw Cu aS-§n-h-c-hnÂ D v. s]mXp-

k-aqlw F¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {Kma-¯nse lnμp kaq-lhpw s]mXp-k-

aq-l-¯n\v ]pd-s¯¶v hnfn-bv¡-s¸-Sp¶ Akv]Àiycpw {]I-S-ambn

(direct) \nb-a-¯mÂ At§m«pw Ct§m«pw ]pd-¯m-¡-epw, Hgn-hm-¡epw

\S-¯p-¶p- v. \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶p-ap- v.9

Ipä-§Ä¡v sImSp-¯n-cp¶ in£ Iq«mb in£-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶

\nco-£Ww Gsd {]k-àn-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. hyànsb ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-Xn-cn-

¡p-I-bpw, Iq«s¯ ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ s]mXp-kz-`mhw PmXn-

aqey¯nsâ XpSÀ¨sb ImWn-¡p-¶p. hyànXzw (individuality) PmXn-

(caste) bmbn \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶p. B[p-\nI C´y³ kaq-l-§Ä AXnsâ

sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb amä-§-fnepw \nÀ½m-Wm-ß-I-X-bnepw CtX PmXn-

am-\s¯ kzoI-cn-¨p-sIm-t -bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

“Iogmf BW¯w shfn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Hcn-S-amWv \Kcw. AYhm

CXv aäp cq]-§-fn-epÅ BW-¯-§-fp-ambpw kvss{XW-X-I-fp-am-bpÅ

_Ôw \mK-cn-I-a-Ãm¯ kml-N-cy-§-fn-te-Xp-t]mse {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-

«n-«n-Ãms¯mcp CS-sa-¦nepamWv. \K-c-¯nsâ cmjv{Sob k¼Zv hyhØ

Iogmf ]pcp-js\ XrjvW-bp-sSbpw _Ô-§-fp-sSbpw DXvI-WvT-I-fp-

sSbpw Ht«sd kμÀ -̀§-fnÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶p. ASp-¸-¯nsâ kwÚ-

8. P. 69. History of Caste in India, S.V. Ketkar, Low Price Publications, 1998.9. Ayothi Thas Chintanaikal, Ravikumar, Navayana.

{Iaw 10

I-fp-sSbpw kμÀ -̀§-fp-sSbpw ]p\-]-cn-tim-[\ Bh-iy-s -̧Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p.”10

A´-Ên-sâbpw (dignity) A´-Ên-Ãm-bva-bp-sSbpw Cu XpSÀ¨sb

ewLn-¡p-¶Xv {_o«ojv Kh¬saâ v ]mÊm-¡nb ]o\Â tImUn-ep-sS-

bm-Wv. F¶mÂ Cu ]o\Â tImUnsâ LS-\bv¡pw A¸p-d¯v

Akv]ÀiyÀ¡v X§-fpsS Pohn-Xm-h-Øsb \ne-\nÀt¯ n h¶p.

hnkÀPy-¯nse `£Ww (tKm-_-c-l) hm§p-¶-h-cpsS am{Xw

kaq-lw, kzbw hnev¡-¸-Sp¶ kaq-lw, AØn-chpw £Wn-I-hp-amb

D]Poh\-amÀK-§Ä, bmN\ BNm-c-]-c-am-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv, F¶n-§-s\-

bpÅ {Kma-dn-¸-»n-¡nsâ XpSÀ -̈bmWv B[p-\nI kmaqly {Ia-¯nepw

kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. `qan-bv¡p-taepÅ A[n-Imcw Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-I, am{X-

aÃ tImf-\n, e£w-ho-Sv, ebw, IpSn-In-S-¸v, ]pd-t¼m¡v F¶n-§s\

B[p-\nI hnI-k\ kaq-l-¯nsâ A\y-§Ä, ]pd-§Ä F¶n-h-bm-bn-

¯o-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

“CXv Hmô-km-bn-t¸mbn AsÃ-¦nÂ Rm³ \n\¡p \Ã ho¡p

sh¨p Xt¶-s\.... AXn-\p-tijw At±lw Fsâ kÀ«n-̂ n-¡äpw \nb-a-\

-D-¯-chpw Xmsg CSm³ Bh-iy-s¸-«p. At±lw Ah Xmsg \n¶pw

FSp-¯p.”11

Abn¯ PmXn kaq-lmwKw Hmôkv tPmenbv¡v F¯p-t¼mÄ

apXnÀ¶ DtZym-K-Øsâ hm¡p-I-fm-Wn-Xv. Hmôkv F¶Xv {_n«ojv

Hmôkv Bhp-¶-Xp-sIm- p-am-{X-amWv Abn-¯-Pm-Xn-¡m-cs\ aÀ±n-¡m-

¯-Xv. B[p\nI Cý³ kaq-l-¯nÂ bqtdm-tI-{μo-IrX kao-]-\-§-

fmWv kmaq-ly-t{i-Wnsb ]cn-t¡-ev]n-bv¡m³ sNdnb {ia-§Ä \S-

10. t]. 56, ̂ pUv]m v̄ XrjvW-IÄ, kRvPbv {iohm-kvX-h, ] -̈¡p-Xnc þ Pqsse-þ-B-K-Ìv, 2006.

11. t]. 35, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 9.

{Iaw 11

¯p-¶-Xv. sslμh aX-¯nsâ Alwt_m[\nÀ½mWw Htc kabw

hnizm-k-s¯-bpw, a\p-jy-hn -cp -²-X-sbbpw \nÀ½n -bv¡p-¶p- v .

Akv]ÀiyÀ Aip-²-am-¡p-sa¶ hnizm-kw, aÕyhpw amwkhpw Aip-

²-am-¡p-sa¶ hnizm-kw, Ch Alwt_m[-s¯-bmWv \nÀ½n-¨n-«p-Å-

Xv. Cu Alw t_m[w PmXn-bpsS kq£va-cq-]-§-fn-sem-¶mWv. a{Zmkv

tImS-Xn-bnÂ Akv]Àiys\ {]Xn-bm-¡nb Hcp tIknÂ ‘t£{X-¯nÂ

tLmj-bm{X XS-bm³ ]d-b³ \n¶-Xn-\mÂ tLmj-bm{X \S-¯n-bn-Ã

F¶v t£{X I½-än Btcm -]n -¡p¶p.’ F¶mÂ C¯-csamcp

t_m[¯ne-Ã, Btem-N-\-bp-am-bn-«Ã At±lw \n¶Xv F¶v \nÀt±-in-

¨p-sIm- mWv At±-ls¯ tIknÂ \n¶v a{Zmkv tImSXn shdptX

hn«Xv.12 C§-s\sbmcp t_m[-am-Wv, Akv]Àiysc kw_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯mfw

PmXn lnμp-¡Ä¡p-Å-Xv. Cu Alw ̀ uXn-I-km-¶n-[y-¯n-\p-ta-se-¡qSn

{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶p hyà-am-hp¶p.

“hnjvWp `K-hmsâ A\p-{Klw t\Sm³ \o {ian-¡pt¶m

[n¡mcn....... HSp-hnÂ lcn-Psâ hmbnÂ Agp¡p \ndª km[-\-§Ä

Ip¯n-\n-d¨v AhÀ Øew hn«p. \ncm-i-\mb B NamÀ lnμp hnizmkw

Dt]-£n v̈ CÉm-aXw kzoI-cn-¨p.”13

Akv]ÀiyÀ¡v lnμp-¡-fpsS InW-dp-I-fnÂ \n¶v shÅ-sa-Sp-¡p-

¶-Xn\p am{X-aÃ hne-¡v. kz´-ambn IÃp-sIm v \sÃmcp InWÀ

D m-¡m-\pÅ km¼-¯n-I-tijn AhÀ¡p- mbmÂt¸mepw AXn\pw

k½-Xn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. ]Z-hn-bn-te¡v Db-cm-\pÅ {ias¯ XS-bp-I. ]Icw

Akv]ÀiyÀ¡v ]e-t¸mgpw Fs´-¦n-epsams¡ tkh\w, DbÀ¶ PmXn-

k-aq-l-¯nÂ\n¶pw e`n-¡p-I. aZy-hpw, amwkhpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-

12. t]. 32, a{Zmkv sslt¡m-S-Xn-bnÂ cPn-ÌÀ sNbvX, Akv]Àiys\ {]Xn-bm-¡nb Hcp

tIkv. tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ hmeyw. 9.

13. t]. 32, a{Zmkv sslt¡m-S-Xn-bnÂ cPn-ÌÀ sNbvX, Akv]Àiys\ {]Xn-bm-¡nb Hcp tIkv.

tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ þ k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ hmeyw. 9.

{Iaw 12

\mepw, XcwXmgv¶ ssZh-§sf ]qPn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-epw, IqsS-t¨À¡m-s\m-

¡p-I-bn-Ã. kz´w \ne-bn-tebv¡v DbÀ¯m³ k½-Xn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-I.

CsXmcp {]tXy-I-Xcw {]hÀ¯-\-co-Xn-bm-Wv. sslμ-ho-b-Xsb

]n´p-S-cp-¶, PmXn khÀWXsb ]n´p-S-cp¶ GsXmcp {]Øm-\hpw

C§-s\-bpÅ {]hÀ¯\ LS-\sb kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xv ImWmw. Cu \qäm-

nsâ Bcw-`-¯nÂ Htc kabw AIän \nÀ¯p-Ibpw hf-cm³ A\p-

h-Zn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶ {_mÒ-W-co-Xn, Cý-bnÂ, sImtfm-

Wn-bÂ `c-W-L-«-t¯msS AXnsâ kz`m-hs¯ asämcp coXn-bnÂ

{]hÀ¯\ hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶p- v.

kz´w CS-¯n-tebv¡v Bhm-ln¨v ap¡n-¡-f-bp-I F¶ coXn-bm-

Wn-Xv. {]mNo\ Cý-bn-ep-S-\ofw {_mÒW kaqlw CXv \S-¯n-

bn«pÅ-Xp-am-Wv. hmevao-In, hymk³, Imfn-Zm-k³, _p²³, AS-§p¶

Cý-bnse apgp-h³ khn-tij hyàn-Xz-§-sfbpw kaq-l-§-sfbpw

Bhm-ln¨v \ni-_vZ-am-¡m³ {ian-bv¡p¶ kao-]\w {_o«ojv L«-¯n\p

ap¼pw, tijhpw XpS-cp-¶Xv ImWmw. {Kmaw hn«p-t]mbvs¡mÅphm³

Akv]ÀiytcmSv Bh-iy-s¸-SpI F¶-Xn-\À°w kz´-ambn \n§Ä¡n-

hnsS H¶p-anÃ F¶ ]n³_-es¯ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯pI IqSn-bm-Wv. {Kmaw

hn«v t]mtI- Xv Bcv F¶Xv c m-as¯ tNmZy-am-Wv. Hcp a\p-jy\v

asämcp a\p-jy-\p-taÂ (a-\p-jyÀ) imco-cnI, am\-knI IS-¶m-{I-aWw

\S-¯m³ F´v Ah-Im-i-amWv DÅXv F¶-XmWv {]iv\w.

Akv]ÀiyX kaq-l-¯nÂ Acm-P-IXzw \nÀan-¡p-sa¶v Awt_-

ZvIÀ. hr¯n-bn-Ãm¯ hkv{Xw, ap¡n-bXpw hne Ipd-ª-Xp-amb B -̀

cWw, Ipdª Nne-hnÂ ]mNIw sNbvXp- m-¡p¶ `£-Ww, Ipdª

Nne-hnÂ hnf-¼m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Krtlm-]-I-c-W-§Ä, kwkv¡-cn- -̈

{Iaw 13

Xpw, A -̈Sn-¨-Xp-amb `mjm-{]-tbm-K-§-fpsS A]-cym-]vX-X, Nn«-s¸-Sp-

¯n-bn-«n-Ãm¯ ico-cw, apń-b-Xcw ]pI-bn-e, knK-cäv Ch-bpsS A`m-

hw, hyh-Øm-]nX {]mÀ°-\-bpsSbpw aäpw CÃm-bva, hyh-Øm]nX-

s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xpw, Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xpw, kwkvI-cn-¡-s¸-«Xpw Bb hn\n-

abw am\y-hpw, CXn\v FXnÀh-i¯v \nÂ¡p-¶-Xv Acm-P-IXzhpw F¶v

hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv AYhm apń-b-Xm-hm-¯Xv Acm-P-IXzw F¶v hnfn-

¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. F¶n-§s\ Akv]Àiy-Xsb kaqlw ImWp-¶p.

ChnsS F´mWv Acm-P-IXzw F¶ tNmZyw an¨w \nev¡p-¶p.

tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bnÂ lnμp-¡-fpw, apÉo-ap-Ifpw,{In-kvXym-

\n-Ifpw, Zfn-XÀs¡-Xnsc H¶n¨p \n¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-IÄ 1945 IfnÂ

ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.14

Zmkym-Nm-c-¯nÂ \n¶pw BPo-h-\m-´-tk-h-I-cmbn \ne-\nÀ¯m-

\pÅ AwKo-Im-c-¯n-se-¯p-¶n-S-¯mWv ASn-a¯w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

cmjv{So-b-tam, kmaq-ln-Itam Bb kzmX-{ý-¯nsâ \jvS-a-Ã, adn¨v

Cu \jvS-¯nsâ DÂ`hw Xmev]-cy-ap-Å-Xm-sW-¦nepw AsÃ-¦nepw

AXns\ D¶-X-sa-¶-Xpw, ]cn-]qÀW-sa-¶-Xp-amb KpW-hn-ti-j-X-sb-

¶pÅ A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS hmgv̄ mWv Cý-bnÂ ImWp-¶Xv, Cý-bnse

ASn-a-¯s¯ kw_-Ôn-¨v.

“Hm Zkyp-¡sf Bcy-·mÀ \n§-fpsS kmaq-ly-]-Zhn (Social

Status) XIÀ¯p (degradation) F¶p am{Xw \n§Ä Npcp-¡n-¡m-W-cp-

Xv. a\p-jy-s\¶ (Humanity) \n§-fpsS Øm-\-am-Wn-Ãm-Xm-¡n-b-Xv. AXv

\n§-fpsS Ip«n-I-fn-tebv¡p IqSn hym]n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\nI kaq-

l-¯n-tebv¡p IqSn AXv F¯n-bm-epÅ Ah-Ø-sb{X A]-I-S-I-c-

14. t]. 59, 1945 Pq¬ 5, sI. I®³ Fw.-FÂ.F bpsS A[y-£-X-bnÂ tNÀ¶ tbmKw ]mÊm-

¡nb {]ta-bw. hr¯n-bpÅ hkv{X-hpw, B -̀c-Whpw [cn-¡p¶ lcn-P-\-§sf lnμp, apÉow,

{InkvXym-\nIÄ H¶n v̈ B{I-an-¡p-¶p, \m«n-I, ̂ nÀ¡, s]m¶m\n Chn-S-§-fnÂ \nXy-kw-̀ -

h-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p... tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ-þ-k-¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw. 9.

{Iaw 14

sa¶v Nnń¨p t\m¡q”15 F¶v almß tPymXn-dmhp ^qse ]d-bp-¶Xv

AXp-sIm- m-Wv.

A½-bpsS tkh\ hyh-Ø-Ifpw ]Z-hn-Ifpw aI-fn-te-bv¡p-IqSn

hym]n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ ASn-a-¯-¯nsâ

c mw-L«w Bcw-`n-¨p.*2

aXw (religion)

a\p-jy-cpsS s]cp-am-äs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p¶ c p iàn-I-fmWv

\nbahpw, aX-hpw. CXn\v CW-§m\pw {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m\pw Ign-bp-¶p-

v. Akv]Àiys\ a\p-jy-\m-¡pI F¶ ISa AXv \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-

¶tXmsSm¸w lnμp kzbw a\p-jy-\-Ãm-Xm-bn-¯o-cpI IqSn sN¿p-¶p-

v. kzbw a\p-jy-Xz-an-Ãm¯ {]{Inb XpS-cp¶p F¶-XmWv sslμ-ho-

I-c-W-¯nsâ e£y-w. CXv kmaq-lnI a\-km-£n-bn-te-¡mWv e£yw

hbv¡p-¶-Xv. Akv]Àiysc \ho-I-cn-¡Ww F¶v ]dªv Cd-§n-¯n-cn-

bv¡p¶ aX-Øm-]-\-§Ä sslμh/ss{IkvXh CX-c-Øm-]-\-§Ä

F{X-am{Xw a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amWv F¶v tNmZn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv kzbw

sN¿p-¶-Xv.

kmaq-lnI IS-a-IÄ ]¦p-h-bv¡m³ {ian-bv¡p-Ibpw ASn-asb

Xpey a\p-jy-\mbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶ t_m[-[m-c, {]hÀ -̄

\-k-¶-²X _p²-Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ D m-bn-cp-¶p.16 lnμp-¡-fnÂ amä-ap-

15. P. 83, collected works of Mahatma Joti Rao Phule, Vol. II.*2

1. ASna Hcp hyàn F¶-Xn-ep-]cn asäm-cm-fpsS kz´-amWv F¶XpsIm v hyàn-Xz-an-Ãmbva

\ne-hnÂ h¶p.

2. Akv]ÀiyÀ-s¡-Xnsc lnμp-¡Ä \S-̄ nb AXn-{Iaw kw_-Ôn¨ tIkp-IÄ FÃm-hÀ¡pw

kzmX-{ý-̄ n\p th n-bpÅ ka-c-̄ nsâ tIkp-I-fm-Wv.

3. Akv]ÀiyÀ hyàn-b-sÃ¶v lnμp \nbaw {]Jym-]n-̈ p. AXv kmaq-lnI cwK-t¯bv¡v hym]n-

¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

4. lnμp kaqlw Icp-Xp¶ Aip²n F¶ k¦ev]w Bfp-I-fp-am-bpÅ Iq«m-bvabpw s]mXp-

hmb CS-]m-Sp-IÄ¡pw (lnμp-¡-fpw, aäp-Å-hÀ X½nepw \S-¡p-¶-Xv) Atbm-KyX IÂ¸n-¡-

s¸-«p.

{Iaw 15

m-¡m³ \ap-s¡-s´-¦nepw sN¿mw F¶v ]dªp tIÄ¡m-dn-Ã. Chn-

sS-bmWv ]cn-]qÀW a\p-jy³ F¶ A[n-Im-c-cq]w {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶-

Xv. A\m-Zn-hm-kn-bv¡v/BZn-hm-kn-tbmSpw, \K-c-¯n\v/ tNcn-tbm-Spw, {Kma-

¯n\v/ ]pd-t¼m-¡n-t\mSpw, ̀ mjbv¡v/`mjm A\y-t¯m-Spw, ip²-¯n\v/

an{in-X-t¯m-Spw, ]pcp-j\v/ kv{XotbmSpw tXm¶p-¶, ]cn-]qÀW/

A]qÀW Zzμzw tIhew Zzμzw (hn-L-Sn-X-t_m-[w) am{X-a-Ã, \nc-h[n

D]-cq-]-§-fp-tSXpamWv. ]qÀW-X-bpsS a\p-jyXz {]Jym-]\w sIm v

AXv kzbw a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-hpw, A]qÀW-hp-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p.

CXv km¶n-[y-¯nsâ {]iv\-am-Wv. A]qÀW-X-bpsS km¶n-

[ys¯ ]qÀWX hntZz-jn-¡p-¶p. CXv Hcp coXn-bnÂ hwi-t_m-[-¯n-

sâ-bpw, aX-¯n-sâ-bpw, aX-\n-b-a-¯n-tâ-Xp-am-Wv. ip²\v/ Aip-²-t\mSv

tXm¶p-¶, ip²\v/k¦-c-t¯mSp tXm¶p-¶, aX-¯n\v/ asäm-cp-a-X-¯n-

t\mtSm, aX-an-Ãm-¯-Xn-t\m-tSm, tXm¶p¶ {]iv\w am{X-aÃ CXv. ip²-

\m-b, ]qÀW-\m-b, A[n-Im-cn¡v Xsâ hn\n-a-b-§Ä¡p-taÂ IS-¶p-h-

cm³ km[y-X-bpÅ Hmtcm CX-c-§-sfbpw (other or outsider) Hgn-hm-

¡m-\pÅ \nc-´-c-XbptSXmWv (continuity). Cu \nc-´-c-X-bnÂ ip²-

\m-sW¶v \nc-´cw Øm]n-bv¡Â A[n-Im-cn-bpw, ]qÀW\pw F¶v

kzbw Na-bp-¶-h-cpsS ]Wn-s¸-S-em-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. ImcWw AhÀ iq²-

cÃ F¶ t_m[w kzbw t]dp-¶-Xp-sIm- m-W-Xv. ]qÀW-\m-sW¶v

\nc-´cw Øm]n-bvt¡- Xv KXn-tI-Sm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. ImcWw AhÀ

]qÀW-c-Ã. A[n-Im-cn-bm-sW¶v \nc-́ cw Øm]n-t¡ n hcp-¶p. Fs´-

16. ‘t]. 151, ssZhsa¶ cmjv{S-ao-amw-k-I³, Im©m-sF-e-¿.’ kmaq-lnI IS-a-IÄ F¶-XnÂ

_p²sâ kmaq-lnI Ah-t_m[w Zpez-̄ n-ep- v. APmX i{Xp-hn-t\mSv Xsâ kn²m-́ -§Ä

hni-Zo-I-cn-¡sh _p²³, \n\s¡mcp ASn-a-bp-s ¶v hbv¡p-I, kz -́ambn CÑm-iàn CÃm-

¯-h³, kz´-ambn B\μw A\p-̀ -hn-¡m³ Adn-bm-̄ , CÃm¯ Hcp-h³ ... Ah³ Xsâ

ASnaPohnXw shSnªv Hcp ̀ n£p-hmbn kwL-̄ nÂ tNcp-¶p-sh¦nÂ, B a\p-jys\ ChnsS

sIm p hcn-I, Fsâ ASn-a-bmbn XpS-c-s«, F¶v BÚm-]n-¡ptam? A¯-c-samcp ̀ n£p-

hns\ asämcp ̀ n£p-hn-s\bpw t]mse _lp-am-\n-¡p-sa¶v APm-X-i{Xp _p²\v Dd¸p

\evIp-I-bp- m-bn.

{Iaw 16

¶mÂ Cbm-fpsS A[n-Imcw £Wn-I-hpw, a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-hp-am-sW¶v

AbmÄ kzbw `b-s¸-Sp-¶p.*3

_p²³ {_mÒ-Wsc¡pdn¨v tNmZn-¡p¶ tNmZyw ChnsS

BhÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. {_mÒ-WÀ Ah-cpsS `b-¸m-Sns\ aqSn-h-bv¡m³

D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ XpSÀ -̈I-fmWv XpSÀ¶p hcp¶ aXhpw, aX-\n-b-a-hpw,

hnizm-k-hpw, hnizmk \nb-a-hpw.17 Chsb adn-I-S-¡m-\pÅ {ia-§sf

C´y t\cn-Sp¶ kmaq-ly-a-\-Êm-£n-bpsS CÃm-bva-bm-bpw, s]mXp CS-

¯nsâ (public sphere) {]iv\w Bhm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\bpw Awt_-ZvIÀ

\nco-£n-¡p-¶p- v. \ot{Km kmlnXyw AXnsâ _mlpeyw ]cn-tim-[n-

¨p-sIm- v ]Xn-\m-bn -c-¡-W-¡n\v IrXn-IÄ \ot{Km {]iv\s¯

Fgp¯n\mbn kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-s -¶pw, C´y-bnÂ B[p-\nI Ime-¯p-

t]mepw Ac Uk³ IrXn-IÄ ZfnXv {]iv\-§sf A`n-kw-t_m-[\

sN¿p-hm³ CÃm-bn-cp¶p F¶pw At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

aX-k-aqlw (religious society)

ChnsS kaqlw F¶ LS-\sb \ap¡v NÀ¨bv¡v FSp-t¡- n-

bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Awt_-ZvIÀ anÌÀ F¨v.-sP. ]mä¬sâ A`n-{]m-bs¯

kzoI-cn-¨p-sIm v C§s\ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. “[mÀan-I-ambn \Ã-h³ F¶v

]d-bp-t¼mÄ Hcp \nÝnX kaq-l-¯nse \Ã-h-\mb AwKw F¶-Ã,

adn¨v \nÝnX ]cn-[n-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp s]mXp kaq-l-¯nse Bfm-sW-

¶mWv AÀ°-am-¡p-¶Xv; AXm-b-Xv, kaq-l-§-fpsS kaq-lw.”18

17. t]. 91, {io_p-²³ Gjy-bpsS shfn-̈ w, FUzn³ BÀt\mÄUv.

18. t]. 116, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 9.

*3 “...., Ae-ap-d-bn-Sp¶ bÚ-]-ip-¡sf \nÀ±bw sImÃp-¶p. a{´w P]n-¡p-¶p, hfsc ta·-

bpÅ t£{X-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p. {_mÒ-WÀ¡v DuWp sImSp¯v kmbq-Py-a-S-bp-¶p. ]mgm-bn-

t¸m-Ip¶ ]pI-t]mse AhÀ k¦oÀ¯-\-§Ä sNmÃp-¶p. A\Àl-cm-b-hsc AXv ]Tn-̧ n-¡p-

¶p. Bscbpw Im¯p c£nbv¡m³ Ign-bm¯ hnjvWp inh kqcy-·mÀ. Ahsc ]än Adn-

ªn-«v, Bcm-[n-̈ n-«v, ChnsS ]mh-s¸«h\v F´p {]tbmP-\-ap- mbn? C¯-c-̄ n-epÅ AÔ-

hn-izm-k-P-Sn-e-amb Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-§Ä sIm v Fsâ GXp ktlmZc³amÀ¡v Cu ̀ qan-bnÂ

{]tbm-P-\-ap- mbn?”17, (t]. 91, {io_p-²³ Gjy-bpsS shfn-̈ w, FUzn³ BÀt\mÄUv.)

{Iaw 17

Hcp sNdp-Iq«w kaq-l-am-Ip-¶n-Ã. GsX-¦n-ep-samcp {]tXyI

aXhpw kaq-l-am-hp-¶n-Ã. AXnsâ A¸p-d¯p \nÂ¡m³ tijn-bpÅ

Nn´m At\z-jW ]²-Xn-I-tfm, {]tbm-K-cq-]-§Ät¡m am{Xta kaqlw

F¶ Bi-bs¯ D¯-c-¯n-\mbn FSp¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bp-Åq. AXp-

sIm- p-Xs¶ C´y³ kaq-l-¯nse kmaq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§Ä ]eXpw

kmaq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§-fÃ F¶mWv a\-kn-em-¡m³ Ign-bp-I.

a\p-kvar-Xnsb kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw A©m-asXmcp-hÀWs¯

AXv kzoI-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. km[m-c-W-¡m-csâ Pohn-Xs¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-

t¯mfw aX \nbaw km[m-c-W-¡msc ]n´p-S-cp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

adn¨v amÀK-ZÀiIw Bhp-I-b-Ã.

1. an{i-t`m-P\ \ntcm-[-\w.

2. an{i-hn-hml \ntcm-[\w

3. Nne hn`mKw P\-§sf imco-cn-I-ambn kv]Àin-¡p-¶-Xnse hne-

¡v.

BcpanÃm-¯-hsc GsX-¦n-epsamcp-co-Xn-bnÂ, am\y-X-bpsS GsX-

¦nepw Awi-t¯msS ]cn-K-Wn-¡p¶ kwhn-[m\w lnμp-¡Ä¡mh-iy-

an-Ã. AhÀ {]apJ hyàn-Ifpw aäp-Å-hÀ Bcp-a-Ãm-¯-h-cp-amb kwhn-

[m-\-am-W-hÀ¡m-hiyw F¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ XpS-cp-¶p. Hcp hyh-Øbv¡v

Poh-càw \evIp-¶Xv aq¶p-Xcw AwKo-Im-c-am-Wv. \nb-a-]-cw, kmaq-

ln-Iw, aX-]-cw. \nb-a-]cw F¶Xv aX-\n-b-a-§-fp-tS-Xm-hmw, tKm{X-\n-

b-a-§Ä, Iq«-\n-b-a-§Ä, B[p-\nI temI-cm-jv{S-\nÀ½n-Xn-bp-tS-Xpw, ]mÀ-

e-saâdn cmjv{S-\nÀan-Xn-bpsS \nb-a-§fpw CXnÂs¸Spw.

aX-]-c-\n-b-a-sa-¶mÂ aX-\n-b-a-_-Ôn-X-hpw, hnizm-k-_-Ôn-Xhpw

IqSn-bm-Ip-¶p. hnizm-k-_-ÔnX (belief lock) sa¶mÂ CX-c-§Ä¡v

{Iaw 18

(others or outsiders) taÂ \nÂ¡p-¶Xv F¶m-WÀ°w. Hmtcm CX-c-

§fpw Hmtcm CX-c-taÂcq-]-§fpw Hmtcm aX-L-S-\-Isf \nÀan-¡p-hm³

_m[y-Ø-cm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. aq¶m-a-t¯Xpw {][m-\-am-b-Xp-amb

kmaq-ln-I-amb kwKXn hyh-Ø-bpsS AXn-kq-£va-cq-]-§-fm-Wv. CXv

aX-§Ä¡pw, \nb-a-§Ä¡pw ]pd¯v \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶p. aX-§Ä X½n-

epÅ hn\n-ab km[y-Xbpw ]pd-´-f-fepw kmaq-ln-I-k-¯-bnÂ {]m[m-

\y-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-¶p. Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ PmXn sslμ-h-aq-ey-§Ä¡pw,

kmaqly \nÀ½n-Xn-¡pw, ]pd-¯v, kmaq-ly-\nÀanXn kw`-hn¨p F¶-

XmWv Ncn-{X-]m-Tw. CXv kmaq-ly-{I-a-¯nsâ PmXn-am-\-§sf hnaÀi-

\m-ß-I-ambn \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am\y-X, BÀ{Z-X, kl-\w,

Imcp-Wyw, kvt\lw, Xpey-X, ]cn-K-W-\, Pohn-¡m-\pÅ kzmX-{ýw,

ico-c-¯n-\p-taÂ IS-¶m-{I-an-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I, Pohs\ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I,

XpS§nbh {_mÒ-W-ssl-μ-h-a-X-¯nsâ \nb-a-tam, \S-¯nt¸m Bbn-

cp-¶n-Ã. C¯cw \nb-a-tam, \S-¯nt¸m X\-Xv, Xt±-i, a\p-jyÀ \nÀ½n-

s -̈Sp¯ s]mXp t_m[-¯n-tâ-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. CXn\v hncp-²-am-bn-«mWv

sslμh kaqlw \ne-bp-d-¸n- -̈Xv. aXw \ne-bp-d-¸n- -̈Xv. sslμ-h-aqey

k¦-ev]-§Ä¡v km[n-¡m-sX-t]mb kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ-Xm-bn-cp¶p,

X\-Xv, Xt±i a\p-jyÀ \nÀ½n-s -̈Sp¯ kmaqly k¦-ev]w.

CXnsâ `mK-am-bmWv Awt_-ZvIÀ a\p-kvarXn Aán-¡n-c-bm-¡n-

b-Xv. “At±lw AXnsâ ]WvUn-X-·msc shÃp-hn-fn-¨p. \nc-h[n D]-

PmXn kaq-l-§sf tNÀ¯n-cp¯n `£Ww Ign-¸n-¨p. Pohn-X-¯n\v

XS-k-§Äam{Xw krjvSn-¡p¶ sslμh [Àa t_m[-¯ns\ shÃp-hn-

fn-¨p-sIm v, kzmX{ýw (Liberty) XpeyX (Equality) kmtlm-Zcyw (Fra-

ternity) Ch-bn-tebv¡v \o§mw AXv ChnsS XpSÀ¶p-h-¶n-cp-¶-XmWv”19

F¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡n.

19. p. 84, Jai Bhim, Dispatches from a peaceful revolution, Terry Pilchick.

{Iaw 19

kmaqlw (society) F¶ Cý³ P\-[mc sslμh aWvU-e-

§Ä¡v ]pd¯v \nÀ½n-X-am-bn-¯oÀ¶n-cp-¶p. t£{Xw, t£{X-kz-¯v,

BNmc DÕ-h-§Ä, cmPm-Nm-cm-Zn-IÄ F¶n-§s\ ip²-X-bpsS hn\n-a-

b-§Ä¡v kaq-ls¯ \nÀ½n-bv¡m-\m-bn-Ã. Ch kaqlw F¶-Xns\

Hgn-hm¡n BNm-c-§-sf-bmWv \nÀ½n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. (Cu BNm-c-§sf kmaq-

ly-am-¡p¶ ]pXnb L«¯n\v F¬]-Xp-IÄ¡v tijw Cý km£yw

hln-¡p-¶p v). t£{X-¯n\p ]pd-¯v, ASn-a- -̈´-bnÂ, Imf- -̈´-bnÂ,

Irjn-bn-S-¯nÂ, ]pd-h-gn-bnÂ, ]cy-¼p-d-§-fnÂ, cm{Xn-bnÂ, Ccp-«nÂ,

ad-hnÂ, sXmgn-en-S-§-fnse kab \nÀ½m-W-¯nÂ, \nÀ½n-X-am-hp¶

hn\na-b-§-fn-emWv BZyw kqNn-¸n¨ kmaq-ly-]-cX hnI-kn- -̈Xv.

Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ C§-s\-sbmcp kmaq-ly-]-cX Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn-

«mWv hnI-kn- -̈Xv. sNdp-ssZ-h-§Ä, sskÔ-h-k-aq-l-§Ä, kwL-Ime

kwhn-[m-\-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-bn-eq-sSbpw Xncp-h-Åp-hÀ, _p²³, I_oÀ,

Atbm¯n Zmkv, s]cn-bmÀ, awKq-dmw, A¨p-Xm-\-μv, ^qse F¶n-hcn-eq-

sSbpw hnI-kn-¡p¶ AXnsâ kmaq-ly-cq-]-¯n-\p-taÂ sslμh BNm-

c-§Ä¡v F´v IS-¸m-Sm-Wp-Å-Xv. IS-¸mSv CÃ F¶p am{X-aÃ AXv

]pd-́ n-cnªv \nÂ¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jy-\p-taÂ a\p-jys\ \nÀ¯p¶

a\p-jy-hn -cp -²-X-bm-bn-cp¶p sslμhkhÀW-X. c£-{]m-]n-¡pI

F¶mÂ a\p-jy-\p-taÂ a\p-jy³ \nÂ¡pI F¶ hnizm-ks¯ AXv

Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¯p. {_n«ojv tImf-\n-`cW-¯nsâ Hmôkv {]hÀ¯\

coXn-IÄ AXp-hsc \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ hyh-Øm-]n-X-{I-a-¯n\v BLm-X-

ap- m-¡n. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ hyh-Øm-]nX {Ia-¯n\v bmsXm¶pw kw`-

hn-¨n-Ã. am{X-aÃ AXv XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ChnsS c p {]iv\-§-

fmWv Cý³ kmaq-ly-{Iaw t\cn-«-Xv. \oXn kn²m´w ê-{]-Z-am-bn-

cp-t¶m, \S¸n-em-¡m³ _m[y-Ø-amb knhnÂkÀÆokv \ne-\n-¶n-cp-

t¶m. Awt_-ZvIÀ ]d-bp-¶-Xv, Cý-bnÂ ̀ cWw (Rule) {_o«o-jp-Imcpw,

{Iaw 20

Imcy-\nÀÆ-lWw (administration) lnμp-¡fpw \S-¯n-t¸m¶p F¶m-

Wv. Xmc-X-tay\ amä-an-Ãm¯ kwhn-[m-\-¯n-emWv Akv]ÀiyÀ tImf-

\n-Im-e¯pw Pohn-¨Xv F¶v KbnÂ Hmwshäv ]d-bp-¶p.20 dh-\yp, t]meo-

kv, \oXn-\ym-bw, F¶n-§s\ Cý³ tImf\n`cW kwhn-[m-\-¯n-

tebv¡v (state apparates) Cý³ PmXnsb ]dn¨p \Sm³ am-{Xta {_n«o-

jp-ImÀ¡v Ign-ªp-Åq.*4 CXm-hs« {Kma-Xe ̀ cW t_mUn-ap-XÂ tZio-

b-ambn \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ AwKo-Ir-X, HutZym-KnI `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä

BWv F¶-Xn-\mÂ A[n-Im-c-am-bn-cp¶p Ch-cpsS i_vZw. F¶mÂ

C¯cw kan-Xn-I-fnÂ Akv]ÀiyÀ, ]nt¶m-¡À, \yq\-]-£-§Ä F¶n-

h-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ, DtZym-K-ØÀ F¶n-h-cp- m-hp-¶p- v. C -̄c-samcp

kmaq-ly-an-{in-Xm-h-Øsb aX-km-aqlycq]-§ÄsIm v XS-ªp-h-

bv¡m³ sslμh {_mÒ-W-{I-a-¯n\p Ign-ªn-cp¶p F¶-XmWv {][m-

\-amb asämcp kwK-Xn.

\nbas¯ {]Xy-£-¯nÂ \ntj-[n-¡msX Xs¶ \nb-as¯

\ntj-[n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ \nc-h[n cq]-§Ä {_mÒW sslμh [mc-

bnÂ \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶p. Ipä-hm-fn-Ifpw hr¯n-sI-«-h-cp-sa¶v {]N-cn-¸n-

bv¡p-I, AYhm X§Ä Ipäw sN¿m-¯-hcpw ip²-cp-am-sW¶v \nc-

ćw Øm]n-¡p-I, AXn-\mbn Ie, kmlnXyw, kwKo-Xw, `£-Ww,

thj-hn-[m-\-§Ä, ̀ h-\w, a{´w AS-¡-ap-Å-hsb D]-tbm-Kn¨p sIm n-

cn-¡p-I, CX-cÀ kZm-Nm-c-an-Ãm-¯-h-cm-sW¶v Øm]n-¡p-I, CXn-\mbn

kZm-Nmc Pohn-X-¯nsâ \nc-ć DZm-l-c-W-§sf {]N-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm- n-

cn-¡p-I. Cu DZml-c-W-§-fm-hs« Iev]nX IY-IÄ, ]pcm-W-§Ä, CXn-

lm-k-§Ä, an¯p-IÄ F¶n-h-bnÂ \n¶pw kzoI-cn-¡p-I. Pohn-¨n-cn-

20. p. 68, Dalit and the Democratic Revolution, Gail Omvedt.* 4

1. IÅ-·msc ]nSn-¡p-hm-\pÅ ImhÂ¡m-cm-¡pI

2. ]e IÀj-IÀ¡pw ̀ qan-kz-́ -am-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡m-\m-hm¯ \nb- a-§Ä sIm p-h-¶n-cp-¶-Xv.

3. Kh¬saâ v Hmô-kp-I-fnse ktμ-i-hm-l-I-cmbn tPmen sN¿p-¶-Xv.

4. `qan-bp-S-a-IÄ dh\yp XpI AS-bv¡Ww F¶ ]c-ky-§Ä.

5. {Kma-ho-Yn-IÄ Xq¯p-hr-̄ n-bm-¡Â, InW-dpw, {Ku p-Ifpw hr¯n-bm-¡Â.

6. ac-W-k-tμ-i-§Ä Adn-bn-¡p-hm-\mbn ASp-̄ -{Km-a-§-fn-tebv¡v t]mhp-I.

{Iaw 21

¡p-¶h-cnÂ \n¶pw C¯cw DZm-l-c-W-§Ä FSp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡pI XpS-

§n-b-h-bm-Wv.

C¯cw ]mcm-b-W-§-fm-hs« ]cky kz`mhw h¨p ]peÀ¯p¶p

F¶p ]d-bmw.21 kn\na, \mS-Iw, kmln-Xy-cq-]-§Ä Ch-bnsems¡-

¯s¶ ]c-ky-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv, ]mcm-b-W-h-ev¡-cn-¡p-¶Xv ]ng¨ Pohn-X-¯n\p

kw -̀hn-¡p¶ {]Xn-k-Ôn-sb-¡p-dn-¨m-Wv. CXm-hs« IeÀ¸mÀ¶ Pohn-

X-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ ap¶-dn-bn-¸m-bpw, s]¬kzm-X-{´ym-h-Ø-bpsS

ZmcpW Zpc-´-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw, Iogm-fÀ, Akv]ÀiyÀ, ]pd-t¼m-¡v, A\y-

§Ä F¶n-hsc am[y-a-s¸-Sp-¯m-sXbpw {Ia-s¸-Sp¶ ]mcm-b-W-§-fm-

bn-cn-¡pw.

tPmen¡v \nÀ¯m-Xn-cn-¡p-I, A§s\sb¦nÂ¯s¶ Xcw-Xmgv¶

tPmen-tbm, tPmen-Xs¶ Xcw Xmgv¯pItbm sN¿p-I, `qan kz´-am-

¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I, Ømhc PwK-a-h-kvXp-¡Ä¡v CXc XS-

Ê-§-fn-eqsS ka-b-¯pw, kpK-a-ambpw hn\n-abw A\p-h-Zn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡pI

F¶n-§s\ AXn-kq-£vahpw \nc-´chpamb ]mcm-b-W-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv

B[p-\nI cmjv{S-kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä¡p tijw PmXn {]hÀ¯-\-Xew

\nÀ½n- -̈Xv.

CXv hyh-Øm-]nX \nb-a-{I-a-¯n\v a\-kn-em-¡m³ Ign-bm¯

{]hÀ¯\ cq]-§-fm-Wv. ChnsS PmXn-k-hÀWX hyàn-cq-]-amÀÖn-

bv¡p-¶p- v. Cu hyàn-cq-]-amÀÖn-bv¡Â kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-Ws¯

A]-I-S-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ {]tXyIw {i²n-¡p-¶p. ImcWw kmaq-ly-cq-]-

amÀÖn-bv¡pI F¶mÂ X§-fpsS Ah-Ø-bn-tebv¡v DbÀ¶p hcnI

F¶-Xm-sW¶v sslμh PmXo-bX `b-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]nÂ¡m-e¯v Hmtcm

21. kt´mjv am\n-t -̈cn, kn\n-a-sb¶ ]c-ky-I-e. skan-\mÀ {]k-tâ-j³, kvIqÄ Hm v̂ setägvkv.,

{Iaw 22

Iogmf ]nt¶m¡ PmXn-Ifpw C¯-c-¯nÂ kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-Ws¯

`b-s¸-SpIbpw kz´w PmXnIfn-tebv¡v Xncn-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p- v.

“\n§Ä {Zmhn-U-cm-sW¶v a\-kn-em-¡n-bn-sÃ-¦n-epw, Bcy-·m-c-

sÃ¶v \nÝ-b-am-Wv. Bcy-·mÀ Cu \m«nÂ IpSn-tb-dnb A\y-Pm-Xn-¡m-

cm-Wv. Ah-cpsS B[n-Iy-¯n\v Bh-iy-amb Ciz-c³, a-Xw, imkv{Xw,

]pcm-Ww, CXn-lmkw F¶nh Npa-¶p-sIm p h¶p.”22 Cý³

]o\ÂtIm-Unsâ \nÀhm-lI kan-Xn-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨n-«pÅ Awt_-

ZvIÀ CtX ]o\ÂtIm-Uns\ hnaÀin-¡p-¶p- v. Htc kabw \nÀ½n-

bv¡epw Agn-¡epw Bh-iy-am-hp¶ cmjv{S-¯nsâ Ah-Øsb kqNn-

¸n-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. F´p sXfnhpw km£n-Ifpw Ds -¦nepw

aPn-kvt{S-äv, Xsâ hyàn-sb¶ A`n-{]m-b-¯n-eqsS AXns\ amän-sh-

bv¡m³ A[n-Im-c-ap-Å-bm-fm-hp-¶p. AsXmcp ]ng-hm-sW¶v At±lw

Nq n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p.23

Cý\-h-Øbnse hyh-Øm-]nX{Iaw F¶mÂ sslμ-h-kÀW-

X-bpsS hyhØm-]nX {Ia-ambn \ne-\n-ev¡-s¸-«p. Cu cq]-§-fm-hs«

s]mXp-Po-hn-Xw, s]mXp-k-aqlw F¶o-{Iaw/{Ia-c-lnX, {]tZ-i-§sf

\ncm-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. kmln-Xy-I-e-IÄ, `£-W-{I-a-§Ä,

`£-W-km-[-\-§Ä, Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn -IÄ, ImbnI hnt\m-Z -§Ä,

hnÚm\ tI{μ-§Ä F¶o-bnS-§-fnÂ\n¶v AXv ssha\kyw

]peÀ¯p-¶p. ]qÀÆ-sIm-tfm-Wn-bÂ L«-§-fnse hne¡v D¯c sImtfm-

Wn-bÂ L«-¯nse ssha-\-ky-ambn cq]w {]m]n-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-

Xv. B[p-\n-tIm-¯c L«-¯nÂ AXv Ignhv, {]m]vXn F¶n-§-s\-bmWv

\nÀÆ-Nn-¡-s¸-«Xv.

“hyh-kmb¯nse-¶-t]mse _m¦n-§nepw {_o«ojv aqe-[hpw

Cý³ aqe-[-\hpw IqSn-IeÀ¶n-cp-¶p. 1930-þÂ ]ncn-ªp-In-«nb Hml-

Fw. Pn. bqWn-th-gvkn-än, 2005.

22. t]. 86, Rm\pw \n§-fpw, C.-hn. cma-kzm-an.

23. t]. 129, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 9.

{Iaw 23

cn-aq-e-[-\-̄ nÂ GXm v ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Cým-¡m-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw

{_o«ojv \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p.”24

{_o«njv kaq-l-hp-ambn km¼-¯nI hyh-lm-c-§Ä ]peÀ¯n-

bn-cp¶ Cý³ k¼-¶-cpsS hnIm-k-s¯-bm-WnXv ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv.

AtX-k-abw BNm-cm-Zn-I-fnÂ kz´w ]mc-¼cyw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn

{_mÒ-WÀ Zzncq]w BÀÖn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. tImf-\n-L-«-t¯msS

km[m-cW P\X/Akm-[m-cW P\X F¶n-§s\ Xncn-bv¡m³ Cu

{Ia-¯n\p Ign-bp-¶Xv ]Whn\n-ab tijn-bp-ambn _Ôn¸n¨pIqSn-bm-

Wv. ]qÀÆtImf\n L«-¯nsâ km¼-¯nI cq]-§Ä \ma-am-{X-ambn

Ct§m«v Nmsem-gpIpI am{X-amWv sNbvX-Xv. ]W hn\n-a-b-tijn

F¶Xv PmXn hnth-N-\-̄ nsâ A]-c-cq-]-am-bn-«mWv Cý-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-¶-Xv. ÌmÀ s^kn-en-äo-kv, ^Ìv ¢mkv, dnkÀth-j³ I¼mÀ«p-

saâp-IÄ, kv]oUv, tkm v̂äv, {^jv, A]vtUäv F¶n-§-s\-bmWv AXv

PmXn ssha-\-kys¯ {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. aqeyw Htc ka-b¯v PmXn-

sb-bpw, k¼-¯n-s\bpw am{X-aÃ temI-¯nsâ shfp¯ A[n-Im-c-cq-

]-§-sfbpw kmwio-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu kmwio-I-cWw Akm-[m-cW P\-

X-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ {_mÒW htc-Wy-X-bp-ambn IqSpXÂ ASp-¯p-

\nÂ¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p.

Cý-\h-Ø-bpsS A\y-§sf ]cn-tim-[n-bv¡m³, A\y-§-fpsS

{]iv\-§Ä tZi-cm-jv{S-¯ntâXmbn D¶-bn-¡m³ Awt_-ZvI-dn\p Ign-

bp-¶p- v. A\y-§sf GIm-ß-I-am-¡m-sa¶pw AXns\ CÃm-¯-h\pw

DÅ-h\pw F¶ Zzμz¯neqsS ]cn-l-cn-¡m-sa-¶p-apÅ \nco-£Ww Cý-

\-h-Ø-bnÂ {]Xn-k-Ôn-bm-hp-¶-Xns\ Awt_-ZvIÀ C§s\ \nco-£n-

¡p-¶p. ASp-¡p-IÄ (lair) am{X-aÃ ASp¡p-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ ASp-¡p-I-fm-

bn-cn-¡p¶ LS-\-bpsS aX ùXn-I-Xsb {]iv\-h-ev¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-

24. t]. 211, Cý³ h³InS apX-em-fn-hÀ¤w, DÛ-h-hpw, hfÀ¨-bpw, kz`m-hhpw. kp\oXn IpamÀ

tLmjv.

{Iaw 24

bmWv ]pd-t¼m-¡nsâ A\y-§sf Awt_-ZvIÀ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-

Xv. Akv]ÀiyÀ, tKm{X, iq{Z, {_mÒW F¶n-§-s\bpw AXn-\n-S-

bnepw \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ hn -̀P-\-§-fpw, {InkvXy³, apkveow, kn¡v AS-

§p¶ CX-c-k-aq-l-§-sfbpw AXv ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. “hÀ¤-hy-hØ

{Kq¸p-Isf krjvSn-¡p¶p F¶Xv t\cm-Wv. F¶mÂ Ah PmXn-{Kq-¸p-

IÄ am{X-am-Wv. AtX kabw hÀW hyh-Ø-bnse PmXn-IÄ Ah-

cpsS At\ym-\y-_-Ô-¯nÂ hyà-ambpw \nb-X-ambpw kaq-l-hn-cp-²-

am-Wv.”25

bqtdm-]y³, bqtdm-]y³ CXc kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bpw, ̀ mc-Xob LS-

\bpw F¯-c-¯nÂ hyXn-bm\w kzcq-]n-¡p¶p F¶ Xncn- -̈dnhv kmaq-

ly-{I-a-¯nsâ C´y-\-h-Øsb ]Tn-¡p-¶-XnÂ Btcm-Ky-I-c-am-¡n-

¯oÀ¡p-¶p- v. F¶mÂ kmaq-ly-{I-a-¯nÂ hnaÀi-\s¯ amän

\nÀ¯m³ IqSp-XÂ Ab-th-dnb LS-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ssZ\w-Zn-\-

§Ä (daily life) kw{K-ln-¡-s¸-«-Xv. kwh-c-W-a-S-¡-apÅ \nba kmaq-

lym-h-Im-is¯ Npcp¡n hmbn-¡m³ Ign-ªXv CXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-

¯n-em-Wv.

icn-bmb coXn-bnÂ ]d-ªmÂ \yq\-]-£-§Ä, hnZqc Øe-

hm-kn-IÄ, ]nt¶m¡ kap-Zm-b-§Ä F¶n-hÀs¡m-¸-amWv BZn-hmkn

þ Zfn-XÀ¡pw kwh-cWw {]mtbm-Ko-I-cn-¨Xv. F¦nepw CXv GI-]-

£o-b-ambn BZn-hmkn þ ZfnXv kaq-l-¯n-s\-Xnsc/kwh-cWw ssI¸-

äp-¶-hÀ F¶ ZpÀ{]-N-c-W-¯n-tebv¡v C´ysb sIm p-t]m-hp-¶Xv

{i²n-¡pI. hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\pw, sXmgn-en-\pw, Øm]\w \S-¯n-¸n\pw

kwh-cWw e`n- -̈hÀ Ah ad-¨p-]n-Sn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-eqsS AhÀ

25. t]. 25, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ, k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 17.

{Iaw 25

AI¯v kzb-hpw, ]pd¯v Akv]Àiy-P-\-X-sbbpw Xnc-kvI-cn-¡p-I-

bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Bg-¯nÂ cq]-s¸« A[-am-h-Ø-bpsS AS-cp-I-fm-

Wv CXn-eqsS ]pd-¯p-h-¶-sX-¦n-epw, CXv AS-cp-I-fpsS A[-a-t_m-[-

ambn hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. ]Icw \ne-\n¶ s]mXp-t_m-[w, AYhm

cà-ip-²-X-bpw, hwi-ip-²-Xbpw, {_mÒ-WXzw kzoI-cn-¡p-I-tbm,

AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-tbm, amXr-I-bm-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶-Xn-te¡v Npcp-¡p-

I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. adn¨v Akv]Àiy-Xsb adn-I-S-¡p¶ kmaq-ly-{I-as¯

\nÀW-bn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

kuP-\y-¡m-cmWv kwh-c-Wo-bÀ F¶ t_m[w hym]-I-am-¡p-

¶-tXm-Sp-IqSn ssZh-\n-Ý-b-¯mÂ e`n-¨Xv F¶ {_mÒ-W-t_m[w

]qÀÆ-sIm-tfm-Wn-bÂ (pre colonial) kaql¯nÂ {]N-cn-¸n¨v ssIh-

i-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp¶ `qan, hyh-km-bw, t£{Xm-[n-Im-cw, kuμcy k¦-

ev]w, BNm-c-¯n\pw hnizm-k-¯n\pwtaÂ t\Snb A[n-Imcw F¶n-

hbpw, D¯-c-tIm-f\n (post colonial) `c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ {Kma-Xew apXÂ

]mÀe-saâp-hsc t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ A[n-Im-c-hpw, DtZym-Km-[nIm-c-hpw, Iem-

kmw-kvIm-cnI hn`-h-§fpw kuP-\y-¯nÂ \n¶v aqSn-sh-bv¡p-I-bpw,

kwh-c-Wo-b-¡mÀ kuP\y-¡mÀ F¶v {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

“ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ kaÀ¸-W-¯n\v ]Ým-¯ew Hcp-¡nb

ae-bmfn k` cq]w-sIm-Åp-¶Xv 1885-þ-emWv. D¯-tc-ý-bnÂ Cý³

\mj-WÂ tIm¬{Kkv cq]w sIm AtX-hÀjw. AXp-Xs¶ Znhm³

am[-h-h-dmhp sNbvXp-sIm-Sp¯ hgn-hn« Hcp klm-b-¯sâ ê-am-

bn-«mWv kw -̀hn- -̈Xv. c p e£w G¡À kÀ¡mÀ`qan ]m«-hy-h-Ø-

{Iaw 26

bnÂ \mb·m-cpsS ssIh-i-an-cp-¶Xv am[-h-dmhp AhÀ¡p-Xs¶ ]Xn-

¨psImSp¯p.”26

kuP\yw F-§s\ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶-dn-bm³ F³.-sI.

tPmkv apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ Cu DZm-l-cWw am{Xw aXn. F¶mÂ {_mÒ-

W-kz-`m-h-apÅ PmXn-k-aq-l-§-fpsS {]Nm-c-W-§-tfm-sSm¸w F´p-sIm-

m-bn-cp¶p aän-Xc _lp-P-\-k-aq-l-§Ä ]s¦-Sp-¯-Xv? Cý³ tZio-

b-XbnÂ thsd Xe-§-fnÂ A\y-§-fm-sW¶ Xncn- -̈dnhv _lp-P³kaq-

l-§sf th«-bm-Sn-bn-cp-¶-Xnsâ ad-¨p-hb-bv¡-em-bn-cp¶p Cu htc-

Wy-ku-lr-Zw. CXv AXn-kq-£va-amb Nne tNmZy-§sf apt¶m-«p-h-

bv¡p-¶p- v. Cý³ IpSpw-_-L-S-\-bnse km¼-¯n-I-ti-jn-bpw,

t{iWnbpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯bpw Cý³ aX-k-aq-lhpw aX-§fpw

AXnsâ t{iWn-Ifpw X½n-epÅ {]XnkÔnbpw F¶n-§-s\.

Cu kmaq-ln-IX cmjv{So-b-am-bn-¯o-cp-t¼mÄ¯s¶ AXv IqSp-

XÂ \nKqV cmjv{So-b-¯n-te¡v k©-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu \nKqV

cmjv{So-b-am-hs« sslμh kzm[o-\-Xsb adn-I-S-¡m-\m-hmsX ]pd-t´m-

ensâ kmaq-ly-X-bpw, AI-t´m-ensâ aX-]-c-Xbpw X½n-epÅ tNmZy-

ap-bÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Zfn-X-c-S¡w cm-jv{S, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv¡-cW {]Øm-

\-§Ä sslμ-ho-b-Xbv¡p ap¶nÂ CS-dn-t¸m-b-Xnsâ B[p-\nI kaq-

l-s¯-bmWv ImWm-\m-hp-I.

“Hmtcm hyàn-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-¯nÂ IqSn-bn-cp¶ Abm-fpsS

kz`mhw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯-\-§fpw

CjvS-§fpw A\n-jvS-§fpw \nÀW-bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ kzm[o-\-Xtbm

26. t]. 31, kmaq-ly-\-thm-°m-\w 19-þmw \qäm- nÂ, ZfnXv _Ôp- F³.-sI. tPmkv.

{Iaw 27

iàntbm BWv aXw.”27 Ch {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯n-¡p-

Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. iàn-Ifpw kzm[o-\-Xbpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p. Cu {]hÀ -̄

\-s¯bpw {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯-\-s¯bpw Ipdn-¨pÅ \nco-£Ww C´y-\-h-

Ø-bnÂ \nc-h[n a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Øm-\-§Ä apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-I-bp-

m-bn.

C´y³ kmaq-ly-a-t\m-`m-hs¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ C§-s\-hn-e-bn-cp-̄ p-

¶p. hyXykvX kap-Zm-b-§-tfmSv lnμp-¡Ä ssIs¡m-Åp¶ at\m-̀ m-h-

¯nÂ hyXy-kvXX ImWmw. CXv aq¶p Imcy-§sf kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

1. FÃm A[n-Im-c-§fpw lnμp-¡Ä¡p Xs¶ In«-Ww.

2. X§-fpsS cmjv{Sob Øm]-\-§sf \oXn-bpsS XXz-¯nÂ A[n-

jvTn-X-am-¡m³ AhÀ X¿m-d-Ã.

3. A[n-Imcw ASn-b-d-h-bvt¡- n-h-¶mÂ AXp Xs¶ ka-tcm-Õp-

I-X-bpw, I¿q-¡nâbpw iàn-IÄ¡p ap¼n-em-bn-cn-¡pw. \oXn-

bpsS A\p-im-k\¯n\p ap¼nÂ ASn-b-d-sh-¡p¶ {]iv\-ta-

bn-Ã.28

\oXn-bpsS ap¶n-eÃ I¿q-¡nsâ ap¶n-emWv lnμp-¡Ä ASn-b-d-

h-bv¡m³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu kz`mhw Xs¶ _e-lo-\-X-bp-tS-Xm-

Wv. \oXn-bp-sS-bpw, am\y-X-bp-sS-bpw, AYhma\p-jy-Xz-¯n-sâbpw ap¶nÂ

ka-Xz-amÀÖn-bv¡pI F¶ kz`m-hs¯ CXv A«n-a-dn-bv¡p-¶p. ]Icw

I¿q-¡n\pw, ka-tcm-Õp-I-Xbv¡pw ap¼nÂ Iog-S¡ns¡mSp-¡p-¶p.

C¯cw Iog-S-§Â ka-Xzs¯ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã, ]I-sb, `n¶-

Xsb tI{μo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. CXm-hs« IpSp-XÂ GI-]-£o-bXbnte-bv¡pw,

{]Xn-k-Ôn-bn-te¡pw kaq-ls¯ sIms -¯n-¡p-¶p.

27. t]. 25, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 17.

28. t]. 30, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ, k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 17.

{Iaw 28

At\Iw kXy-§sf \iz-c-am-¡pI F¶ kao-]-\-am-bn-cp¶p

{_mÒ-Wn-I-X-bp-tS-Xv. B[p-\n-Im-\-´-c-L-«-¯nse _lp-kz-c-Xsb

AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ {_mÒ-WÀ \ntj-[n-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶Xv. IcmÀ

kzmX{ýw (freedom of contract), kmaq-ln-Ihpw, km¼-¯n-I-hp-amb

P\m-[n-]-Xyw Ch-bmWv cmjv{So-b-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ tImi-§fpw [a-

\n-I-fpw. P\m-[n-]Xyw F¶Xv ka-Xz-¯nsâ asäm-cp-t]-cm-Wv. kzmX-

{ý-hpw, ka-Xzhpw X½nÂ a\-Ên-em-¡m-\m-hm-sX-t]mb Cý-\-h-Ø-

bnÂ kzmX{ýw ka-Xzs¯ hgn-bn-ep-t]-£n-¨p. kzmX-{ý-¯n\pw ka-

Xz-¯n\pw k´p-e\w krjvSn-bv¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã F¶v At±lw hyà-

am-¡p-¶p.29

Cý³ kaqlw sshhn-[ys¯ kln-¡p-¶p- m-hmw. F¶mÂ

AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶nÃ F¶ \nco-£Ww {]m[m-\y-ta-dn-b-Xm-Wv. “apkveow

kaq-l-¯nsâ IqSn-t -̈c-emWv lnμp-Xz-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\v IqSp-XÂ

Imc-W-am-¡n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. adn¨v apkveow-k-aq-l-am-hs« X§Ä t\cn-Sp¶

{]iv\w Hcp {]iv\-amsW¶v Øm]n-bv¡m-\m-hmsX t]mhp-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p.”30 B{Ô-bnse Zfn-Xv-þ-_-lp-P³ssZ-h-§-fmb t]m -̈½, Iq«-ssa-

k½, t]men-ta-c-½, t]m¯-dm-Pp, _oç XpS-§n-b-h-sbms¡ DZv]m-Z-

\-tI-{μo-Ir-Xhpw a\p-jy-tI-{μo-Ir-X-hp-am-b, {]Ir-Xn-_-Ô-§-fnÂ \ne-

\nÂ¡p¶p F¶v Im©m sFe¿ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.31 F¶mÂ C¯cw

_lp-Xz-§-sf-bpw, sshhn-[y-§-sfbpw Hgn-hm-¡p-Ibpw Ah-K-Wn-¡p-I-

bpw, hngp-§p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ coXn-bm-bn-cp¶p Cý A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- -̈Xv.

Awt_-ZvIÀ Zfn-Xv-þ-_-lp-P³ kaq-l-¯nsâ Iptd-¡qSn Bg-¯n-

epÅ ]T-\-§Ä¡v {ian-¡p-¶p- v. D]-Po-h-\-¯n\v hI-e-`n-¡m³ AwKo-

Ir-X-ambn Ipäw sN¿p-¶-hÀ, \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS a[y-¯nÂ {]mIr-X-ambn

29. t]. 47, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ, k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 17.

30. P. 96, Ambedkar Towards an Enlightened India, Gail Omvedt.31. t]. 92-þ95, Rms\-́ p-sIm v Hcp lnμp-h-Ã, Im© sFe-¿.

{Iaw 29

A]-cn-jvIr-X-cm-hp-¶-hÀ, kv]Àiw-sIm v Aip-²-cm-Ip-sa¶v Icp-Xp-

¶-hÀ, Cu hn`m-K-§-fpsS AkvXnXzw GXp coXn-bn-em-bn-cn¡pw ]cn-K-

Wn-¡m³ Ign-bpI F¶v At±lw tNmZn-¡p-¶p.32

ip²m-ip² k¦-ev]-hpw, hnL-SnX/{]Xn-jvTm-]nX a\p-jycpw

Hcp hyàn-bp-sS-tbm Ah-cpÄs¸-Sp¶ hn`m-K-¯n-sâtbm kzmÀ°-

Xm-ev]cyw Ahsâ [nj-W-bpsS Znisb \nb-{´n-¡p¶ B´-coI ]cn-

anXnbmbn kZm {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Awt_-ZvI-dpsS A`n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ lnμp-

¡fpw Akv]Àiycpw X½nÂ hwiob hyXym-k-an-Ã. tKm{X-¯nÂs¸«

a\p-jycpw A\y-tKm-{X-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ hnL-Sn-X-a-\p-jycpw X½n-epÅ

hyXymkw Akv]Àiy-Xbv¡v hwio -bm-Sn -Øm\w \evIp¶nÃ.

sXmgnÂ]c-amb ASn-Øm-\hpw CÃ. Akv]ÀiyX s]m«n-¸p-d-s¸-«Xv:

hnL-Sn-X-a-\p-jyÀ _p²-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-b-Xp-sIm- m-Wv. tKmamwkw

]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xp-sIm v Aip-²cpw Akv]Àiycpw H¶-Ã.33

Aip-²-am-¡epw AXv \ne-\nÀ¯m-\mbn Nne NS-§p-Ifpw

sslμh {_mÒ-WÀ \nÀ½n-¨p. Aip-²-am-¡Â, aen-\-am-¡Â, If-¦-

s¸-Sp-¯Â F¶nh sIm mWv Akv]Àiy-X-bpsS ASn-Øm\w \nÀ½n-

¨Xv. A]-cn-jvIrX a\p-jyÀ hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv, Nne kw -̀h-§-fp- mIp

¶Xv, Nne hkvXp-¡-fp-am-bpÅ k¼À¡w, Nne hyàn-I-fp-am-bpÅ

k¼À¡w F¶nh Aip-²o-I-c-W-¯n\v Imc-W-am-hp¶p F¶m-bn-cp-

¶p. Hcm-fpsS tZmjw asäm-cm-fn-tebv¡v kw{I-an-¡p-sa-¶pÅ hnizm-

kw, `£n-¡p-I, ]m\w-sN-¿I XpS-§nb kzm`m-hnI [À½-§-fn-eqsS

Cu kw{I-an-¡Â D m-hpw, P\-\w, t_mt[m-Z-bw, ssewKnI ]IzX,

32. apJ-hp-c, Akv]ÀiyÀ Bcm-bn-cp-¶p. hmeyw þ 14.

33. t]. 10, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 14.

{Iaw 30

hnhm-lw, kl-i-b-\w, ac-Ww, XpS-§n-b-h-bn-eqsS Aip-²o-I-cWw kw -̀

hnbv¡pw F¶v hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶p.34

Hcp {]hr¯n sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pÅ X¿m-sd-Sp-¸ns\ ip²-{Inb F¶p

hnfn-¡m-\m-hp-tam? Hmtcm {]hr¯nbv¡pw AXn-tâ-Xmb X¿m-sd-Sp¸v

Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXv F§s\ ip²-{I-nb-bm-bn-¯o-cpw. X¿m-sd-Sp-¸n-\p-

taÂ ip²X-h-cn-I-bpw, ip²-\m-bn-̄ o-cp--¶-bmÄ amdn-\nÂ¡p¶ {]{Inb

kw -̀hn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. temI-¯nÂ hnip-²n-Xs¶ Xncnªpw adn-

ªp-amWv kw -̀hn-bv¡p-¶Xv F¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ.35

1. imco-cn-I-amb Aip-²-am-¡Â

2. [mÀan-Iamb Aip-²-am-¡Â

3. ssk²m-´n-I-am-b, a\-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Aip-²-am-¡Â F¶o

{]{Inb {_mÒ-W-k-aqlw apt¶m-«p-h-¨p.

Aip-²-am-¡enÂ hniz-kn-¨n-cp¶ Aln-μp-k-aq-l-§Ä Aip-²-

X -_m-[n¨ hyàn-I-sftbm At§-bäw t]mbmÂ Ah-cp-ambn ASp-

¯v- _-Ô-s¸-«n-cp¶hsctbm am{X-amWv Hä-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ

lnμp-¡-fpsS CS-bnse Akv]ÀiyX, Hcp hn`m-K-s¯-¯s¶ H-ä-s¸-Sp-

¯p-¶p.

4. Alnμp kaqlw Hä-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw A§-s\-bp-Å-hÀ¡v thsd

hmk-Øew \evIpIbpw sNbvXn-Ã. lnμp-k-aqlw thÀXn-cn-¡p-Ibpw

Ahsc thsd hmk-Ø-e-t¯bv¡v XÅn-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv kmaq-

ly-amb thÀXncn¡ensâ Xmev¡m-en-I-{]-iv\-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. {]mtZ-in-I-

am-bn, AXn-kq-£va-ambn \S-¯p¶ ipNo-I-cn-¡-ensâ then-s¡-«p-I-fm-

bn-cp-¶p.

34. t]. 11. tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 14.


{Iaw 31

5. Hcn-bv¡Â Aip-²-cm-b-hÀ F¶pw Aip-²-cm-th- n-h-¶p.

Awt_-ZvIÀ c p-L-«-§-fmb Pohn-X-k-aq-ls¯ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-

¶p. \mtSm-Sn-Po-hn-Xhpw, {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-Po-hn-X-hpw. CXnÂ {]Xn-jvTm-

]nX Pohn-X-¯nteÀs¸-Sp¶ kaq-l-¯nÂ c p {][m\ kaq-l-§Ä

cq]w sImÅp-¶p. {]Xn-jvTm-]nXcpw hnL-Sn-Xcpw. \mK-cn-I-X-bnepw/

{Kma-Po-hn-X-¯new C¯cw Cc-«-kz-`mhw ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. CXv kaq-

l-¯nÂ¯s¶ hnÅÂ \nÀ½n-bv¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Ij-W-§-fm-

¡-s¸« ]cm-P-b-tKm{X-k-aq-l-§Ä Hgp-In-\-S-¡p¶ P\-X-bm-bn-¯o-cp-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

{Kma-§-fp-sS-bpw, \K-c-§-fp-sSbpw Bcw- -̀hpw, ]pXn-b-Xnsâ XpS-

¡hpw kÀÆ-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-¯nÂ¯s¶ ]pcm-X-\-\-K-c-

§Ä A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-I-bpw, B[p-\n-I-Im-e¯pw ]e-\-K-c-§fpw A{]-

Xy-£-am-hp-I-bpw, ]pXn-bXv Øm\w ]nSn-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p- v.

tIm«bw Np¦w `mKw, tImgn-t¡mSv _o¨v, hÀ¡e Nnd XpS-§-bh

C¯-c-¯nÂ Øm\-amäw sN¿-s¸« \K-c-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

hnL-Sn-X-cm-bn-¯oÀ¶ {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-k-aq-l-am-hs« \mtSmSn B{I-

aW-¯nÂ\n¶v c£-s]-Sm³ ImhÂtPm-en-¡pw, \mtSm-Sn-k-aq-l-¯nÂ

`£-W-¯n\pw B{i-b¯n\pw kao-]n-¡p-I-bpap- m-bn. CXv Hcp Xc-

¯nÂ {]Xn-jvTm-]nX kaq-l-¯n\pw, \mtSmSn tKm{X-k-aq-l-§Ä¡pw

CS-bn-epÅ Hcp kaq-l-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ hnL-Sn-X-k-aq-ls¯ sIms -

¯n-¨p. CXv kmaq-lnI \nÀan-Xn-bn-te-¡pÅ XpS¡w IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

]e {Ia-s¸-S-en-tâ-Xmb kmaq-ly-\nÀ½n-Xn-bpsS Hcp kz`mhw C§-s\-

bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]c-kv]cw Icm-dp-IÄ¡v ]pd¯v kw -̀hn-bv¡p-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-

¶p. `mj, coXn, BNm-cw, `£-Ww, ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnXw Ch-bn-tebv¡v

Cu kz`mhw hnI-kn-bv¡p-I-bp- m-bn. kw{I-an-¡p-I-bp- m-bn-Ã. kw{I-

an-¡ÂXs¶ hfsc Ipdª Af-hn-em-bn-cp-¶p. Htc-k-a-b¯v CXv ]e-

{Iaw 32

X-c-¯nÂ kwc-£-W-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CXv sXmgn-ensâ

taepÅ Xncnhv F¶v hymJym-\n-¡m-\m-hp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]e Xpd-I-fn-

epÅ kw£-W-§-fn-tebv¡v \mtSm-Sn, tKm{X, hnL-SnX {]Xn-jvTm-]n-

X-k-aq-l-§Ä F¯n-t¨À¶p F¶mWv ]d-bm-\m-hp-I.

\mtSmSn kaq-l-¯n\v Xmev]cyw tXm¶n-bn-cp¶ GsXm-s¡-tbm-

io-e-§Ä, tKm{X-kw-{I-a-W-¯n-eqsS Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sm-Xn-cp-¶-Xp-t]m-se-

bpw, adn-¨pw, hnL-Sn-X-k-aqlw _p²-a-X-¡m-cm-hp¶ Imew apXÂ {]Xn-

jvTm-]n-X-k-aq-l-¯nÂ\n¶pw kw{I-aWw km[y-am-hm-sX-t]m-hp-I-bpw

sNbvXp. {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-k-aqlw AXnsâ ioe, aqey-§Ä¡v aäv kaq-

l-§-fnÂ\n¶v ASÀ¯n-b-Xm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Ncy-bn-emWv kmaq-

ln-I-amb hnhn[ cq]-§Ä Ah-bp-tS-Xmb {]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-bv¡p-

¶-Xv.

ChÀ ]c-kv]cw Nne kwc-£-W-§Ä¡pw Bh-iy-§Ä¡pw {ian-

bv¡p¶p v. Im«p-ar-K-¯nsâ ieyw XoÀ¡m-\pÅ ImhÂ, arK-a-{´-

§Ä F¶n-§s\ Nne ioe-§Ä, Irjn \mi-ap- m-hm-sX-bpw, amSv

kwc-£-W-¯n-te-bv¡pw, ImhÂ kz`m-h-¯n-te-bv¡pw ioen¨ kaq-l-

§Ä DbÀ¯-s¸-Sp-Ibpw, ̀ £Ww, Dd-§m-\nSw F¶nh {][m\ hkvXp-

hmbn Øm\w ]nSn-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvXph-¶p. ]e {]Xn-jvTm-]n-Xm-[n-

Im-c-§fpw CÃm-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Chbv¡v e`n-bv¡p¶ {]m[m\yw

]n¶oSv A{]m-[m-\-amb H¶m-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. hnL-SnX a\p-jysc kw_-

Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Dd-¡-¯n-\pw, `£-W-¯n\pwtaÂ A[n-Im-c-L-S\

{]hÀ¯n¨p XpS-§p-¶p. an¨w hcp¶ sh´ `£Ww sImSp-¡p-Ibpw

kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ ioew ]Xps¡ A[n-Imcw/ A[n-Im-c-c-lnXw

F¶Xn-tebv¡v {]th-in-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. tPmen, ImhÂ F¶nh ]c-

kv]cw Bh-iy-apÅ klm-bI Ah-Ø-bnÂ\n¶pw hyh-Ø-bn-te-bv¡v,

{Ia-¯n-tebv¡v Øm\-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv {]Xn-^ew F¶ Iqen-

{Iaw 33

t_m-[s¯ DZv]m-Zn-¸n-bv¡p-¶n-Ã. ]Icw \μn, \μn-bn-Ãmbva, ioew sXän-

¨, hyh-Ø-sX-än¨ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ ]mcm-b-W-¯n-te-bv¡mWv A[n-

Im-c-an-Ãm¯ a\p-jyÀ amä-s¸-«-Xv. \μn-bn-Ãm-bva-bn-tebv¡pw, \μn tISn-

tebv¡pw {]th-in-¡pI F¶-Xv, \μn-bp-Å-h-\m-bn-cn-¡pI F¶Xv A[n-

Imc cq]-¯nsâ a\:imkv{X-k-ao-]-\-¯n-tebv¡v F¯n-t -̈cp-¶p.

A§s\ GsXm-s¡tbm ioe-§Ä, kz`m-h-§Ä ]c-kv]cw

klm-b-I-c-am-hp¶ Ncy-IÄ, hyh-Ø-bn-tebv¡v, {Ia-¯n-tebv¡v Øm\-

s¸-Sp-I-bpw, Ah \μn-bn-te-¡pw, \μn-bn-Ãm-bva-bn-te-bv¡pw F¯n-s¸-Sp-

I-bpamWv sNbvX-Xv. kvt\lw, klm-\p-`q-Xn, IcpW F¶n-h-bÃ ]c-

kv]cw ssIam-dn-bn-cp-¶-Xv. \μn F¶Xv arK-Xp-ey-amb kao-]-\-¯nsâ

adp-]p-d-amWv (coinside) \μn-tISv F¶mÂ \μn-sI-«-arKw F¶mWv

AÀ°-am-hp-¶-Xv.

P·n-Ip-Sn-bm³ Ime-L-«-¯n-tebv¡v kaqlw ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-«-

t¸mÄ Cu \μn-kz-cq-]-¯n\v ssZhnI ]cn-th-jhpw In«p-I-bp- m-bn.

a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw X½n-epÅ ASp-¸-¯n-te-bv¡-Ã, hyàn-Xz-¯n-

t\m, IÀXr-Xz-¯n-t\m, ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«-Xp-an-Ã.

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]tZ-i-§-fnepw Aý-PÀ F¶ {]{Inb XpS-

cp-¶p- v. hyh-lm-c-§-fpsS sslμh cq]-§-fn-sem-s¡-¯s¶ Cu Aý-

Pm-hØ Ønc-ambn Øm]n-¡-emWv \S-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. CXv bmKm-Zn-b-

Ú-IÀa-§-fnÂ \n¶v thdn«v ka-kvX-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ka-kvXX

]n¶oSv Iem-km-ln-Xyw, kuμ-cyw, ioew, `£-Ww, ^ntem-k-^n,

imkv{X-km-t¦-XnIX, ̀ c-W-k-̀ -IÄ Ch-bn-tebv¡v hym]n-¡p-I-bpw, Cu

hym]-\-¯n\v {_o«o-jm-\-ć Cý-bnÂ IqSp-XÂ km[y-X-bp- m-hp-

I-bp-amWv sNbvX-Xv.

{Iaw 34

]mc-¼cykz`m-h-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Snb \μn/\μn-tI-Snsâ kaq-ls¯

I¦m-Wn-amÀ, aq¸³amÀ C§s\ CS-¯-«p-ImÀ ^mIvSdn tXm«w taJ-e-

I-fn-tebv¡v sIm p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.36 Cu CS-¯-«p-Im-cm-hs« hyh-

Ø-bpsS \μn-cq-]-§Ä am{X-ambn XpS-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hyànXzw ]cn-

K-W-\mÀl-am-bn-Ã.

aXnÂs¡«v/aXnÂs¡-«n\v shfn-bnÂ

{Kmaw/{Kma-]pdw

Ipd-ª-bnSw/hn]p-e-amb CSw

Htc cq]-§Ä/ ]e cq]-§Ä

F¶n-§-s\-bmWv {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-a-\p-jyÀ Ah-cpsS A[n-Imcw Øm]n¨p

XpS-§n-b-Xv. Xcn-inÂ hkn-t¡- -h-cpw, A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn Xma-kn-t¡- -

h-cpw, A\p-a-Xn-hm-t§- -hcpw, A\y-k-aq-l-§Ä¡v hnL-SnX a\p-jyÀ

F¶v hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«-h-cp-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p ]nÂ¡m-es¯ Akv]ÀiyÀ.

F¶mÂ CsXmcp henb P\-X-bmbn¯ocp-I-bm-Wp- m-b-Xv. aäp {]tZ-i-

§-fnse A\yÀ, A -̀bmÀ°n-IÄ, tKm{X-_Ôw hntO-Zn- -̈a-\p-jyÀ, kaq-

l-¯nÂ ioew Hgn-hm-¡n-bn-cp-¶-h-tcm, \jvS-s¸-«-htcm kwL-_ew

Ipdªhtcm Bbn-«p-Å-hÀ, asäm-c-Sn-Øm\w e`n-¡m-̄ -hÀ, kzm`m-hnI

Øm\w \jvS-s¸-«-hÀ C§-s\-sbmcp hnL-SnX P\-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v kÀ

slân-sabv³ ]d-bp-¶p. Awt_-ZvIÀ Akv]Àiy-Xbv¡v \ÂIp-¶- am\w

C¯-c-̄ n-epÅ A\y-§-sf-bmWv F¶p hyàw.37

tKm{X kap-Zm-b-sa-¶-XnÂ \n¶v {]mtZ-inI kap-Zm-b-¯n-te-

bv¡pÅ kaq-l-¯nsâ hfÀ¨ Hcp hi-¯pw, \mtSmSn kap-Zm-b-sa¶

36. t]. 26, tIc-f-̄ nÂ sXmgn-em-fn-hÀK-̄ nsâ ]nd-hn, B -em-«v.


{Iaw 35

\ne-bnÂ \n¶v {]Xn-jvTm-]nX kap-Zmbw F¶-Xn-te¡p amdnb asämcp

kaq-l-s¯bpw {]mtZ-inI kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ\n¶pw hfÀ¨-t\-Sn-b-k-aq-

l-s¯-bpw, s]mXp-c-à-hpw, s]mXp tZihpw, ]e-kz-`m-h-¯nÂ ]¦p-h-

bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Ah-Øbpw, cq]w sImÅpIbpw, {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-

a-\p-jyÀ FÃm-bn-Shpw ]nSn-bn-em-¡p¶ Bi-b-§Ä IqSp-XÂ {]N-cn-¸n-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-¶p.

IqSp-XÂ {]N-cn-¸n-¡Â F¶-Xn-\À°w tKm{X-k-aq-l-§Ä¡p-

ÅnÂ hnim-e-tZ-is¯¡pdn-¡p¶ \nc-h[n Bi-b-§Ä D v F¶mWv.

AXn-s\-¡qSn kzoI-cn-¨psIm mWv Xnc-kvI-c-W-¯nsâ henb Bi-

b-¯n\v {]Xn-jvTm-]nX kaqlw X¿m-dm-b-Xv. hnL-SnX a\p-jy-cpsS

hmk-Ø-es¯ \nÀW-bn-¡p-I-bpw, AXns\ A{]-Xy-£-am-¡p-I-bp-am-

bn-cp-¶p asämcp {]hÀ¯-\-coXn. ]Z-hn-bp-bÀ¯Â, tKm{X-¯n-\-¸p-d-

¯p-Å-hsc tKm{X-¯n-tebv¡v _Ôp-hm-¡Â, an{i-tKm-{X-s¯bpw, an{i-

c-à-s¯bpw km[y-X-bn-Ãm-¯-Xm-¡Â XpS-§n-b-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv hnL-

Sn-X-a-\p-jy-cpsS thdn« CS-§sf A{]-Xy-£-am-¡n-b-Xv. Chbv¡v \nb-a-

¯nsâ ]cn-c-£-sIm- p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp¶p a\pkvar-Xn.

iq{Z³ Ggp-X-e-apd {_mÒ-W-cnÂ hnhm-l-_Ôw Øm]n-¨mÂ

{_mÒ-W-\m-bn-¯ocpw F¶v a\p-kvarXn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. CXv Hcp ip²o-

I-cn-¡Â {]{In-b-bm-Wv. ip²o-I-cn-¡-ensâ Acn-¸-bm-WnX.v C -̄c-samcp

Acn-¸-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w {_o«ojpImÀ¡v tijw C´y-bnÂ IqSp-XÂ

{]I-S-ambn {]hÀ¯n¨p XpS-§p-¶Xp ImWmw. Hmtcm kaq-l-¯n-

tebpw D¶-Xsc em¡m¡n {_mÒWyw AXn-te¡v Acn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶

cq]-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.

]pd-´-Å-ensâ asämcp {]{In-bbpw CtX-L-«-¯n³ {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-¶p- v. hnLn-X-a-\p-jysc BKo-c-Ww-sN-¿m-Xn-cn-¡m\pw, kv]Àiy-

cpw, Akv]Àiycpw X½nÂ imiz-Xo-I-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m\pw a\p-kvarXn \nb-

a-§sf {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡pI F¶-Xp-am-bn-cp¶p {_mÒ-WnIv bpàn. CXv

{Iaw 36

Ignhv Ipdª ]pdw temI-s -̄bpw, adp-h-i-¯p-\nÂ¡p¶ Hcp AIw

temI-s¯bpw \nÀ½n-bv¡p-¶-Xnsâ XpSÀ -̈bm-bn-cp-¶p.

AtX kabw hnL-Sn-X-a-\p-jyÀ \nÀ½n¨ {]tXyI hmk-Ø-e-

§-fpw, s]mXp-c-à-hpw, s]mXp-{]-tZ-ihpw C´y-bnÂ Gsd kzm[o-\-

s¸-«n-cp-¶p. AXv sslμ-h-{Ia hyh-lm-c-§-fp-ambn aÕ-cn-¨p-sIm- pw,

kwL-«-\-¯nÂ GÀs¸-«p-sIm- p-an-cp-¶p. {Ia-hy-h-lm-c§-fn-t·Â

Øm]n-s -̈Sp¯ \nc-́ c A[n-Im-c-§-fn-eq-sS, ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡-en-eq-sS, Hfn¨p

IS-¡-en-eq-sS, hnL-SnX s]mXp-t_m-[s¯ XpS-sc-¯p-Ssc A{]-Xy-£-

am-¡m³ {_mÒ-Wo-bX {ian-¨p-sIm- n-cp-¶p.

kztKm-{X-hn-hm-l-\nba¯nÂ A[n-jvTn-X-amb D]-Pm-Xn-bmWv

sslμh kaq-l-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-Øm\w F¶v sk³kkv I½o-j-W-

·mÀ {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. sslμh kaq-l-¯nsâ bqWnäv D]-Pm-Xn-b-Ã,

adn¨v A\y-tKm{Xhnhm-l-\n-b-a-¯nÂ A[n-jvTn-X-amb IpSpw-_-am-Wv.

lnμp-Ip-Spw_w Hcp tKm{Xob kwL-S-\-bm-Wv. D]-Pm-Xn-sb-t¸mse Hcp

kmaq-ly-kw-L-S-\-b-Ã. hnhm-l-Im-cy-¯nÂ Ipehpw tKm{X-hp-amWv ]cn-

K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. PmXnbpw, D]-Pm-Xnbpw c mw Øm\-¯m-Wv.

hnÚm-t\-iz-c³, At±-l-̄ nsâ anXm-£-c-¯n³ bmÚm-hÂIy-

kvar-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ `mjy-¯nÂ C{]-Imcw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

“{_mÒ-WÀ, _m¡n-bp-Å-hÀ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ hÀ®-̄ n³ Ah-

tcm-l-W-{I-a-¯nÂ (A-\p-tem-a-bm-\w) ASn-a-¯-ØnXn \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶-

Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. At¸mÄ {_mÒ-W\v £{Xn-b-\pw, _m¡n-bp-Å-hpcw ASn-

a-bmbn¯ocmw; £{Xn-b-\v, sshiy\pw iq{Z\pw ASn-a-bmImw; sshiy\v

iq{Z³ ASn-a-bm-bn-¯ocmw; Cu ASn-a-ØnXn Ah-tcm-l-W-{I-a-¯nÂ

{]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw”.38


{Iaw 37

“ASn-a-IÄ¡v \nÀt±-in-¨n-«pÅ IS-a-IÄ IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ

ASn-a¯ \ntcm-[-\-¯nse Cu amä-¯nÂ Imcy-sam-¶p-an-Ã. Ct¸mgpw

ASn-a¯ \nb-a-¯nsâ AÀ°w, ASn-a-bm-bm-Â {_mÒ-W-\pw, ASn-a-

bm-bmÂ £{Xn-b\pw, ASn-a-bm-bmÂ sshiy\pw tXm«n-bpsS ]Wn

sNbvXn-cp¶p F¶m-Wv. {_mÒ-W³ £{Xn-b-sâtbm A§s\ Xmtg

hÀW-¯n-tebv¡v ASn-a-¸WnsN¿p-I-bn-sÃ¶p am{Xw. sshiy³ {_mÒ-

W-sâ-bpw, £{Xn-b-sâbpw ho«nÂ ASn-a-¸Wn sN¿pw iq{Zsâ ho«nÂ

sN¿nÃ F¶p-am-{Xw. AXp-sIm v Bcy-·m-sc¶v AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-

«pÅ {_mÒ-Wcpw aäv XmsghÀW-§fpw sXmgn-ep-I-fnÂ ht¨-ähpw

aeo-a-k-amb tXm«n-bpsS ]Wn sNbvXn-cp¶p F¶v hyà-am-Ip-¶p.

Bcy\v tXm«n-¸Wn ad-¨p-sh-bv¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xm-sW-¦nÂ (Pp-Kp-]vkm-

hm-l-am-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¦nÂ) B sXmgn-enÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¶-hÀ PpKp-]vkm-hm-

l-IÀ Bbn-cn-¡n-ÃtÃm. At¸mÄ Akv]Àiy-X-bv¡p-Im-cWw aeo-a-k-

amb sXmgn-embn-cp-¶p-sh¶ kn²m-´-¯n\v XoÀ -̈bmbpw \nÂ¡-¡-

Ån-bn-Ã.”39

temI-¯nse CXc kaq-ls¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-f-tam, C´y³

kaq-ls¯ kw_-Ônt¨m sXmgnÂ hn`-P-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv PmXn-bp-

m-bXv F¶ \nK-a-\s¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ hnaÀin-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Htc

sXmgnÂ FÃm PmXn hn`m-K-§-fpw, hÀW-k-aq-l-§fpw sNbvXn-cp¶p

F¶mWv At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu \nco-£Ww sXmgn-enÂ \n¶pw

PmXn Bcw-`n¨p F¶ C´y³ amÀIvknÌv \nco-£Ws¯ AwKo-I-cn-

¡p-¶n-Ã.40

ImcWw sXmgnÂ kaq-l-§-fm-hp-¶-Xn\p ap¼p-Xs¶ tXm«n-¸-

Wn-b-S¡w sN¿p¶ FÃm-hÀW¯nÂs¸-«-h-scbpw ImWm³ Ign-bp-


40. t] 23, thZ-§-fpsS \mSv, C.-Fw. Fkv.

{Iaw 38

¶p. “Hmtcm hÀjhpw \S-¡p¶ hmÀjnI ssP{X-bm-{X-bnÂ tKmamwkw

Hmtcm lnμp-¡fpw hoXn-s -̈Sp-¡p-Ibpw AXnÂ Hcp ]¦v {_mÒ-W\pw

kzoI-cn-¡-W-am-bn-cp-¶p.”*5

A´Êpw/A´-Ên-Ãm-bvabpw krjvSn¨ kaq-l-¯nÂ GXm v

{_mÒ-WÀ¡v kam-\-ambn D¯-tc-ý-bnÂ ]d-b-·msc Xcw Xmgv¯p-

¶p- v. A´-Ên\v Ipd-hmb tPmen-IÄ IpSn-bm-·mÀ F¶v Xcw Xmgv¯n

]d-b-·msc GÂ¸n-bv¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.*5a

F¶mÂ tZio-b-ambn Zfn-XÀ Hcp kaq-l-am-bn-cp¶p F¶p hne-

bn-cp-¯p-¶p. \nc-h[n sXfn-hp-IÄ Awt_-ZvIÀ \nc-¯p-¶p. lnam-e-

b³ {]tZ-is¯ Inc-cpw, Z£n-tW-ý-bnse {Zmhn-U-cmb tIc-cpw,

AYhm tNccpw Dä _Ô-ap-Å-hcmbn-cp-¶p. ]©m-_nse XmJ-Ifpw

CXn\p kam-\-cm-Wv.*5b

D¯-tc-ý³ \mK³amÀ¡v Ch-tcmSv ASp-¸-ap - v . AhÀ

kwkvIrX kzm[o\]c-ambn Xangv Dt]-£n v̈ kwkvIrXw kzoI-cn-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp F¶p am{Xw. \mkm kqNn-bpsS hen-¸-hy-Xym-k-¯nÂ

]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ (B-t{´m-s]m-sa-{Sn) {_mÒ-Wcpw Akv]Àiycpw

Htc hwi-¯nÂs¸-«-h-cm-sW¶v Af-hp-IÄ Øm]n-¡p-¶p.*5c

_p²/{_mÒ-W-a-X-§-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ

PmXnsb imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I-bmWv ChnsS Awt_-

ZvIÀ. F¶mÂ _p²-/{_m-Ò-W-ssl-μh Bi-b-§-fpsS hyXymkw

PmXn-hy-h-Øbv¡v ImcWam-bn-«p v F¶v At±lw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.

ZfnXv BZn-hm-kn-Isf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Nne {]tXy-IXIÄ \nc-

¯mw.

*5,*5a,*5b,*5c t]. 21, 53, 61 tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 14.

{Iaw 39

1. {_mÒ-W-ta-[m-hnXzw \ntj-[n-¡p-I.

2. {_mÒ-W-\nÂ \n¶v a{´w kzoI-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I.

3. thZ-§-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb \ntj-[n-¡p-I.

4. lnμp-ssZ-h-§sf Bcm-[n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡pI

5. acn- -̈hsc Ipgn-¨n-Sp-I.

6. tKmamwkw `£n-¡p-I, ]ip-hns\ ]qPn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I.*5d

Ch Akv]ÀiyÀ khÀW-ssl-μ-h-cnÂ \n¶v F{X-am{Xw hyXym-

k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶v ImWn-¡p-¶p. {_mÒ-WÀ Akv]Àiysc hÀPn-

bv¡p-¶-Xmbn {_n«ojv sk³kv ]T-\-§Ä FSp-¯p-Im-«p-¶p. F¶mÂ

Akv]ÀiyÀ {_mÒ-Wsc hÀPn-bv¡p¶p F¶ Imcyw FSp-¯p-Im-«n-

bn-«nÃ.*5e

asäm-cp-Imcyw hnL-SnX a\p-jyÀ _p²-a-Xm-\p-bmbnIfm-bn-cp-¶p

F¶XmWv. AXp-sIm mWv AhÀ {_mÒ-Wsc ]qPm-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xv.

Cu Ah-Ø-{_m-Ò-WÀ¡v hnL-SnX a\p-jy-tcmSv shdp¸pw Ah-Úbpw

Df-hm-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. Cu Ah-Úbpw shdp-¸p-amWv Akv]Àiy-X-

bmbn c p kaq-l-§fpw DbÀ¯n-s¡m p h¶-Xv. *5f

Imfn-Zm-ksâ arÑ-I-SnIw \mS-I-̄ nÂ kwhm-l-I³ F¶v t]cmb

_p² ̀ n£p-hn-t\mSv Abn¯w (Untouchability) {]Jym-]n-¡p-I-bpw, At±-

ls¯ ITn-\-ambn {]l-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p- v, \mb-I-\mb Nmcp-Z-

¯-\pw, ssat{X-b-\pw.*5g CXn-\À°w s]mXp-hgn \S-¶n-cp-¶-hcmWv

_p²m-\p-bm-bn-I-fpw, sslμ-hcpw F¶m-Wv. adn¨v {_mÒ-W-]p-tcm-ln-

X³ ssZh-Xp-ey-\m-hp-Ibpw _p²-`n¡p i{Xp-hmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-

*5d,*5e,*5f,*5g t]. 69, 78, 79 tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 14.

{Iaw 40

Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-\À°w Bßobamb (Spirituality), XXz-im-kv{X-

]-c-amb (Philosophical) \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ Hcp-h-i¯v Zfn-X-scbpw adp-h-

i¯v {_mÒ-W-scbpw \nÀ¯n-bn-cp¶p F¶p Xs¶-bm-Wv. i¦-cm-Nm-

cy-tcmSv kwh-Zn-¡p¶ ]m¡-\mÀ Bßoambpw `uXn-I-ambpw i¦-cm-Nm-

cysc kwhm-Z-¯n-eqsS tXmev]n-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Atbm-¯n-Zm-

k³ Nn´ss\I-fnÂ, ]d-¨m-f-I-fnÂ {]th-in¨ {_mÒ-Ws\ “Aip¯

{_mÒ-W³” F¶v Bt£-]n-¡p¶Xns\-¡p-dn¨v chn-Ip-amÀ Fgp-Xn-bn-

cn-¡p-¶p.*6

amwk-`p-¡p-I-fm-bn-cp¶ _lp-P-\-§Ä _p²-A-t\z-j-W-§-fpsS

Ime-L-«-¯nÂ ]£n, arK-§sf sImÃ-cpXv F¶ Xocp-am-\-̄ n-te-bv¡pw,

bmK-¯n\v arK-§sf sImSp-¡-cpXv F¶ t_m[-¯n-tebv¡pw F¯n-t -̈

cp-¶p- v. ]£n, arK-Po-hn-I-tfmSv kq£n-̈ n-cp¶ kvt\l-̄ nsâ `mK-am-

bn-cp¶p CXv. AtX-k-abw amwkw Ign-bv¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw ]qÀW-

amb hne-¡p-IÄ _p²-`n-£p-¡Ä¡p-t]mepw D m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

“AZr-iyw, A{ip-Xw, Akw-ibw” AYhm ssN\okv ]cn-`m-j-

bnÂ ImWp¶ F\n-¡p-th- n-sb¶v ImWm-¯-Xv, tIÄ¡m-̄ -Xv, kwi-

bn-¡m-¯-Xv, C§-s\-bp-ff amwkw `£nbv¡mw F¶v A\p-aXn e`n-¨n-

cp-¶p. F¶mÂ _p²-k-aq-l-t¯-¡mÄ Hcp-]Sn IqSn ap¶nÂ \nÂ¡pI

F¶ \ne-hm-c-¯nsâ {]iv\w (Problem of status) {_mÒ-Wsc kw_-

Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw amwkw Xs¶ Pohn-X-¯nÂ \n¶v Hgnhm¡pI F¶

t_m[-¯n-te-b¡v \bn-̈ p.*7 arK-§-sf-bpw, ]£n-I-sf-bpw, a\p--jy-scbpw

sImÃp-Ibpw `£n-bv¡p-I-bpw, Cuiz-c-]qP \S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶

{_mÒ-W-]p-tcm-ln-XÀ amwkw hÀPn-¨p-sIm v \jvS-s¸« \ne-hm-cs¯

t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvXv. am{X-hp-aÃ tKm¡sf ]qPn-

¡p-¶-h-cmbns¡m v AhÀ aS-§n-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. adp-h-i-¯m-hs«

* 6 Atbm¯n Zmk³ Nn´-ss\-IÄ, chn-Ip-amÀ, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, 2006.

* 7 t]. 121, 123 tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 14.

{Iaw 41

_p²-k-aqlw tKm¡sf ]qPn-¡m³ Xmev]cyw ImWn-¨n-Ã. CXcPohn-

IÄ¡p-ff Xpey-]-cn-K-W\ tKm¡Ä¡pw \evIn F¶pw am{Xw.

F¶mÂ {]I-S-hpw, Dd-¨-Xp-amb c p hyXym-k-§Ä ChnsS

ImWm³ Ign-bpw. kvt\l-¯n-sâ-bpw, Poh-t\m-Spff _lp-am-\-¯n-

sâbpw BZ-c-hn-sâbpw `mK-am-bmWv _p²-k-aqlw arK-§sf h[n-¡-

cp-sX-¶pw, amwkw hÀÖn-bv¡-W-sa¶p Xocp-am-\n- -̈Xv. F¶mÂ {_mÒ-

W-k-aq-l-am-hs« _p²-k-aq-l-t¯m-Sp-ff Ah-K-W-\-bpsSbpw, shdp-

¸nsâbpw BsI-¯pI F¶ \ne-bnÂ Aip²n D m-hm-Xn-cn-¡m-\pw,

ip²-cm-bn-cn-¡m-\pw, IeÀ¸p-IÄ D m-hm-Xn-cn-¡m-\pw, th n-bmWv

amwkm-lmcw Hgn-hm-¡n-b-Xv. Awt_-ZvIÀ ]d-bp¶p Akv]ÀiyX

(Untouchability) kmaq-ly-a-\-im-kv{X-¯nsâ (Social psychology) hi-

am-Ip-¶p. Hcp hn`m-K-¯n\v asämcp hn`m-K-¯n\pw t\sc kw -̀hn-¡p¶

Hcp-Xcw a\w-]n-c-«-emWv AXv. a\p-kvarXn apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ iq{ZXzw

Akv]Àiy-X-bp-tS-X-Ã. a\p-kvarXnbv¡p tij-amWv Akv]Àiy-X- cq]w

sIm -Xv. F.-Un. 600-þmw am n-\-Sp¯v _mW³ ImZw-_cn Fgp-Xp-

s¼mgpw Akv]ÀiyX kw -̀hn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v Aip-²-X-bpsS Zqc-§Ä

\ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p.*8

Aip-²-X-bpw, Akv]Àiy-Xbpw Bcw-̀ n-bv¡p-¶-Xnsâ c p kz`m-

h-§-sfbpw Ime-s¯bpw Ipdn¨v Awt_-ZvIÀ kwkm-cn-¨Xv C§s\

Npcp-¡mw.

1. {_mÒ-WÀ _p²-a-X-¯nsâ i{Xp-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

2. hnL-SnX a\p-jyÀ {_mÒ-Wsc shdp¯p

3. hnL-SnX a\p-jyÀ _p²-aXw Dt]-£n-¨nÃ

4. {_mÒ-WÀ hnL-SnX a\p-jy-scbpw shdp-¯p. am{X-hp-aÃ

Akv]ÀiyX ASn-t¨Â¸n-¨p. _p²-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-IÄs¡-Xnsc {_mÒ-

* 8 t]. 143, 145, 154, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 14.

{Iaw 42

WÀ XoÀ¯ Ad-¸nepw shdp-¸n-ep-amWv Akv]Àiy-X-bpsS BZy-thcv.

Akv]ÀiyX kmaq-ly-a-\-im-kv{X-¯nsâ (Social Psychology)`mK-am-sW¶v ‘Akv]ÀiyÀ Bcm-bn-cp¶p’ F¶v ]pkvX-I-¯n-se-gp-

Xnb At±lw ‘lnμp-a-X-¯nsâ XXz-imkv{Xw’ F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ

sslμ-h-{_m-Ò-Wn-I-a-Xhpw Akv]Àiy-X-bpsS kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-

s¯bpw tNÀ¯v ]Tn-bv¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p.

“]pcm-X\ kaq-l-¯nÂ icnbpw sXäpw hne-bn-cp-¯m-\p-ff

amXrI AYhm am\-ZÞw “{]tbm-P\w” Bbn-cp-¶p-sh-¶pw, B[p-

\nI kaq-l-¯nÂ icnbpw sXäpw, hne-bn-cp-¯m-\p-ff amXr-I, AY-

hm, am\-ZÞw ‘\oXn- ’ bm-sW¶pw ]d-bmw.*9 ..........-aXw Hcp kmaq-

ly-i-àn-bm-Wv. ssZhnI `c-W-]-²-Xn-¡p-th- n-bmWv aXw \ne-sIm-

Åp-¶-Xv... FÃm-a-X-§fpw Hcp t]mse \¶m-sW¶pw aX-§sf X½nÂ

thÀXn-cn-t¡ Bh-iy-an-sÃ¶pw DÅ [mc-W-sb-¡mÄ henb Hcp

sXäv D m-Im-\n-Ã............. FÃm-a-\p-jycpw Xpey-cm-sW-¦nÂ FÃm-a-\p-

jycpw Htck-¯-bnÂ \n¶p-ffhcm-sW-¦nÂ, s]mXp-hmb B k¯

Hmtcm auenI Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡pw Xpey-amb kzmX{´yw A\p-h-Zn-¡p-

¶p. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ ka-Xzw, kzmX-{´yw, kmtlm-Zcyw (Equality, lib-erty, Fraternity) F¶n-h-bpsS asämcp t]cmWv \oXn (Justice).’’*10

* 9 t]. 28, 29-þ32 tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 14.

* 10. ]pcm-X-\hpw B[p-\n-Ihpw Bb kaq-l-̄ nsâ LS-\sb kw_-Ôn-̈ p-ff hyXykvX-hpw,

hnIm-k-hpw, At\ym-\y-Xz-hp-amWv ssZhw, aXw, kaqlw F¶o ]T-\-§-fn-eqsS hyà-am-t¡- -Xv. ]pcm-X-\-L-«-̄ nÂ Hcp a\p-jy³ ]nd¶p hngp-¶Xv _Ôp-¡Ä¡pw ktlm-Z-c-§Ä¡pw, IpSpw-_-̄ n-sâ-bpw, `c-W-Ip-S-̄ n-sâbpw ]c-tZ-h-X-I-fmb ssZh-§-sfbpw IqSnDÄs¡m-Åp¶ kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯nbnse AwK-am-bmWv. t]Pv.16. ]pcm-X-\hpw B[p-\n-I-k-aq-lhpw X½n-ep-ff c m-as¯ hyXymkw ssZhhpw a\pjy\pw X½n-ep-ff _Ôs¯ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. ]pcm-X\ temI-̄ nse hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-§Ä AYhm ssZhw kap-Zm-b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXp-t]mse kap-Zmbw ssZh-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«p \n¶p. t]Pv .18.aq¶m-as¯ hyXymkw ssZh-̄ nsâ ]nXrXzw F¶ k¦-ev]s¯ kw_-Ôn-̈ -Xm-Wv. ]pcm-X\ kaq-l-̄ nÂ ssZhw At±-l-̄ nsâ P\-X-bpsS ]nXm-hm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ]nXr-Xz-k-¦-ev]-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\w ico-c-am-sW-¶mWv IcpXn h¶-Xv. t]Pv. 19. \mem-as¯ hyXymkwtZio-b-X-bnÂ amäw hcp-t¼mÄ aXw hln-¡p¶ ]¦ns\ kw_-Ôn-̈ -Xm-Wv. tZio-b-X-bnseamäw hcnI aXw amä-t¯msS am{X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. kmaq-ly-kw-tbm-P-\-sa-¶mÂ aX-]-c-ambkwtbm-P\sa¶m-bn-cp¶p AÀ°w. aX-̄ nsâ `mK-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ ssZh-̄ nsâ kz`m-h-s -̄¡p-dn v̈ Adn-ªn-cn-t¡- -Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-bp-ambn _Ô-s -̧«-Xm-Wv, A©m-as¯ hnXym-kw. hyàn-\n-jvT-amb hnizm-k-̄ n\v aX-̄ n-ep-ff Øm\s¯ kw_Ôn -̈Xm-Wv AXv. t]Pv

16 þ29. (tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ, k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 6.)

{Iaw 43

‘‘t£{Xw kwL-SnX aX-§Ä¡p hf-cm-\p-ff kt¦-X-am-sW-¦nÂ

AXnsâ Øm\¯v hnZym-e-b-§Ä aXn-sb¶v Kpcp Xocp-am-\n-¨p. .....B

Xocp-am\w kwL-Sn-X-a-X-§Ä cq]w sImÅm-\n-S-bp-ff Ncn-{X-km-l-N-

cy-§-fpsS kq£v-a-hn-aÀi-\-am-bn-cp-¶p.”41

\oXn-bv¡mbn (Justice) lnμp-a-X-¯n\v H¶pw sN¿m-\m-hnÃ F¶

t_m[w \mcm-b-W-Kpcp apt¶m«p h¨n-cp¶p F¶-Xnsâ kqN-\-bmWv

C\n t£{X-§sf hnZym-e-b-§-fm¡mw F¶ At±-l-¯nsâ Xocp-am-\-

¯n-ep-f-fXv F¶v sI.-]n.-A-¸³ Fgp-Xp-¶p. ka-Xzs¯ (Equality) AwKo-

Icnbv¡m³ lnμp-a-X-¯n\v Ign-bptam F¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ tNmZn-¡p-

¶p. bqtdm-]y³ ASna k{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂ \n¶pw XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-

amb Xmsg-hÀW-§-fn-tebv¡v \ofp¶ I®n-bmbn amdp¶ ASn-a-L-S-\-

bm-bn-cp¶p a\p-kvarXn apt¶m-«p-h- -̈Xv. “asämcp hkvXpX a\p-kvarXn

an{i-hn-hm-l-¯n\v (mixed marriage) FXn-cm-bn-cp¶p F¶p-ÅXv kw_-

Ôn- -̈Xm-Wv.42” Nne {]tXyI hÀ®, tKm{X-§Ä X½n-epÅ sshhm-

lnI _Ôw am{Xta AwKo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶p-Åq. Xmsg hÀ®-¯n\p taÂ

A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ sshhm-lnI \nb-aw, Xmsg hÀ®-¯nÂs¸Sp-¶-

hÀ¡v tase-hÀ®-̄ nÂ\n¶v sshhm-ln-I-_Ôw XS-b--s¸-Sp-¶p- v. CXn-

\À°w Xmtg hÀ®-§Ä¡p-taÂ A[o-i-Xz-¯n-\pÅ Ah-Imiw GXp-

t\-chpw DbÀ¶ hÀ®-§fnÂs¸« Hmtcm-cp-¯À¡pw D m-bn-cn¡pw

F¶m-Wv.

“in£bpsS a\p-jy-c-ln-X-amb kz`m-hs¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ hne-

bn-cp¯p-¶p.43” Htc Ipä-¯n\v in£-bnÂ ImWp¶ Ak-a-Xz-hp-ambn

_Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wn-Xv. \oXn tXSn \oXn-\ym-b-tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-¯p¶ I£n-

I-fpsS A´-Ên-s\-¯s¶ kwc-£n-bv¡m³ tijn-bn-Ãm¯ \oXn-\ymb

41. t]. 13, Ncn-{Xs¯ AKm-[-am-¡nb Kpcp, sI.-]n. A¸³.

42. t]. 34, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw-þ6.

43. t]. 40, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw-þ6.

{Iaw 44

hyh-Ø-bp-tS-XmWv {]iv\w. kmaq-ly-amb Ak-a-Xz-§-fnÂ¯s¶-bmWv

a\p AXnsâ \nb-a-kw-lnX sI«n¸Sp¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

ASn-a-¯-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\w tIc-f-¯nÂ \oXnsb F{X-am{Xw

\ntj-[n-¨n-cp¶p F¶v sI.-Sn. dPn-Ip-amÀ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. “Ip«n-Isf

A\mYcm-¡n-bn«v A -̧s\bpw A½-sbbpw Hmtcm-Zn-¡n-tebv¡v hnäv, hne

]dªv N§-e-bv¡n«v sIm p-t]m-hp-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ Im«nepw s]m´-I-

fnepw A`bw {]m]n-¡p-¶p.44” \oXn-{]-hÀ¯n-¨Xv Cu coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-

¶p sslμh `mcXkaq-l-¯nÂ. “_n.-kn. 300þ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ ‘amK-

[³’, ‘sshtZ-ln-I³’ F¶o t]cp-IÄ amK-[-bnÂ Xma-kn-¡p-¶-h³,

sshtZ-l-¯nÂ Xma-kn-¡p-¶-h³ F¶n-§s\ Øe \ma-§-fnÂ

tNÀ¯v Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS Imew þ G.-Un.

200 þÂ F¯p-t¼mÄ sshiy\pw £{Xn-b\pw X½n-ep- mb PmXn-

bmWv ‘amK-[³’ F¶pw, sshiy\pw {_mÒ-W-kv{Xobpw X½n-ep- m-

bXv ‘sshtZ-ln-I³’ PmXn F¶pw a\p Fgp-Xp-¶p.45” CXn-\À°w

PmXn hyhØ cq]w sImÅp¶Xv a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS Ime-L-«-¯n-em-

sW¶mWv. asämcp hkvXpX aXw a\p-jys\ DbÀ¯m\pw ssZh-¯n-

¦-tebv¡v ASp-¸n-bv¡m\pw {ian- -̈t¸mÄ `mc-X-¯nÂ Xcw-Xn-cn-bv¡m-

\pw, Xcw-Xm-gv¯m-\pw, hnth-N-\-ap- m-¡m\pw BWv {]hÀ¯n-¨Xv

F¶m-Wv.

lnμp-aXw kzmX{´yw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶pt m F¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ

tNmZn-¡p-¶p. “1848-þÂ tPymXn-dm-hp-̂ qse Xsâ {_mÒW kplr-̄ nsâ

hnhm-l-N-S-§n\v ]s¦-Sp-¡m³ £Wn-¡-s¸-«p. amenkv PmXn-bnÂs¸«

tPymXn-dmhp {_mÒ-W-sc-¡mÄ Xmgv¶-h-cm-sW¶ ImcWw ]dªv

bm{X-bn-ep-S-\ofw A]-am-\n-¡-s¸-«p. shfp-t¯-S¯p \mbcpw \mb-cm-

44. t]. 39, s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kp-cp, sI.-Sn, dPn-Ip-amÀ.


{Iaw 45

sW-¶mWv ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. aäp \mb-·mÀ¡n-S-bnÂ shfp-t¯-S¯p

\mbÀ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ ]oU-\-¯n\p kam-\-am-Wn-Xv.46”

alm-ßtPymXndmhp ^qse-bpsS Pohn-X-¯n\v hgn-¯n-cn-hmb

Cu IeymW A\p-`hw F{X-am{Xw am\yX sslμh kaqlw aäp-Å-

hÀ¡v sImSp-¡p-¶p v F¶Xnsâ sXfn-hm-Wv. Awt_-ZvIÀ ]d-bp¶p

kmaqlykaXzw (social equality) Bbn-cn-¡Ww H¶m-a-Xmbn Hcp aXw

FÃm a\p-jyÀ¡pw hnX-cWw sNt¿- -Xv. c m-a-Xmbn ‘km¼-¯nI

`{ZX’ FÃm a\p-jyÀ¡pw D-d-¸m-¡m³ aX-¯n\v Ign-b-Ww. aq¶m-a-

Xmbn Adnhv FÃm-hÀ¡pw e`y-am-¡m³ Hcp aX-¯n\v Ign-bWw’ C -̄

c-¯nÂ F§-s\-bmWv “Ah-cpsS injvSw hcp¶ Blm-c-km-[-\-§fpw,

]gb hkv{X-§fpw [m\y-§-fpsS ]Xncpw ]gb ho«p-]-I-c-W-§fpw

Ah\v \evI-Ww.”47 Iqensb kw_-Ôn¨ a\p-hnsâ \nbaw CXm-Wv.

C§s\ ]d-bp¶ aX-§-fnÂ apgp-h³ a\p-jyÀ¡pw F§s\ XpeyX

e`n-¡pw. Nne PmXn-IÄ P\n-¡p-¶-Xv, aäp Nne PmXn-IÄ¡v hnSp-]-Wn-

sN-¿m-\mWv F¶ \nb-a-̄ nsâ \S-¯n-¸mWv lnμp-a-¯n-tâ-Xv. _lp-P-

\-§sf Bh-cWw sNbvX s]mXp-hmb AÚ-Xbv¡v km£-cX \ntcm-

[n-¡pI hgn a\p F§s\ D¯-c-hm-Zn-bm-bn-¯oÀ¶p F¶pw Ahsc

\nÝnX {Ia-̄ nÂ \n¶v ]pd-¯p-I-S-¡m-\m-hmsX Ncn-¡m³ a\p F{X-

am{Xw Im-c-W-¡m-c-\mbn F¶pw ChnsS a\-Ên-em-t¡- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

kmaq-ly-k-a-Xzw (social equality), km¼-¯nI `{Z-X (economical good-

ness), FÃm-hÀ¡pw Adnhv (educational equality) Ch aq¶pw \ntj-[n-

¡p-Ibpw AXv XpS-cp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Hcp aXw F¶ \ne-bnÂ F´p

Øm\-amWv lnμp-a-¯n\v þ a\p-kvar-Xn¡v \evIm-\m-hp-I.

46. t]. 37, tPmXn dmhp ^qse þ ZfnXv _Ôp.

47. t]. 51, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ6.

{Iaw 46

lnμp-aXw kaq-ls¯ \nco-£n-¨n-cp-¶Xv

“an{i-t`m-P-\-¯n\v X¿m-dmbn Hcp th«p-h-bp-hm-\n-t\m-sSm¸w tIf-

¸³ Bim³ Imte-Iq«n AhnsS F¯n-bn-cp-¶p. hSnbpw hm¡-¯n-bp-

ambn Iptd ‘kwL-hn-tcm-[n-IÄ’ A¿-¸s\ hI hcp-¯m³ ¹m³ sNbvXn-

cp-¶p. Sn.-sI. am[-hsâ Dugw Ign-ª-t¸mÄ A¿-¸³ {]kw-Kn-¡m-s\-

Wo-äp. Bbp-[-[m-cn-IÄ apt¶m-«-Sp-¯p. Ah-cn-sem-cp-¯³ A¿-¸-t\mSv

Bt{Im-in¨p:

“\o \nsâ \m«nÂ hnjw Ie-¡n. Chn-sSbpw Ie-¡m-\mWv `mh-

sa-¦nÂ \nsâ ih-am-bn-cnbv¡pw ChnsS hogp-I.48”

AÚcm-bn-¯oÀ¶ P\-X-I-sf-s¡m v ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ Npa-Sv,

hngp-¸p-sI«v kzbw Npa-¸n-¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp¶p PmXn lnμp-¡Ä. Hmtcm

sNdp-Pm-Xn-IÄ¡pw kzbw D¶-X-sc¶v \Sn-¡m³ Ah-kcw Hcp¡n-s¡m-

Sp¯psIm- mWv PmXn-hy-hØ AXnsâ \nb-a-kw-ln-Xsb AhÀ¡p-

tase \S-¯n-h-¶-Xv.

lnμp-aXw kmtlm-Z-cys¯ AwKo-I-cn-bv¡p-¶nÃ F¶v Awt_-

ZvIÀ Dd-¸n¨v ]d-bp-¶p. kmtlm-Z-cy-¯n\v klm-\p-`qXn F¶

AÀ°hpw \ÂIm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

“sslμ-h-c-Ãm¯ kaql§-fp-w, kaq-Zm-b-§fpw PmXn-bpsS LS-

\sb AXn-Po-hn-¡m³ {ian-bv¡p¶p. hfsc ap¼p-Xs¶ kaq-l-¯nÂ

sslμ-ho-b-X-bpsS kzm[o\w \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p F¶-Xn-\mÂ CXc aX-

k-ap-Zmb-§fpw CXns\ FXnÀ¡m\pw s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sm\pw ]mSp-s]-Sp-

¶p.49”

48. t]. 41, ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-̧ ³, kn.-sI. KwKm-[-c³.

49. P. 228, Caste, origin, function, and Dimensions of Change , Suvira Jaiswal.

{Iaw 47

lnμp kn²m-´-¯nsâ AS-cp-IÄ¡p-taÂ adn-I-S-¡-en\v {ia-s¸-

Sp¶ DZm-l-c-W-§-fmWv Ch-bnÂ \n¶p hyà-am-hp-¶-Xv. A[n-Im-c-L-

S-\-bnÂ {]th-in-¡p¶ \nc-h[n kq£va-cq-]-§Ä FÃm ka-b¯pw

a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-am-b-Xm-sW¶v k®n Fw. I]n-¡mSv hyà-am-¡p-¶p.50

AYhm Acp-Xp-I-fpsS aX-cq]w F¶ \ne-bnÂ AXv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

Cu Acp-Xp-I-fm-hs« a\p-jy-cp-ambn _Ô-s¸-S-cp-Xv, AYhm a\p-jy-kz-

`mhw ]peÀ¯-cpXv F¶ kao-]-\-s¯-bmWv kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu

kz`mhw lnμp-¡Ä¡v kw`-hn-bv¡p-¶Xv ssZh-hn[n F¶ kn²m-´-

¯nsâ ]n³_-e-¯n-emWv F¶-XmWv asämcp {]tXy-IX.

Awt_-ZvIÀ lnμp-a-X-¯nsâ XXz-im-kv{Xs¯ C§s\ hne-bn-

cp-¯p-¶p. “kaq-ls¯ Xp w-Xp- -ambn apdn-¡p-Ibpw tPmensb

Xmev]y-¯nÂ \n¶v thÀXn-cn-¡p-Ibpw _p²n-i-ànsb A[zm-\-

¯nÂ\n¶v hnSÀ¯p-Ibpw Pohn-Xs¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw aÀa-{]-

[m-\-amb XmÂ]-cy-§-fnÂ a\p-jysâ Ah-Im-i-§Ä X«n-¸-dn-¡p-Ibpw

B]Â¡m-e¯v s]mXp-hmb {]Xn-tcm-[-¯n-\p-th n hn`-h-§Ä kam-

l-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ\n¶v kaq-ls¯ XS-bp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Hcp XXz-im-

kv{X-amWv lnμp-a-¯nsâ XXz-im-kv{Xw.”*11

C¯cw {]{In-b-IÄsIm-s m-s¡-̄ s¶ a\p-jyÀ¡p-taÂ AXn-

am-\p-jsc \nÀan-¡p-I, \nÀh-Nn-¡p-I, Øm\-\nÀ®bw \S-̄ p-I, F¶n-

§s\ am\-kn-I-ambn \pg-ªp-Ibdm\pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-X-{´-amWv Hmtcm

L«-̄ nepw P\-̄ n-\p-taÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. kaq-l-¯nÂ AXn-am-\p-

j-·mÀ F§n-s\-bp- m-hp¶p F¶-Xp-ambn tNÀ¯mWv CXv ]Tn-vt¡- -

Xv. Pohn-X-¯nsâ t¢i-an-Ãm-bva, A\m-Y-Xz-an-Ãm-bva, _e-lo-\-cm-hm-Xn-cn-

¡Â, ]m]n-bm-hm-Xn-cn-¡Â, £oWnX-cm-hm-Xn-cn-bv¡Â F¶n-§s\ CXv

50. Bap-Jw, sslμh ̂ mkn-k-̄ nsâ hn]-Õq-N-\-IÄ, FUn. k®n Fw, I]n-¡m-Sv.

*11 t]. 89, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeywþ 6.

{Iaw 48

C{μnbbXv\w BÀPn-bv¡p-¶-Xnsâ {]mY-anI LS-I-am-hp-¶p. C§s\

t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ {ian-bv¡p-¶, a\p-jy-Xz-ta-Xp-an-Ãm¯ AXn-am-\p-j-Xbv¡p

th n-bmWv sslμ-ho-bX {]hÀ¯n¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-am-\p-jÀ¡v kzÀKhpw

a\p-jyÀ¡v \c-Ihpw \nÀan¡p¶ Cu coXn km[m-c-W-Xz¯nÂ \n¶v

Akm-[m-c-W- -̄¯n-te-bv¡pÅ hfª hgnsb Xpd-¶n-Sp-I-bmWv sN¿p-

¶-Xv. Cu hf-ª-hgn a\p-jy³ (Human being) F¶ kmam\y Bi-

bs¯ AwKo-I-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \oNsa-¶pw, Akm[mcW-

Xz-sa¶pw hnh-£n-¡p¶ {_mÒ-Wo-bX apgp-h³ Pohn-X-¯n\p taepw

CS-s]-Sp-I-bpw, hcp-Xn-bn-em-¡m³ {ian-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

“{_mÒ-WÀ¡p-th n a\p-kvarXn C§s\ ]d-bp¶p. {_mÒ-

W³ \oN-amb GXp-Xcw sXmgn-en-teÀs¸-«mepw Ahsc FÃm hn[-

¯nepw _lp-am-\n-¡Ww; F´p-sIm-s -¶mÂ Ah-cnÂ Hmtcm-cp-¯cpw

hfsc henb Hcp tZh-\m-Ip-¶p.”*12

a\p-kvarXnbnse Cu A`n-{]mbw ho pw ASn-¯-«ns\ A¦-em-

¸n-se-¯n-¡p-I-tbm, aen-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-Itbm sN¿p-¶p. ASn-¯-«n-tebv¡v

{_mÒ-W³ Cd-§n-h-cp -¶-Xnsâ kqN\ F¶-Xn-\-¸p-d¯v GXp

sXmgnepw {_mÒ-WÀ sNbvXn-cp¶p F¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-Ws¯

CXv IqSp-XÂ icn-sh-bv¡p-¶p. ]pXn-b-Im-e-¯nsâ Ah-Ø-bnÂ ]cn-

tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ ‘GXp sXmgnepw sN¿mw AXnÂ PmXn-bnÃ’ F¶p

XpS§p¶ {]N-c-W-§Ä sImtfm-Wn-bÂ C´y-bnÂ {]N-cn¨p XpS-§p-

¶Xp-t]m-epw, {_mÒ-WnI t_m[w Iogm-f-k-aq-l-¯nÂ (subaltern)

IS¶p Ib-dp-¶-Xnsâ `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p.

*12 t]. 96, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 6.

{Iaw 49

ASn-¯«p P\X-bn-t·Â kzX-{´-hpw, am\y-hpw, \oXn-]-c-hp-amb

Pohn-Xm-hØ krjvSn-bv¡p-¶n-Ã, am{X-aÃ AXn-\p-ÅnÂ {_mÒ-W-tZ-

h¯w (Brahman godship) \nÀ½n-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶--Xp-sIm v Pohn-

X-¯nsâ Zpcn-X-¯nÂ\n¶v `uXn-I-ambn c£-{]m-]n-¨p-h-cp-¶-hsc

sslμh-hÂ¡-cn¨p ]nt¶m-«psIm pt]m-hp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Hmtcm

PmXn-þ-D-]-PmXn kaq-l-§Ä¡p-Ånepw \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ ip²w/Aip-²w,-

hμyw/\nμyw, F¶n-h-t]m-sebpw, AXn-\p-]p-d¯p \nÀ½n-¡p¶ tZh-

{_m-ÒW CS-§-tfm-sSbpw _lp-P-\-k-aq-ls¯ PmXn¡p ]pd-¯pÅ

hn\n-a-b-¯nepw \nÀ½n-bv¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p B[p-\nI sslμ-h-X. t{SUv

bqWn-b³, sXmgnÂ taJ-e, hnZym-`mk tI{μ-§Ä Ch-bn-sem-s¡bpw

PmXn \nÀ½n-bv¡m³ Cu Bi-b-¯n\p Ign-ªp. “\n§Ä hnÚm-

\s¯ Ah-K-Wn-¡p¶p F¦nÂ, \n§Ä¡v Hcp \mbbv¡v kam-\-am-bn-

¯o-cmw. Bcy-·m-cpsS Hcp hne-bp-an-Ãm¯ ]XmI AWn-bp-¶Xn\v Xpey-

am-bn-cn¡pw AXv. B t_m[-¯nsâ Iq«nÂ hncn-ªp-In-S-¡p¶ ]£n-

ar-K-§sft¸mse-bm-bn-cn¡pw At¸mÄ \n§Ä.”51

tPymXn_m^qse Bcym-[n\nthi-¯nsâ a\p-jy-hn-cp² kz`m-

hs¯ ià-am-b-co-Xn-bnÂ Nq n-¡m-Wn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. [mÀan-I-ambn

lnμp F{X-am{Xw {]mIrX kz`mhw ]peÀ¯p¶p F¶-Xnsâ aq¶p-\n-

e-hm-c-¯n-epÅ {]hÀ¯-\s¯ ]cn-tim-[n-t¡- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

1. P·-hm-k-\-I-fnÂ \n¶pw, auen-Im-h-iy-§-fnÂ\n¶pw Df-hm-Ip¶

s]cp-am-äw.

2. kmaqlyam\-Z-WvU-§Ä Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ s]cp-am-äw.

3. hyàn-bpsS a\:-km£n Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ s]cp-am-äw.

51. P. 84, collected works of Mahatma Jothirao Phule - Vol. II

{Iaw 50

[Àa-hn-cp-²-tam, [mÀan-Itam AÃm¯ {]hÀ -̄\-co-Xn-bmWv P·-

hmk-\-I-fnÂ (inborn) \n¶pw auen-Im-h-iy-§-fnÂ\n¶pw Df-hm-Ip¶

s]cp-am-äw. Dt±-iy-̄ nÂ [mÀan-I-a-Ãm-̄ -Xpw, ̂ e-̄ nÂ aqey-apÅXpamb

iàn-I-fmWv AXns\ `cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu iàn-IÄ Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-tam,

kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-c-tam, a\-im-kv{X-]-ctam Bbn-cn-¡pw.

c m-a-t¯-Xm-Is« kmaq-ly-am-\-Z-WvU-§-fpsS Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯-en-

tâ-Xm-Ip-¶p. Hmtcm KW-¯n-sâbpw AwKo-IrX s]cp-am-ä-co-Xn-IÄ, Nn«-

s¸-Sp-¯nb coXn-IÄ Ch-bnÂ D m-bn-cn-¡pw. CXv Xe-ap-d¡v ssIam-

dp¶p. kaqlw, sNdpkaqlw hn]p-e-k-aq-l-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. sNdp-k-aqlw

Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv ]e-t¸mgpw hn]pek-aq-l-¯n-\p-taÂ {]tbm-

Kn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p. Awt_-ZvIÀ CXns\ “Iogv\-S-¸-\p-k--cn-¨pÅ [mÀan-

IX52” F¶mWv hnfn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

hyàn-bpsS a\-:km-£n-Nn-«-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶ s]cp-am-ä-¯nÂ A[n-jvTn-

X-amb [mÀan-I-Xbv¡v am{X-amWv Ipd-s -̈¦nepw \oXn-\n-jvT-X-bp-Åq.

{]tbm-P-\-£-a-X-bp-Åq. F¶mÂ ap³ kqNn-¸n¨ LS-I-§-fn-eqsS \nÀan-

X-am-hp¶ Hcp hyàn¡v GsX-¦nepw Xc-¯nÂ a\-:km£n \h-am-bn-h-

cp-tam. AYhm \h-am-hp¶ a\:-km-£n-bv¡p-taÂ XpS-sc- -̄pSsc ]n³hm-

§m-\m-hp¶ k½À±-§Ä IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. lnμp [mÀan-

IX Hmtcm kabhpw AXnsâ BNm-c-hn-izm-k-§fmÂ Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯nb

kaq-ls¯ \nÀ½nbv¡p-hm³ {ian-bv¡p-¶p. AtX kabw AXv kaq-

ls¯ `b-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. asämcÀ°¯nÂ kaq-l-¯nsâ kzX-

{´hpw \oXn-bp-à-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ hnÅ-teÂ¸n-bv¡p-Ibpw,

AtX kabw AXns\ `b-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. kaq-l-¯nse a\p-

jy-cnÂ Hcp hn`m-K-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ AXn-am-\p-j-cm-Im³ {ian-¡p-I-bpw,

AXv Hcp Acn-s -̈Sp-¡Â {]{In-b-bmbn XpS-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. sslμ-

hm-am-bn-cn¡pI F¶mÂ kaq-l-¯nÂ \ne-bpw, hnebpw \nÀ½n-bv¡pI


{Iaw 51

F¶-Xn-te¡v Xncn-̈ n-Sp-hm³ _p²-ImewsXm«v aÕ-cn-¡p¶ ChÀ, {_mÒ-

W-\m-bn-cn-¡pI F¶mÂ ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cn-¡p-I, tZh-\m-bn-cn-¡p-I, BNm-

c-]-c-amb [mÀan-IX AYhm a\p-kvarXn \nb-aw, kmaq-ly-[mÀan-I-X-

bmbn Iq«n hymJym-\n-¡pI F¶-Xn-te-bv¡mWv amdn-{]-hÀ¯nbv¡m³

{ian-¨Xv.

aäv BNm-cy-·msc \nμn-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡pw, aäp ]WvUn-Xsc Hgnhm-

¡p-¶-Xn-te-bv¡pw, CXc kmaq-ly-\n-co-£-W-§sf {]mam-Wo-I-cn-¡p-

¶Xv XS-bp-¶-Xn-te¡pw CXv AXn-kq-£va-amb t_m[w \nÀ½n-¨p.

tImf\nbm\-´-c-L-«-¯nÂ kmaq-ln-I-{I-a-§-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨p-sIm- n-

cp¶ Hmtcm CXc (other or outcaste) kaql AwK-§fpw, sslμ-h-X-

bpsS Cu {Ias¯ amXr-I-bm-¡p-I-bpw, Xms\mcp a\p-jy-kvt\-lnbpw

AtX-k-abw PmXn-bpsS hàm-hp-am-sW¶ t_m[w \ne-\nÀ¯m³ {ian-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Htc kabw PmXnbpw AtX-k-abw am\p-jn-I-

Xbpw CS-X-S-hn-ÃmsX XpS-cp-¶- kmaq-lnI kml-Ncyw, AXnsâ t_m[-

¯nÂ F{X I v {_mÒ-WnI t_m[w IeÀ¶n-cn-¡p¶p F¶-Xnsâ

sXfn-hm-Wv. PmXnsb kaq-l-ambn aqSn \nÀ¯p-Ibpw hymJym-\n-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-eqsS B[p-\nI kmaq-ly-{I-a-¯n-tebv¡v PmXn-t_m[w

kq£va-ambn tI{μo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Awt_-ZvIÀ CXns\ C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. “[mÀan-IX F¶

C´y³P-\-X-bpsS km[m-c-W-Po-hn-X-¯n-\p-taÂ BNm-c-]-c-amb [mÀan-

I-X-bmWv sslμ-ho-bX \nÀ½n-¨-Xv. BNm-c-]-c-amb [mÀan-IX Hcp

\¦q-chpw Hcp DS¡pw BIp-¶p. lnμp-a-X-¯nÂ \nba-hpw, aXhpw

X½nÂ H¶mhp¶-Xp-t]mse \nb-ahpw \oXnbpw X½nepw H¶mWv.

\nb-a-¯n-epw, \oXn-bnepw Dd¨ Xmev]-cyhpw H¶p-X-s¶-bm-Wv. AXm-

bXv khÀ®-ssl-μ-ho-b-X-bpsS e£y-§Ä¡p-th n ]mZ-tkh sN¿p-

¶-Xn\v Xmgv¶ PmXn-Isf lnμp-¡-sf¶v Øm]n-¨v s]cp-am-äw Nn«-s¸-

Sp-¯p-¶p.

{Iaw 52

F´mWv kzmX{ýw, F´p-sIm v kzmX-{ý-k-aqlw Ah-iy-

am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. CXn\v D¯cw A]qÀW-am-Wv. F¦n-epw, Nqj-W-¯n\v

Adp-Xn-h-cp-¯n-bXv Fhn-sS-bm-tWm, Hcp hÀKw asämcp hÀKs¯ ASn-

¨-aÀ¯m-¯Xv Fhn-sS-bm-tWm, sXmgn -en -Ãm-bvabpw Zmcn -{Zyhpw

CÃm¯Xv Fhn-sS-bm-tWm, Hcp hyàn¡v Abm-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-

¯nsâ ê-ambn tPmenbpw hoSpw `£-Whpw \jvS-s¸-Sp-sa¶ `b-an-

Ãm-¯Xv Fhn-sS-bm-tWm, AhnsS am{Xta bYmÀ°-amb {]hÀ¯-\-

kzm-X{ýw \nehnep-Åq.”53

am\p-jnI hyàn-Xz-¯n-sâbpw ka-Xz-̄ n-sâbpw XXz-̄ nÂ A[n-

jvTn-X-amb \nK-a-\-amWv cmjv{Sob kzmX-{ýw. am\p-jn-I-hy-àn-Xz-

¯nsâ ]cn-]m-h-\Xzw AwKo-I-cn-¨mÂ, AXnsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v A\p-tbm-

Py-amb Imem-h-Ø-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ, kzmX-{ý-¯n-sâbpw, ka-Xz-¯n-

sâbpw kmtlm-Z-cy-¯n-sâbpw AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-Xzhpw AwKo-I-cnt¨

Xocq.

F¶mÂ _lp-P-\-§sf ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. hyàn hyXn-cn-à-hpw,

Ah-cpsS [mÀan-I-amb D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw sslμ-h-km-aqly {Ia-¯nÂ

tI{μ-_n-μphpw Bhm-¯Xv F´p-sIm v? A©p hÀW-§-fn-emWv CXv

{Iao-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A©m-as¯ hÀWw ]©-a-c-S-¡w kaq-l-¯nÂ

hyànXzw kw`-hn-bv¡m-¯Xv F´p-sIm- m-Wv. Cu hÀW-¯n-sem-

cmfpw A]-csâ ktlm-Z-c-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. ImcWw Hmtcm-k-aq-l¯nsâbpw

P\-\w-t]mepw sshcp-²y-amb `mK-§-fnÂ \n¶m-W-v F¶m-WsÃm

sslμ-h-aXw.

A\y-tKm-{X-hn-hm-l-k-{¼-Zm-b-§sf FXnÀ¡p-Itbm kv{XoIsf

hn\n-abw sN¿p-I-tbm, ssIamäw (exchange) sN¿p-I-tbm, D m-Ip¶p

F¶-Xn-\-¸p-d¯v sshhm-ln-I-ambn A\y-hn-`m-K/hÀ®-§fpambn BNm-

53. t]. 105,125, Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ6.

{Iaw 53

c-]-c-amb \nb-a-§sfm¶pw ]c-kv]cw AwKo-I-c-W-¯nsâ `mK-ambn

\ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶n-Ã. a\p-jysâ hnhn[ Ah-Ø, ]cnX:ØnXn-I-fp-sS-bpw,

Øm]-\-§-fp-sSbpw hn`n-¶m-hØ F§-s\-bmWv Ak-aXzw \nÀ½n-

bv¡p¶Xv? hn`n¶ Ah-Ø-I-fÃ Ak-aXzw \nÀ½n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. AXv

Pohn-X-¯nsâ Ah-Ø-bp-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-tS- -Xm-sW-¦nÂ Ak-

aXzw \nÀ½n-bv¡p-hm-\mbn Hcp kn²m´w D m-t¡ Bh-iy-an-Ã-

tÃm. AXn\À°w sslμh ssk²m-ńI {Iaw Pohn-X-¯nÂ\n¶v

A\y-hpw, ]cn-Øn-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶v apJw Xncn-bv¡p-¶-Xpw, a\p-jy-

cnÂ\n¶v AI-¶-Xp-amWv F¶m-hp-¶p.

“_p²sâ Ime-¯p-Xs¶ {]Nm-c-¯n-ep- m-bn-cp¶ D]-\n-j-¯p-

IÄ {ian-¨n-cp-¶Xv ùXn-I-temIw Ab-YmÀ°-amWv F¶p sXfn-bn-

¡m\pw Bßm-hnsâ {]mYayw Øm]n-¡m-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. hmkvX-h-

¯nÂ _p-²sâ ùXn-I-hmZw D]-\n-j-¯nsâ Bßo-b-Xbv¡pw \njvTq-

c-amb GIm-[n-]Xy hmgvNbv¡pw FXn-cmb Hcp {]Xn-kn-²m-´-am-bn-

cp¶p F¶v Im©m sFe¿ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.54”

_p²³ apt¶m-«p-h¨ kn²m-´s¯ ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-\Ã ChnsS

{][m-\-ambn apXn-cp-¶-Xv. adn¨v {_mÒWnI kn²m-́ -§Ä F{X-am{Xw

a\p-jy-cnÂ\n¶v AI-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p F¶v Im©m sFe¿ {_mÒ-WnI

kaq-l-̄ nsâ Bßo-b-þ-\n-jvTqc GIm-[n-]-Xy-hm-gvN-bneqsS ImWn¨p

Xcp-¶p- v. {_mÒ-WnI kmaqly ]T-\-§Ä C¯cw GIm-[n]Xy kz`m-

h-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv {]hÀ¯n-bv¡m³ {ian-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. ssk²m-ń-I-ambn

Hcp kn²m´w ]peÀt¯ p¶ [mÀan-IX(Enlightenment) AXv ]peÀ¯p-

¶nÃ. ]Icw Alwt_m[-̄ nÂ Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb ]Zhn \nÀ®-bn-̈ p-

sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Cu ]Zhn \nÀ®-b-§-fm-hs« am\p-jnIw

F¶ {]mcw` kz`m-h-s -̄¯s¶ d±vsN¿p-¶p. \oXn F¶ kmaq-ly-k-

¯sb _ln-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. ]c-kv]c _Ôw, hn\n-a-bw, sshhm-ln-I-Po-

54. t]. 136, ssZh-sa¶ cmjv{S-ao-amw-k-I³, Im©m sFe-¿.

{Iaw 54

hn-Xw, `£-W-]m-\o-bw-sIm-Sp-¡Â hm§Â F¶n-hsb kq£va-am-bpw,

]tcm-£-ambpw \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p. \ntj-[n-¡pI am{X-aÃ Ch-bv¡p-taÂ

ssZhw, hn[n, ka-bw, \nan-¯w, Bbp-Êv, \mfv, PmX-Iw, im]w F¶n-

§s\ \nc-h[n Aim-kv{Xob \nb-a-cq-]-§Ä \nÀ½n v̈ B`y-́ -c-am-bn,

AYhm Hcp a\p-jys\ Ahsâ DÅnÂ h v̈ kvt^mS-\-̄ n-eqsS XIÀ¡p-

¶p. AYhm {_mÒ-WÀ kzbw XIÀ¶ a\p-jy-\mbn Pohn-¡m³ t{]cn-

¸n-¡p-¶p. C§s\ XIÀ¶ am\p-jnI a\-kn-\pw, ico-c-¯n-\pw-taÂ

hr¯n, t{ijvTw, D¯-aw, ]pcp-jw, ssZhn-Iw, \njvT, HSp-hn-e-t -̄Xv,

Gä-hp-am-Zy-t¯-Xv, IeÀ¸n-Ãm-¯-Xv, ip²-am-bXv F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n

Aim-kv{Xo-b-X-IÄ kzm[o-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p.

{_mÒW kmaq-lym-h-Øsb am{X-aÃ, _lp-P-\-§-fpsS Pohn-X-

L-S-\-sb-bpw, Pohn-X-s -̄̄ s¶bpw CXv Ah-Xm-f-̄ n-em-¡p-I-tbm, A«n-

a-dn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶p- v. {]IrXn]c-am-b-Xpw, Npäp-]m-Sn-tâ-Xp-amb FÃm

bmYmÀ°y-§sfbpw CXv JWvUn-¡p-¶p. \nc-h[n sNdp bmYmÀ°y-

§Ä, ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôn-Xm-h-Ø-IÄ, ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôn-Xm-h-Ø-bpsS Nw{I-

a-Ww, AXnsâ imkv{Xo-b-X, Chsb Hmtcm-¶n-s\bpw A«n-a-dn-¡p-¶p.

Hmtcm-¶n\pw D¯-c-ambn ZnhyXzw (divinity), ssZhn-I-Xzw (Godness),BNm-cm-Zn-IÄ F¶nh Øm]n-¡p-¶p.

F¶mÂ C§s\ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Znhy-Xz-̄ n\v c p kz`m-h-ap-

v. CXv Znhy-Xz-ambpw AtX-k-abw A[n-Im-c-ambpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

ZnhyXzw AXnsâ {]N-c-W-kz-̀ m-h-hpw, Bßo-b-X-bn-ep-d- -̈Xp-am-hp-¶p.

A[n-Imcw AXnsâ {]mtbm-KnI ]²-Xn-bpw, `uXn-I-X-bnÂ (tKm-hv,

kzÀ®w, kv{Xoi-co-cw, t£{X-k-ap- -̈b-§Ä) Dd-¸m-¡n-bn-«p-Å-Xp-am-hp-

¶p. kmaq-ly-am-bpw, Bßo-b-ambpw AXv \nÀ½n-¡p¶ Aim-kv{Xo-b-

Xbpw, AXn-\mbn Bßo-b-hpw, `c-W, \nb-a-]-c-hp-ambn \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ

hymJym-\-§fpw, kwc-£-W-I-fpw, Hcp kmaq-ly-B-ßob P\-X-sb¶

\ne-bnÂ Ak-a-Xz-̄ nsâ XpSÀ¨sb \nÀ½n-bv¡m³ t{]cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. ap¼p

kqNn-¸n- -̈Xp-t]m-se, t\m«w, IWn, iIp-\w, tIÄhn, kv]Àiw, \ndw,

a\p-jyÀ, arK-§Ä, `£-Ww, Pew, P\-\w, acWw, aplqÀ¯w, Øm\w,

{Iaw 55

\maw, P\-\-¯n-\p-ap-¼v, ac-W-tijw F¶n-§s\ \nÀ½n-¡p¶ Aim-

kv{Xo-b-{I-as¯ kmaq-ly-sa¶v \nÀh-Nn-¡m³ Ign-bn-sÃ¶v am{X-aÃ CXn-

t\mSv aÕ-cn v̈ \ne-\n¶ XpSÀ -̈bpsS kmaq-ly-{Iaw ImWp-hm\pw Ign-

bpw. aäp kmaq-ly-{I-a-§-sf-bpw, kz`m-h-§-sfbpw AXnsâ km[y-X-

sbbpw IS-sa-Sp v̄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ kz`m-hhpw {_mÒ-Wo-bX apt¶m-

«p-h-̈ n-cp-¶p.

_p²-a-X-k-ao-]\w s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯n-\p-th n

F§-s\-bm-bn-cp¶p C¯cw {ia-§Ä C´y-bn-ep- m-bXv F¶-

Xn\v \nc-h[n kaq-l-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw {]Øm-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw C¶v ]T-\-

§Ä \S-¡p-¶p- v. _p² (Buddha) -k-aq-l-̄ nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fmWv

Awt_-ZvIÀ {][m\ambn {i²n-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. Bcy-]p-tcm-ln-X-·m-cp-sS, AYhm

{_mÒ-W-]u-tcm-ln-Xy-¯nÂ \n¶pw AI¶p \nÂ¡p-hm³ _p²³

ssIs¡m Nne ioe-§sf C§-s\-bmWv Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-Å-Xv. AYhm

{_mÒW ]utcm-lnXyw \nXyw ]men-¨n-cp-¶-h-bnÂ\n¶v _p²³

F§ns\ amdn-\n¶p F¶v ChnsS hyà-am-hp-¶p.*13

* 13

“sNdp-ssX-IÄ¡pw hf-cp¶ sNSn-IÄ¡pw £X-taÂ]n-¡p-¶-XnÂ\n¶pw KuX-a-ap\n AI¶p \nev¡p-

¶p. Ifn-I-fnepw hnt\m-Z-§-fn-epw-\n¶v KuX-a-ap\n AI¶p \nev¡p-¶p. BUw-_-c-§-fnÂ\n-¶pw,

hnhmZ-§Ä D m-¡p-¶-XnÂ\n-¶pw, BÚm-]n-¡p-¶-XnÂ\n-¶pw, em`w D m-¡p-¶-XnÂ\n¶pw AI¶p

\nev¡p-¶p. ssIt\m-«w, iIp-\w, kz]v\-hym-Jym-\w, ̀ mhn-{]-h-N-\w, ajn-t\m-«w, ̀ qX-t{]-X-§sf Xf-

bv¡Â, at{´m-]-tZiw, P·-\-£-{X-¡-Ãp-IÄ, e£-W-sam-̄ -ar-K-§Ä Chsb ]dªp sImSp-¡-enÂ

\n¶pw AI¶p \n¶p. bp²-̄ n\v i{Xp-hns\ tXmev]n-¡m-\m-bn, {Kl-W-\ne Adn-bm-\mbn, {]h-N-\-

§Ä \S-̄ m-\mbn awK-f-Zn-h-k-§Ä, ka-b-§Ä Ipdn-̈ psImSp-¡m-\m-bn, XpS-§n-b-h-bnÂ\n¶pw AI¶p

\nÂ¡p-¶p. B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-I-fnÂ \n¶pw, hgn-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ\n-¶pw, tcmK-Nn-In-Õ-bnÂ\n-¶pw amdn \nÂ¡p-

¶p. Pohn-Isf sImÃp-¶-XnÂ\n-¶pw, Bbp-[-§-fnÂ\n-¶pw, CS-\n-e-¡m-c-\pw, ZqX-\p-ambn {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-¶-XnÂ\n-¶pw, Aan-Xm-lm-c-̄ nÂ\n-¶pw, hym]m-cw, taf, \r¯w, \r¯yw, ]qam-e, skâ v, kpK-

Ô-te-]-\w, hne-Iq-Snb InS-¡, kzÀWw, shÅn, ]mNIw sN¿m¯ [m\yw, ]¨-amwkw, kv{XoI-sf-

bpw, s]¬Ip-«n-I-sf-bpw, ASn-a-I-fmbn Icp-Xp-I, arK-§sf Zm\-ambn kzoI-cn-¡p-I, hm§p-I,- hn-

ev¡pI, Ch-bnÂ\n¶pw AI¶p \nÂ¡p-¶p. Af-hp-I-fnÂ h©n-¡p-¶-XnÂ\n-¶pw, ssI¡q-en, h©-

\, Im]-Syw, IpSn-e-amÀ¤w, AwK-̀ w-K-s -̧Sp-̄ Â, sIme-]m-X-Iw, hne-bv¡p-hm-§Â, ]nSn-̈ p-]-dn, sImÅ,

A{Iaw Ch-bnÂ \n¶pw AI¶p \nev¡p¶p.

Pohn-I-fpsS Pohs\ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I, Bbp-[-§Ä Pohn-X-̄ nÂ\n¶pw amän-sh-bv¡p-I, \ÂI-

s -̧Sm-̄ Xv FSp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I, kXyw kwkm-cn-¡pI, iWvT Hgn-hm-¡p-I, kplr-̄ p-¡-fm-b-hsc t{]mÕm-

ln-̧ n-¡p-I, kam-[m-\s¯ kvt\ln-¡p-I, Zb, klm-\p-̀ q-Xn, Imcp-Wyw, ka-kvXX \ne-\nÀ¯p-I,

kÂIÀ½w, Bß-\n-b-{´-Ww, kwb-a\w \ne-\nÀ¯p-I. sImÃ-cp-Xv, tamjvSn-¡-cp-Xv, AkXyw ]d-b-

cp-Xv, kZm-Nm-c-\njvT ssIsh-Snb-cp-Xv, el-cn-]m-\o-b-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡-cp-Xv, [mÀan-I-Po-hnXw Úm\ n̄Â

(knowledge) XpS-§p¶p hnth-I-̄ nÂ Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

{Iaw 56

s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯nsâ Úm\-cq-]-§-fpsS a\p-jy-Xz-¯nsâ BsI-

¯p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p _p²³ apt¶m-«p-h¨ kmaq-ly-cq-]w. Cu ZÀi\w

Acn-Ip-I-fn-epw, hnfp-¼n-epw, AS-cp-I-fnepw, ]pd-t¼m-¡n-epw, Ak-a-b-

§-fn-epw, sI«-Im-gvN-I-fnepw a\p-jy-cp-s ¶pw Ahsc {_mÒ-Wo-b-X-

bnÂ\n¶v c£n-bvt¡- -Xm-sW¶pw _p²³ Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. _p²³

I p-]n-Sn-¨Xv F¶-Xn-s\-¡m-fp-]cn, tKm{X-Po-hn-X-§Ä, \mtSmSn kaq-

l-§Ä, {]Xn-jvTm]nX kaq-l-§Ä, hnLSnX kaq-l-§Ä Ch-bn-

tebv¡v Bcy-þ-ssl-μ-h-þ-{_m-Ò-Wo-bX sIm ph¶ a\p-jy-þ-{]-IrXn

hncp-²-Xbv¡vtaÂ cq]wsIm Iem]w (revolution) Bbn-cp¶p

_p²sâ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ \S-¶-Xv. aq¶v kwK-Xn-IÄs¡-Xnsc _p²³

h¼n¨ {]Nm-cWw \S-¯p-I-bp- mbn.

1. “thZ-§-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb \ncm-I-cn-¡p-I.

2. bÚw, arK-_en Chsb aX-¯nsâ cq]-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ A]-

e-]n¨p.

3. PmXn hyh-Øsb A[n-t£-]n-¨p. ta· Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶ {_mÒ-

W-cpsS I]-S-\m-Sy-§sf ià-ambn FXnÀ¯p.56”

hnL-SnX kaq-l-s¯bpw {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-k-aq-l-s¯bpw Ipdn-

¨pÅ IqSp-XÂ At\z-j-W-§Ä¡v Awt_-ZvIÀ {ian-bv¡p-¶p- v.

“KuXam \n§-fpsS imIy-hwiw acym-Zbpw kwkvIm-chpw CÃm-¯-

XmWv; \n§-fpsS imIy-Ipew CuÀjybpw A{I-am-k-ànbpw DÅ-Xm-

Wv. hnSp-]-Wn-¡mÀ, shdpw-hn-Sp-]-Wn-¡mÀ, AhÀ {_mÒ-Wsc ]qPn-¡p-

Itbm hne-a-Xn-¡p-I-tbm, BZ-cn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶n-Ã. AXv tbmKytam

DNn-Xtam Bb Imcy-aÃ KuX-am.57”

55” (t]. tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ7.)

56. t]. 7þ7-0, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ7.


{Iaw 57

CXn-\À°w {_mÒ-W-tcmSv Bcm-[-\m-bn-Ãm¯, {_mÒ-Wsc

]qPn-¡m-¯, tKm{X-k-aq-l-§-fn-sem-¶m-bn-cp¶p _p²-sâbpw aäpw

imIykaqlw F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ hnL-Sn-X-k-aq-lhpw, {]Xn-jvTm-]nX

kaq-lhp-ambn Imcy-amb AI-e-an-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ L«-hp-am-bn-cp¶p CXv.

A[ym-]-\-¯nsâ \oXn-im-kv{X-hp-ambn _Ôn-¸n¨v Nne kmaq-lnI

kwhm-Z-§Ä C¡m-e¯v \S-¡p-I-bp- m-bn. ssdkv tUhn-Unsâ \oco-

£-W-¯nÂ C§-s\-bmWv _p²-k-aq-l-¯nsâ Bi-bs¯ kmwio-

I-cn- -̈cn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. “FÃm-h-scbpw ]Tn-bv¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡Ww; Nne

{]tXyI Ign-hp-I-fpÅ FÃm-h-scbpw ]Tn-bv¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡Ww; Hcp-

h³ ]Tn-¸n-¡p¶psh-¦nÂ FÃm-h-scbpw FÃmw ]Tn-¸n-¡-Ww. H¶pw

]qgv¯n-h-bv¡-cp-Xv, Hcp-¯-scbpw ]pd-´-Å-cp-Xv.58” F¶n-§-s\-bmWv

s]mXp-k-aq-l-amhm³ {ian-¨n-cp¶ {]XvjvTm-]n-X-k-aq-l-¯nsâ hàm-

¡-tfmSv _q²m-\p-bm-bn-IÄ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n\v {ian- -̈Xv.

BZn-hmkn kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ, AYhm tKm{X-k-aq-l-¯n-sâbpw

\mtSm-Sn-k-aq-l-¯n-sâbpw Bi-b-[m-c-I-fpw, ZÀi-\-§fpw ]cn-tim-[n-

¨mepw a\p-jysc ]c-kv]cw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw, en]nbpw, `mjbpw

kz´w kaq-l-§-fpsS kzXzw (identity) \ne-\nÀ¯m³ {]m]vX-am-bn-cp-

s¶¶pw ImWm-\m-hpw. “Adn-bp¶ Ducp¡v Bfp-hn-«p, Adn-bm¯

Ducp¡p Hme-hn«p59” F¶v hb-\m-«nse BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡n-S-bnse ]m«v

Fgp-t¯me sImSp-¯p-hn-Sm-\pÅ `mj ssIh-i-ap- m-bn-cp¶p F¶v

hyà-am-¡p-¶p. kz´-ambn en]n-bpw, ssZhw FÃm-¯cw tKm{X-§-

sfbpw De-I-¯n-tebv¡v \nÀ½n¨p F¶ \mK kaq-l-¯nsâ ]m«p-

Ifpw {_mÒ-W-k-aq-l-¯nsâ A[n-ImctemIw hym]n-¡p¶Xn\p-ap-

¼pÅ Ime-s¯-bpw, Xncn-hp-I-fpsS Ime-¯n-\p-ap-¼pÅ AS-bm-f-§-fp-


59. amth-en-aâw þ sI.-sP. t__n.

{Iaw 58

am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.*14 Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn aq¶p

`mK-§Ä `mc-X-¯n-\p- v. {_mÒ-W-`m-c-Xw, _p²-`m-c-Xw, lnμp-`m-c-

Xw.60 {_mÒ-W-`m-cX-¯n\p ap¼pÅ Xt±-iob kaq-l-§sf At±lw

{]mY-an-I-ambn kzoI-cn-¨n-«nÃ F¶-Xn-\À°w Ah-cpsS kw`m-h-\-IÄ

ZmÀi-\n-I-ambn _p²sâ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ t{ImUo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw iàn-

s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp F¶ AÀ°-¯n-em-Wv. am{X-hp-aÃ {_mÒ-W-

`m-c-X-̄ n-emWv AXn-\p-ap-¼p- m-bn-cp¶ FÃm kaq-l-§-fpsSbpw \mtSm-

Sn-k-aqlw, tKm{X-k-aq-lw, hnL-SnX kaq-lw, {]Xn-jvTm-]nX kaqlw

F¶n-§s\ hn -̀Pn-¡m³ CS-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. lnam-e-b³ {]tZ-

is¯ IncÀ, Z£n-tW-´y-bnse {Zmhn-U-cmb tIcÀ, tNcÀ, ]©m-

_nse XmJ-IÄ, D¯-tc-´y-bnse \mK-·mÀ F¶n-h-sc-¡p-dn¨v ap³

A[ym-b-¯nÂ kqNn-¸n-¨n-«p- v.

tKm{X]-cn-k-c-§sf (tribal situation) B`y-´-c-ambn Agn-s¨-Sp-

¡p-I-tbm, Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯p-Itbm sN¿p¶tXmSp-Iq-Sn-bmWv {Ia-§Ä (or-der) \map-t±-in-¡p¶ AÀ°-¯nÂ AYhm PmXn-þ-km-aqly {_mÒ-

WnI t_m[-¯n-te-bv¡pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä tKm{X-ta-J-e-bnÂ Bcw-

`n-¡p-¶-Xv. tKm{X-¯w, AXnsâ LS-\, a®v, ssZhw, arK-§Ä, D]-I-

c-W-§Ä XpS-§nb Hmtcm¶pw Pohn-X-¯nsâ kzm`m-hn-I-X-bm-bn-cp-¶n-

S¯v Hmtcm-¶n\pwtaÂ Øm\w (place) \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-«p. CXv \ne-\n-

¶n-cp¶ {Ias¯ asäm-¶m¡n¯oÀ¯p.

hne¡v

\nbaw

BNm-cw, XpS-§nb ]e apJ-§-fn-eqsS PmXn AXnsâ {Ia-§sf \nÀ½n-

s -̈Sp-¯p. kz´w {Ia-§sf \ne-\nÀ¯m³ (t¾-Ñ-X-t]m-epÅ hyh-lm-

c-§-fn-eq-sS) km[n-¨n-Ã.

*14 Fsâ Iq«sc CXv aqI-am-Wv. Fw.-_n. at\m-Pv.


{Iaw 59

shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-I,

\ne-\nÀ¯p-I,

A`n-am-\n-¡p-I, XpS-§nb am\p-jn-I-Kp-W-§-fmWv CXp-hgn ChÀ¡v

CÃm-Xm-¡-s¸-«-Xv. {_mÒ-WnI sslμ-h-X-bpsS H¶mw-L« IS-¶p-I-b-

ä-¯nsâ ^e-ambn ssZhs¯ tXm¶p-¶n-S¯p\n¶p hnfn-¡pI, hnfn¨p

hcp-¯p-I, No¯-hn-fn-¡pI XpS-§nb ]²-Xn-sbm-s¡-¯s¶ Hgn-hm-¡-

s¸-Sp-Ibpw AXn\v Nne Nn«-h-«-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. acn-

-̈hÀ¡v IÅpw Cd-¨nbpw sh¨v hnf-¼p-¶Xpw Nmh-cn-t]m-ep-ÅXv (B-

ßm-¡Ä {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv) IÅn-sâbpw Cd-¨n-bp-sSbpw kar-²n-bn-

em-bn-cp-¶Xv c mwL« IS-¶p-I-b-ä-¯n-se-̄ n-b-t¸mÄ {hXw t\m¡p¶-

Xn-te¡pw,]- -̈¡-dnbnte¡pw hgn-am-dn-t¸m-Ip-¶Xpw DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.

_p²sâ ap³ssI-¿nÂ `mc-X-¯nÂ \S¶ hn¹-h-{]-{Inb AXm-

bXv aucy-k-aq-l-¯n-\p-taÂ Kp]vX-k-aq-l-¯nsâ ]pjy-an-{X-kpw-Ksâ

hnPbw _p²-a-Xs¯ IS-]p-g¡n Fdn-bm³ {_mÒ-WÀ Bkq-{XWw

sNbvX H¶m-bn-cp-¶p. _p²-\p-taÂ cmjv{Sob-ambn hnP-bn¨ {_mÒ-

WÀ a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-amb \nb-a-§Ä \S-¸m-¡n-¯p-S-§p-Ibm-bn-cp¶p.*15

hÀ®hpw PmXnbpw (varna and caste) Ah-bpsS \nb-am-\p-kr-X-

amb B´-cmÀ°-¯nÂ Xpey-am-Wv. F¶mÂ Ch X½nÂ hyXym-k-ap-

s ¶v ImWmw. “hÀWw ]Z-hn-bnepw sXmgn-enepw ]c-¼-cm-K-X-a-Ã.

ImcWw Htc hÀW-¯nse AwKw FÃm-s¯m-gnepw sNbvXn-cp¶p F¶v

ap¼v kqNn-¸n-¨n-«p- v. F¶mÂ PmXn-bn-em-hs« ]Z-hnbpw, sXmgnepw

*15

1. {_mÒ-W\v ̀ cWw \S-̄ m\pw cmP-l-Xy-sN-¿m-\p-apÅ Ah-Imiw Øm]n¨p sImSp-̄ p.

2. {_mÒ-Wsc hnti-jm-h-Im-i-apÅ hyàn-I-fpsS Hcp hwiw (hÀ¤)am-¡n.

3. hÀ®s¯ PmXn-bm¡n amän.

4. hnhn[ PmXn-I-fpsS CS-bnÂ kwL-«-\hpw kmaq-ly-hn-cp-²-hn-Im-chpw krjvSn-̈ p.

5. iq{Z-scbpw kv{XoI-sfbpw Xcw-Xm-gv̄ n.

6. t{iWn-Ir-X-ambn Ak-aXzw F¶ hyh-Øbv¡v cq]w \ÂIn.

7. BNm-cm-\p-kr-Xhpw Ab-hp-Å-Xp-amb kmaq-ly-hy-h-Øsb aX\nbam\pkr-Xhpw Ab-hn-

Ãm-̄ -Xp-am-¡n-̄ oÀ¯p.61 (t]. 153, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 7.

{Iaw 60

]c-¼-cm-K-X-hpw, ]nXm-hnÂ \n¶v ]p{X-\n-te¡v ssIam-dp-¶-Xp-amb Hcp

hyhØbm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p.”*16

lnμp-¡Ä¡n-S-bnÂ Gähpw lm\n-I-c-amb Hcp a\:ØnXn¡v CXv

Imc-W-am-bn. tbmKy-Xsb Ah-K-Wn-¡p-I-bpw, P·s¯ ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-

Ibpw ]Z-hn-bnÂ \n¶v AIän \nÀ¯p-Ibpw P·s¯ ]Z-hn-bn-te¡v

Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv CtXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv.

{_mÒ-W-k-aq-l-¯nse \mep-hÀW-§Ä X½nÂ an{i-hn-hmlw

\ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. hymksâ Xe-ap-d-bnÂ CXv hyà-am-Wv.*17 an{i-hn-hm-

ls¯ \ntcm-[n-¡p¶ \nc-h[n \nb-a-§Ä a\p-kvarXn {]Jym-]n-¨p.

asäm¶v ̀ £-W-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nÂ, ̀ £Ww ]c-kv]cw ]¦n-Sp¶ Imcy-

¯nÂ sIm p-h¶ \ntcm-[\ \nb-a-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.62

kv{XoIÄ¡v Xpey-]-Zhn \ÂIm-Xn-cn-¡m³ CtXm-sSm¸w {i²n-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. kz¯n-t·Â Ah-Imiw \evIm-sX-bpw, ]qPm-

Xn-Im-cy-§fnÂ Ah-Imiw \evIm-sXbpw AXp {]hÀ¯n-¨p. am{X-hp-

aÃ kaq-l-¯nse CXc hn`m-K-§-fp-ambn F{X-am{Xw AI¶p \nevt¡-

-Xpt m AXn-\mbn \nc-h[n hne-¡p-Ifpw \nb-a-]-c-am-bn, aX-\n-b-a-

]-c-am-bn, hnizm-k-\n-b-a-]-c-am-bn, cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-c-\n-b-a-]-c-ambn Øm]n-

s -̈Sp-¡m³ a\p-kvarXn {ian-¨p.*18

*16 t]. 165, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ7.

*17 hymksâ hwim-hen:

an{X-h-cp-W-·mÀ = DÀhin

hkn-jvT³ = A£-ame

iàn =

]cm-i-·mÀ = aÕy-KÔn

hymk³

62. 172, 173 , tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 7.

*18 a\p-kvarXn 111. 12, 111. 13, 111.14, 111.15, 111.16, 111.17, 111.18, 111.19. Hmtcm PmXnbpw AtX-Pm-Xn-

bnse hnhm-lta ]mSpÅp F¶pw, ewLn-¡p-¶Xv PmXn-{`jvSv Bhp-¶-Xn-sâbpw \nb-a-§-fm-

Wv. a\p-kvarXn IV 217. cmPmhv \evIp¶ ̀ £Ww Hcp-hsâ hocys¯ £bn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

iq{Z³ \ÂIp¶ ̀ £Ww {_mÒ-W-tX-P-Êns\ \in-̧ n-¡p-¶p. kzÀW-̧ -Wn-¡m-c³ \ÂIp¶

`£Ww Bbp-Ên-s\-bpw, XpIÂ -̧Wn-¡m-c³ \ÂIp¶ ̀ £Ww IoÀ¯n-sbbpw \in-̧ n-¡p-

¶p....... IV. 221.......... BcpsSsb¦nepw ̀ £Ww Ign¨p-t]m-bmÂ aq¶v Znhkw D]-hmkw

Ccn-¡-Ww. AdnªpsIm mWv ̀ £n-̈ -sX-¦nÂ tcXtÊm ae-tam, aq{Xtam Bl-cn-̈ mÂ

sNt¿- p¶ {]mb-Ýn¯w sN¿p-I.

{Iaw 61

_u²ZÀi-\s¯ `mK-hXw ISw-sIm- -Xn-s\-¡p-dn v̈

Awt_-ZvIÀ apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ asäm-cp-Imcyw _p²-k-aqlw

DbÀ¯n-sIm- p-h¶ kmaq-ly-hn-¹h ZÀi-\-§-fnÂ ]eXpw sslμ-h-

k-aqlw ISw-sIm p F¶pÅ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. A[n-Im-c-hpw, ]Z-hn-

bpw, kz¯pw, Úm\hpw tamjvSn-s -̈Sp-¡p¶ {]hÀ¯n {_mÒ-W-þ-

ssl-μ-hn-b-XbpsS XpSÀ -̈bm-bn-cp-¶p. At±lw Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä

apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶p.

“Xmsg¸d-bp¶ ]Sn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Hcp hyàn {_Ò-þ-\nÀhm-W-¯n-

se-¯p-¶-Xv.*19

Ime-L-«-s¯-Ip-dn¨v In«m-hp¶ Adn-hp-IÄ tNÀ¯p-t\m-¡p-

t¼mÄ C§-s\-bmWv hyà-am-hp-I. _p²³ A´-cn-¨Xv _n.-kn. 543

emWv. lo\-bm-\-hpw, alm-bm-\-hp-ambn AXv thÀ]n-cn-bp-¶Xv _n.-kn.

307 emWv. F.-Un. 400-þ\pw 465-þ\pw CSbnse-Im-e-¯mWv `K-h-ZvKo-X-bn-

tebv¡v _p²-ZÀi-\-§Ä H«n-¨p-sh- -̈Xv. AYhm KoX _p²kn²m-´-

¯nsâ tIm¸n-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xv.63”

*19 {i² (B-ß-hn-izm-kw); 2. hyh-kmbw (\n-Ý-b-ZmÀVyw); 3. kvarXn (e-£y-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ

HmÀa); 4. kam[n (B-ßmÀ°-amb [ym\w); 5. {]Ú (DÄ¡mgvN AY-hm, bYmÀ° Úm\w)

Cu Bibw ̀ K-hZv-KoX FhnsS \n¶mWv ISw taSn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. D]-\n-j-̄ p-I-fn-em-Is«

Hcn-S¯pw \nÀÆmWw F¶ hm¡v ImWm³ Ign-bn-Ã. Cu Bibw ]qÀW-ambpw {]tXy-In¨pw

_p²-a-X-̄ n-tâ-Xm-Wv. _p²-a-X-̄ nÂ \n¶v KoX-I-Sw-sIm- -Xm-Wv. ̀ K-h-ZvKo-X-bnÂ ]{´-

m-a-[ym-b¯nÂ Hcp bYmÀ° ̀ à\v Bh-iy-apÅ KpW-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v IrjvW³ ]d-bp-

¶p. 1. ssa{Xn (kvt\l-]qÀWamb Zb.) 2. IcpW (A-\p-I-¼), 3. apZnXw (A-\p-̀ -hmÀ¨n-X-

amb kt´mjw), 4. Dt]£ (A-\m-k-àn). Cu Bibw Fhn-sS-\n-¶mWv ISw sIm n-cn-¡p-

¶-Xv. Chn-sSbpw t{kmXÊv _p²-aXw Xs¶. kwi-b-ap-s -¦nÂ ‘alm-]-X-\-kq-{X-hpw’, ‘tXhn-

Zy-kq-{Xhpw’ ]cn-tim-[n¨p t\m¡pI F¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p.

`K-h-ZvKo-X-bpsS ]Xn-aq¶mw A[ym-bhpw, ]Xn-t\gmw A[ym-bhpw C -̄c-̄ nÂ _p²-

ZÀi-\-̄ nsâ ISw sImÅ-em-bn-̄ oÀ¶n-«p- v. _u²-kq-{X-§Ä kwhm-Z-§-fmWv. ̀ K-h-ZvKo-

Xbpw A§ns\ Xs¶. _p²sâ aXw kv{XoIÄ¡pw, iq{ZÀ¡pw c£-hm-KvZm\w sNbvXp.

kv{XoIÄ¡pw iq{ZÀ¡pw c£ hmKvZm\w sN¿m³ IrjvW\pw apt¶m«phcp-¶p. R§Ä

“_p²-s\bpw [Àa-s¯-bpw, kwL-s¯bpw icWw {]m]n-¡p¶p” F¶v _p²-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-

IÄ ]d-bp-¶p. “FÃm-a-X-§fpw Dt]-£n v̈ Fs¶ icWw {]m]n¡q F¶v IrjvW³ ]d-

bp¶p. ......

63. t]. 282-þ289, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 7.

{Iaw 62

“D]cnhÀK-¯n-\p-th n {_mÒ-WÀ sNmÃn-b-XmWv `K-h-Zv-Ko-X-

sb¶pw Ah-cn-eqsS am{Xta aäp-Å-h-cn-se-¯m³ Dt±-in-¨n-«p-Åp-sh¶p

hyà-am-Wv. IrjvW-\nÂ \n¶p-Xs¶ \mw CXv tIÄ¡p-¶p.” (KoX

9.32).*12

C§s\ ZÀi-\-§Ä IS-sa-Sp-¡p-I-am-{X-aÃ Ah-bv¡p-taÂ hnizm-

k-¯n-sâ-bpw, A[n-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw ]pdw-tam-Sn-IÄ Iq«n-t¨À¯p-sIm-

mWv sslμ-h-`mcXw C´y³ kaq-l-¯nse _lp-P-\-§sf FÃm

AÀ°-¯nepw ]pdw XÅn-b-Xv. kv{XoIÄ, iq{ZÀ, _lp-P-\-§Ä Chsc

Xcw-Xm-gv¯n-s¡m- mWv _p²³ apt¶m«psh¨ hn¹-h-{i-a-§Äs¡-Xnsc

{]Xn-hn-¹hw \S-¯n-s¡m v {_mÒ-W-ssl-μ-ho-bX Ahsb A«n-a-dn-

-̈Xv.*20

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ L«hpw It\-jp-am-cnbpw

“sslμhþ{_mÒW ZÀi-\-¯mÂ A[x]Xn-¡-s¸-«-hÀ aq¶v

Xcw P\-hn-`m-K-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. {]mIr-X-hÀ¤-¡mcmWv H¶m-at¯Xv

(Primitive tribes) {Inan-\Â hÀK-§-fpsS ]«n-I-IÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-SpÅ kap-

Zm-b-§-fmWv asämcp Iq«À, Akv]ÀiyÀ F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶-hÀ aq¶m-

as¯ Iq«-cpw. 1931se It\-jp-amcn IW-¡-\p-k-cn¨v {]mIr-X-hÀK-

¡mÀ 25 e£hpw, {Inan-\Â hÀK-¡mÀ 45 e£hpw Akv]ÀiyÀ 50

*12 t]. 56, C´y³ kwkvImc-̄ nsâ cq]o-I-c-W-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ ]T-\-§Ä. Un.-Un. tImkmw-

_n.

*20 kv{XoIsf _en-I-gn-¡m³ a\p A\p-h-Zn-̈ n-cp-¶n-Ã,XI 36 kv{XoIÄ thZ-hn-[n-{]-Im-c-apÅ

A\p-Zn\ _en-IÄ sN¿m³ ]mSn-Ã.

XI.37 kv{XoIÄ _en-IÄ sNbvXmÂ \c-I-̄ nÂ t]mIpw.

IV.205 kv{XoIÄ \S-̄ p¶ bmK-̄ nÂ \ÂI-s -̧Sp¶ ̀ £Ww {_mÒ-W³ Hcn-¡epw ̀ pPn-¡m³

]mSn-Ã.

IV.206 kv{XoIÄ \S-̄ p¶ bmK-§Ä Aip-̀ -I-chpw tZh-·mÀ¡v Akzo-Im-cy-hp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm v

A¯cw bmK-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡-Ww.

V. 154 `À¯mhv Zpcm-Nm-c-ap-Å-h\pw aän-S-§-fnÂ kpJw tXSp-¶-h\pw kZvKpWcln-X-\p-am-bmepw

km[zn-bmb ̀ mcy Abmsf FÃm-bvt¸mgpw ssZh-s -̄t¸mse ]qPn-¡-Ww.

III.13 iq{Z\p ̀ mcy iq{Zkv{Xo am{X-am-bn-cn¡pw; iq{Z-kv{Xobpw kzPm-Xn-bnÂs¸« Hcp-hfpw sshiy\p

`mcy-am-cmIpw; AhÀ c p-t]cpw kzPm-Xn-bnÂs¸« Hcp-h-fp-am-bn-cn¡pw £{Xn-bsâ ̀ mcy-

amÀ; AhÀ aq¶p-t]cpw kzPm-Xn-bnÂs¸«hcp-am-bn-cn¡pw {_mÒ-Wsâ ̀ mcy-amÀ. (t]. 200-

þ205, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 7).

{Iaw 63

e£-hp-amWv. sam¯w 79.5 Zi-e£w a\p-jyÀ.”64

ChnsS {]-[m-\-s¸« Hcp kwKXn sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Ime-L-«-¯nse

It\-jp-amcn F¶ LS-I-am-Wv. kÀ¡mÀ F¶ H¶mWv ChnsS tkh\w

\evIp-¶-Xv. kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebv¡v ]cn-l-cn-t¡- p¶ Hcp taJ-e-bmbn

IqSn-bm-WnXv \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xv. It\-jp-am-cn-bpsS IW-¡ns\ HutZym-

Kn-I-amb IW-¡mbn \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶p. C§-s\-sbmcp D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-¯n\v

aXw, PmXn, kap-Zm-b-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS \nÀ®-b\ ]²-Xn-bv¡p Ign-bp-

tam?

AhØ, ]Zhn

Htc-k-abw hÀ¯-am-\-¡m-gvN-tbmSpw AtX-k-abw `qX-Im-e-¡m-

gvN-bn-eqsS ho pw hÀ¯-am-\-¡m-gvN-bn-tebv¡v P\s¯ ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶ {iaw Awt_-ZvIÀ apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶p. ip²-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ

k¦-ev]-¯nÂ sslμ-h-ssZ-h-im-kv{X-¯n\v ]e-Xcw A`n-{]m-b-§Ä

]n´p-S-tc n hcp-¶p- v. apÉnw, ]mÀkn, {InkvXy³ F¶n-hÀ¡p-taÂ

Abn¯w ]peÀ¯m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw AtX-k-abw Akv]ÀiyÀ¡p-taÂ

Abn¯w \ne-\nÂ¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu LS-\bv¡v ]n¶o-Sp-h-cp¶ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ Cf¡w kw -̀hn-

¡p-¶p- v. CXp ImWn-¡p-¶Xv Bßob {]Xn-kÔn F¶-Xn-\-¸p-

d¯v ̀ c-W-]-¦m-fn-¯-hp-ambn _Ôn-̧ n¨v ImtW- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. CÉmw,

{InkvXy³, ]mgvkn kaq-l-§-fnÂ {_mÒWNn-´m-cq]w \S¯p¶ Cf-

hp-IÄ {_n«ojv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-c-¯nsâ {]Xn-^-e\w IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu

L«-¯nÂ thdn-«p-t]m-hp¶ ASn-Øm-\-in-e-bmb a\p-jysc Xncn-¨p-]n-

Sn-¡m³ \nc-h[n tI{μo-I-c-W-§Ä¡v sslμ-ho-bX X¿m-dm-bn. \nc-

h[n Cf-hp-IÄ {]Jym-]n-¨p. CXv Hcp X{ -́]-c-amb XpSÀ¨bpsS AYhm


{Iaw 64

_p²-sâ-b-S¡w Bi-b-§Ä ISw-sIm Xp-t]mse CXc kaq-l-§-

fnse tijn-bpÅ hyàn-Xz-§sf ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¯-Xp-t]mse XpSÀ -̈bp-tS-

Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Htc kabw Bßo-b-X-bnepw AtX-t]mse cmjv{So-bm-[n-

Im-c-¯nepw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ XpSÀ -̈bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Ah-Ø-bpw kmaq-ly-]-Z-hnbpw X½nÂ hyXym-k-s¸-Sp-¯p¶

PmXn-_-Ô-§-fpsS s]mXp-k-aq-l-s¯-bmWv Cý-bnÂ XpSÀ¶v ImWm-

\m-hp-I. kmaq-ly-]-Z-hnbv¡p ]pd¯v Ah-Ø-bpsS icnsb ]cn-tim-

[n-¡p¶ coXn Cý³ kaq-l-¯nÂ Aim-kv{Xob kao-]-\-¯n-tâ-Xm-

bn-cn-¡pw. “lnμp-¡-fpsS kmaq-lnI a\x-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ê-amWv

cmjv{So-b-hpw, km¼-¯n-I-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-§-fpsS \ntj-[w. lnμp-

¡-fpsS kmaq-ln-I-amb s]cp-am-ä-¯nÂ \n¶v t\cn«v DbnÀ sImÅp-¶-

h-bmWv Akv]Àiy-cpsS {]iv\-§Ä. At¸mÄ F§s\ lnμp-¡-fpsS

Pohn-X-coXn Dt]-£n-¡p-sa-¶-XmWv {]iv\w.... Hcp cmjv{Sw apgps¡

ioen-¨p-h-cp¶ Pohn-X-coXn Dt]-£n-¡pI F¶Xv \nÊmc Imcy-a-Ã.

lnμp-¡Ä hniz-kn-¨p-h-cp¶ Pohn-X-co-Xn¡p ]pdta, AhcpsS aXw

]hn-{X-am-¡nb Pohn-X-coXn IqSn-bm-sW-¶Xv AhÀ hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p. Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-coXn amäp-I-sb-¶mÂ Ah-cpsS aXw Xs¶

amäp-I-sb-¶m-WÀ°w.” 65

kmap-ly-L-S-\, kmaq-ly-kz-`m-hw, kmaq-ly-{]iv\w F¶n-h-bn-

te¡v Akv]Àiycp-sSbpw, tKm{X-k-aq-l-§-fp-sSbpw {]iv\-§sf

sIm p-h-cm-\n-hnsS Awt_-ZvIÀ XpSÀ¶pw {ian-¡p-¶p. kmaq-ly-am-

bmÂ Akv]Ài-am-hp-¶, Abn-¯-am-hp¶ kao-]-\s¯ kmaq-ly-am-bn-

¯-s¶, ]p\x-\nÀ½n-¡m-\pÅ {iaw Awt_-ZvI-dnÂ ImWp-¶p. BcmWv

Ipä-¡mÀ F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v Zpjvêw t]td- n-h-cp-¶-h-cmWv F¶

t_m[s¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ adn-¨n-Sp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Hcp cmjv{Sw

apgps¡ t\cn-Sp¶ {]iv\w F¶ \ne-bnÂ tZi-cm-jv{S-¯nsâ Xs¶


{Iaw 65

{]iv\-ambn CXns\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿m³ Awt_-ZvIÀ {ian-¡p-

¶p. PmXn-\nÀan-X-amb Hmtcmtcm sNdp-cq-]-§Ä¡I-¯p-\n¶v tXmSv-

s]m-«n-¡m³ Akv]Àiycpw, {_mÒ-W-k-aq-l-§fpw X¿m-dm-hp-¶-XmWv

XpSÀ¶p kaq-l-¯nÂ ImWm³ Ign-bp-I. Htc ka-b¯v kwL-Sn-X-cq-

]-am-Ip-hm³ sslμ-h-k-aq-l-¯n\pw Akv]Àiy kaq-l-¯n\pw Ign-

bp-¶p- v. CXv tZio-b-[m-c-bnse ]pXnb {]Xn-k-Ôn-sb-bpw, D¯-c-§-

sfbpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p.

kwLSn-Xm-h-Øbpw / AkwLSn-Xm-h-Øbpw -kw_-Ôn¨v ]cn-

tim-[n-¡p-I. C´y³k-aq-l-¯nÂ kÀs\bnw Bbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv

IpSpw-_-¯n-sâ-tbm, ]nXm-hn-sâtbm t]c-Ã. adn¨v PmXn-t¸-cm-Wv. CXv

C´y-\-h-Ø-bnÂ s]mXp-k-aql\nÀ½n-Xnsb F{X-am{Xw XS-bm-\mhpw

F¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hm-Wv. C¯cw PmXnb LS-\-bmWv s]mXp-k-aq-l-

¯nsâ LS-\-bmbn \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶-Xv. CXns\ s]mXp-k-aqlw F¶p

hnfn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. AS-ª-k-aqlw Ft¶ hnfn-¡m-\m-hq. PmXn-bpsS /

hnizm-k-¯nsâ Xe-¯n\v \nÀ®-bn-¨n-«pÅ {]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-

Xn-\pÅ A[n-Im-cw, AXnsâ s]mXp-\n-b-a-hy-h-Ø-sb-bpw, s]mXp A[n-

Imc Øm]-\-s¯bpw d±p-sN-¿p-I-bmWv PmXn-k-aqlw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

Akv]ÀiyÀ lnμp-hnsâ `mK-am-hm-Xn-cn-¡m³ a\p {ian-¡p-¶-Xp-

t]m-se, tKm{X-hn-`m-K-§sf ]cm-aÀin-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m\pw a\p {i²n-¨n-«p-

v . HcmÄ¡v Xsâ sNcn -¸p -am -bpÅ _Ôwt]mse-bmWv

Akv]ÀiyÀ¡v lnμp-¡-fp-am-bpÅ ASp-¸w. “HcmÄ sNcp¸v [cn-¡p-

¶p. B AÀ°-¯nÂ sNcp¸v Abm-fp-ambn Iq«n-t¨À¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

AXv Abm-fpsS `mK-am-sW¶v ]d-bmw. F¶mÂ Iq«n-t¨À¡m-\pw,

FSp-¯p-am-äm\pw Ign-bp¶ km[\w ]qÀW-amb H¶nsâ `mK-am-sW¶v

]d-bm-\m-hnÃ; Cu kmZriyw kmZr-iy-am-sW-¦nÂ¡qSn.”66. A`n-{]m-b-

am-sW-¦nÂ¡qSn Akv]Àiy tKm{X-k-aq-l-§sf F§-s\-bm-bn-cn¡pw

Hcp PmXn-lnμp \nco-£n-¡pI F¶v ChnsS hyà-am-hp-¶p.

66. t]. 52 tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 10.

{Iaw 66

Hfn-hÀ sld³kvanZv Cu A`n-{]m-bs¯ icn-h-bv¡p-¶p- v. aX-

]-c-ambn B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bmÂ \ndªp \nÂ¡p-I-bpw, AXv k-aq-

l¯nsâ A[n-Im-c-\nÀ½mWw \S-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ kmaqlyLS-\-

sb, am\y-X-bp-sSbpw t¾Ñ-X-bp-sSbpw Gän-d-¡-§-fp-ff kaq-ls¯ \nÀh-

Nn-t¡- Xv ]Sn-ªm-d³ kmaq-ly-]-T-t\m-]-I-c-W-§Ä sIm Ã F¶v

At±lw Dd-¸n¨v hyà-am-¡p-¶p.67

cmjv{S-sa¶ kmaq-ly-i-cocw

C´y³ kmaq-ly-hn-\n-a-b-§-fpsS kmaq-ly-a-\-imkv{Xw F§-

s\-bm-bn-cn-¡mw? cmjv{S-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ AXnsâ ico-c-\nÀan-Xn-bnÂ

Øm\-s¸-«n-«p- m-hp-I. Awt_-Zv-I-dnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ cmjv{S-sa¶

`h-\-¯nsâ Gähpw hnL-Sn-X-hpw, Dd-¸n-Ãm-¯-Xp-amb cq]-am-Wn-Xv.

F¶mÂ {_mÒW Bi-b- -̀h-\-¯n-\m-hs«, AXnÂ kw`-hn-bv¡p¶

hnÅ-ep-I-fmWv AYhm P\m-[n-]-Xy-{I-atam kao-]-\tam BWv

IqSp-XÂ hnj-a-¯n-em-¡p-¶-Xv. kmaq-lnI kao-]-\-¯nsâ c p [mc-

Isf NÀ¨bv¡v sIm p-h-cn-I-bmWv Awt_-ZvIÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. H¶v kmaq-

ly-k-ao-]-\-¯nsâ \ho-\-hpw, C´y\h-Ø-bnÂ _lp-P\ tI{μo-Ir-

X-hp-amb P\m-[n-]-Xy-aq-ey-§-fpsS kao-]-\-am-Wv. asäm-¶m-hs« \ho-

\-sa¶pw tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-Sm-\m-hm-¯-sX¶pw kZm HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p¶ Zpcm-

Nm-c-kw-ln-X-I-fpsS Ak-a-Xz-s¯-bpw. {]mà\ P\-§-fpsS Ipe-kw-

hn-[m\w lnμp-¡-fpsS PmXn-kw-hn-[m-\-¯n\v adp-]-£-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v

Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£n-¨n-«p v. F¶mÂ AXv Zzμz-]-c-amb adp-]-£-§-

fm-hp-¶p-an-Ã.*21


*21 kmaq-ly hn\n-a-b-§-fpsS hn`n¶ Iq«p-Isf (Unity)¡pdn¨v Awt_-ZvIÀ C§s\ kqNn-̧ n-

bv¡p-¶p. “Ipe-§Ä X½nÂ c v {Kq¸p-I-fmbn kwL-Sn-¡p-t¼mÄ AÀ²-̀ mKw (Moiety)F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. c nÂ IqSp-XÂ {Kq¸p-IÄ kwL-Sn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hmtcm {Kq¸n-s\bpw {^mävdn

(Phratry) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. Cu ssZzX kwhn-[m\w bmsXm-cp-Im-c-W-h-imepw temI-s¯-

¼mSpw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶n-Ã. AÀ[-̀ m-K-hpw, {^mävdnbpw kmaq-ln-I-amb Hcp {Kq¸v Xncn-b-em-bn-cp-

¶p. X½nÂ Iq«ptNÀ¶ Ipe§fnse AwK-§Ä X½nÂ Hcp ktlm-Z-cXzt_m[w D m-bn-cp-

¶p. tKm{X-hÀ¤-§-fm-bp-ff hn -̀P-\-amWv ASp-̄ -Xv. tKm{X-hÀ¤-¡m-cpsS {]Ir-Xn-bn-epw,

{Iaw 67

{_mÒ-WnI þ sslμh s]mXp-k-aq-ls¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw

AXnsâ LS-\-\nÀW-bn-¡m³ Btcm-Ky-hpw, k¼-¯pw, \mep-hÀW-

¯n-ep-f-f-hcpw XI-cm¯ Hcp k{¼-Zm-b-am-bn-cp-¶p Bh-iyw. C¯-c-

samcp Dd- -̈P-\-hn-`mKw Hcp Imc-W-¯mepw Dd-¸p-ff kaqlw Bbn-cp-

¶n-Ã. AXnsâ CS-s]-SÂ kmaq-ly-ambn KpW-I-c-am-hp¶ CS-s]-S-ep-

am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ZpÀ_-esc ]pdw XÅp¶ AXnsâ kmaq-ly-kw-hn-[m\w

tKm{X kmaqly_Ô-§-sf-¡qSn B´-cn-I-ambn inYn-eo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv

am{X-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v Un.-Un. tImkmw_n A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n -«p- v.

tKm{Xkaq-l-¯nsâ P\m-[n-]-XyLS-\sb XIÀ¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p AXn-

\p-ÅnÂ {]th-in¨ {_mÒ-WnI ssZ\w-Zn-\-{I-aw. “inh-sâtbm hnjvWp-

hn-sâtbm Krl-§-fn-te¡v {]th-i\w e`n¨ {]mIr-X-tZ-h-X-IÄ s]dp-

¡n-¯o-\n-I-fm-bn-cp¶ BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Isf IqSp-XÂ `t£ymÂ]m-Z-\-

¯n\v tijn-bp-ff henb kaq-l-¯nÂ tNcp-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¨p.” 68

hnL-SnXkaq-lhpw, {]Xn-jvTm]n-X-k-aq-lhpw Bbn {]hÀ¯n-

¡p¶Xn\n-S-bn-ep-ff [mc-W-I-tfm, ]c-kv]c Ib-dn-bn-d§tem Bbn

CXns\ ImtW Xp- v. F¶mÂ tKm{X-k-aq-l-¯n-\p-taÂ {_mÒ-

W-k-aq-l-¯nsâ IS-¶p-I-bäw B[ym-ß-I-ambn C¡m-e¯v kw`-hn-

¡p-¶p- v. CXn-s\-¡pdn¨v tImkmw_n thsdbpw DZm-l-c-W-§Ä \nc-

¯p-¶p- v.

kz`m-h-̄ n-epw, LS-\-bnepw hym]-I-amb hyXn-bm-\-§-fp- m-bn-cp-¶p. {Kma-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä

(Village Communities) tNÀ¶ tKm{X-hÀ¤-¡m-cp- m-Ipw. ChÀ Ipe-§-sf-tbm, AÀ²-̀ m-K-

§-sftbm hn -̀Pn-¡-W-sa-¶n-Ã. Ah-cnÂ Ipe-§-fp- m-Imw, AÀ²-̀ m-K-§-fp- m-Imw, Ipe-§-

fp- m-hnÃ; AXp-a-sÃ-¦nÂ AÀ²-̀ m-K-§-fpw Ipe-§-fp-ap- m-Ipw. tKm{X-t_m[w Nne-t¸mÄ

ià-hpw, Nne-t¸mÄ ZpÀ_-e-hp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. tKm{X-hÀK-¡m-cpsS Iq«w cq]o-I-c-W-̄ nÂ,

\nb-X-amb hyh-Ø-I-tfm, ]cn-Wm-a-̄ nsâ X\n-̈ p-ff \nctbm (Single line) D mbncp-¶n-sÃ-

¦nepw s]mXp-hmb Nne {]tXy-I-X-IÄ, tZi ̀ mjm, BNm-c-§Ä XpS-§n-bh {]I-S-am-bn-cp-

¶p........... {]mà\ P\-§-fpsS Ipe-kw-hn-[\w lnμp-¡-fpsS PmXn kwhn-[m-\-̄ n\v XnI¨pw

adp-]-£-amWv F¶Xv (antithesis) hntcm-[m-̀ m-k-am-Wv.”I (t]. .54-55 Awt_ZvIÀ k¼qÀ®

IrXn-IÄþ hmeyw þ 10).

68. t]. 71, C´y³ kwkvIm-c-̄ nsâ cq]o-I-c-W-s -̄¡p-dn-̈ p-ff ]T-\-§Ä þ Un.-Un.

tImkmw-_n.

{Iaw 68

“ {]mNo\ tKm{X Bcm-[-\-I-fpsS t\cn-«p-ff hfÀ -̈bmWv Cý-

bnse A½ ssZh-tZ-hm-e-b-§Ä. DÂ]-¯n-bnÂ Xt±-io-b-amb Ah

Hmtcm¶pw ]nÂ¡m-e¯pw {_mÒ-Wo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p.”69

_p²-k-aq-l-¯nsâ hn¹-h-Im-e-¯n-\pw, tijw a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS

{]Xn-hn-¹-h-¯nsâ Zqc-hym-]-I-amb êw _lp-P-\-k-aq-ls¯ At§-

bäw Hä-s¸-Sp -¯p-Ibpw inYn -eo-I-cn -¡p-¶-Xn -te-¡p-am-bn -cp -¶p.

“alÀjnamcn-Ãm-¯-hÀ (Kp-cp-¡-·m-cnÃm¯hÀ), PmXn {`jvSÀ (]Xn--

XÀ), PmXn¡v ]pd¯v sshhm-ln-Itam ssewKn-Itam Bb _Ôw

Øm]n-¨-hÀ, PmXnsb CS-I-eÀ¶v (Pm-Xn-{`-jvS-tcm-sSm-¶n-¨v) bm{X,

Ccn-¸v, ]ń-t`m-P-\w, bmN-\w, A²zm-\w, hnhm-l_Ôw, \]pw-kp-I-

Xzw, P·m-ÔÀ, _[n-cÀ, {`m´À, aqVÀ, aqIÀ, hntI-{μo-bÀ (C-hÀ¡v

]nXr -kz -¯n\v Ah-Im -i -an -Ã) F¶n -§-s\-bp -ff P\-§sf

kmaqlykwhn-[m-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw shfn-bn-em-¡p-hm³ {]tXyIw \nb-a-

\nÀ½mWw a\p-kvarXn \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.”70

a\p-jy-sc¶ ]cn-K-W-\-bnÂ hcp-¶-hÀ apI-fnÂ ]dª KW-

¯nÂs¸-Sm-¯-h-cmWv F¶v a\p-kvarXn imkn-¡p-t¼mÄ F{X-am{Xw

a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-am-bn-cp¶p AXv F¶v hnNm-cn-¡m-hp-¶-tX-bp-Åq. sslμh

þ {_mÒ-WnI kmaqly kzcq-]-¯n-\-I-¯p-ff AXr-]vXn-Ifpw a\p-jy-

hn-cp-²-Xbpw AXn\p ]pd-¯p-ff _lp-P-\-§Ä¡p-taÂ Øm]n-¡p-

hm³ AXv Ft¸mgpw {ian-¨n-cp¶p. a\p-hm-Is« {]mbv-Ýn-¯hpw, ]cn-

lm-c-{In-b-Ifpw \nÀt±-in-¨p-sIm- mWv C¯cw A\y-§sf kaq-l-¯n-

\p-f-fnÂ {]th-in-¸n¡p-¶-Xv. A\y-§Ä¡p-taÂ {]mbv-Ýn-¯hpw ]cn-

lm-c-{In-bbpw \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶p F¶ t_m[w enJn-X-am-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bpw,

s]mXp-t_m-[-am-hp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶-Xn-\À°w Cu P\-k-aqlw

A\y-§-fmbn XpS-cp¶p F¶m-W-tÃm.

69. t]. 133, Cý³ kwkvIm-c-̄ nsâ cq]o-I-c-W-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-ff ]T-\-§Ä þ Un.-Un.

tImkmw-_n.

70. t]. 56-þ57. tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 10.

{Iaw 69

“\nba]c-amb AwKo-Im-chpw aX-]-c-amb AwKo-Im-chpw F¶n-

§s\ c p-{]-[m-\-hm-l-IÀ PmXnsb kwc-£n¨p \ne-\nÀ¯n h¶n-cp-

¶p.”71 \nb-a-]-c-sa-¶Xv HutZym-KnI hyh-lm-chpw AXnsâ ]²XnIfp-

am-Wv. AXv A\u-tZym-Kn-I-Xsb XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p. hne-Ip-d¨p ImWn-

¡p-¶p. aX-]-c-amb AwKo-Im-c-am-hs« {]Nm-c-¯nÂ ap¼nÂ \nÂ¡p-

hm³ sIev]p-f-f-Xp-am-hp-¶p. F¶mÂ sslμ-hm-[n-Imc aXm-Sn-¯-d-

bpsS BZn-Im-e¯v sslμ-ho-bX P\-Iob þ ASn-¯d \nÀ½n-¨n-cp-¶n-

Ã. AXns\ {]Nm-c-¯n-eqsS ap¼nÂ \nÀ¯m³ \nb-am-[n-Im-c-§Ä

IqSp-XÂ klm-bn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.

ChnsS {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ asämcp hkvXpX, kmaq-ly-kz-`m-

h-¯nsâ {][m\ cq]-§-fmb P\-Iob (Popular) LS-\, \nb-a-L-S-\,

F¶nhbnÂ H¶n¨v {]hÀ¯-\-\n-c-X-am-hm³ {_mÒ-WnI A[n-Im-c-

¯n\pw ZÀi-\-¯n\pw Ignªp F¶-Xm-Wv. Cu A[n-Im-cs¯ XpSÀ¨-

bmbn \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\p-ff hnhn[ apJ-§-fpw, cq]-§fpw {]mtbm-Kn-

I-Xbpw \nÀ½n-bv¡p-hm\pw Ign-ªp.

Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ, 1850-þÂ {_n«ojv Kh¬saâ v

PmXn Ah-iXm \nÀ½mÀÖ\ \nbaw ]mÊm-¡p-I-bp- m-bn. CXv

asämcp \nba \nÀ½mWm-[n-Im-c-am-W-sÃm. F¶mÂ PmXn-hy-h-Øsb

ZpÀ_-e-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶ AS-cp-I-fn-tebv¡v {]th-in-¡m³ CXn-\m-bn-Ã. ChnsS

HutZym-KnI `cW \nb-as¯ aX-\n-b-a-amWv A«n-a-dn-¨n-«p-f-fXv F¶

s{]m^.-UÀJnw (Durkhim)-ansâ A`n-{]m-bs¯ At±lw kzoI-cn-¡p-

¶p- v. “aX-]-c-am-bXv kmaq-lnIw IqSn-bm-Wv, aX-]-c-am-b-sX´pw ]hn-

{X-am-Wv.”72 kmaq-ln-Iamb-sX´pw ]hn-{X-a-Ã, adn¨v aX-]-c-am-b-sX´pw

aX-]-c-k-aq-lhpw ]hn-{X-amWv F¶ {]N-c-W-¯n-eqsS bYmÀ°-¯nÂ

PmXn-L-S-\-bpsS a\p-jy-hn-cp²-Xsb ip²o-I-cn-s -̈Sp-¡p-Ibpw kaq-l-

¯nse Gän-d-¡-§sf ]hn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-I-bp-amWv sslμ-ho-bX sNbvXXv.

71. t]..63, tUm.-Aw-t_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ þhm-eyw-þ10.

72. t]. 64, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW IXn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 10.

{Iaw 70

F¶mÂ C§-s\-sbmcp sslμh kmaqly þ cmjv{So-b-L-S-\bpw

AXv \nÀ½n¨ kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-tcm-[hpw F{X-am{Xw {Iqc-hpw, a\p-jy-hn-

cp-²-hpw-am-bn-cp-¶p F¶-dn-bm³ _lp-P-\-§Äs¡Xnsc \S-¯nb in£-

I-fpw, A{I-a-§fpw am{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ t]mc. CX-c-k-aq-l-§-fnse

]WvUn-X-tcmSv h¨v ]peÀ¯nb \nμy-amb kao-]-\-§-fpw IqSn ]cn-

tim-[n-t¡- n-h-cpw. tImkmw_n Ah-bnÂ Nne A\p-̀ -h-§sf apt¶m«p

hbv¡p-¶p- v. “]{´ mw \qäm- nÂ N{I-[-c³ Øm-]n-¨, tKm{X-k-

aq--l-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ BZÀi-§-fn-te¡v aS-§nb ‘alm-\p-`h’ AsÃ-¦nÂ

‘am³`mhv’ {]Øm-\w. Idp-¯-hkv{Xw [cn-¡Â, PmXn hyh-Øsb

]qÀW-ambn \ncm-I-cn-¡Â, kwL-§Ä ]c-kv]cw ]¦n-Sp¶ coXn, efn-

X-amb hnhm-l-N-S§v (KU-_-U-Kp ) XpS-§nb BZÀi-kz-`mhw

]peÀ¯n. Ch ]cm-P-b-s¸-«Xv sslμ-h-am-\y-·m-cm-hm-\p-ff Zmlw {]I-

Sn-¸n¨p XpS-§p-¶-tXm-sS-bm-Wv. {_mÒW kaq-l-¯nÂ \n¶v aXw

shSnª Hcp k\ym-kn-bpsS aI-s\¶ \nebv¡v ]ÔÀ]pcn-bnse

Úmt\iz-c\v {_mÒ-WÀ hne¡v GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-I-bpw, {]mbw sN¶

Úmt\-iz-csâ amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä KwK-bnÂ NmSn acn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

‘Úmt\-iz-c³’ ZpxJ]qÀW-amb Pohn-X-¯n-\p-tijw Bf-μn-bnÂ h¨v

A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-ambn Bß-lXy sNbvXp. ‘\ma-tZ-h³’ Xp¶Â¡mcsâ

aI-\m-bn-cp-¶p. At±lw Úmt\-iz-csâ Bibw {]N-cn-¸n¨v Hcp

al-¯m-b-{]-Øm-\-ap- m-¡n. ‘tKmc’ F¶ ]Þn-X³ Ipih kap-Zm-

b-¯nÂ-s¸-«-bm-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ‘sNm¡-taf’F¶ k\ym-k-t{i-jvT³ sXm«p-

Iq-Sm¯ PmXn-bnÂs¸-«-bm-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ‘awK-f-tht[m’ F¶ ]«W¯nÂ

Hcp NpaÀ]-Wn-bp-t¼mÄ AXv XIÀ¶phoWv sImÃ-s¸-«p. ‘Úmt\-iz-

cn-bpw’, {_mÒW-\mb ‘GIv\mYpw’ sXm«pIq«m-bvasb ewLn-¡m³

{ian-¨p. ‘IpW_n’ IÀj-I\pw sNdp-InS [m\y-hym-]m-cn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

‘Xp¡mdmw’ {_mÒ-W-cpsS \nμ-I-eÀ¶ shdp¸v kln¨v ]pg-bnÂ NmSn

Bß-lXy sNbvXp. s]mXpth ZpcnX ]qÀW-am-bn-cp¶ Ah-cpsS

{Iaw 71

PohnXw ImWn-¡p-¶Xv AhÀ FXnÀtN-cn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶pw, A[n-

Im-c-¯n-ep-f-f-hsc kt´m-jn-¸n-¡p¶ ‘Ipe-Sm-hr-¯n’ -bnÂ Xmev]cyw

ImWn-¨n-sÃ-¶p-am-Wv. {_mÒ-W-cnÂ \n¶pw AhÀ XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-

cm-bn-cp-¶p.”73

Ipeo-\hpw/_ln-jvIr-Xhpw F¶o c v cq]-§-sf-bmWv Chn-

sS-sbms¡ ImWp-hm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. H¶v tI{μhpw c ma-t¯Xv

AcnIpw BIp-¶p. AcnIv F´p-sIm v tI{μ-am-Ip-¶n-Ã, F¶ tNmZyw

{]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p. kmaq-ly-\n-baw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xp-ambn _Ô-

s¸-«-Xm-Wn-Xv. Htc kabw _ln-jvIr-XÀ Akv]Àiy-cm-hp-I-bpw, Acm-

P-IXzw Iev]n-¡-s¸-«-hcpw, \nb-a-hn-t[-b-cm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. C§-

s\-sbmcp kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ D¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w, kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw

þ kmaqlyLS\ \nÀ½n¨ a\p-kvar-Xn-¡pw, lnμp-aq-ey-§Ä¡pam-Wp-f-

f-Xv. AXv kmaq-ly-a-\p-jys\ \nÀ½n-bv¡p-¶n-Ã. adn¨v kmaq-ly-a-\p-

jy-\n-te-¡p-ff {ia-§-sf-¯s¶ \nb-a-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bpw, Acm-P-IXzw

Iev]n-¡p-I-bpw, Akv]Àiy-\m-¡p-I-bp-amWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. C¯-c-samcp

kmaq-ly-þ-cm-jv{So-bþ Bßob \nÀ½n-Xn-bpsS ASn-¯-dbv¡v Acn-Ip-

Isf tI{μ-Øm-\¯v \nÀ¯m³ Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã. Ah Nne ]Z-hn-IÄ¡v

]pd-¯mWv Acn-Ip-Isf \nÀ¯p-¶-Xv.

ChnsS kmaqly {Ia-¯n-sâbpw AXnsâ _e-X-{´-]-c-X-bp-tS-

Xp-amb Hcp {][m\ \nco-£Ww Awt_-ZvIÀ apt¶m«p hbv¡p-¶p.

{Kma-¯nse {]iv\-§Ä (k-aq-l-¯n-se) ]cn-l-cn¨p F¶v kv]ÀiyÀ

Icp-Xp-¶p, ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-¡-W-sa¶v Akv]ÀiyÀ B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p. {Kmaw F¶mÂ kaq-lhpw, kv]ÀiyÀ hyh-Øm-]n-

X¯nsâbpw, HutZymKnI-X-bp-sS-bpw, \nb-a-¯n-sâ-bpw, Bßob þ`u-

73. t]. 74 -75 C´y³ kwkvIm-c-̄ nsâ cq]o-I-c-W-§-sf-¡p-dn-̈ p-ff ]T-\-§Ä, Un.-Un. tImkmw-

_n.

{Iaw 72

XnI i_vZhpw cq]-hp-am-Wv. Ch-cpsS ImgvNbnÂ ]cn-l-cn¨p Ignª

kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-§-fpw, ]p\x]cn-l-cn-¡-W-sa-¶m-{K-ln-¡p¶ P\hpw

X½n-ep-f-f, (Public or Bahujan) {]Xn-k-Ôn-bmWv kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bv¡p-

ÅnÂ \nc-´-c-t]m-cm-«-§Ä¡v t{]c-I-§-fm-bn-¯ocp¶-Xv. C´y-\-h-

Ø-bnÂ {Iahpw AXnsâ, hyh-lm-chpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ {]Xn-k-

Ôn-bm-Wn-Xv. Iem-]-§sf kmaq-ln-Ihpw km¼-¯n-I-hp-amb D¶-Xn¡v

th n-bp-ff {ia-ambn lnμp-hn-\v, t{iWn-bnse A[n-Imc kaq-l-¯n\v

ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶p. AhÀs¡-Xn-sc-bp-ff \o¡-ambn AXns\ ImWp-

¶p. F¶mÂ Cu \o¡w F´p-sIm v A\-`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-hp¶p F¶

tNmZy-ap-b-cp-¶p- v. Awt_-ZvIÀ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Xpey-am-¡m-\p-ff {ia-

amWv AXp-sIm- mWv AhÀ AXns\ FXnÀ¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ Xpey-

Xsb s]mXp-k-aq-l-ambn hymJym-\n-¡m³ Bhm-¯-Xnsâ am\-knI

imco-cnI \ne-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-ff NÀ¨-bnÂ \ap¡v In«p¶ Hcp-¯cw C§-

s\-bmWv. kaq-lw, ]Z-hn, a\pjy³ F¶n-§-s\-bp-ff tNmZy-§Ä¡v

D¯cw sImSp-¡m³ B{K-ln-¡m¯ H¶mWv sslμh kmaq-ly-{Iaw

F¶-XmWv B D¯cw.

kaq-l-a-\p-jyÀ

kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ asämcp khn-ti-jX \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ

taÂ kmaq-ly-a-\p-jyÀ¡pÅ Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ

Blmcw, hkv{Xw, ]mÀ¸nSw Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp-¶p. Ch Hmtcm¶pw

{]tXyIw ]cm-aÀin-t¡ hkvXpXIfm-Wv. Blm-c-¯nsâ Imcy-sa-

Sp-¡p-I. Blm-c-¯nsâ taÂ \nb-{´-W-taÀs¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m- mWv PmXn

kmaq-lym-hØ AXnsâ _eX{´-cq]s¯ \nÀ®-bn -¡p-¶-Xv.

hyànbpw IpSpw-_hpw Blm-c-¯n-\mbn B{i-bn-¡p¶ kaq-l-am-bn-

¯o-cp-¶p. CXv \μn-bp-ff kaq-ls¯ krjvSnbv¡m-\p-X-Ip¶ Hcp

{]{In-b-bmbn XpS-cp-¶p. B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯n-tebv¡v Cu coXn

{Iaw 73

{]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-Ibpw XpS-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. CXnsâ ]gb cq]-s¯-

¡p-dn¨v Awt_-ZvIÀ C§s\ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. “{Kma-]-cn-Nm-c-IÀ F¶

\nevbv¡v Poh-\mw-i-¯n\v AhÀ lnμp-¡sf B{i-bn-¡p-¶p. ]c-¼-cm-

KX tkh-\-¯nsâ {]Xn-^-ew F¶ h®w sdm«n-tbm, ]mIw sNbvX

`£-Wtam kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. hnf-sh-Sp-¸p-Im-e¯v [m\yw {]Xn-^-e-ambn

\ÂIp-¶p. lnμp-¡fpw Akv]Àiycpw X½nÂ hn{]-Xn-]-¯n-bp- m-Ip-

t¼mÄ, lnμp-¡Ä BZyw sN¿p-¶Xv Akv]ÀiyÀ¡v `£Ww \nc-kn-

¡p-I-bm-Wv. ]n¶oSv [m\yw \nÀ¯-em-¡pw. Akv]Àiysc bmsXm-cp-

hn[ tPmenbpw GÂ]n-¡p-I-bn-Ã. CXnsâ BXy-ń-I-êw sImSpw

]«n-Wn-bm-bn-cn-¡pw.”74 kmaqly AS-bv¡Â (Social lock) Zfn-XÀ¡v-taÂ

\nÀan-¡m³ Ffp-¸-¯nÂ Ign-bp-¶-Xn-§-s\bmWv. sXmgn-ensâ {]Xn-

êw F¶ \ne-bv¡Ã adn¨v HuZmcyw F¶-co-Xn-bn-emWv {]Xn-êw

Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm v Xs¶ {]Xn-^-e-amb [m\y-

§Ä¡pw, ]mIw sNbvX `£-W-¯n\pw hnt[-bXzw \nÀ½n-bv¡m³

Ign-bp-¶p. Cu hnt[-bXzw GX-h-k-c-¯nÂ ewLn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-thm,

At¸mÄ \μn-bn-Ãm-¯-hÀ F¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. \μnbpw arK-§fpw

X½n-semcp _Ô-ap- v. \μn-bn-Ãm-̄ -arKw F¶ {]tbm-K-hp-ap- v. kmaq-

ly-t_m-[-¯nÂ Ft¸mgpw ]pd-¯mImhp¶ hnfp-¼n-emWv ZfnX hn\n-

a-b-§sf {Iao-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

CXn\v Dt]mÂ_-e-I-am-hp¶ \nc-h-[n-tI-kp-IÄ AYhm kmaq-

ly-a-\p-jy-\mbn Akv]Àiys\ ]cn-K-Wn-¡m¯ \nc-h[n enJnX

DZm-l-c-W-§Ä sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Ime-L-«-¯nepw XpS-cp-¶p- v.75 Cý³

]o\ÂtIm-Un\v ]pd-¯mWv ZfnXv kaq-l-§-fp-sS, Pohn-X-hpw, ]Z-hnbpw

74. t]. 167. tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ, k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 10.

75. ‘‘{_o«njv ̀ cW Cý-bnÂ, IÂ¡-«-bnÂ dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvXv Hcp tIkns\ Awt_ZvIÀ

]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. t\m_n³ tUmw Fs¶m-cmÄs¡-Xnsc BSns\ tamjvSn¨ Ipä-̄ n\v tIsk-Sp-̄ p. AbmÄ Ipä-¡m-c-\-sÃ¶v sXfn-ªp. am\-\-jvS-̄ n\v tIkv t\m_nÄ tUmwsImSp-̄ p. PUvPn ]cmXn XÅn-¡-f-ªp. \oN-Pm-Xn-bnÂ s]«-h-\m-bXp sIm v AbmÄ¡vkÂt¸cv CsÃ¶v ]d-ªmWv PUvPn tIkv XÅn-bXv FÃm hyàn-Ifpw kam-\-cm-sW¶vCtX-̄ p-SÀ¶v sslt¡m-SXn hn[n-̈ p. F¦nepw, Akv]Àiy-\mb HcmÄ¡v kÂt -̧cn-sÃ¶Bibw aPn-kvt{S-«n\v F§s\ In«n F¶ tNmZyw Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶p. a\pkvar-Xn-bpsS {]t_m-

[-\-§-fnÂ \n¶mWv F¶-Imcyw XoÀ -̈bm-Wv.”(t]. 191 tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ, k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-

IÄ, hmeyw þ 10.)

{Iaw 74

\ne-\n -¶n -cp -¶Xv ]e-t¸m -gpw. s]mXpt_m[-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ

sslμh[mÀan-IX {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I-bpw, hym]\w \S-¯p-Ibpw Hmtcm

AS-cnepw Øm\-ap-d-¸n-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Cý-\-h-Ø-bn-emWv

{_n«ojv ]o\Â tImUv asämcp \nba{]hÀ -̄\-¯n\v Cý-bnÂ {ian-

¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ ]e-t¸mgpw Cý³ ]o\ÂtIm-UnÂ a\p-kvarXn

AXnsâ Acq] kz`m-h-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n -¡p-¶p - v . CXns\

Awt_-ZvIÀ C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. ‘a\phnsâ [Àaw Hcn-¡epw

tIhew IgnªIme -I-Y-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. C¶p- m-¡nb \nbaw t]mse-

bmWv AXnsâ ØnXn. hcpw Ime-§-fnepw AXn\v {]m_eyw D m-

bn-cn-¡pw. Hcp tNmZyw am{X-ta-bp-Åq. Cu {]m_eyw Ipd¨p Ime-t¯-

¡p-am-{X-am-tWm, AtXm F¶-t¶-¡p-am-tWm.”76

amÀIvknks¯ ]cn-tim-[n-¨p-sIm v Cý-\-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn¨v

Cý-\-hØbnÂ aX-¯n-\p-ff Øm\-s¯bpw AXnsâ ]n³X-

d-bmbn (Back support) {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ cmjv{Sobm-[n-Im-c-s¯bpw

amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ Nn´m-cq-]-§-fnÂ IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶Xv DNn-X-am-

bn-cn-¡pw. amÀIvkn-k-̄ n\v Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ F´p sN¿m-\mhpw F¶

Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ \nco-£Ww PmXn sslμh þ {_mÒW Cý-bnÂ

IqSp-XÂ {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p.

Cý³ kaq-l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-amb Hcp ]T-\-¯n-\p-ff {ia-

¯nsâ Hcp sNdnb cq]w am{Xta At±-l-¯n\v Fgp-Xm³ PohnXw

A\p-h-Zn-¨p-Åq. ‘_p²t\m ImdÂ amÀIvtkm’ F¶ Xe-s¡-«n-emWv

Cu {iaw At±lw t\cn«v {]ZÀin-¸n- -̈Xv. F¶mÂ CXc ]pkvX-I-§-

fnÂ amÀIvkn-b³ hÀ¤ (Class) kao-]-\s¯ At±lw Cý-\-h-Ø-

bnÂ ]cn-tim-[n-¨n-«p v F¶p ImWm-\m-hpw.

76. t]. 191 -tUm.-Aw-t_-ZvIÀ k¼q-À-W-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ10.

{Iaw 75

ImdÂ amÀIvknsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ aX-sa-¶Xv a\p-jyÀ¡p-

\ÂIp¶ H¸nb (Opium) amWv. aXw a\p-jys\ A\y-hÂ¡-cn-¡m³

kaq-l-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p....... F¶mÂ {][m-\-ambpw

]mivNm¯y-ap-X-em-fn¯ kao-]-\-¯nÂ \n¶mWv amÀIvkv AXnsâ

Bi-b-§Ä IqSp-Xepw \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp-¯-Xv, F¶v KbnÂ Hwshäv

(Gail omvedt) A`n{]mb-s¸-Sp-¶p.77

19-þmw \qäm- n-\-Sp¯v F¯p-t¼mÄ hnth-Im-\-μ\pw XpSÀ¶v alm-

ß-Km-Ônbpw kmaq-ly-ambn \S-¯p¶ CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ ‘lcn-P³’ F¶

kmaqly\m-a-¯n-tebv¡v Akv]Àiy-scbpw aäpw {]th-in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-

se-¯p-¶p. ssZhnI hymJym-\-¯nsâ ASn-¯-d-bn-emWv KmÔn-Pnbpw

aäpw Cu \nÀh-N-\-̄ n-se-¯p-¶-Xv. Awt_-ZvIÀ hÀ¤-§-sfbpw (Class),

P\-§-sfbpw c mbn«mWv I n-cp-¶-Xv. sslμ-h-a-X-¯nsâ XXz-

imkv{Xw I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ BZn-Im-e-cq-]w F¶n-h-bn-eqsS C´y³

hÀ¤-kz-`m-hhpw AXn-\n-S-bnse InS-a-Õ-c-§-sfbpw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p- v.

amÀIvkn-b³ hÀ¤-bp-²-§-sf-¡mÄ (Class war)- Xo{hhpw Gsd-hÀjw

\o p \n¶-Xp-amb H¶mbn Awt_-ZvIÀ CXns\ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.

{_mÒ-Wcpw £{Xn-bcpw X½n-ep-ff \o -bp-²-§-fpw, £{Xn-bsc

IpcpXn sImSp-¡m³ ]c-ip-cm-a³ \S-¯p¶ \o {ia-§fpw CXnsâ

DZm-l-c-W-ambn At±lw Nq n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p.

tKm{X-]-cw, {]mNo-\w, ^yqUÂ F¶n-§s\ Xncn-¡p¶ DÂ]m-

Z-\-kw-kÀ¤-hpw, sXmgnÂ hn`-P-\hpw kw_-Ôn-¨p-ff aq¶p cq]-§sf

amÀIvkv hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. H¶m-a-t¯Xv tKm{X-]-c-amb kz¯p-Sa-Ø-

X-bm-Wv.78 CtXm-sSm¸w cmjv{S-¯nsâ sXmgnÂ hn -̀P-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw

{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p v. Hcp cmjv{S-¯n-\p-Ånse sXmgnÂ hn -̀P\w BZyw

hymh-km-bn-Ihpw hmWn-Py-]-c-hp-amb A²zm\w ImÀjn-Im-²zm-\-¯nÂ

77. P.50-51, Reconstructing the world - surendra Jondhale and Johannes Beltz.78. t]Pv. 20,21,22, ImdÂamÀIvkv s^U-dnIv FwKÂkv Xnc-sª-Sp¯ IrXn-IÄ þ hmeywþ 1.

{Iaw 76

\n¶pw thÀXn-cn-bp-¶-Xn-tebv¡pw A§s\ \K-chpw {Kmahpw X½nÂ

thÀ Xncn-bp-¶-Xn-tebv¡pw Ah-bpsS Xmev]-cy-§Ä Gäpap«p¶-Xn-

te¡pw hgn-sX-fn-¡p-¶p.79

Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ \K-chpw {Kmahpw thÀXn-cn-bp-¶Xv tKm{X,

\mtSm-Sn-k-aq-lw, {]Xn-jvTm-]nXm kaq-l, hnL-Sn-X-k-aq-l-{]-hÀ -̄\-§-

fpsS Gdnbpw Ipd-ªp-ap-ff {]hÀ -̄\-§-fpsS ̀ mK-am-bm-Wv. \K-c-̄ nepw

(\-Kcw F¶ {]mNo\ kaq-l-̄ n-epw) {Kma-̄ nepw Akv]Àiy-cpw, tKm{X-

k-aq-l-§fpw ]n´-Å-s¸-Sp-Ibpw DZv]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bnÂ {]m[m-\y-an-

Ãm¯hcmbn¯ocp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p v. \K-chpw {Kmahpw X½nÂ \S-

¡p¶ Gäp-ap-«Â Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ D m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. adn v̈ hnhn[ kaq-

l-§Ä X½nÂ Gäp-ap-«-ep-IÄ D m-bn-«p- v. hÀW-§Ä X½nÂ \S-¶n-

«p-ff Gäp-ap-«-ep-IÄ amÀIvkv apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ km¼-̄ nI {]{In-b-

IÄ¡-̧ p-d¯v hnizmkw, BNm-cw, F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n Imc-W-§Ä

{][m-\-ambn ImWm-\m-hpw. Ah-bpsS ASn-¯-d-bn-emWv A[n-Imcw

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. {]mNo-\-Im-es¯ kap-Zm-b-¯n-sâbpw kvtänsâbpw

kz¯p-S-a-Ø-X-bmWv c m-as¯ kz¯p-S-a-Ø-Xm-cq-]w, ̂ yqUÂ AYhm

t{iWn-_-²-kz-¯p-S-a-Ø-X-bmWv aq¶m-as¯ kz¯p-S-a-Ø-Xm-cq-]w......

^yqU-en-k-¯nsâ kphÀW-Im-e¯v ]d-b-¯¡ sXmgnÂ hn`-P-\-

sam¶pw D m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Hmtcm cmPy¯pw \K-chpw {Kmahpw X½n-ep-

ff ssh]-coXyw \ne-\n-¶p. t{iWn-I-fmbp-ff hn -̀P\w hf-sc-tbsd

{]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw {Kma-§-fnÂ {]`p-¡Ä, amS-¼n-amÀ, ]ptcm-ln-

X-·mÀ, IÀj-IÀ F¶n-§-s\bpw \K-c-§-fnÂ takvXn-cn-amÀ, I¿m-fÀ,

A{]- o-kp-IÄ F¶n-§-s\bpw, ChÀ¡p-]p-dta A[nIw Xma-kn-¡msX

{]Xy-£-s¸« Znh-k-th-e-¡m-cpsS Iq«w F¶n-§-s\-bp-ff thÀXn-cn-shm-

gn-̈ mÂ Imcy-amb hn -̀P-\-sam¶pw \S-¶n-cp-¶n-Ã.80

79. t]Pv. 20,21,22, ImdÂamÀIvkv s{Û-dnIv FwKÂkv Xnc-sª-Sp¯ IrXn-IÄ þ hmeywþ 1.

80. t]Pv 23 þ24 ImdÂamÀIvkv s{Û-dnIv FwKÂkv Xnc-sª-Sp¯ IrXn-IÄ hmeyw þ1

{Iaw 77

amÀIvknsâ Cu \nK-a\w C´y-\-h-Ø-bnÂ \n¶pw F{X-

t¯mfw hnZq-c-¯nÂ \nÂ¡p¶XmsW¶v Hä-hm-b-\-bnÂ¯s¶ hyà-

am-hp-¶-tX-bp-f-fq. tKm{X-k-aq-lw, \mtSm-Sn-k-aq-lw, {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-

k-aq-lw, hnL-SnXkaqlw F¶n-§-s\-bp-ff cq]-§-tfm-sS-bmWv

Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ \nco-£-W-¯nÂ {_mÒ-W-`m-cXw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-

Xv. CXn-\m-hs« ZmÀi-\n-I-amb hn]p-eX t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ Ign-ªn-

cp¶pXm-\pw. CXn-s\-Xnsc cq]w sImÅp¶ _p²sâ hn¹-h-{i-a-

§Ä¡v temI-¯nsâ Xs¶ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnÂ {]th-in-¡m³ Ign-

ªn-cp-¶p. am{X-hp-aÃ kap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ-bpw, tÌän-sâbpw kz¯p-S-a-

Ø-Xsb P\-Io-b-am-¡p-¶-Xn\pw kmaq-ly-am-¡p-¶-Xn\pw \nc-h[n

kw`m-h-\-IÄ apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡m\pw AXn\pw Ign-ªp. _p²-{i-a-

§Ä¡p-ta-ep-ff a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS {]Xn-hn-¹-h-¯n-\m-hs« \nc-h[n

PmXn-I-sfbpw D]-Pm-Xn-I-sfbpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, \nb-am-[n-Im-c-

am-bpw, cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-cambpw, aXm-[n-Im-c-ambpw {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ Ign-

ªn-cp¶p F¶p am{X-aÃ AXv XpS-cm\pw Ign-ªn-cp-¶p.

Cu Ime-L-«-¯nÂ hnhn[ A[n-Im-c-cq-]-§-fnÂ H¶p-am-{X-am-

bn-cp¶p ^yqUÂ A[n-Im-c-w. amÀIvknsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ ]d-b-

¯¡ sXmgnÂ hn`-P-\-sam¶pw \S-¶n-«n-Ãm¯ bqtdm-]y³ Ime-L-«-

¯n\v kam-´-c-ambn C´y-bnÂ sXmgn-ensâ hn`-P-\-§fpw AXn-\p-

ÅnÂ ho pw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS hn`-P-\hpw \S¶p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p.

am{X-hp-aÃ s]mXpkaq-l-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä At§-bäw AS-

ª-Xpw, aX-þ -cm-jv{S A[n-Im-c-¯mÂ ]n´p-S-cp -¶-Xp-am-bn-cp -¶p.

Úmt\-iz-c³, \ma-tZ-h³, tKmc, sNm¡-ta-f, Úmt\-iz-cn, GIv\m-

Yv, IpW-_n, Xp¡mdmw F¶o t{ijvT-cpsStaÂ {_mÒ-WnI þssl-

μ-h-þ-cm-jv{So-bm-[n-Imcw \S-¯n-b-\n-μyhpw a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-hp-amb kao-

]-\-§fpw X«n-¨p-t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ amÀIvkn-b³ \nco-£-W-¯nsâ

{Iaw 78

Cý³ {]Xn-kÔn a\-Ên-em-¡m³ km[n-¡pw.

Cý-b-S -¡-ap -ff Gjy³ kaq -ls¯ kw_-Ôn -¨p -ff

amÀIvknsâ [mc-W-I-fnÂ Ht«sd hnS-hp-I-fp- m-bn-cp¶p F¶v tUm.-

F³.-F. Icow. hyà-am-¡p-¶p. PmXn-k-{¼-Zm-b-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-ff ]cn-an-

X-amb Adn-hpw, aX-¯nsâ kzm[o-\s¯ I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s^-tÌm-

bnÂ Imcy-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡m-¯-Xpw, sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤-t_m[w hf-cp-

t¼mÄ aX-t_m[w Aen-ªp-t]mhpw F¶ \nco-£-W-¯nepw {]Xn-k-

Ôn-bp v F¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.81

bqtdm-]y³ t{iWn-Isf amÀIvkv Nq n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. Cý³

t{iWn cq]-§Ä AXnsâ ss\c-´-cy-¯nÂ t{iWn-cq-]-§-fmbpw \nc-

h[n A\y-§-fmbpw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p F¶ hkvXpX bqtdm-]y³ At\z-

j-W-̄ n\v ]pXp-a-bp- m-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. ASn-a-̄ -̄ nsâ c p cq]-§-sf¡p-

dn v̈ Awt_-ZvIÀ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv AXp-sIm- m-Wv. A£cw ]Tn-¡m³

Ah-k-c-hpw, kzIm-cy-kz-̄ v ssIhiw hbv¡m³ Ah-k-chpw hyàn-

Xzs¯ AwKo-I-cn-¡p¶ ASn-a-Xz-hp-amWv tdma³ ASn-a-¯-¯n-tâXv.

F¦nÂ CXv aq¶pw \ntj-[n-¡p¶ ASn-a-̄ -amWv `mc-Xob ASn-a-̄ w.

am{X-hp-aÃ a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS L«-̄ n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ Cu ASn-a¯w AsÃ-

¦nÂ asämcp hyh-Ø-bmb NmXpÀhÀWyw P·\m Gsä-Sp-t¡ Ah-

Ø-bn-tebv¡v a\p-jy-s\sIms ¯n-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

kmaq-ly-sXm-gnÂ hn -̀P\w AXnsâ `hn-jy¯v F¶-Xn-s\-¡p-

dn-¨p-ff amÀIvknsâ A`n-{]mbw {i²n-¡p-I. “hyàn-KX Xmev]-cyhpw

s]mXpXmev]-cyhpw X½nÂ sshcp-²y-ap-f-f-Xp-sIm- p-Xs¶ `c-W-Iq-S-

sa¶ \ne¡v hyàn-bpsSsb¶-t]mse Iq«m-bva-bptSbpw bYmÀ°-Xm-

ev]-cy-§-fnÂ \n¶p thdn«p\nÂ¡p¶ Hcp kzX-{´-cq-]-hpw, AtX-k-

81. t]Pv .23, _p²³, amÀIvkv, Awt_-ZvIÀ, tUm.-F³.-F.-I-cow, ss\Xn-I-kw-hm-Zw.

{Iaw 79

abw Xs¶ anYy-bmb Iq«p Pohn-X-¯nsâ cq]hpw BWv BÀPn-¡p-¶-

Xv. F¶mÂ cà-_Ôw, `mj, IqSp-XÂ hn]p-e-amb tXmXn-ep-ff

sXmgnÂ hn -̀P\w F¶n-h-b-\p-k-cn¨pw aäp Xmev]-cy-§-f-\p-k-cn¨pw

Hmtcm IpSpw_w AYhm tKm{X k©-b-¯nepw \ne-hn-ep-ff bYmÀ°-

_Ô§fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nepw hnti-jn¨v hÀ¤-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-

¯n-ep-amWv AsX-t¸mgpw \S-¡p-¶-Xv. sXmgnÂ hn -̀P-\-¯mÂ \nÀ®-

bn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ hÀ¤-§Ä Hmtcm P\-k-©-b-¯nepw thÀXn-cn-bp-Ibpw

Ah-bn-sem¶v asä-Ãm-hÀ¤-§-sfbpw AS¡n `cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

`c-W-Iq-S-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ \S-¡p¶ FÃm ka-c-§fpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw

Ipeo\ hÀ¤m-[n-]-Xyhpw cm-Pm-[n-]-Xyhpw X½n-ep-ff ka-chpw thm«-h-

Im-i-¯n-\p-th- n-bp-ff ka-chpw aäpw aäpw þ hyXy-kvX-hÀ¤-§Ä ]c-

kv]cw \S-¯p¶ bYmÀ°-k-a-c-§-fpsS shdpw anYym-cq-]-§Ä am{X-

am-sW¶v CXnÂ \n¶pw kn²n-¡p-¶p.” 82

hn -̀P-\-s¯-bpw, hÀK-§-fpsS sshcp-²y-§-sf-bpw, AXnsâ hÀ¤-

k-a-c-§-fpsS anYym-cq]-§-sf-bpw, sXmgnÂ hn`-P-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw cq]w

sImÅp¶ AXnsâ sFIy-kz-`m-h-s¯-bpw, hÀ¤§sf AS¡n `cn-

¡p¶ `c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâbpw kao-]-\-§sf amÀIvkv \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶-Xp-

t]msetbm, hymJy-\n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-setbm ]cn-an-X-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bmÂ t]mcm

F¶-XmWv Awt_-ZvI-dpsS A`n-{]m-bw. C´y³ kaq-l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v

Ipdª ]£w At±-l-¯nsâ A`n-{]mbw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ Hä-

s¸-Sp-¶Xpw thÀXn-cn-bp-¶Xpw hÀ¤-hn- -̀P-\m-h-Ø-bn-eÃ ]Icw PmXn

hyh-Ø-bn-em-sW¶v hyà-am-¡p-¶p. CXv kmaq-ly-amb hn`m-K-§-sf,

hn`-P-\s¯ (Social classes) {]Xn\n[oI-cn-¡p-¶p. tIh-e-amb km¼-

¯nI hÀ¤-§sf (Economical class) am{XaÃ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

“Häs¸-Sm\pw thÀXn-c-bm-\p-ap-ff hy{K-X-bpsS Gähpw D·-¯hpw {]I-

82. t]Pv. 41-þ42, ImdÂamÀIvkv s{^U-dnIv FwKÂkv Xnc-sª-Sp¯ IrXn-IÄ hmeyw þ1

{Iaw 80

Sn-X-hp-amb cq]-amWv PmXn-hy-h-Ø. PmXnbv¡v GI-h-N-\-¯nÂ \nÂ¡m-

\m-hn-Ã. _lp-h-N-\-¯nÂ am{Xta AXn\v \nÂ¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bp-Åq.

PmXn-IÄ D mIpw PmXn Fs¶mcp kwKXn D m-hpI km[y-a-Ã.

XpS-¡-¯nÂ \mep PmXn-Isf D m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. Ct¸mÄ F{X-sb-®-

ap v c m-bn-c-¯nÂ Ipd-h-Ã.”83

sXmgn-ensâ Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-epw, thm«-h-Im-i-hpw, ]c-kv]-c-k-l-

I-c-Whpw CÃ F¶v {]Jy-]n¨ Hcp LS-\-bn-emWv AXnsâ hyh-Øm-

cq-]-¯n\v kam-\-ambn amÀIvkv hÀ¤-k-aq-ls¯ {]Xn-jvTn-¡m³ {ian-

¡p-¶-Xv. Awt_-ZvIÀ AXns\ C§s\ Ip«n-t¨À¡p-¶p. “PmXn-I-

fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_-Ô-§Ä kmtlm-Z-cy-sa¶ hnImcw Df-hm-¡p-¶n-sÃ-

¶p-X-s¶-b-Ã, Ah XnI¨pw {`mXr-l-Xy-]-c-am-Wp-Xm-\pw. hÀK-t_m-[w,

hÀK-k-a-cw, hÀK-bp²w F¶o Bib§Ä ImdÂamÀIvknsâ IrXn-

I-fnÂ \n¶v {]Nm-c-¯nÂ h¶p-sh-¶m-WtÃm Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. AXv

]c-am-_-²-am-Wv. hÀK-t_m-[-hpw, hÀK-k-a-c-hpw, hÀK-bp-²hpw A\p-

-̀hn- -̈dnª \mSmWv Cý. {_mÒ-Wcpw £{Xn-bcpw X½nÂ hÀK-

bp²w \S¶n-«p-ff \mSmWv Cý. AXyp-{K-amb Cu hÀK-bp²w

At\Iw Xe-ap-d-¡mew \o p-\n-¶p. c v hÀ¤-§Ä¡pw AXv D·q-e-

\miw hcp¯n h¨p.84

amÀIvkv ^yqUÂ kaq-ls¯ t{iWo-IrX kaqlw F¶p hnfn-

¡p-¶p- v. Cý-bnÂ t{iWn-IrX Ak-aXzw F¶Xv Hcp auenI XXz-

am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah Xnc-Ýo-\-hpw H¶n-\p-taÂ H¶mbn ]Z-hn-bnÂ \nÂ¡p-

Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hÀK-§-fpsS CS-bnse Cu ap³K-W\m-{Iaw Bßo-b-

hpw, [mÀan-I-hpw, ss\bm-an-I-hp-ambn \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ H¶m-sW¶v

Awt_-ZvIÀ Nq n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. km£n-IÄ tImS-Xn-bn-se-¯n-bmÂ

AhÀ sNt¿ Hmtcmtcm IÀ½-§-sfbpw a\p-hy-à-am-¡p-¶p- v.

83. t]Pv. 130, tUm.-Aw-t_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ 6.

84. t]Pv. 133. tUm.-Aw-t_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ6.

{Iaw 81

Hmtcm hÀ¤-¯n\pw Øncw sXmgn-ep-IÄ \nÀt±-in-¡p-Ibpw \mep

hÀ¤§-fpsS sXmgn-ep-I-sf-¡p-dn¨p a\p-kvar-Xn-hy-à-am-¡p-¶p. hÀ¤-

§Ä¡nS-bnse sshcp-²y-¯n-ep-ap v a\p-kvarXn \nb-a-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ a\p-

jy-hn-cp-²-X. hyXy-kvX-hÀ¤-§Ä X½n-ep-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-s¯bpw

kwkÀKs¯bpw AXv \ntcm-[n-¡p¶p F¶p-f-f-Xm-Wv. asämcp {][m\

hkvXpX hÀ¤-§Ä¡p-taÂ hÀWw (Varna) F¶sbm¶v {]hÀ¯n-

¡p¶p F¶ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. bqtdm-]y³ t_m[-¯n\v XnI¨pw A]-cn-

Nn-X-amb H¶mWv hÀWw F¶ a\p-jy-hn-cp² Bi-bw. sslμ-h-k-aq-

l-¯nsâ ASn-¯-«m-bpw, sslμh kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob t_m[-¯nsâ

e£y-ambpw \nev¡p-¶Xv Cu hÀ®, hÀ®m-{i-a-[À½ ]²-Xn-bm-Wv.

C§-s\-sbmcp {]iv\w bqtdm-]y³ ̂ ypUenk-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv

aäp-cq-]-§-fn-em-Wv. “hÀ¤L-S-\-bnÂ D m-hp¶ amä-§Ä PmXn DÄs¸-

sS-bp-ff kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bnÂ amä-ap- m-¡n-sÃ-¶Ã hnh£. amä-§Ä

ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]gb Ipe-s¯m-gn-ep-IÄ Ct¸mÄ PmXn-¡p-]p-d-

t¯¡v kw{I-an-¡p-¶p- v. F¦nepw hÀ¤-L-S-\-bnÂ amä-ap- m-Ip-¶-

tXm-Sp-IqSn hÀ®-þ-PmXnIÄ krjvSn¨ D -̈\o-NXzw CÃm-Xm-hp-¶n-Ã. ]«-

W-¯nse ^mIvS-dn-bnÂ sXmgn-em-fn-bmbn tPmen-sN-¿p¶ {Kma-¯nse

{_mÒ-WÀ Xncn-s -̈¯p-t¼mÄ X\n{_mÒ-W-cmbn amdp-Ibpw s]cp-am-

dp-Ibpw sN¿p¶-Xv. \½Ä Ct¸mgpw I p-sIm- n-cn-¡p-¶p.”85 F¶v

]pXn-b-Im-es¯ hymJym-\n-¡p-I-bmWv sI.-th-Wp.

Awt_-ZvIÀ hÀ¤-§-sfbpw _lp-P-\-§-sfbpw c m-bn-«mWv

C´y-\-h-Ø-bnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. _lp-P-\-§sf hÀ¤w F¶ \ne-bnÂ

amÀIvkn-b³ kao-]-\-¯nÂ hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ Ign-bn-sÃ¶v At±lw

AÀ°-am-¡p-¶p. C´y³hÀ¤-kz-`m-h-hpw Ah X½n-ep-ff InS-a-Õ-

cs¯¡pdn¨pw At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p- v. ap¼v kqNn-̧ n-¨n-«p-ff {_mÒ-

85. t]. 32, ImÄ amÀIvkpw Awt_-ZvI-dpw, sI.th-Wp, ss\XnI kwhm-Zw.

{Iaw 82

W-þ-£-{Xn-b-e-l-f-I-fpw, iq{Z-þ-£-{Xn-b-e-l-f-Ifpw CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-

am-Wv. iq{ZÀ hÀ®-§-fnÂ \memw-hÀW-am-hp-¶Xpw C¯cw Iem-]-

¯nsâ {]Xn-^-e-am-sW¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. asämcp hkvXpX

sXmgn-ep-Isf kw_-Ôn-¨p-f-f-Xm-Wv. “sXmgn-en\p ]pWy¯w Iev]n-

bv¡m³ Ign-ªXv Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ Hcp sXmgn-en-\p-am-{X-am-Wv. AYhm

ssZh-tk-h. CXv \nÀ½n- -̈t_m[w CX-c-sXm-gn-ep-I-fpsS am\y-X-sb-bpw,

AXnÂ CS-s]-Sp¶ P\-X-sbbpw XIÀs¯-dn-ªp.86

amÀIvkv I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s^tÌm \nÀ½n-bv¡p-¶Xv GsXms¡

coXn-bnÂ ]cn-tim-[n-¨m-epw, AXnsâ ̀ mj-bpw, DZm-l-c-W-§fpw tNÀ¯v

]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ t]mepw bqtdm-]y³ km¼-¯nI kaq-l-¯n\pw ]pd¯v

AXnsâ hymJym\w A]qÀW-am-hp-¶p- v. Ncn-{X-¯nsâ BZn-Im-e-

L-«-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-ff \nco-£Ww {i²n-¡p. “Ncn-{X-¯nsâ BZn-Im-e-

L-«-§-fnÂ hnhn[ t{iWn-I-fm-b, kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn-bpsS Ht«sd D¨-\o-N-

X«pI-fm-bn, Xcw Xncn-¡-s¸-«-Xpw, k¦oÀW-hp-amb Hcp kaq-l-kw-hn-

[m-\-amWv Gsd-¡psd Fhn-sSbpw ImWp-¶-Xv. ]ucm-WnI tdmanÂ þ

]{Sojy-·mcpw (Ip-eo-\À), ss\äp-Ifpw (tbm[-·mÀ), s¹_n-b-·mcpw

(t¾Ñ-·mÀ) ASn-a-Ifpw D m-bn-cp¶p. a[y-bp-K-¯n-em-Is« ^yqUÂ

{]`p-¡-·m-cpw, amS-¼n-I-fpw, KnÂUvam-ÌÀamcpw, the-¡m-cpw, A{]- o-

kp-Ifpw, ASnbm·mcpw D m-bn-cp-¶p. IqSmsX an¡-hmdpw FÃm hÀ¤-

§-fnepw ]e ]e Ahm-ć hn`m-K-§fpw D m-bn-cp-¶p.”87

Cusbmcp \nco-£-W-s¯-t¸mse efn-X-ambn hnh-cn-¡m-hp-¶-

XmtWm Cý³ AS-cp-IÄ? Cý³ AS-cp-IÄ AXnsâ Ncn-{X-L-«-

¯nÂ kw`-hn-¡p¶ \nc-h[n Gän-d-¡-§Ä Ipeo-\À, tbm²m-¡Ä,

t¾Ñ-·mÀ, ASn-a-IÄ F¶o-§s\ hmbn-¡m-hp-¶-X-Ã. hwio-b-hpw, hÀW-

86. t]Pv. 163, tUm.-Aw-t_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ hmeyw þ6

87. t]. 150, amÀIvkv FwKÂkv Xnc-sª-Sp¯ IrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw-þ1

{Iaw 83

]-c-hpw, kmaq-ly-hpw, PmXn-]-c-hp-ambn Zriy/AZriy hn`n¶-X-I-fp-sSbpw

t]mcm-«-§-fp-tS-Xp-am-Wv. Cý³ kaq-l-¯nÂ Akv]ÀiyÀ cmPym-h-

Im-ihpw A[n-Im-chpw, kz´-ambn kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-abw hym]n-¸n-

-̈h-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\p-taÂ kw -̀hn-bv¡p¶ IS-¶m-{I-a-W-§-fm-bn-

«mWv ]n¶oSp kw -̀hn-¡p¶ {_mÒ-W-þ-tKm-{X-k-aq-l-þ-hn-L-Sn-X-k-aql

þ{]-Xn-jvTm-]nX kaq-l-§sf ImWm³ Ign-bq.

\mKÀ, {Zmhn-UÀ, tNcÀ, aucyÀ, imIyÀ F¶n-§s\ Hcp hn]p-

e-[m-c-bmWv XpSÀ¶v inYn-e-am-bn-t¸m-hp-¶-Xv. AXv \nÀ½n¨ kmwkvI-

cn-I, am\p-jn-I, Bßo-b-[m-c-I-fmWv {_mÒ-W-cmÂ inYn-e-am-hp-¶-Xpw,

BZn-hmknbmb _p²-\mÂ Xncn-sI-]n-Sn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xpw, a\p-kvar-

Xn-bmÂ ho pw a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-am-hp-¶Xpw. C§-s\-sbmcp Ncn-{X-km-

aq-ly-]-cn-k-cs¯ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-XnÂ bqtdm-]y³ amÀIvknkw ]cm-

P-b-s¸-Sp-¶p- v. \mK-·m-cpsS kwkvImcw F¶ AÀ°-¯n-emWv \mK-

co-IX F¶ hm¡v Cý-bnÂ {]tbm-Kn¨p XpS-§p-¶-Xv.

If-{`À (Kalabharar) F¶ kaq-l-̄ nsâ icn-bmb t]cv Imf-̧ -d-

bÀ (Kalaparayar) F¶m-sW¶pw ChÀ BZn-X-angv ̀ c-W-Im-e-̄ nse hàm-

¡fpw _p²aX-¡mcm-bn-cp¶p F¶pw sP. taml³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.88

amÀIvkv a²y-Im-e-k-aq-ls¯ C§s\ hne-bn-cp -¯p-¶p,

“a[ybpK-¯nse ASn-bm-f-cnÂ \n¶v BZys¯ \K-c-§-fnse kzX-{´-

cmb \K-c-hm-kn-IÄ DbÀ¶p-h-¶p. Cu \K-c-hm-kn-I-fnÂ \n¶mWv

_qÀjzm-kn-bpsS BZy-L-S-I-§Ä hfÀ¶p hnI-kn- -̈Xv.” 89

Cýsb kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw a[y-bp-K-¯n-eÃ \mK-cn-IX

DbÀ¶p-h-¶-Xv. adn¨v AXn-\p-ap¼p Xs¶ AYhm amÀIvknsâ \nco-

£-W-¯nse BZn-Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ¯s¶ `mc-X-¯nÂ \mK-co-I-X-cq]w

88. P.27, History of Dalit Struggle for freedom, J. Mohan.89. t]. 150, amÀIvkv FwKÂkv Xnc-sª-Sp¯ IrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw-þ1

{Iaw 84

sImÅp-¶p- v. amÀIvkv a[y-bpKw F¶v hnh-£n-¡p¶ Imew C´ysb

kw_-Ôn¨v FÃm AÀ°-̄ nepw a\p-kvarXn Ime-L-«-am-Ip-¶p. Kp]vXÀ

apXÂ apK-fÀ hscbpff Ime-L-«-am-Wn-Xv. AYhm A[x]X-\-¯nsâ

]c-tIm-Sn-bn-ep-ff `mc-X-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. Awt_-ZvIÀ Cu Ime-L-«-

s¯-¡p-dn¨v C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. “sXmgn-ep-Isf -þ AXm-bXv D]-

Po-h-\-amÀ¤s¯ þ aXw Hcn-S¯pw ]hn-{Xo-I-cn-¨n-Ã. km¼-¯n-I-{]-

hÀ¯\w FÃm-bvt¸mgpw aX-hn-ip-²n-bpsS shfn-bnÂ¯s¶bmWv \S-

¶n-«p-f-f-Xv. \mbm«v sXmgn-em-¡nb kaq-l-¯n\pw aX-ap- m-bn-cp-¶p.

F¶mÂ \mbm-«ns\ Hcp sXmgnÂ F¶ \ne-bnÂ aXw ]hn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-

I-tbm, hnip-²-am-¡p-Itbm sNbvXn-Ã. I¶p-Imen hfÀ¯Â sXmgn-

em-¡nb kaq-l-¯n\pw aX-ap- m-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ sXmgn-se¶ \ne-

bnÂ I¶p-Im-en-h-fÀ¯-ens\ aXw ]hn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-I-tbm, hnip-²-am-

¡p-Itbm sNbvXn-Ã. Irjn¸Wnsb sXmgn-se¶ \ne-bnÂ aXw ]hn-

{Xo-I-cn-¡p-Itbm hnip-²-am-¡p-Itbm sNbvXn-Ã. \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw, P·n-

am-cpw, IpSn-bm-·mcpw aäp-a-S-§nb ^yqU-en-k-¯n\pw kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw

am{X-am-Wp- m-bn-cp-¶-Xv; AXn\v hnip-²-X-sbm¶pap m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

aXw ]hn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw, hnip-²hpw imiz-Xhpw Aew-Ly-hp-

am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-Ibpw sNbvX kmaq-ly-{Iaw þ AXm-b-Xv, a\p-jy\v a\p-

jyt\mSpff _Ôwþ Dff GI P\X temI-¯nÂ lnμp-¡Ä am{X-

am-Wv. aXw ]hn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw hnip-²hpw imiz-Xhpw Aew-

Lyhpam¡n-¯oÀ¡p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp km¼-¯n-I-{Iaw þ AXm-bXv

]Wn-sbSp-¡p-¶-h\v ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-h-t\m-Sp-ff _Ôw þ DÅ GI

P\X temI-¯nÂ lnμp-¡Ä am{X-am-Wv.”90

amÀIvkv ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡nb bqtdm-]y³ kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bnÂ

km¼-¯nI ]T-\-¯n\v km[yX IqSn-bn-cp-¶p. hÀ¤-§-fpsS cq]o-I-c-

W-¯n-\pw, hÀ¤-hn- -̀P-\¯n\pw km¼-¯oI LS\ {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-bn-

cp-¶p. Hcp {]tXyI `qhn-`m-Ks¯ Hcp {]tXyI Ime-L-«-¯nse \nco-

90. t]Pv 163, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ hmeyw þ6.

{Iaw 85

£-Ws¯ amÀIvkv temIs¯ sam¯-¯nÂ hymJym-\n-¡m³ D]-tbm-

Kn-bv¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. amÀIvkn-k-t¯m-SpÅ Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ Gähpw

henb hntbm-Pn¸pw CXmWv. hÀ¤-s¯-t¸mse tIh-e-km-¼-¯nI

{]Xn-`m-k-aÃ PmXn-sb¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ kn²m-ń-¡p-¶p. km¼-¯nI

\nÀ®-b-hm-Z-¯n-eqsS Cý-bnse PmXnsb a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-ªn-

Ã. amÀIvkns\ BZ-c-thmsS ImWp¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ

amÀIvknkw A]-cym-]vX-am-sW¶v hyà-am-¡p-¶p. amÀIvkn-ks¯

bm{ń-I-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡nb Cý³ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ¡v PmXnsb

{]iv\-hÂ¡-cn-¡m³ Ign-bmsX t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp, F¶v sP. cLp

A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.91

a[y-bp-K-̄ nse Cu a\p-jy-hn-cp² kz`m-h-̄ nÂ \n¶mWv ̂ yqU-

en-k-¯nsâ LS\ Cý-bnÂ kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv. XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-a-

Ãm¯ ^yqUÂ LS-\-I-fnepw `mc-X-¯nse _lp-P-\-k-aq-l-¯nse

Pohn-Xm-h-Øsb th {X ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hm-¯-XmWv ^yqU-en-k-

¯nsâ hymh-km-bn-tIm-ev]m-Z-\-hpw, KnÂUp-I-fpw, It¼m-f-§-fpw,

\nÀ½m-W-s¯m-gn-em-fn-Ifpw kw_-Ôn v̈ amÀIvkv apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶

bqtdm-]y³ kao-]-\-§Ä. amÀIvknsâ Cu bqtdm-]y³ kao-]-\-§sf

A¯-c-¯nÂ IS-sa-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Cý³ amÀIvkn-b³ sXmgn-em-

fn-hÀ¤ \nco-£-W-§Ä. {_n«ojv Imew apX-ep-ff Ahn-Z-Kv²-\mb Iqen

(Coolie)*22, apX-ep-ff ]T-\-am-Wv, Cý³ Iqen ]T-\-§-fnÂ D]tbmKn¨p

XpS§p-¶-Xv. ]T-\-¯nsâ Ffp-¸-¯n-\p-th- n amÀIvkn-b³ amXr-Isb

]T-\-¯n\v kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ NnX-dn-t¸m-hp¶ Hcp henb P\-k-aq-

91. t]. 37, Awt_-ZvI-dpsS hnNm-c-hn-¹-hhpw amÀIvkn-k-hpw. sP. cLp, ss\Xn-I-kw-hm-Zw.

*22. BÀ. {]Imiw FUnäp sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶ ‘tIc-f-̄ nse t{SUv bqWn-b³ {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ Ncn-

{Xw’ F¶ {KÙ-̄ nÂ, tIc-f-̄ nse sXmgn-emfn hÀK-̄ nsâ BhnÀ`m-h-s -̄¡p-dn¨v ]cm-

aÀin-¡p-¶Xv 1859 se bptdm-]y-\mb tZd (Derragh) Be-̧ p-g-bnÂ Øm]n¨ IbÀ ̂ mIvSdn

apX-emWv tIc-f-̄ nse sXmgnÂ kaq-ls¯¡pdn-̈ pÅ ]T\w Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-

p-Xs¶ bqtdm-tI-{μo-Ir-X-ambn Npcp-§p-¶p- v. am{X-aÃ PmXn, aX,-k-aq-Zmb sXmgnÂ cq]-

§-sf-bpw, kz`m-h-s¯bpw C¯cw kao-]-\-§Ä ad-̈ ps-h-bv¡p-Ibpw ̀ mc-Xo-bamb sXmgnÂ

kaq-l-̄ nsâ icn-bmb ]T\w A\y-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

{Iaw 86

ls¯bmWv \man-hnsS ImWp-¶-Xv. Cý³ aqe-[-\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-ff

]T-\-¯n-\mbn amXrI kzoI-cn-¡p¶ amÀIvkn-b³ ]Tn-Xm-¡Ä, bqtdm-

tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb amÀIvkn-b³ kao-]\w kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hä-b-Sn¡v

Cý³ sXmgn-emfn kaq-l-¯nsâ AS-cp-Isf Is¿m-gn-bp¶p F¶mWv

CXnÂ hyà-am-hp-¶-Xv.

Pn. Atem-jy-knsâ (G.Aloysius) A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ Awt_-ZvIÀ

kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse lnμp aXkaq-l-¯nsâ ITn-\-X-bnÂ \n¶v

]pd-¯p-NmSns¡m p am{X-amWv ZfnXv _lp-P³ (Dalit Bahujan) apt¶-

ä-§Ä Cý-bnÂ km[y-am-hp-¶p-Åq. ^qte (Phule) apt¶m-«p-h-¨n-«p-

ff kmÀh-P-\nI kXy [Àa (Sarvajanika Satya dharma) XpS-§nb

{]Øm-\-§-fpw, {InkvXp-a-Xw, CÉm-a-Xw, _p²nkw Ch-bn-te-¡p-ff

aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-§fpw lnμp-a-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw ]pd¯p NmSp-¶-Xnsâ

`mK-am-bn-cp-¶p.92 aXhpw AXnsâ kmaq-ly-kz-`mhhpw Iptd-¡qSn `mhn-

_-Ôn-X-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³ {ian-¨Xv Awt_-ZvI-dm-bn-cp-¶p. aXw

kaq-l-¯nsâ Hcp sNdnb `mKaÃ AXv AXnsâ {][m-\-s¸« Hcp

`mK-ambn \nÂ¡p-¶p. Ncn-{Xs¯ \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mepw aX-am-sW-

¶p-h-cp-¶p. amÀIvkv aXs¯ \ntj-[n-¡p-I-bpw, A{]-[m-\-ambn ImWp-

IbpamWp- m-b-Xv. Awt_-ZvIÀ kmaq-ly-ambn IqSp-XÂ {]m[m-\yw,

aX-¯n-\p-s -¶pw, AXp-sIm v Xs¶ [mÀan-I-amb aX-¯nsâ {]tXy-

IX Xncn- -̈dn-bp-Ibpw AXn-\mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

amÀIvkn-Ìp-IÄ PmXnsb I -Xv Cý³ kaq-l-¯nsâ ASn-

¯-d-bmb P·n-Xz-¯nsâ taÂ¡q-c-bm-bn-«mWv. Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI

{]iv\w am{Xw. ASn-¯d XIÀ¶mÂ taÂ¡q-cbpw XI-cp-a-tÃm.

F¶mÂ CXp bm{ń-I-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-¶p. P·n-Xz-¯n-\p-ap-¼p-Xs¶ PmXn

92. P.205-208, Reconstructing the world - edited. Surendra Jondhala and Johannes Beltz.

{Iaw 87

cq]-s¸«ncp¶p-sh¶pw PmXn-bpsS ASn-¯-d-bn-emWv P·n-Xz-¯nse

DÂ]m-Z-\-_-Ô-§Ä Xs¶ D m-b-sX-¶p-ap-ff kXyw ChÀ I n-Ã.

ChnsS PmXn-sb-¶Xv DÂ]m-Z-t\m-]m-[n-I-fpsS DS-a-Ø-Xbpw DÂ]m-Z-

\-_-Ô-§fpw \nÀ®-bn-¡p¶ Hcp LS-I-am-Wv. Cu {]mY-anI kXyw

ImWm³ amÀIvkn-Ìp-IÄ¡v Ign-ªn-Ã. `qhp-S-a-ØX ]qÀW-ambpw

PmXn-b-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶tÃm F¶v kn.-BÀ. \oeI-WvT³ A`n-

{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.93

bizμv kpaμv (Yashwant Sumant) sâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ cmjv{Sob

kaq-l-¯nsâ shÃp-hn-fn-bnÂ aX-hn-aÀi-\s¯ Hcp {][m\ D]-I-c-W-

am-¡n-bn-cp¶p Awt_-ZvIÀ. AXp-sIm p Xs¶ _p²-a-Xs¯ At±lw

]p\À-hm-b-\bv¡v X¿m-dm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. _p²-ZÀi-\-amb ZpxJapàn

(Dukkhamukti) F¶ Bi-b-s¯, amÀIvknsâ Nqj-W-¯nÂ \n¶p-

ff kzmX{´yw (Freedom from exploitation) F¶ Bi-b-t¯mSv kam-

\-ambn kzoI-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AYhm Awt_-ZvIÀ amÀIvkn-\p-]-

Icw _p²sâ Bi-bs¯ kzoI-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ

\nco-£-W-¯nÂ PmXnbpw hÀ¤hpw IqSn-¡p-gª C´y-\-h-Ø-bnÂ

IqSp-XÂ D¯aw Cu \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cn¡pw F¶m-bn-cp-¶p. 94

“{]Zo-]v. ]n. tKmJse (Pradeep. P. Gokhale) A`n-{]mbs¸Sp-

¶Xv Awt_-ZvIÀ \nÀ½n¨ ]p\À\nÀ½m-W-]-²Xn (Reconstruction)-

bpsS {][m-\-s¸« LSIw F¶Xv aX-Øm-]-\-¯nsâ a[y-¯nÂ _p²n-

ks¯ Øm]n¨p F¶p-f-f-Xm-Wv. Cu Bi-b-¯n-\m-hs« aX-hn-cp-²-

hpw, en_-d-en-k-¯nepw (liberalism) amÀIvkn-k-¯n-epw, imkv{Xo-b-X-

93. t]Pv .73, amÀIvknÌv þ Awt_-ZvIÀ kwhmZw: C¶s¯ A\n-hm-cyX, kn.-BÀ. \oe-I-WvT³,

ss\XnI kwhm-Zw.

94. P.77, Reconstructing the world - edited. Surendra Jondhala and JohannesBeltz.

{Iaw 88

bnepw {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ Ign-bpw. At§-bäw hyà-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb kao-

]-\-ambn Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ Cu {]{In-bsb ImtW- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.”95

apI-fnÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ \nco-£-W-§-sfms¡¯s¶ C´y³

kaq-l-̄ nÂ amÀIvkn-k-¯n\v ]cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-hmsX t]mhp¶ kmaq-

ly-bm-YmÀ°y-§sf Awt_-ZvIÀ Bibw F -̄c-̄ nÂ apt¶m-«p-sIm p

t]mIm³ {ian-¡p¶p F¶-Xp-ambn _Ôn-¸n-bv¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. amÀIvkn-

s\bpw _p²-s\bpw ZmÀi\nI-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-

£-W-§Ä IqSn {i²n-bv¡mw. _p²sâ Bi-b-ZÀi-\-§sf At±lw

Ccp-]-̄ n-b©v {][m\ t]mbnâp-I-fm¡n¯ncn-̈ n-«p v.96 ImdÂamÀIvkn\p

ap¼p-Xs¶ At±lw apt¶m-«p-sh¨ tkmjy-enÌv Bi-b-§Ä temI v̄

{]N-cn¨p Ign-ªn-cp¶p F¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ ]dbp¶p. amÀIvkn-b³

ZÀi-\-̄ nÂ \n¶pw \mep Imcy-§tf Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶p-ffq F¶v Awt_-

ZvIÀ hne-bn-cp-̄ p-¶p. Ah Xmsg Ipdn-¡mw.

1. XXz-im-kv{X-¯nsâ [Àaw temIs¯ ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡p-I-sb-¶-

Xm-Wv, temI-¯nsâ DXv]¯n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m³ kabw ]mgm-

¡p-I-sb-¶-XÃ.

2. hÀ¤hpw hÀ¤hpw X½nÂ Hcp Xmev]-cy-kw-L-«-\-ap v.

3. kzIm-cy-kz¯v Hcp hÀ¤-¯n\v A[n-Im-chpw asäm-cp-hÀ¤-¯n\v

Nqj-W-¯n-eqsS Zpcn-Xhpw \ÂIp-¶p.

4. kzIm-cy-kz¯v \nÀ-¯-em¡n ZpcnXw Ah-km-\n-¸n-t¡- Xv

95. P.130, Reconstructing the world - edited. Surendra Jondhale and JohannesBeltz.

96. 1. kzX-{´y-k-aq-l-̄ n\v aXw Bh-iy-am-Wv. 2. FÃm-a-X-§-fpw kzoIm-cy-tbm-Ky-a-Ã. 3. aXw

Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°y-hp-ambn _Ô-s -̧«n-cn-¡-Ww, ssZh-s¯sbm Bßmhns\tbm kzÀ¤-s -̄

tbm, ̀ qan-sb-tbm, kw_-Ôn¨ kn²m-́ -§-fp-ambpw A`yq-l-§-fp-am-bp-aÃ AXv _Ô-s¸-«n-

cn-¡p-¶-Xv. 4.ssZh-s¯- a-X-̄ nsâ tI{μ-am-¡p-¶Xv sXäm-Wv. 5.Bßm-hnsâ c£sb aX-

¯nsâ tI{μ-am-¡p-¶Xv sXäm-Wv. 6.P´p-_enIsf aX-̄ nsâ tI{μ-am-¡p-¶Xv sXäm-Wv.

7. bYmÀ°-aXw Pohn-¡p¶Xv a\pjylr-Z-b-̄ n-em-Wv, imkv{X-§-fn-e-Ã, 8. a\p-jy\pw

kZm-Nm-c-\n-jvTbpw aX-̄ nsâ tI{μ-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww. AX-sÃ-¦nÂ aXw {Iqc-amb AÔ-hn-

izm-k-ambn¯ocpw.

{Iaw 89

kaql¯nsâ \·bv¡v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

_p²³ C-tX-tNm-Zy-§sf t\cn«v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw AXn\v

t\cn«v CtX D¯cw \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p- v. temIw A\-iz-c-am-

tWm, temIw A´-ap-f-f-Xm-tWm, “XXzimkv{X-¯nsâ [Àaw temIs¯

]p\À \nÀ½n-¡p-I-sb-¶-Xm-Wv. temI-̄ nsâ DXv]-¯n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m³

kabw ]mgm-¡p-I-sb-¶-X-Ã.” F¶ amÀIvknsâ \nco-£-W-¯n\v kam-

\-ambn “temIw A\-iz-c-a-sÃ, temIw A´-ap-f-f-Xm-tWm, temIw A\-

´-am-tWm, Bßmhpw ico-chpw H¶p-X-s¶-bm-tWm, Bßmhv Hcp-Im-

cyhpw icocw asämcp Imcy-hp-am-tWm, kXyw t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ Hcp-h³ ac-

Wm-\-ćw Pohn-¡p-tam, Ah³ ac-Wm-\-ćw ho pw Pohn-¡p-¶n-Ã-

tbm, F¶o tNmZy-§Ä¡v Ch-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-ff A`n-{]m-b-§Ä¡v {]tbm-

P-\-ap-s ¶v tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. [mÀ½n-I-hp-ambn AXn\v _Ô-an-Ã. icnbmb

s]cp-am-ä-¯nsâ aqe-X-Xz-§Ä¡p-t]m-eptam \nÊw-K-Xbvt¡m hnj-bm-

k-àn-bnÂ \n¶p-ff ip²o-I-c-W-¯nt\m imńbvt¡m lrZ-b-\nÀhr-

Xnbvt¡m bYmÀ°-Úm-\-¯nt\m amÀK-¯nsâ D¶-X-L-«-§-sf-¡p-

dn-¨p-ff DÄ¡m-gvNbvt¡m \nÀhm-W¯nt\m A\p-Kp-W-ambn AXv

{]hÀ¯nbv¡p-¶n-Ã. AXp-sIm v AtX-¸än Rm³ A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-

¸n-¡m-¯Xv F¶p s]m°-]m-Z-t\mSv _p²³ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p.97

amÀIvknsâ c m-as¯ {][m\ Bibw “hÀ¤hpw hÀ¤hpw

X½nÂ Hcp XmÂ]-cy-kw-L-«-\-ap- v.” F¶ \nco-£-Ws¯ kw_-

Ôn-¨v, “cmPm¡·mÀ X½nepw {]`p-¡-·mÀ X½nepw {_mÒ-WÀ

X½nepw, Krl-Ø-·mÀ X½nepw, amXmhpw ]p{X\pw X½n-epw, ]p{X\pw

]nXmhpw X½n-epw, ktlm-Z-c\pw ktlm-Z-cnbpw X½nepw, kplr-¯p-

¡Ä X½nepw FÃm-bvt¸mgpw hntcm-[-ap-f-f-Xmbn ImW-s -̧Sp-¶p.....”F¶v

97. t]. 360, tUm.-Aw-t_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw þ7.

{Iaw 90

_p²³ tImk-e-cm-Pm-hmb ]msk-\-Zn-tbmSp kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. 98

amÀIvknsâ aq¶m-as¯ Bi-b-amb “kzImcykz v̄ Hcp hÀ¤-

¯n\v A[n-Im-chpw asäm-cp-hÀ¤-¯n\v Nqj-W-¯n-eqsS Zpcn-Xhpw

\Â¡p-¶p.” F¶Xn\v kam-\-ambn _p²³ s]m°-]m-Z-\p-am-bp-ff

kw`m-j-W-¯nÂ C§s\ ImWp-¶p. “s]m°]mZm Zp:Jhpw Zpcn-Xhpw

Ds ¶v Rm³ kv]jvS-am-¡n-b-tÃm. Zpcn-X-¯nsâ DÛ-h-sa-´m-sW¶v

Rm³ kv]jvS-am-¡n. Zpcn-X-¯nsâ Ah-km-\-sa-s´¶v Rm³ kv]jvS-

am-¡n. HcmÄ¡v Zpcn-X-¯nsâ Ah-km-\-¯n-se-¯m-\p-ff amÀ¤-sa-´m-

sW¶pw Rm³ kv]jvS-am-¡n.”99

kzIm-cy-kz-¯p-S-am-k-{¼-Zmbw Hcp kaq-l-¯n\v A[n-Im-chpw

aäp kaq-l-¯n\v Zpcn-Xhpw \evIp-¶p F¶ Bi-b-amWv ChnsS {][m-

\-ambn \nÂ¡p-¶-Xv. temI-¯nse Ak-´p-jvSn¡v ImcWw Xmev]-cy-

kw-L-«-\-am-Wv, AXv ]cn-l-cn-¡m-\p-ff GI-amÀ¤w AjvSmw-K-amÀ¤w

]n´p-ScpI F¶-Xm-Wv. CXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-amb NÀ¨ B\μ `n£p-

hp-ambn XpSÀ¶p \S-¡p-¶p- v.*23

amÀIvknsâ {][m-\-s¸« asämcp \nco-£-W-am-hs« “kzIm-cy-



*23 “ssIh-im-h-Imiw sIm mWv AXym-{K-l-ap- m-Ip-¶-sX¶v Rm³ ]d-ªp. At¸mÄ B\-

μm, F´p-sIm- mWv AsX-§s\ hcp-¶-sX¶v Cu coXn-bnÂ a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww. Hcp-̄ À¡pw

H¶n\pw GsX-¦nepw Xc-̄ ntem cq]-̄ ntem bmsXmcp kz¯pw CÃm-̄ n-S v̄ Ah-Imiw

C§s\ CÃm-Xm-b-Xp-\n-an¯w AXy-{Klw BhnÀ -̀hn-¡p-tam.”“CÃ, {]t`m.”“AXp-sIm v B\-μm, AXym-{K-l-̄ nsâ B[m-chpw ASn-Ø-\hpw DÛh tlXphpw Imc-

Whpw AXp-Xs¶bm-Wv. AXm-bXv þ ssIh-im-h-Im-iw.”31. ssIhimh-Im-i-̄ n-\p-Im-c-Ww, aÀ¡-S-ap-jvSn-bm-sW¶v Rm³ ]d-ªp. At¸mÄ B\-

μm, F´p-sIm- mWv AX-§s\ hcp-¶-sX¶v Cu coXn-bnÂ a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww. bmsXm-¶n-

sâbpw Imcy-̄ nÂ, Hcp-̄ cpw GsX-¦nepw Xc-̄ ntem cq]-̄ n-tem-bm-sXmcp aÀ¡-S-ap-jvSn-

bpw {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶n-S-̄ v, Fs -́¦nepw Ds -¶n-cn-s¡, aÀ¡-S-apjvSn C§s\ CÃm-

Xm-Ip-¶Xv \nan¯w ssIh-im-h-Imiw BhnÀ -̀hn-¡ptam”“CÃ {]t`m”“AXp-sIm v B\μm ssIh-im-h-Im-i-̄ nsâ B[m-chpw ASn-Øm-\hpw DÛ-h-tl-Xphpw

Imc-Whpw AXp-X-s¶-bm-Wv. AXm-b-Xv aÀ¡-S-apjvSn” F¶v _p²³ B\-μ-t\mSv kwkm-cn-

¡p-¶p. (t]. 361, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 7.)

{Iaw 91

kz¯v \ndp-¯-em¡n ZpcnXw Ah-km-\n-¸n-t¡- Xv kaq-l-¯nsâ

\·bv¡v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.” F¶m-hp-¶p. _p²³ `n£p-hn\v F«p-

km-[-\-§Ä am{X-amWv kzIm-cy-kz-¯mbn kzoI-cn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸-«-

Xv. “\nXyhpw [cn-¡m-\p-ff aq¶p hkv{X-§Ä, Ac-s¡«v ad-bv¡m-\p-

ff XpWn, `n£m-]m-{Xw, £uc-¡-¯n, kqNn, shÅw IpSn-¡m-\pff

]m{Xw, kzÀ®-tam, shÅntbm kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xv hne-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.”

C§s\ amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ ZÀi\w _p²-\p-ambn F{X-am{Xw

IS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ I½yq-Wn-k-¯n-

sâbpw _p²-sâbpw amÀ¤-§sf XpSÀ¶p ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. a\p-jysâ

Zpcn-X-¯n\pw Ak-´p-jvSnbv¡pw ImcWw a\p-jysâ Xs¶ s]cp-amä

Zqjy-am-sW¶v _p²³ ]d-bp-¶p. CXns\ CÃm-Xm-¡p-hm³ ]©-ioew

]men-¡-W-sa¶v At±lw \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p.*24

amÀIvknkw AXnsâ e£y-]qÀ¯o-I-c-W-¯n\v apt¶m«p

hbv¡p¶ amXr-I-IÄ 1. \ne-hn-en-cn-¡p¶ hyh-Øsb B{I-a-¯n-

eqsS XIÀ¯v Xcn-¸-W-am-¡p-I. 2. sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤-kÀhm-[n]Xyw

*24

1. Poh-\p-ff GsXm-¶n-s\bpw \in-̧ n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw \in-̧ n-¡m³ CS-bm-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw

Hgnªp \nÂ¡p-I.

2. tamj-W-̄ nÂ \n¶pw Hgnªp \nÂ¡p-I. AXm-bXv asäm-cm-fpsS kz¯v h©-\-bn-eqsSsbm

A{I-a-̄ n-eq-sStbm ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw ssIhiw hbv¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw Hgnªp

\nÂ¡p-I.

3. AkXyw ]d-bp-¶-XnÂ \n¶v Hgnªp \nÂ¡pI

4. hnj-bm-k-àn-bnÂ \n¶pw Hgnªp \nÂ¡p-I.

5. el-cn-]m-\n-b-§-fnÂ \n¶pw Hgnªp \nÂ¡p-I. F¶n-§s\ a\p-jy³ a\p-jy-t\mSv A\oXn

Im«p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw AI¶p \nÂ¡m³ AjvSmw-K-amÀ¤w \nÀt±-in-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1. icn-bmb ho£-W-§Ä; AXm-bXv; AÔ-hn-iz-k-̄ nÂ \n¶p-ff kzmX-{´yw.

2. icn-bmb e£y-§Ä; AXm-bXv _p²n-am-·mcpw kXy-k-Ô-cp-amb a\p-jyÀ¡v A\p-tbm-Py-

amb DXvIr-jvS-e-£y-§Ä.

3. icn-bmb kw`m-jWw; AXm-bXv Zbm-]qÀ®hpw \nÀhym-Phpw kXy-k-Ô-hp-amb kw`m-j-

Ww.

4. icn-bmb s]cp-amäw; AXm-b-Xv, kam-[m-\-\n-c-Xhpw BßmÀ°hpw \nÀa-e-hp-amb s]cp-am-

äw.

5. icn-bmb D]-Po-h\w; AXm-bXv Poh-\pÅ bmsXm-¶n-s\bpw D]-{Z-hn-¡m\pw £X-s -̧Sp-̄ p-

hm\pw CS-bm-hm-sX-bp-ff Pohn-Xw.

6. aäv Ggv Imcy-§fpw \nÀh-ln-¡m-\pÅ icn-bmb Øntcm-Õmlw

7. icn-bmb Pm{K-X, AXm-b-Xv, {i²m-]qÀWhpw {Inbm-ß-I-hp-amb a\-kv.

8. icnbmb [ym\w; Poh-nX-̄ nsâ AKm-[-c-l-ky-§-sf-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ kXykÔamb Nn´.

{Iaw 92

F¶ ]pXnb hyh-Ø-sIm- p-h-cn-I. Awt_-Zv-I-dnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ

P\m-[n -] -Xy-¯nse Gähpw P\m-[n -] -Xy-] -c -amb `c-W-LS\

`n£pkwL¯n-te-Xm-bn-cp¶p F¶m-Wv. _p²³, `n£p-¡-fnÂ HcmÄ

am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. At§-bäw a{ń-k-`mw-K-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ {][m-\-a{ń

F¶-Xp-t]m-se.

“ZoÀL-Im-em-Sn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ hne-bn-cp-̄ n-bmÂ I½yq-Wn-Ìv amÀ¤w

F{X-taÂ a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-am-bn-cn-¡pw. asäm¶v sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤-kÀÆm-

[n-]-Xy-̄ nsâ Imcy-sa-Sp-¡p-I. AXv ]mÀe-saâ v kwhn-[m-\-s¯¡mfpw

]mÀe-saâ v \nb-a-kw-hn-[m-\-s¯-¡mfpw A[x-]-Xn-¨-Xm-Wv. ]mÀe-

saânÂ Kh-s×âns\ hnaÀin-¡m³ ]uc\v kzmX-{ý-ap- v. \nbaw

A\p-k-cn-¡m³ ]mÀe-saâ v AwK-¯n\pw _m[y-X-bp- v. kÀÆm-[n-]-

Xy-¯nÂ A\p-k-cn-¡Â am{Xta IS-a-bmbn hcp-¶p-Åq. hnaÀin-¡m³

Ah-Im-i-an-Ã.”100

“_p²sâ coXn hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jysâ a\-Êp-am-äpI

þ AXm-bXv at\m-`mhw amdpI F¶Xm-bn-cp¶p B coXn. _e-{]-tbm-

Ktam \nÀ_-Ôtam CÃm¯ kza-\-Êm-se-bpÅ amä-amWv _p²sâ

{]tXy-I-X. Awt_-ZvIÀ ]d-bp¶p a\p-jy-cm-in¡v km¼-¯n-I-aq-ey-

§Ä am{X-aÃ th Xv Bßo-b-aq-ey-§fpw AXym-h-iy-amWv... a\p-

jy³ ùXn-I-ambpw AXp-t]mse Bßo-b-ambpw hf-c-Ww... kaXzw

km[n-¡p¶ Imcy-¯nÂ {^©p-hn-¹hw ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. djy-bm-hs«

kaXzw Øm]n-¡m-\pÅ {ia-¯n-em-Wv. F¶mÂ AXn-\p-th n

AjvSmw-K-amÀK-̄ n-se-̄ m³ ]¯p hne-§p-I-fp v Ahsb C§s\ hne-bn-cp-̄ mw. 1.

Ah-\-hsâ hymtam-lw, 2. kwi-bhpw Nm©m-«-hpw, 3. aX-N-S-§p-I-tfm-Spw, A\p-jvTm\t¯mSp-

apÅ B{in-X-X-̄ n-\p-th- n-bpÅ hmRvPsb Iog-S-¡p-I, 8. Al-¦m-cw, 9. kz´w [À½-\n-

jvT-bn-epÅ aXn-̧ v, 10.AÚ-X. AjvSmw-K-amÀ¤-§Ä ]n´p-S-cm³ Cu ]¯p-hn-e-§p-Isf

a\p-jy³ t`Zn-t¡- -Xp- v. asäm¶v a\p-jy³ {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-t¡- p¶ ]¯v kZvKp-W-§-

sf-¡p-dn-̈ m-Wv. 1. hnthIw; 2. kÂkz-̀ mhw; 3. kpJ-]-cn-XymKw; 4. Zm\w; 5. BßmÀ¸Ww; 6.

kln-jvWpX; 7. kXyw; 8. \nÝ-b-ZmÀVyw; 9. klm-\p-̀ qXn; 10. \nÊw-K-X. (t]. 365-þ366

tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw þ 7).

100. t]. 370, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ hmeyw. 7.

{Iaw 93

kmtlm-Z-cy-tam, kzmX-{ýtam _en Ign-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. kmtlm-Z-cyhpw

kzmX-{ý-hp-an-sÃ-¦nÂ ka-Xz-¯n\p Hcp hne-bp-an-Ã. _p²sâ amÀKw

]n´p-SÀ¶mÂ am{Xta aq¶n\pw kl-hÀ¯n-bv¡m³ Ign-bq. Iayq-Wn-

k-¯n\v H¶v \evIm³ Ign-bpw. FÃmw \ÂIm-\m-hn-Ã.”101

Ah-Øbpw ]Z-hnbpw aX-k-aq-lhpw XpSÀ¨

Ah-Øbpw kmaq-ly-]-Z-hnbpw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw PmXn-_-

Ô-§fpsS s]mXp-km-aq-ly-{]-iv\-l-§-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. CXv amÀIvkn-b³

Nn´m-[m-c-bnÂ \n¶v thdn-Sp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. kmaq-ln-I-]-Z-hn-bv¡p-

]p-d¯v Ah-Ø-bpsS icm-i-cn-sb-bmWv amÀIvkv ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv.

sXmgn-en-Ãm¯hsc-Ãm-hcpw Hä bqWn-äm-bpw, hni-¡p-¶-h-scÃmw Hä

GIIambpw AXp-hm-bn-¡p-¶p. C¯cw Hä bqWn-täm, Hä GIItam

AÃ Awt_-ZvI-dn\v kmaq-ly-hn-`m-K-§Ä (class).

Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ “Cý³ P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ 79.5

Zi-e£w hcp¶ aq¶p hn`m-K-§-fp-sSbpw (tKm-{X-§Ä, Ipä-hm-fn-tKm-

{X-§Ä, Akv]ÀiyÀ) At[m-K-Xn-bpsS AhØ s]mXp-hnÂ Hcp-t]mse

Bbn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Ah-cpsS `mhn `mK-t[bw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cn-¡p-

sa¶v ]d-bm-\m-hn-Ã. F´p-sIm-s -¶mÂ Ah-cpsS AhØ kam-\-

am-sW-¦nepw kaq-l-̄ nse AhcpsS ]Zhn XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.”102

bmYmÀ°y-¯n-epw, Bg-¯n-ep-apÅ kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn, kmaq-ly-

kz-`m-hw, kmaq-ly-a-\x-im-kv{Xw, F¶o tNmZy-§sf AXnsâ AS-cp-

Isf ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-\pÅ {ia-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡mw. PmXn, hwiw, hÀ®w,

F¶n-§-s\-bpw, hnizm-kw, A\p-\n-anj aX-L-S-\-IÄ, `mjm, {]tZiw

F¶n§-s\-bpÅ \nco-£-W-§-fn-ep-aq-¶p-¶p.



{Iaw 94

Htc t{SUv bqWn-b-\nÂ¯s¶ CX-c-Pm-Xn-IÄ IeÀ¸p- m-

¡msX \nÂ¡p-¶p. Htc kÀ¡mÀ kÀÆoknÂ CXc kap-Zm-b-§Ä

`n¶§-fm-hp-¶p. Htc bm{Xm-th-f-bnepw CXc aX-§Ä FXn-cm-bn-

¯s¶ bm{X sN¿p¶p. Chbv¡v ]pd¯v Ah-Øsb tI{μo-I-cn-

¨pÅ ]T-\-§Ä¡v {]kàn \jvS-am-hp-¶p. amÀIvknkw Cu AÀ°-

¯n-emWv C´y-bnÂ A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-hp-¶-Xv.

kmaq-ly-{Ias¯ Adn-bm\pw CS-s]-Sm\pw aX-§Ä¡v km[n-

¡p-¶-b{X Ah-k-c-§Ä CX-c-{]-Øm-\-§Ä¡v e`n-¡m-dn-Ã. Awt_-

ZvIÀ aX-¯nsâbpw AXnsâ e£y-amÀ¤-§sfbpw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶q-

v. “C{μ-Pm-e-hpw, {`jvSpw, Ipe-Nn-Óhpw e£y-§-f-Ã, amÀ¤-§Ä

am{X-am-Wv. e£yw, Pohn-Xhpw Po-hn-X-¯nsâ ]cn-]m-e-\-hp-am-Wv...

C{μ-Pm-e-̄ nsâ Øm\w C¶v ssZhw Gsä-Sp-̄ n-«p-s -¦nepw aX-̄ nsâ

ssZh-¯n-\pÅ Øm\w Pohn-X-]m-e-\-¯nsâ Hcp amÀ¤w am{X-sa¶

\ne-bv¡m-Wv.”103

aX-¯n\v kmaq-ln-I-amb Hä-s¸-S-enÂ\n¶v Zfn-Xsc c£n-¡m³

Ign-bp-tam, Ah-cpsS A]-IÀj-Xm-t_m[w CÃm-Xm-¡m³ Ign-bptam

C§-s\-sbmcp tNmZyw C´y³ kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bnse A\y-§fpsS

tNmZy-am-bmWv XpS-cp-¶-Xv. kmaq-ly-Pohn F¶ \ne-bnÂ a\pjy\v

e`n-¡p¶ ]cn -K-W-\-bnÂ \n¶v ]pd -¯m-hp¶ a\p-jy³ F¶

bmYmÀ°y-amWv tNmZy-ambn aX-t¯mSv kwh-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. kmaq-ly-a-

\p-jy³ F¶ LS-\bv¡v ASn-Øm\ bqWn-ämb _Ôp-XzamWv th -

sX¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ ]d-bp-¶p. Cu _ÔpXzw PmXn-hn-cp-²-amb a\p-

jy-¡q-«m-bva-bpsS (Social unity) _Ôp-Xz-ambn¯otc- p-¶-Xm-sW¶v

At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. _ÔpXzw F¶ kmaq-ly-L-S-\sb F§s\ aX-


{Iaw 95

¯n\v ]pd¯v \nÀ½n¡mw F¶m-WnXv tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xv. AYhm aX-¯n-

te-sX-¦nepw H¶n-eq-sS-bpw, hnhn[ aX-§-fn-eq-sSbpw, aX-¯n\p ]pd¯v

a\p-jyÀ X½nepw C¯-c-samcp _ÔpXzw \nÀ½n-¡m-\m-hptam F¶v

CXv At\z-jn-¡p-¶p.

Ata-cn-¡³ kaq-l-¯nsâ DZm-l-c-W-hp-ambn CXns\ Awt_-

ZvIÀ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p- v. Idp-̄ -hÀ¡v shfp-¯-h-cpsS A{Xbpw Ah-

Imiw \ÂIm-\m-hnÃ F¶ \ne-bn-emWv \nb-a-§Ä \nÀ½n-X-am-bn-«p-

Å-Xv. F¶mÂ C¯-c-samcp \nb-a-¯n\v ]pd-¯mWv Ipe-hpw, PmXn-

bpw AXnsâ \nb-as¯ ]peÀ¯p-¶-Xv. “Ipe-¯n\v Ipe-hp-am-bpÅ

CS-]mSv bp²-tam, H¯p-XoÀt¸m t]mepÅ Imcy-am-Wv. \nb-a-¯n-tâ-X-

Ã. Ipe-an-Ãm-¯-bmÄ \nb-a-c£m _ln-jvIr-X-\m-Wv, hkvXp-X-bnepw

AXp-t]m-se-Xs¶ t]cn-epw.”104

Ipe-hpw, Ipe-¯n\p ]pds¯ _ln-jvI-cWkzXzhpw _Ôp-

Xzs¯ \nÀ½n-¡p-tam? Ipe-§Ä¡v ]c-kv]cw _ÔpXzw \nÀ½n-¡m-

\m-hp-tam? _ln-jvIr-X-kz-Xz-§Ä¡v tNÀ¶p-\n-¶p-sIm v _ÔpXzw

\nÀ½n-¡m-\m-hp-tam? C§s\bpÅ tNmZy-§Ä¡v PmXn hncp-²hpw

an{i-hn-hm-l¯nsâbpw kao-]-\-¯n\v \ho-\-am-sbmcp XpSÀ -̈bv¡pÅ

DZm-l-c-W-§Ä NneXv apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶p- v.

Akv]ÀiyÀ¡v Hcp ap¶-dn-bn¸v F¶ Xe-s¡-«nÂ At±lw \S-

¯p¶ \nco-£-W-§Ä ZfnXv _lpP³ kzXz-t_m-[-¯n\v ASn-¯-d-

bm-hp¶sX§s\ F¶-t±lw hyh-tO-Zn-¡p-¶p- v. C´y³ kmaq-ly-

[m-c-bv¡p-taÂ F§s\ \ho-\-am-hp¶p Zfn-Xv-þ-_-lp-P³ {ia-§Ä F¶-

Xp-ambn CXv _Ô-s¸-«p-\nÂ¡p-¶p. Nn´-bpw, {]hÀ¯nbpw AXnsâ

\nc-́ -c-Xbpw Bh-iy-am-sW-¶-t±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. sslμ-h-k-aqlw

\nc-h[n ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-¯n-tb-¡mw. AXv sslμ-h-k-aq-l-¯nsâ


{Iaw 96

Ah-iy-¯nÂ \n¶pw DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xm-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-t¡- -Xp- v.

kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bpsS krjvSn¡v bpàn-t_m-[-hpw, aXhpw {]m[m-

\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ CXns\ hnth-N\ _p²n-tbmsS a\-Ên-em-

t¡- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v bpànt_m[s¯ A«n-a-dn-¡m³

Ignbpw AYhm bpàn-t_m-[-¯n\v Häbv¡v hnZym-`ym-ks¯ \ho-I-cn-

¡m-\p-w ]-cn-jvI-cn-¡m\pw \ne-\nÀ¯m\pw Ign-bn-Ã. AYhm kmaq-ln-

I-k-aXzw ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ bpàn-t_m-[-¯n\v ]qÀWambn hnP-bn-

¡m-\m-hn-Ã. kzmÀ°-t_m-[s¯ ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ bpàn-t_m-[-

¯n-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. aX-¯n-\m-hs« Hcp kap-Zm-b-¯n\v \oXn \S-¸n-em-¡m-

\m-hpw. F¶mÂ kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡v \oXn \S-¸n-em-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. \oXn-

¡p-th- n-bpÅ aX-¯nsâ Blzm-\-s -̄¡mÄ {]tbm-P-\-amÀÖn-¡p¶

H¶mWv \oXn-bv¡m-bpÅ ( -̀c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ) cmjv{S-¯nsâ Blzm-\w.

aX-s¯-¯s¶ AÔ-ambn Øm]n-bv¡mt\m ]n´p-S-cmt\m

Awt_-ZvIÀ e£yw hbv¡p-¶n-Ã. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bv¡mbn cmjv{S-¯nsâ

{]hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ kl-I-cn-¡p¶ Hcp {][m\ I®n am{X-amWv bpàn-

bnepw þ imkv{Xo-b-X-bnepw ASn-bp-d¨ aXw F¶mWv At±lw AÀ°-

am-¡p-¶-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ AYhm hnÚm-\-¯nsâ (Knowledge)

ASn-¯-d-bmWv Gähpw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶Xv F¶v At±lw hyà-

am-¡p-¶p. cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-c-¯n-te-¡pw, CXc kmaq-lym-[n-Im-c-¯n-

te-¡p-apÅ {]th-i-\-amWv {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ aäp hkvXp-X-IÄ F¶-

t±lw \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.

_ÔpXz (Friendship) \nÀ½m-W-hp-ambn tNÀ¶v At±-l-¯nsâ

At\z-j-W-§Ä C§-s\-sb-¯n-t -̈cp-¶p. emf-\, kwc-£n-¡m-\pÅ

Bth-iw, alm-a-\-kvI-X, D]-Im-c-kva-c-W, kvt\lw, Zb, bYmÀ°

HuZm-cyw, ]tcm-]-Im-c-\n-c-X-amb s]cp-amäw F¶nh F§-s\-bmWv Hcp

{Iaw 97

kaq-l-¯n-tâ-Xmbn \ne-\nÂ¡p-I. A§ns\ {]hÀ¯-\-]-c-amb

kaqlw/kaql§Ä \ap-¡n-S-bn-ep-t m. D v F¶mWv D¯cw F¦nÂ

AXn-\À°w PmXn-hn-cp-²-hpw, sslμ-h-km-aq-ly-t_m-[s¯ \nc-´-c-

ambn shÃp-hn-fn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ CXc kaq-l-§Ä, CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ,

{]Øm-\-§Ä, ZÀi-\-§Ä, \ne-]m-Sp-X-d-IÄ, kaq-l-¯nÂ D v F¶m-

W-tÃm. Ch-bpsS sFIy-s¯bpw Chsb Iq«n-t¨À¡m³ Ign-bp¶

t_m[-\nÀan-Xn-sbbpw XpSÀ -̈sbbpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc _Ôp-Xz-{]-Jym-

]-am¡mw F¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

CXv sslμ-h -[À½w F¶ {]Øm-\ -s¯bpw AXnsâ

{]hÀ¯\ ss\an-jn-I-X-sbbpw Hgn-hm-¡m-hp¶Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. ZfnXv

_lp-P-³ _ÔpXzw thdn« Hcp [À½-t_m[w kaq-l-a-\-Ên-epw, ico-

c-¯nepw ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶p- m-hpw. Cu [m½n-I-t_m[w (dhamma mind)

Hcp kmaqly \nco-£Ww Xs¶-bm-Wv. \oXn (Justice) ]£-¯p-\n-¶p-

sIm- m-bn-cn-¡Ww CXv Bcw-`n-t¡- -Xv. kmaq-ly-\oXn (Social Jus-

tice) bne-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww. kmaq-ly-\oXn F¶ \ne-]mSv sslμ-

h-PmXn kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bv¡v ]pd-¯p-Å-Xm-Wv. AXv kaq-l-¯nÂ CS-

s]«pw Ie-ln¨pw \ne-\nÂ¡p-I-bmWv Ct¸mÄ. PmXn-{_m-Ò-Wy-a-

Ãm¯ asämcp s]mXp-k-aq-l-ambn _ÔpXzw D m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-I-bmWv

ChnsS F¶À°w.

Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ ZfnXv _lp-P³ kaq-l-¯n\v kzX-{´hpw

\oXn-_-²-hp-amb Hcp Poh-\-Imew D m-bn-cp¶p. {_mÒ-W-hÂ¡rX

(Brahmanisation) Ime-L-«-t¯msS CXv hÀ®-§-fm-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bpw, \nc-

ć kwLÀjw kaq-l-¯nÂ kw -̀hn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. _p²-sâbpw

CXc ]WvUn-X-·m-cp-sSbpw hn¹-h-{i-a-§Ä tKm{X-X-t±-i-k-aq-l-§Ä

DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨ ZÀi-\-§sf \ho-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw, Ah Cý³ kaq-l-

¯n-\pw, temI-k-aq-l-¯n\pw F¡m-ehpw DbÀ¯n--¸n-Sn-¡m-hp¶ ZÀi-

{Iaw 98

\-§fpw amÀ¤-§fpw Bbn-¯o-cp-I-bp-ap- mbn. a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS L«-

t¯msS Cu hn¹-h-{]-{In-b-Isf ]nt¶m-«-Sp-̧ n-¡p¶ {]Xn-hn-¹h (counter

revolution) §Ä \S-¯p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bn-te-¡pw, iq{ZÀ,

kv{XoIÄ AS-§p¶ kaq-ls¯ Gähpw ]n¶n-te¡v XÅn-bn-Sp-I-bpw,

an{i-hn-hm-lw, an{i-t`mP\w F¶n-§s\ ]c-kv]cw sFIy-s¸-Sp¶ apgp-

h³ s]mXp-k-aq-l-Nn-Ó-§-sfbpw a\p-kvarXn \in-¸n-¨p. hnÚm-\w,

ssZhm-cm-[-\, hr¯n-bpÅ hkv{Xw [cn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw, Bbp-[-

hpw, k¼¯pw ssIhiw hbv¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw F¶n-h-bnÂ \n¶v

iq{ZÀ, kv{XoIÄ, ]©-aÀ F¶n-hsc hne-¡p-I-bpw, {_mÒ-WÀ¡v kaq-

l-¯nÂ FÃm Ncm-N-c-§Ä¡pw-taÂ A[n-Imcw \nÀ½n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-bv¡p-th n cmjv{So-b-þ-B-ßob \nb-a-\nÀ½mWw

\S¯ns¡mSp¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p a\p-kvar-Xn.

C¯-c-sam-cm-i-bs¯ IS-]p-g-¡p-hm³ aX-Nn-´-bnÂ \ne-bp-d-¸n-

¡p-I-bpw, imkv{Xo-b-X-bpw, bpàn-Nn-´-bpw, kmaq-ly-\o-Xnbpw, cmjv{So-

b-þ-km-aq-lym-[n-Im-chpw I¿m-fp¶ s]mXp-k-aq-l-ZÀi\w DbÀ¯n-sb-

Sp-t¡- -Xp v F¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ

bqtdm tI{μn-IrX (Eurocentric) \nco-£-W-§Ä Cý³ kaq-l-¯nÂ

A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-amsW¶pw At±lw \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. K-bnÂ Hwsh-änsâ

(Gail Omvedt) A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ tZi-cm-jv{S-¯nsâ FÃm taJ-e-bnepw

{]Xn-\n-[m-\-am-hp-¶, km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bnÂ hnPbw hcn-¡m-\m-hm¯

cmjv{So-b-kzm-X-{ý-s¯t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¯p. am{X-aÃ tZio-b-\nÀ½n-Xn-bn-Â,

kmaq-ly-ambn XpeyX (Social equality) bpw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb kulr-

Z-hpw, t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v hÀW-Pm-Xn-hy-hØ \ndª Cý-bnÂ

km[n¨p F¶p-Å-XmWv Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ asämcp

kw`m-h-\.”105

105. P. XIV - Introduction. Ambedkar Towards an Enlightened India, Gail Omvedt.

{iaw (order) - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7651/6/06_chapter 1.pdf · {iaw...

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