HUMANSETTLEMENT

.

Human settlements

means the totality of

the human

community - whether

city, town or village -

with all the social,

material,

organizational,

spiritual and cultural

elements that sustain

it. The fabric of

human settlements

consists of physical

elements and

services to which

these elements

provide the material

support.

THERE ARE BASICALLY 2 TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS

URBAN SETTLEMENT

RURAL SETTLEMENT

An urban area is characterized by higher populationdensity and vast human features in comparison to the areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbation

Distribution of Population

1. Relief of land

Relief is the most important physical

factor which affects the distribution of

the population. Generally mountains

and plateaus do not have a high

density of population due to lack of

basic facilities. Mountains and plateaus

have other problems also such as cold

climate, lack of cultivable land. Lack of

transportation and communication

facilities.

ii) Climate

Areas having high temperature and

very low temperature are unfit of

habitation. Rainfall also affects

distribution of population.

iii) Soils

All the fertile plains have high density

of population because fertile plains

form the Ganga - Brahmaputra delta is

very high due to fertile soil.

iv) MineralsThe availability of minerals in a region also

affects human population. Areas rich in minerals have high density of population for example, north- west Europe.

v) Economic factorsEconomic factors like development of industry,

technological developments, urbanization, means of transportation and communication have a direct impact on density of population.

Transport: Transport is very important in our lives. We need to move

from one place to another everyday, every time. We can walk or take a

car. We can use the train and see the scenery or the airplane to soar

the skies.

There are mainly 3 types of transportation:

i) Water

ii) Air

iv) Land transport: i) Roadways- It is a major medium of land

transport. It varies from ways and un-metalled roads to national

and international highways. The roads link the fields and farms to

factories, factories to markets and the goods can delivered right at

the doorstep of every consumer. Roads have major advantage

because these can be constructed at hilly area and remote areas.

ii) Railways- Railways are quick means of transport and can hold a lot

of load. Raw materials can be transported from one place to

another at low cost. The first rail in India was developed in 1853

between Mumbai and Thane. At present. India has more than 6200

kilometers of rail tracks.

Air transport

Air transport: This is the fastest means of

transportation. This is the most suited for

transporting light, costly and perishable

commodities. It is a very useful method of transport

in mountainous regions.

Pipelines: Pipelines are the most recent modes of

transport. Pipelines are mostly used for the

transportation of mineral oil, natural gas and water.

Countries like Russia, Iraq, Iran etc. have a dense

network of pipes.

Water Transport

i) Inland-Rivers, lakes and canals are main inland water.

It is the cheapest mode of heavy commodities like

coal, iron ore, wood etc. it also causes less pollution.

ii) Ocean routes: Oceans provide cheaper and easier

transportation. Most of the trade of the world is carried

through ocean routes. Major ocean routes are

a) North Atlantic route

b) Suez Canal route

c) Cape of Good Hope route

d) Pacific route

e) South Atlantic route

f) Panama Canal route

Communication: Communication means the exchange of

information. The world seems to be shrinking due to

modern telecommunication, which enables us to send

messages across the globe in an instant.

Telecommunication means the use of technology to send

and receive information such as speech, music, pictures

and documents over long distances. The devices that

make this possible include telephones, radios, satellites,

television and computers.

Means of communication like radio, T.V., computer are also

sources of education and entertainment. These provide

information on national and international issues. Means of

communication have played a very vital in develop world

trade. All these means of communication play a n

important role in bringing about national integration by

uniting the people politically, economically and culturally.

At the opening of the twentieth century, the amount of information available was doubling about every one hundred years. Today, it is doubling about every four years, largely because of the computer. The rate of information build-up is likely to increase because each technical advance opens a new door to new applications and refinements.

Most of the information systems in today generation use today share a common bas-computers. Modern computers make it possible to store and process huge amounts of information. They also allow users to share that information with many other users. A device called modem allows information to be sent from one computer to the other over telephone lines. A large group of users who communicate using modems make up a network.

Another modern way to communicate is the facsimile machine. Communicating by telephone has become more convenient with invention of mobiles. Workers at airports and large construction sites can communicate with each other using talkies.

Communication today has entered a whole new era. People can share information more quickly and inexpensively than ever before.

Information Age

As early people, began to communicate on one-to-one basis, they wanted to share information with many people in many places. As a result, means of mass communication were developed. Mass communication is a way to learn about the world and the events which are occurring in the world. It is a way of passing information from one generation to another. It is a way for a person to be informed and entertained so that he or she can make choices and decisions based on many facts instead of just a few. Radio, television and newspaper are probably the most popular forms of mass communication. Through these mediums, millions of people can be contacted at the same time. Radio and television bring new, sports, entertainment and education into the home so that people can receive all information for warnings of bad weather or other dangers.

Mass Communication

THANK YOU!

Done By-Simran GuptaVII A