how nasa satellite instruments can help characterizing the...

MODIS MISR

OMI

How NASA Satellite Instruments Can Help Characterizing the Eyja Volcano Ash Plume

Ralph Kahn1, David Nelson2, Mike Garay2, Dave Diner3, and the MISR TeamTianle Yuan1, Lorraine Remer1, Rob Levy4, and the MODIS TeamJoanna Joiner1, Nick Krotkov5, ArlinKrueger5, and the OMI/TOMS Team

1NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; 2Raytheon; 3Jet Propulsion Lab/Caltech; 4SSAI; 5UMBC

NASA NOAA Europe

Identification

Physical/chemical properties

Height

Aerosol extinction (AERONET, MODIS, MISR,

AVHRR, PARASOL)Particle Size (AERONET, MODIS, MISR)

Multispectral (MODIS, AVHRR, SEVERI)

Visual (MODIS, MISR, ALI, ASTER, GOES, SEVERI)

Ash absorption (OMI, SCIAMACHY, GOME2)

Thermal IR (MODIS, AIRS, GOES, AVHRR, SEVERI)

Composition (OMI, AIRS, SCIAMACHY, GOME2, IASI)

Lidar (CALIPSO, MPLNET, EARLINET)

Stereo height (MISR, ASTER)

Volcanic Plume Remote Sensing

MODIS Team, NASA/GSFC

• NASA, Terra & Aqua– launches 1999, 2001– 705 km polar orbits, descending

(10:30 a.m.) & ascending (1:30 p.m.)• Sensor Characteristics

– 36 spectral bands ranging from 0.41 to 14.385 µm

– cross-track scan mirror with 2330 km swath width

– Spatial resolutions:• 250 m (bands 1 - 2)• 500 m (bands 3 - 7)• 1000 m (bands 8 - 36)

– 2% reflectance calibration accuracy– onboard solar diffuser & solar

diffuser stability monitor

MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer [MODIS]

MODIS Team, /

Improved over AVHRR: • Calibration • Spatial Resolution • Spectral Range & # Bands

MODIS Monthly Global Aerosol Products

• Water & some Land• Globe ~ Every 2 days• ~ 10:30 AM & 1:30 PM

Mid-vis AOT

• Fine/Coarse Ratio• Sensitivity to PM10

Source: MODIS Atmospheres Web Site

Direct Downlink

MODIS/TerraMODIS/Terra

MODISMODIS14 April 2010

MODIS/AquaMODIS/Aqua

~1030 UTC

~1330 UTC

Vis Radiance ImageVis Radiance Image

550 nm Aerosol Extinction550 nm Aerosol Extinction Aerosol FineAerosol Fine--Mode FractionMode Fraction

MODIS/AquaMODIS/Aqua15 April 2010 1330 UTC

MODIS/TerraMODIS/Terra17 April 2010 Aerosol Optical Depth

Localized Ash PlumeCALIPSO Track

MODIS/TerraMODIS/Terra17 April 2010 Fine-Mode Fraction

Coarse-Mode Particles

CALIPSO Space CALIPSO Space LidarLidar17 April 2010 Nighttime overpass

http://http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/calipso/main/index.htmlwww.nasa.gov/mission_pages/calipso/main/index.html

523 and 1064 nm channels; ~100m horizontal resolution

North South

Sloping Ash Plume over France

OMI OMI Products

From: Omar Torres/OMI Team

• NO2 , SOSO22

• Tropospheric O3

• Aerosol IndexAerosol Index• Aerosol Extinction Opt. Depth • Aerosol Absorption Opt. Depth

Note: AI complements other remote-sensingaerosol products:

- Can retrieve aerosol over or mixed with cloud- Not sensitive to small, absorbing aerosol

below 2 km Smoke over North America

Index

13 km

24 km nadir footprint

Krotkov, aerocenter

UMBC UMBC SOSO22 Web SiteWeb Sitehttp://so2.umbc.edu/omi/

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OMI automatically creates images of the SO2 emissions for most active volcanic regions. Iceland page was added after Eyjafjallajokull volcano began erupting in March 2010 Eyjafjallaj… is one of the smallest glacier in Iceland. After seismic activity recorded during December 2009, a first eruption started on March 20, between 22:30 and 23:30 UT. April 14, 2010 After a brief stop, Eyjafjallaj eruption started again, but this time below the ice, resulting in a more explosive eruption April 15, 2010 10 UT alert from CNR-IMAA, Potenza to EARLINET stations informing about a large amount of ash is directing towards North-West of Europe. 13 UTC, Linkoping, Sweden Volcano ash not yet visible in Linkoping, probably washed out within the western landscapes of Sweden. A layer at about 2000 m rising from noon until afternoon 15/4. April 16, 2010 14:30 UT Minsk Belarus Appearance of dust layer at 14:28 UT at the altitude 8 km. Unfortunately, then clouds covered sky 15 UTC Leipzig, Germany Depolarising volcanic ash at about 3 and 4 to 6 km altitude is visible between a lot of clouds in the pbl (09 - 17 UT). 15:30 UTC Hamburg, Germany An intense ash plume reached Hamburg during the morning hours of April 16 and was easily detected by the lidar after a dense low-level cloud cover broke after sunrise. High altitude cirrus was observed. The cirrus may have been a direct result of the Island eruption, because the initial eruption also transported - aside from ash - significant amounts of water vapor into the tropopause region. Back-trajectory data indicate that the cirrus on April 16 was at least contaminated by volcanic ash. In the evening the ash enhancement below 3km started to pick up again

5/11/2010 Krotkov, aerocenter 12

SOSO22 30 April 2010 – Sector Iceland

NOAA/NESDIS OMI NearNOAA/NESDIS OMI Near--RealReal--Time Time Web SiteWeb SiteEuropean Mirror: http://sacs.aeronomie.be/nrt + GOME-2 & SCIAMACHY

OMI-estimated total SO2 mass: 2-5 K-tons/day

http://satepsanone.nesdis.noaa.gov/pub/OMI/OMISO2/index.htmlhttp://satepsanone.nesdis.noaa.gov/pub/OMI/OMISO2/index.html

Presenter

Presentation Notes

In response to the Iceland eruption Iceland and North Western Europe sectors were added to the NOAA volcanic OMI NRT site: �http://satepsanone.nesdis.noaa.gov/pub/OMI/OMISO2/index.html Each sector shows SO2, clouds and Aerosol Index NRT images generated in NRT for the latest 8 orbits. The images are toggled by moving cursor across corresponding fields in the table. The latest orbital image is available within 3 hours of the acquisition of raw data. _______________________________________ From: Joiner, Joanna (GSFC-6133)Sent: Thursday, April 29, 2010 1:48 PMTo: Krotkov, Nickolay A. (GSFC-613.3)[UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE CO]Cc: Haynes, John A. (HQ-DK000); Zukor, Dorothy J. (GSFC-6100); Rodriguez, Jose M. (GSFC-6133); Joiner, Joanna (GSFC-6133); Lau, William K. (GSFC-6130); Starr, David O. (GSFC-6131); Platnick, Steven E. (GSFC-6132); White, Nicholas E., Dr (GSFC-6000); Murray, John J. (LARC-E303); Bhartia, Pawan K. (GSFC-6130); Considine, David B. (LARC-E303); Douglass, Anne R. (GSFC-6133); Duncan, Bryan N. (GSFC-6133)Subject: Re: question in anticipation of congressional hearings next week All, Just to elaborate on this, we call it near-real-time as opposed to real time because the first step in getting the data processed is that we have to wait for the next available downlink which could be as long as about 90 minutes. Then the data are brought to Goddard via the so-called bent pipe similar to what is done to distribute Aqua AIRS data to the numerical weather prediction community. The data are processed at Goddard and distributed to any institution that has registered to receive the data.This can be contrasted with direct broadcast data (we would call that real time) which can be downloaded as the satellite passes overhead and immediately processed with publicly available software. But only a limited amount of data (not an entire orbit) get broadcast. Aura OMI does have direct broadcast capability, but it is only currently utilized over Europe. The proprietary software to process the data has not been made publicly available despite having asked for it many times.SO2 and aerosol index products that we get from near-real-time processing do not currently get produced as part of the Finnish "very fast delivery" system (direct broadcast) over Europe. However, P.K. Bhartia informed us today that the OMI Science Advisory Board has now taken interest in producing these from the Finnish very fast delivery system. We plan to raise the direct broadcast issue (making software and data generally available to any site) again at the next OMI science team meeting in June since there is now so much interest in getting data as soon as possible after an eruption.I heard an NPR piece recently where they mentioned the other volcanoes that have erupted in the last few years (2 in Alaska and 1 in Russia) that spewed out ash that disrupted air traffic. We didn't hear as much about those eruptions because there was less air traffic in the affected areas to disrupt.Please feel free to jump in and correct if I have made any errors.Best,Joanna >> *From:* Haynes, John A. (HQ-DK000)> *Sent:* Thursday, April 29, 2010 11:52 AM> *To:* Krotkov, Nickolay A. (GSFC-613.3)[UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND > BALTIMORE CO]; Zukor, Dorothy J. (GSFC-6100); Rodriguez, Jose M. > (GSFC-6133); Joiner, Joanna (GSFC-6133); Lau, William K. (GSFC-6130); > Starr, David O. (GSFC-6131); Platnick, Steven E. (GSFC-6132); White, > Nicholas E., Dr (GSFC-6000)> *Cc:* Murray, John J. (LARC-E303); Bhartia, Pawan K. (GSFC-6130); > Joiner, Joanna (GSFC-6133)> *Subject:* question in anticipation of congressional hearings next week>> All,>> In preparing for Dr. Jack Kaye, Associate Director of NASA Earth > Science Research and Analysis, to testify next week to Congress on > volcanic ash monitoring � a question has arisen. As we are providing > near-real-time information on SO2 and ash aerosols from OMI to NOAA, > can we be more specific on what we mean by 渡ear real time�? In other > words, what is the latency period between collection of OMI data and > dissemination of products to NOAA/NESDIS? Thanks, in advance, for the > help.>> John>

http://sacs.aeronomie.be/nrt

5/11/2010 Krotkov, aerocenter

OMI-estimated total SO2 mass: up to ~10 K-tons/day

OMI OMI –– EyjaEyja Ash CloudAsh Cloud6 May 2010

Aerosol IndexAerosol Index SOSO22

5/11/2010 Krotkov, aerocenter 14

MODIS Image MODIS Image & & OMI Aerosol IndexOMI Aerosol Index6 May 2010

OMI Aerosol OMI Aerosol IndexIndex

MODIS Vis ImageMODIS Vis Image

• Nine CCD push-broom cameras• Nine view angles at Earth surface:

70.5º forward to 70.5º aft• Four spectral bands at each angle:

446, 558, 672, 866 nm• Studies Aerosols, Clouds, & Surface

Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer

http://wwwhttp://www--misr.jpl.nasa.govmisr.jpl.nasa.gov

SmokeSmoke from Mexico -- 02 May 2002

0.0 1.2 -.25 3.0 0.0 1.0

Aerosol:AmountSizeShape

MediumMediumSphericalSphericalSmokeSmokeParticlesParticles

DustDust blowing off the Sahara Desert -- 6 February 2004

LargeLargeNonNon--SphericalSphericalDustDustParticlesParticles

0.0 1.2 -.25 3.0 0.0 1.0

MISR Team, JPL and GSFC

MISR-Derived Ash Plume Aerosol Amount & PropertiesPlume Aerosol Amount & PropertiesEyjafjalljökull Volcano 19 April 2010

position in first image

Surface

Parallax : Apparent change in position

Second view angle(no cloud motion)

Apparentposition

Satellite

Surface

height abovethe surface

First view angle

Apparentposition in first image

Surface

Cloud Motion + Parallax

Second view angle(with cloud motion)

Concept: Stereo-imaging

• Applies to Clouds ANDAerosol plumes near-source:Wildfire smoke, Desert dust, Volcanic ash

• MISR Stereo Height retrievals are purely geometric –not sensitive to sensor calibration

• Heights are retrieved at 1 km horizontal resolution, keyed to the layer of maximum contrast

R. Marchand, U. Washington

Presenter

Presentation Notes

+ Describe the concept. + Go over points on the right + Lets look at a couple of examples …

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

0.0 0.6 1.2 0.0 1.2 2.4 0 5000 10,000

Oregon Fire Sept 04 2003 Orbit 19753 Blks 53-55 MISR Aerosols V17, Heights V13 (no winds)

Kahn, et al., JGR 2007

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8 10

Atmospheric Stability

P 1-2P 4-5

0 50 100

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

Hei

ght (

km)

Number of Pixels

P1

0 100 200

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

Hei

ght (

km)

Number of Pixels

P2

0 50 100

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

Hei

ght (

km)

Number of Pixels

P3

0 50 100

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5H

eigh

t (km

)

Number of Pixels

P4

0 20 40 60

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

Hei

ght (

km)

Number of Pixels

P5

MODIS Image + Fire PowerFire Power

Source 1Source 1

Source 2Source 2

Source 3Source 3

Source 4Source 4

1122

33

44

55

66

7788

Source 1Source 1(159)(159)

Source 2Source 2(25)(25) Source 3Source 3

(490)(490)

Source 4Source 4(720)(720)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance from Source 1 (km

1

2 3 4

5

6 78

Source 3Source 3

Detail of Wildfire Source RegionOregon Fire Sept 04 2003

MISR Plume Heights Plume Heights for Sub-patches

MISR Nadir 275 m 275 m Image

304

308

312

316

320

324

328

0 1 2 3 4 5

(km-1)

Ta(NCEP)

Ta(G=6K/km)

Ta(G=5K/km)

Very Simple Plume Parcel Model

Broad swath + high spatial resolution Broad swath + high spatial resolution help characterizing sources

MISR Stereo-Derived Plume HeightsPlume HeightsEyjafjalljökull Volcano – 14 April 2010


North

MISR Stereo-Derived Plume HeightsPlume HeightsEyjafjalljökull Volcano – 15 April 2010

M. Garay, MISR Team, JPL and GSFC

MISR Stereo-Derived Plume HeightsPlume Heights15 April 2010 15 April 2010 Orbit 54917 Path 206 Blk 41 UT 11:38

D. Nelson and the MISR Team

km0

2

4

6

8

Ht~ 1.92 km



0

2

4

km

Ht~ 1.82 km


km0

1

2

3

4

5




Height: Blue Blue = Wind-corrected

XX- & AlongAlong--TrackWinds

Ht~ 1.08 km

X--TrackWinds Along--TrackWinds

Zero-Wind Ht

http://wwwhttp://www--misr2.jpl.nasa.gov/EPAmisr2.jpl.nasa.gov/EPA-- Plumes/Plumes/

MISR Stereo-Derived Plume HeightsPlume Heights03 May 2010 03 May 2010 Orbit 55180 Path 220 Blk 39 UT 13:04


0

2

4

km

Ht~ 3.83 km

D. Nelson and the MISR Team, JPL and GSFC

North

5

4

3

2

1

0km

km0

2

4

6




Height: Blue Blue = Wind-corrected

Plume 1

Plume 2

Ht~ 0.99 km

Ht~ 4.51 kmPlume 2

Plume 1



Ht~ 2.21 km

km0

2

4

6



Ht~ 6.51 km

0

2

4

km

6

8

MISR Eyja Near-Source CoverageCoverage


Path 217

Path 218Path 219Path 220Path 221

Path 216

Path 215

Path 214

Path 213

Path 212

Path 211

MISR Eyja Near-Source CoverageCoverageMay-December 2010


Site Date Orbit Path Block UT Timex-Track

(km) Lat Lon#555t 22-May-10 55456 209 40 11:52:31 26.0 E 62.25 -5.23

#554t 23-May-10 55471 216 39 12:35:26 172.2 E 62.94 -12.4

#555t 24-May-10 55485 207 40 11:40:17 126.3 W 62.25 -5.23

#554t 25-May-10 55500 214 40 12:23:14 26.6 E 62.94 -12.4

#553t 26-May-10 55515 221 39 13:06:09 166.3 E 63.63 -19.6

#554t 27-May-10 55529 212 40 12:11:00 122.1 W 62.94 -12.4

#553t 28-May-10 55544 219 39 12:53:56 24.5 E 63.63 -19.6

#555t 29-May-10 55558 210 40 11:58:39 101.6 E 62.25 -5.23

#553t 30-May-10 55573 217 39 12:41:43 120.4 W 63.63 -19.6

#555t 31-May-10 55587 208 40 11:46:26 49.3 W 62.25 -5.23

#554t 1-Jun-10 55602 215 39 12:29:22 100.2 E 62.94 -12.4

#554t 3-Jun-10 55631 213 40 12:17:09 47.1 W 62.94 -12.4

#553t 4-Jun-10 55646 220 39 13:00:04 96.1 E 63.63 -19.6

#555t 5-Jun-10 55660 211 40 12:04:47 176.5 E 62.25 -5.23

#553t 6-Jun-10 55675 218 39 12:47:51 47.5 W 63.63 -19.6

#555t 7-Jun-10 55689 209 40 11:52:34 26.8 E 62.25 -5.23

#554t 8-Jun-10 55704 216 39 12:35:29 173.1 E 62.94 -12.4

#555t 9-Jun-10 55718 207 40 11:40:20 125.5 W 62.25 -5.23

#554t 10-Jun-10 55733 214 40 12:23:16 27.2 E 62.94 -12.4

Etc…

A Few Additional Thoughts

What might help:

• More airborne samples airborne samples of volcanic ash & other aerosols

• Better optical models optical models for volcanic ash

• A study of the relationships among source source energeticsenergetics, plume heightplume height, & atmospheric stability atmospheric stability structure

• Including AERONET AERONET column AOD in the mix of data

Seems like an opportunity to effect better communicationbetter communicationamong resources, and not just for this volcanic eruption

Aerosol-Climate (also Volcano PlumeVolcano Plume) PredictionPrediction

SatellitesSatellites

Model ValidationModel Validation•• ParameterizationsParameterizations•• Climate SensitivityClimate Sensitivity•• Underlying mechanismsUnderlying mechanisms

CURRENT STATECURRENT STATE•• Initial ConditionsInitial Conditions•• AssimilationAssimilation

RemoteRemote--sensing Analysissensing Analysis•• Retrieval ValidationRetrieval Validation•• Assumption RefinementAssumption Refinement

frequent, global snapshots;

AOD, aerosolair mass type,plume height

space-time interpolation,

PREDICTIONPREDICTION

SubSub--orbitalorbital

targeted chemical & microphysical detail

point-locationtime series

Regional Context Regional Context

R. Kahn

how nasa satellite instruments can help characterizing the...

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