noaa resources for safeguarding the satellite …...credit: nasa/t. benesch, j. carns credit: nasa...
TRANSCRIPT
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Credit: NASA/T. Benesch, J. Carns
Credit: NASA
NOAA resources for safeguarding the satellite infrastructure from space weather
Green, J.C., W. Denig, J. Rodriguez, R. Redmon, S. Codrescu, T. Onsager, H. Singer, W. Murtagh, R. Rutledge, J. Stankiewicz, J. Kunches, D. Wilkinson
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Outline
• Space Weather Radiation Effects on Satellites • Challenges: Understanding, monitoring predicting
space weather effects on satellites • NOAA Resources
– Anomaly analysis example: Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)
• Future Directions – NOAA Satellite Anomaly Information Services data
portal – Anomaly data base
• Other Activities
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Credit: NASA/T. Benesch, J. Carns
Space Weather Effects on Satellites
My god Space is radioactive!
Energetic ions related to coronal mass ejections sporadically impact Earth. • Reach Earth within hours after a CME is launched • Occur ~100 times /solar cycle • Duration is days • Predominantly effect high altitudes and polar regions
Energetic electrons and ions trapped in Earth’s magnetosphere form the radiation belts. • Always present • Intensity fluctuates with solar/geomagnetic activity. • Peak intensity typically occurs on the declining phase
of the solar cycle.
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Space Weather Effects on Satellites
• High energy electrons collect internally until breakdown and discharge
Internal Charging
• Moderate energy protons/electrons collect on surfaces until sudden discharge
Surface Charging
• A single energetic ion causes a bit flip or burn out
Single Event Effects
• Electronics and solar arrays performance degrade over time
Total Dose Effects
Credit: MuAnalysis
NASA HDB 4002A
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1
10
100
1000
0
50
100
RBSP
SA
MP
EX
LIC
A
Charg
ing
Eve
nts
L ~ Equatorial Radial Distance (RE)
HEO
GPS
CR
RE
S M
EP
-SE
U A
no
ma
lies
0
CR
RE
S V
TC
W A
no
ma
lies
Inner
Belt
Slot
Outer Belt
5
10
15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SEEs
Internal
Charging
Surface
Charging
(Dose behind 82.5 mils Al)
Plasma
Sheet
Magnetic Latitude in LEO (deg) 0 45 55 60 63 66 68 69
GEO
Locations of Operational Space Environment Hazards The Challenge
• Different particles cause different types of anomalies
• Different particle energies cause different types of anomalies
• Different particles are observed at different locations
• Particle fluxes increase or decrease depending on different solar/geomagnetic drivers
Credit: NASA
Monitoring, predicting, and connecting anomalies with space weather
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The best way to show the available NOAA data and tools is through examples
Radiation Environment Analysis
• Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)
• Suomi NPP
LEO Example
• ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/publications/stp_presentations/presentations-oral/2011/WDenig_SWW_2011.pdf
GEO example
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Raytheon summary specifies 5 events
– 4 Events identical in behavior starting with loss of comm on both 1394 Bus A & Bus B
– Similar event with loss of comm on only 1394 Bus B Investigation of this event pointed to code within the 1394 driver software which resides in the single board computer's DRAM. That memory unit is a commercial part and has known
radiation susceptibility.
VIIRS Anomaly Summary
VIIRS : measures cloud and aerosol properties, ocean color, sea and land surface temperature, ice motion and temperature, fires, and Earth's albedo on Suomi NPP
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VIIRS Anomaly
• Possible space weather related causes
• Analysis method – Use NOAA Space Environment Monitor-2 from
5 POES and 1 MetOP-A satellite
– Available in real time at https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/dataaccess.html
Credit: MuAnalysis
Internal Charging Surface Charging Single Event Effects
NASA HDB 4002A
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Internal Charging Analysis
Flux is not enhanced in any systematic way prior to the events
Credit: MuAnalysis
SEM-2 measures high energy electron flux (>300keV)
Daily >300 keV electron fluence
Anomalies shown in red
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Log(
flu
x)
Penetrating proton radiation
March 28th 4:13 UT
Log(
flu
x)
Surface Charging Analysis
Auroral region
Penetrating proton radiation
NASA HDB 4002A
Low Energy (8keV) Auroral Electrons
Medium Energy (30 keV) Electrons
No events in auroral region where low-medium energy proton/electrons are seen
One event (Mar 28th) is located where medium energy electrons are present but at low levels
SEM-2 measures protons and electrons 50 eV -30 keV
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4 events occur in the South Atlantic Anomaly where high energy protons can cause single event upsets
Co
un
ts/s
Single Event Effects Analysis
SEM-2 measures high energy proton flux
>35 MeV Proton Flux
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Details of Single Event Upsets Analysis
All 4 solar proton events had >16 MeV flux levels comparable to those in the SAA but the >35 MeV flux levels were lower than in the SAA.
Single Event Effects Analysis
Likely susceptibility to >35 MeV protons
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1 anomaly occurred in the region where Galactic Cosmic Rays are present that can cause single event effects
GCR background
March 28th 4:13 UT
Co
un
ts/s
Single Event Effects Analysis
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NOAA SAIS: Satellite Anomaly Information Services
• A one stop shop for data to quickly determine if an anomaly is related to the space environment
• The portal provides a standard palette that can be customized by the user and gives links to the data
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Anomaly Database
• Community has requested an anomaly database – To develop models to predict when anomalies are
likely
– For designers to identify and correct space weather vulnerabilities
– NGDC previously maintained a database
• NOAA SAIS will provide mechanism for reporting anomalies and accessing anomaly database
• Anomaly reports could be included with data and models as a real world validation
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People Empowered Products (PeEP)
Final Product
Measurements
Physical Model Output
User Reports
Incorporates user reports into NOAA real time and retrospective weather products
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Other Activities
• United Nations Committee On the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) – Drafting guidelines and best practices
• ISO effort to generate a general satellite charging standard and worst case surface charging environment for design – team led by Dale Ferguson at AFRL
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Summary
• NOAA has many resources for understanding space weather effects on satellites
• Suggestions for other needed tools or products and ideas for collaboration are welcome ([email protected])