Human migrations and the socio-environmental and strategic impacts:

Decision-making Matrix for assessing the implementation of Projects

Engo. Antonio Fernando Navarro[1]

Introduction

Human migratory movements occur from the beginning of our existence, by

human nature. In past times and today still migrations occur depending on opportunities that will

arise. How can we understand the opportunities offered facilities such as: land occupation (this

situation occurred in Brazil, at the time of the Empire, when Dom Pedro II (Brazil Emperor)

encouraged the coming of migrants to occupy lands in the South of Brazil), water (occurring in

areas with little water, including for agriculture, such as in Africa, northeastern Brazil and in a

number of countries that do not rely on this natural resource in abundance), petroleum (mainly by

the need of skilled labor for the exploration, refining and utilization of its by-products in chemical

industries), labor (manpower available for any activity), and the opening of new businesses or

companies. In many of the causes migrations were wars, religious or political context and financial

conditions.

Some historians report that the Pharaohs of Egypt used this strategy employing

almost 100,000 people for the construction of a large pyramid, particularly in drier times. Countries,

to attract companies offer fiscal incentives (when so businesses only spend to pay State and local

taxes after a given time interval), economic and fiscal deregulation (the States or countries offer a

number of perks or benefits ending for attracting companies), among several other advantages.

So, are the migrations to the opportunities that will be created eventually. When regions are

demarcated by boundaries migrations end becoming at points of discord and even of wars. The

example of the Gypsy people is perhaps one of the best, with the populations being rejected in the

countries where they were being seated, as well as the Kurdish people, divided between Nations,

Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Armenia and Georgia, the Basque people, divided between Spain and

France, the Guaraní People scattered among the southern countries of South America, and

numerous African tribes. Are examples of stateless Peoples.

This situation of nomadic people generates an endless number of conflicts

between countries, given that new migrants will rely on existing resources, mainly water and food

in the poorest countries, causing friction that culminate in wars. Border divisions that have occurred

in the last five hundred years of existence of civilization did not obey the ethnic criteria, but rather

the economic criteria. Ethnic groups were divided by the path of rivers or mountain ranges, or even

valleys. So having ethnic minorities.

Migrations are perhaps one of the problems existing today who are fleeing to the

control of the directors. A clear example is the eternal dispute of Mexican migrants, without job

opportunities to enter the United States. There are also Brazilian migrants who were settling on the

border of Paraguay, to work the land and produce grain. The generations that followed went on to

receive the nickname of brasilguáios.

Discussion of the matter

There are countless cases of population migrations motivated by wars, by natural

phenomena such as earthquakes and tsunamis, implementation of large industrial enterprises,

plus a host of other reasons. The migrant, i.e. one that migrates from one location to another, and

may be of a neighborhood to another, from one town to another, from a State to another or from

one country to another, ends up causing a lot of disorders, socio-economic-cultural in the places

where they're going.

With the deployment of new technologies and globalization, which often seeks to

establish companies where the cost of labor or of inputs is lower, as we see in Europe these days,

local administrators must have an entire strategic planning which precedes the granting of

authorizations for the implementation of these projects, since the arrival of new companies instead

of being an excellent business in the medium and long term is a headache, leaving behind big

social problems, others involving public health, rising crime and prostitution, increased general

costs produced by growing demand, that when this ceases to cost reduction does not occur with

the same speed and proportionality.

Companies are in continuous search of labor increasingly specialized and cheap.

Customers demand ever greater cost reductions and local administrators, mayors, Governors or

Presidents, seek to obtain financial or currency benefits arising from the implementation of new

companies. Many times there is not the necessary manpower and training required in the defined

location for the settlement of the company. These, in turn, cannot spend time training staff and

preparing environments, depending on Budgets and timelines fixed that determine a date for the

start of production.

Lagging production is the same as withdraw economic and financial results. In

economic language has been the cost of opportunity. As a result, one realizes that most of the time

will be allocated to local people the exercise of less noble functions, being the other passed on to

migrant workers, particularly managerial and operational functions, that is, those with higher

remuneration. In addition, the enterprises end bringing serious social problems, with the rising local

costs, lack of housing, changes in urban characteristics of cities around, anyway, are there

problems that are just out of control of local legislators.

Regularly occurring migratory movements where there will be the need for

specialized personnel or with low population density, as in New Zealand, Australia, Canada,

among other countries. What worries local leaders is what is called infrastructure. When a site

does not have the necessary structure capable of absorbing this amount of migrants come into

being an imbalance between available offers and searches.

Another issue that must be taken into consideration is the respect of the country's

wealth. There are migrants who settle in rich countries with the sole purpose of getting any job to

be able to send money to their families who reside in the poorest countries. This transfer of

currency is good for the most indebted countries, and bad for the country that employs the migrant,

which shall not retain foreign exchange.

Modern migrations[2]

It was the capitalist development which put into circulation and rummaged

populations – with the exception of the connections and of the limited trades which characterised

the pre-capitalist economy anyway-lived essentially separate and independent of each other. Ian

Goldin, in his recent work on global migration, dates back to this time the beginning of large farms

(Columbus, Cortes, Vasco da Gama) and speaks of an era of farms which links among them

human communities around the world. From here came the commercialism, capitalism and modern

migrations.

Hania Zlotnik summarised and commented the theories about international

migration starting with Adam Smith, who was against the limitations of displacements of men into

force in England in the 18th century. Schematically: Zlotnik makes a distinction between "macro"

theories (which are based on economic factors of push, IE, pushing the population and the

workforce from one country to another, and pull, that attract from one country to another) and

"micro" theories that seek to explain the phenomena from the individual economic choices the

migrant and his family. The purpose of these theories, which have emerged in large numbers over

the last thirty years, would be to predict quantities and flows of migration in order to manage them

more easily. We can summarize the main factors attractors or repellers:

• Quality of life;

• Family Safety;

• Job opportunities;

• Housing facilities;

• Leisure;

• Sanitation, schools, etc..

The case of COMPERJ

The PETROBRAS petrochemical complex, in deployment in the State of Rio de

Janeiro/Brazil is a large and modern example of internal and external migrations, by magnitude of

billion-dollar venture. For being a "mega project", with the construction of two refineries and

interest from several companies in the construction of second generation units, a polo involving

eleven municipalities.

Immediately after the news of the launch of the endeavor and the amount of

people who would be involved, to the tune of 200,000 people, the cost of real estate to rent or sell

in the surroundings of the site went up exponentially. Existing free areas were no longer being

traded, in anticipation of higher future profits. Were created numerous training courses, mainly in

the areas of industrial assembly and welds.

This huge population flow will not be the same that will be in the future, to operate

units, around 20,000 people, in all units. So there will be a very big population surplus. Aside from

that, these municipalities will have very little time to structure in urban terms and basic sanitation,

aside from the issues of health, safety and environment. Another interesting point is that in these

enterprises workers ' salaries are often higher those of the professionals who perform the same

activities in the municipalities around the enterprise. So occur an exodus of professionals, moving

from their current jobs for the new venture. As a result, has been the delay of the activities that

occurred before the release of the new venture.

In the city of Niterói/Rio de Janeiro, next to the Municipality where the project will

be implemented, with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, near the city of Rio de Janeiro, only in

the years 2010/2011, there were more than 80 new residential buildings, to absorb the demands

for residences. During this same period the most seasoned professionals were seeking

employment in the new venture, causing the lack of skilled labor in Niteroi, and also supplies for

the construction industry.

When these cities were planned if not provided for in some duplication of the

inhabitants could occur in months only. The urban planning does not take into account growth of

this magnitude, capable of causing the deadlock of public services by excess demand, such as

water supply, treatment and disposal of solid, liquid and gaseous effluent, road planning, public

security structure, among many factors. The end result is a city with serious problems in the flow of

vehicles, problems in water supply and electric power, in the treatment of domestic wastewater.

Once again it is noticed that the speed of liberation and construction of new buildings is always

greater than the preparation of urban infrastructure.

For administrators this is a crucial issue, since on the one hand there is the

needs of the city grow in terms of financial strength, but on the other hand there is the need of the

restoration of the city. The speeds between the population growth and the urban planning of cities

are different and so don't have the expected result, with the emergence of numerous problems,

including the slum (formation of slums or subnormal dwellings).

It is recognized that investments are the result of opportunities that appear in a

competitive market. However, the good steward should be tuned for various issues. There are

momentary transient or investments, leaving behind themselves the misery or poverty; of highly

polluting enterprises; of operators of mineral resources, anyway, there are investments that add

value to the city and others that do not. This added value has been the growth in levels of

education, quality of life, leisure, among many others. Even so, cities with these characteristics

become migrant attractors only by the fact of being good to live.

Returning to the "Communist Lotta": A complex phenomenon like migration,

which consists of billions of acts apparently only individual has enormous social and political

reflexes in virtually every country in the world, is here reduced to their essential economic origins.

Quantification of migration, both internal and external national and international

borders is particularly difficult. We must, above all, make a distinction between the stock of

immigrants, i.e. the photograph of the accumulated amount in a given year, in a given country or

region, and the streams that constitute the movie real movements, which are bidirectional, circular,

with a cross-border return rate may reach 50%, if it is assessed in the medium and long term and

taking into account the duration of life of individual migrants.

Looking at the case COMPERJ already mentioned, there will be a "balance

sheet" of migrants. A portion of these will continue in the venture working in activities other than

those that motivated the travel. The remainder, or "stock", manages to jobs in the region, and may

earn more or less than before. If the Professional does not find employment in the Undertaking

itself will seek elsewhere. If you come to gain less their standard of living fall, forcing him to suit,

moving to neighborhoods less "expensive". As for the rest, the majority prefers to continue and try

something to return. For these, the return is a defeat. Thus, they have a life off the grid of the

process, and can go live in slums that are getting bigger and bigger.

Highlights that, in projects of long duration of implementation, over three to four

years, families are constituted or enlarged, causing the number of those who migrated to the area

increase. One of the best examples is the growth that the city of Sao Paulo-capital of the State of

São Paulo/Brazil-had from the 20. The city became the "eldorado" of all those who wanted to have

a better life. In this way, there was a huge migratory flow from the North and Northeast Brazilian

city. The result was not only the city's territorial expansion but also its de-urbanization, becoming a

metropolis where there are plenty of daily congestion, since the population generally ends by

reside on opposite site of work. This is just one of the problems raised.

The city planners of today confirm the uncontrolled growth, "son of chance", of

modern cities. Marc Revision reiterates that urbanization is closely related to the industrialization

and economic growth. Clemens Zimmermann notes that in the new urban agglomerations, as

Lancashire [...] began to emerge as early as 1850 a phenomenon comparable to that of today's

megacities of the third World. Bernardo Secchi admits: growth, development and transformation of

the city would be [...] largely independent of reflection, and above all the action of architects,

urbanists and administrations. According to Leonardo Benevolo, disastrous conflict between

human life and built environment has not yet been identified nor corrected. [3]

Decision Matrix

An array becomes operative when, feeding it with the information required to

obtain the desired results, which become the choices and decision-making approval of

implementation of projects. So the array can be applied becomes necessary that in your filling

there is total clarity of objectives and that these are not interpreted by their managers, i.e. be of

responses where there is no "If". In this way, the answers become closed stating only a Yes or a

no. A Decision-making Matrix for assessing the implementation of an industrial enterprise must be

transparent, enabling clear governance.

During times of political regimes harder, huge areas of many countries were

flooded for the construction of dams, were cleared for the deployment of enterprises, were

excavated for the extraction of mineral resources, have been polluted by factories whose raw

materials or end products were toxic pollutants. Still questions the settlement of nuclear plants as

clean and non-polluting plants, notably in regions where there are earthquakes and tsunamis.

The maturation of populations already allows making public analyses of these

projects deployment. In the area of environment, many countries require the preparation of impact

assessments of these projects. However, there are disasters that do not respect borders and reach

the neighboring countries in the same way as they reach the location where they are installed.

When the explosion occurred at the Nuclear power station at Chernobyl on 26 opening of 1986,

almost all countries of Europe were hit, some more some less. The effect of explosions and the

displacement of the winds spread radiation in 1976 a blast shook a pesticide factory in Séveso, in

Italy, becoming one of the biggest environmental accidents that, until then, having motivated the

first European Policy on the subject. That means that even with all the guarantees that may be

provided and the scope of human knowledge, there will always be issues that pass unnoticed by

scientists or experts and that are capable of causing multiple problems in other States or countries.

In December 3, 1984, the migration of an outdated technology, with the benefits of local

administrators and the lack of investment in safety equipment led to one of the largest industrial

accidents which takes into account with the leak of methyl isocyanate, extremely dangerous

product used in the production of fertilizers. On occasion, the Bhopal State, with millions of people

unemployed and only a local industry, employing just under 2,000 people, allowed the installation

of a new industry that would generate an increase of over 700 people employed. Union Carbide

industry already had established a plan of deactivation of your unit in the U.S.A. to transfer it to

India. The existing facility has been completely disassembled and reassembled. The day of the

accident, which occurred at dawn, a large cloud of gas spread through the region producing

victims, even after almost 40 years still don't have as you need exactly. The latest figures gave

account of about 2 thousand dead, about 320 000 people poisoned, according to the authorities.

The city of 700 thousand inhabitants, capital of the State of Madhya Pradesh, is still traumatized.

It is interesting to get introduced to issue under this optics because in addition to

the political and economic issues there are also technical issues of the project that must be

observed. In the examples cited, available from any search site, there were failures of equipment,

human and material, in addition to process failures. This demonstrates how important it is for a

country to correct evaluation and acceptance of installation of an enterprise.

The deployment and implementation of a Decision Matrix to assess the degree of

compliance to the concerns of the municipality is one of the easiest tasks, especially when there

are heated disputes between the municipalities, each offering greater amount of economic

benefits, including tax donation of land, reducing the cost of water, light and power and sanitation.

Often these actions are already positive that entrepreneurs have to settle in the

region. However, there are unscrupulous businessmen who take advantage of all the benefits

offered to enrich even more, taking advantage of poorly formulated contracts and without more

stringent contractual requirements clauses. So too can realize projects that received high amounts

of benefits and even produced. At first the inhabitants benefit, because they have jobs and

resources resulting move the local economy. When this does not occur, in the second case, the

inhabitants of the region are the most affected, as was with the capabilities of their taxes that

unscrupulous businessmen have benefitted.

This question, which has no financial economic due publicity for neighbor’s, ends

up harming the process of transparency of legislators. It's easy to identify that the continued transit

of heavy vehicles could damage the paving of the streets. In the same way that it is also easy to

verify that the continuous transport of dangerous products may someday generate a crash. One of

the most appropriate cases this lack of transparency that would result in losses of any sort for the

local population was the episode that culminated in the Bhopal accident, in India, with thousands of

deaths.

For the composition of the matrix employed four factors, as an example of a

methodology. For both aspects were chosen: the enterprise, the entrepreneur, to the production

activity and socioeconomic aspects. When filling out this will give several notes that will represent

the degrees of risks. For the town the best choice is the one that considers the lowest risk. You can

increment the analysis process by considering the most relevant aspects. Each municipality has

already established their vocation and their urban planning. Thus, the best results of these

partnerships, business deployment that migratory processes cause or fatally are factors attractors

for the migratory processes, will depend on a lot of this relationship versus Venture Municipality,

here termed as a whole. If both, Venture and not preparing adequately Municipality, the results

may not be the best, with major impacts to the residents of the municipalities.

The use of means of early assessment of risks is those arising from production

processes or from the misuse of their inputs may cause serious consequences to the inhabitants of

the cities. Thus, through mechanisms or simple means of risk analysis can be extended security

levels regarding the deployment of enterprises in a municipality. The good steward should seek,

first of all, the total transparency of their actions.

In the Decision-making Matrix is not the debate proposal question of technology

or of the risks involving the operation of the unit, since these must be the result of preliminary

technical analysis, that is, one cannot assume that a company submits a proposal for deployment

of an enterprise that has not been the subject of exhaustive analysis technique. However, in

conclusion, is a case of an industry that transferred their obsolete facilities for an undeveloped

town and, as a result, there was an explosion at operation failures, with thousands of deaths. The

indemnification process creeps up today after almost 40 years. The points covered in the proposal

are:

a) Aspects relating to Enterprise

• Need for investments for deployment;

• Need for physical spaces for deployment;

• Term of commencement of production;

• Auto sustainability of the enterprise.

b) Aspects relating to Entrepreneur

• Qualification of the entrepreneur;

• Concern with issues of social and environmental responsibility;

• Levels of certification;

• Strategic Partnerships.

c) Aspects of production activity

• Characteristics of the products;

• Waste generation;

• Inputs;

• Transport of inputs and products.

d) Socioeconomic Aspects

• Generation of taxes and fees;

• Generation of workmanship;

• Training of manpower;

• Levels of outsourcing.

In the proposal, were targeted items and sub items, and awarded points ranging

from one to three. As the filling is done by the municipality, the analysis is under your vision. So,

taking as an example the item array itself (I) aspects relating to enterprise, especially as regards

the need for investments to implement the same, it turns out that the greatest risk is assigned to

the question where is informed that the resources needed for this deployment are local, i.e. the

municipality will have to engage in negotiations with the local partners, while the lower risk is when

the company 100% their banking undertaking. The final outcome will be decided by a lesser

degree of risk for the Municipality. 1 means low risk and high risk 3. The total

Decision Matrix

I) aspects relating to enterprise

I. 1 Necessity of investments for deployment Risk

Resources with local ownership �

Resources with national ownership �

100% of entrepreneur resources �

I. 2 Need physical spaces for deployment Risk

Area provided by the municipal government �

Area provided by the Federal Government �

The area acquired by the entrepreneur �

I. 3 period of beginning of production Risk

High period for start of production �

Medium term for the start of production �

Start of production almost immediately (within six months) �

I. 4 Auto sustainability of the enterprise Risk

Project under development of sustainable systems �

Enterprise with sustainability processes �

Enterprise that takes full advantage of the surplus resources �

Total evaluation of the item

II) aspects relating to Entrepreneur

II. 1 Qualification of the entrepreneur Risk

Entrepreneur in early activities in this segment �

Entrepreneur with reasonable experience in this segment �

Entrepreneur with extensive experience in this segment �

II. 2 Concern with social and environmental responsibility issues Risk

Entrepreneur in the implementation phase of sustainability programs �

Entrepreneur with experience in sustainability �

Entrepreneur practicing sustainability actions �

II. 3 certification Levels Risk

Entrepreneur in the certification process �

Entrepreneur with specific certification �

Entrepreneur with extensive certification �

II. 4 strategic partnerships Risk

Development without strategic partners �

Enterprise with unique strategic partners �

Venture with local strategic partners �

Total evaluation of the item

III) aspects of production activity

III. Product Features 1 Risk

Operating components manufacturing �

Manufacture of the relevant part of the final product �

Manufacturing of the final product �

III. waste generation 2 Risk

Generated residue for disposal site, toxic �

Generated waste for disposal site, not innocuous �

Waste generated, treated and transported to another location �

III. 3 Inputs Risk

Purchase of off-site inputs �

Purchase of inputs part on site �

Purchase of inputs only on site �

III. 4 transport of inputs and products Risk

Standard practice for use of various means of transport �

Enterprise concerned with modes of transport �

Enterprise that selects and controls the means of transport �

Total evaluation of the item

IV) Socio-Economic Aspects

IV. 1 generation of taxes and fees Risk

Investment with tax exemption �

Investment with partial tax exemption �

Without tax-free investment �

IV. labor generation 2 Risk

Migrant labor �

Migrant labor and location �

Local labor and qualified locally �

IV. 3 Training of manpower Risk

Skilled labor off-site �

Qualified labour part on site �

Qualified workforce locally �

IV. 4 levels of Outsourcing Risk

High level of extra management outsourcing �

Operational manpower outsourcing �

Low level of outsourcing �

Total evaluation of the item

The total points of the array is the sum of the numbers assigned to each item evaluated

[1]

Civil Engineer, Safety Engineer, Specialized in Risk Management, Master in Public Health and Environment, Professor of Actuarial

Science at the Universidade Federal Fluminense. [2]

translated "Lotta Comunista", no. 492, jul/Aug 2011. [3]

translated "Lotta Comunista", nº 493, September 2011.