History and Culture of History and Culture of EuropeEurope

The political and The political and cultural cultural differences in differences in Europe today were Europe today were affected by events affected by events dating back to the dating back to the ancientancientRoman Empire.Roman Empire.

Roman Empire (pg. 290)Roman Empire (pg. 290) Started around 753 BC by RomulusStarted around 753 BC by Romulus Conquered surrounding regions until it Conquered surrounding regions until it

reached it’s reached it’s greatest expanse around greatest expanse around 117 AD117 AD

The northernThe northernand eastern and eastern EuropeanEuropeanborders wereborders wereset at the Rhine set at the Rhine and Danubeand Danube RiversRivers (why?) (why?)(p. 290)(p. 290)

Roman EmpireRoman Empire Around Around 330 AD, Emperor 330 AD, Emperor ConstantineConstantine

movedmoved the Roman the Roman government to the government to the city of Byzantium on the Bosporus city of Byzantium on the Bosporus StraitStrait (later named (later named ConstantinConstantinople).ople).

Because of it’s location, this city Because of it’s location, this city controlled most trade between Asia, controlled most trade between Asia, Africa and EuropeAfrica and Europe. This brought . This brought wealth to the east, and reduced wealth to the east, and reduced influence of Rome.influence of Rome. Silk Road

Division of the Roman Division of the Roman EmpireEmpire

The empire became too big to control The empire became too big to control from Rome, so, in from Rome, so, in 395 AD, Emperor 395 AD, Emperor Diocletian divided the empire intoDiocletian divided the empire intoa Greeka Greekspeaking speaking east and east and Latin Latin speaking speaking westwest..

Division of the Christian Division of the Christian churchchurch

This division would later lead to the This division would later lead to the split in Christianity with the Catholic split in Christianity with the Catholic (west) and Orthodox (east) Churches.(west) and Orthodox (east) Churches.

Catholic churches followed theCatholic churches followed the leadership leadership of the of the Pope in RomePope in Rome and used and used LatinLatin as as the “official” the “official” languagelanguage..

Orthodox churchesOrthodox churches established established local local leadership leadership and usedand used local language local language

Fall of the Roman Fall of the Roman EmpireEmpire

Because of political division, the western Because of political division, the western half of the Roman Empire became weak, half of the Roman Empire became weak, and was invaded by “Germanic tribes” from and was invaded by “Germanic tribes” from just outside the Empire.just outside the Empire.

This led toThis led toRomeRome being being conqueredconqueredby Vandalby Vandaltribes intribes in476 AD476 AD..(“vandalize”)(“vandalize”)

European Languages (pg. European Languages (pg. 290)290)

This explains the division between the This explains the division between the three major language familiesthree major language families of Europe: of Europe: ““Germanic”Germanic” – German, Dutch, – German, Dutch,

English in English in northern Europenorthern Europe ““Romance”:Romance”: Italian, French, Italian, French,

Portuguese, and Spanish in Portuguese, and Spanish in western Europewestern Europe

““Slavic”Slavic” – Polish, Czech, – Polish, Czech, Ukranian, Slovak in Ukranian, Slovak in eastern eastern EuropeEurope

Hello Gut

en TagCiào

Bonjour

Hola

Witaj

Privet

Middle Ages – a “Dark” Middle Ages – a “Dark” timetime

For the next 1000 yearsFor the next 1000 years, society in , society in western Europe broke down into small, western Europe broke down into small, hostile, separate kingdoms.hostile, separate kingdoms.

Learning, science, and technology Learning, science, and technology stoppedstopped..

The The one unifying one unifying force remaining was force remaining was the Catholic churchthe Catholic church, , led by increasingly led by increasingly politically strong politically strong Popes.Popes.

Muslim Expansion into Muslim Expansion into IberiaIberia

In In 711 AD711 AD, Muslim from north Africa (called , Muslim from north Africa (called ““MoorsMoors”) crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and ”) crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and conquered most of the Iberian Peninsulaconquered most of the Iberian Peninsula

Expansion was Expansion was stopped at the Pyrenees stopped at the Pyrenees mountains (physical boundary) mountains (physical boundary) by Frankish by Frankish (French) troops.(French) troops.

The “occupation” The “occupation” lasted until they werelasted until they were defeated by the armydefeated by the armyof Isabella and of Isabella and Ferdinand (Spain)Ferdinand (Spain)in 1492.in 1492.

The CrusadesThe Crusades From 1096 to 1291, Catholic PopesFrom 1096 to 1291, Catholic Popes in Rome in Rome

order a series of “Crusades”order a series of “Crusades” in an effort in an effort to to retake the “Holy Land”retake the “Holy Land” (Jerusalem) from the (Jerusalem) from the Muslims, and to unite the warring kingdoms Muslims, and to unite the warring kingdoms of Europe against a common enemy (Islam).of Europe against a common enemy (Islam).

It didn’t work It didn’t work (10+ tries). (10+ tries).

It did leadIt did leadto increasedto increasedtrade betweentrade betweenItaly and Asia.Italy and Asia.

Eastern Roman EmpireEastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire, centered in The Byzantine Empire, centered in

Constantinople, focused on trade Constantinople, focused on trade throughout the throughout the Balkan PeninsulaBalkan Peninsula..

Traveling traders, and mountainous Traveling traders, and mountainous terrain resulted in many ethnic groups terrain resulted in many ethnic groups developing close togetherdeveloping close together..

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire The eastern Roman Empire The eastern Roman Empire

(Byzantium) lost influence with the rise (Byzantium) lost influence with the rise of Islam in Turkey and of Islam in Turkey and in 1299, the in 1299, the Ottoman Empire was establishedOttoman Empire was established..

It It spread through spread through eastern Europeeastern Europe and lasted until and lasted until after World War I after World War I (more later…)(more later…)

Trade leads to Plague Trade leads to Plague (pg. (pg. 294)294)

From 1347 to 1352, increased trade from From 1347 to 1352, increased trade from Asia led to the spread of “Black Plague”Asia led to the spread of “Black Plague”

Fleas on “pack ratsFleas on “pack rats” in land-based cargo ” in land-based cargo carried this diseasecarried this disease to trade hubs, then it to trade hubs, then it spread to humans.spread to humans.

Spread to/from trade portsSpread to/from trade ports ““Ring around the rosy (cheeks)Ring around the rosy (cheeks)

Pocket full of posies (smell)Pocket full of posies (smell)Ashes, ashes, (dead burned)Ashes, ashes, (dead burned)We all fall down” (We all fall down” (1/3 of 1/3 of Eur. pop. died – 25 millionEur. pop. died – 25 million))

Whos Hungry!!!Whos Hungry!!!

Trade leads to “Rebirth”Trade leads to “Rebirth” Starting around 1350, the Renaissance

began in Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa and Milan.

Rich families would pay (“patronize”) talented artists to create works of art to show off their wealth.

Famous artists include daVinciand Michaelangelo

Started a period of study in science and nature, and a time of invention

European ReligionEuropean Religion Inventions like the printing press (1455,

Gutenberg) allowed for widespread learning and knowledge

This led to questioning of the Catholic Church’s authority

1517 – Martin Lutherprotests Catholic churchpractices (95 Theses)

This starts theProtestant Reformationin Germany

Protestant

Catholic Orthod

oxMuslim

Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration New navigation technology (new sail

design, compass from China, astrolabe) and expensive goods from Asia encourage ocean exploration

1490’s 1500’s - Spain and Portugal in C/S Amer.

1600’s 1700’s - England and France in N. Amer.

Not all countries were involved: Germany – Atlantic access blocked by

England Italy – focused on Mediterranean trade

Age of Empires (W=P)Age of Empires (W=P) Desires to have more (resources, space, control)

than other countries led to taking control of land to benefit the “mother land”

Spain – Central and South America, Philippines England – North America, Caribbean, Australia,

India, Hong Kong, Africa (“sun never set” pg. 304)

France – North America, Vietnam, Africa Not all countries had “productive” colonies,

some were just empty land (see pg. 404 and 419) Wealth = Phys. Res. ( “I have more than you!!)

Age of Revolution (Industrial) Age of Revolution (Industrial) (W=P(W=Ptt))

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution begins in 1780’s begins in 1780’s EnglandEngland Coal + iron = steelCoal + iron = steel Steel + oil = machinerySteel + oil = machinery

Countries now realized that more Countries now realized that more technology can also build wealthtechnology can also build wealth

Wealth = Physical resources Wealth = Physical resources technologytechnology

Increased manufacturing and weaponsIncreased manufacturing and weapons leads to nations taking more coloniesleads to nations taking more colonies (Conference of Berlin 1885)(Conference of Berlin 1885)

Age of Revolution Age of Revolution (Political)(Political)

Kings abused their absolute powerKings abused their absolute power This This led to many independence led to many independence

movements movements in European coloniesin European colonies 1776 - United States1776 - United States breaks breaks from Englandfrom England 1789 – France1789 – France beheads Louis XVI, beheads Louis XVI, Napoleon Napoleon

gets powergets power 1820’s – Central and South American 1820’s – Central and South American

colonies break away from Spain and colonies break away from Spain and PortugalPortugal

Nationalism and ConflictNationalism and Conflict During the 1800’s and 1900’s, fear of other During the 1800’s and 1900’s, fear of other

cultures cultures created fear of other created fear of other nationsnations Strong sense of national pride led to Strong sense of national pride led to

intense rivalries intense rivalries Countries form alliances with others of Countries form alliances with others of

similar culture, economies,similar culture, economies,governments, or governments, or common enemiescommon enemies

““The enemy of my The enemy of my enemy is my friend”enemy is my friend”

World War I (1914-1918)World War I (1914-1918) Due to alliances throughout Europe, one Due to alliances throughout Europe, one

localized event resulted in widespread localized event resulted in widespread declarations of war.declarations of war.

Austria blamed Serbia for the death of their Austria blamed Serbia for the death of their prince...prince...

Central Powers – Austria,Central Powers – Austria,Ottoman Emp., GermanyOttoman Emp., Germany

Allies – Serbia, Russia,Allies – Serbia, Russia,France, England, ItalyFrance, England, Italy

Ger. invaded Fr. throughGer. invaded Fr. throughneutral (and flat) Belgiumneutral (and flat) Belgium

Allies winAllies win

After the “War to end all After the “War to end all wars”wars” As punishment for losing the war, As punishment for losing the war, all all

Central powers lost land (resources)….Central powers lost land (resources)…. Poland created as a “buffer zone”Poland created as a “buffer zone” between between

Germany and RussiaGermany and Russia Germany lost Alsace Germany lost Alsace

regionregion (coal and iron) (coal and iron) Ottoman Empire andOttoman Empire and

Austria-Hungary brokenAustria-Hungary brokeninto separate, into separate, ethnically ethnically ““pure” countriespure” countries, , except Yugoslavia (p. 322)except Yugoslavia (p. 322)

World War II (1939-World War II (1939-1945)1945) Germans and Italians, unhappy with post-war Germans and Italians, unhappy with post-war

govt., choose radical new leaders, Hitler and govt., choose radical new leaders, Hitler and MussoliniMussolini

Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 to “reclaim lost Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 to “reclaim lost land”land”

Allies did nothing at firstAllies did nothing at first Germany invaded FranceGermany invaded France

through Belgium, AGAINthrough Belgium, AGAIN Allies – England, France, Allies – England, France,

United StatesUnited States Axis Powers – Germany, Axis Powers – Germany,

Italy, Austria, HungaryItaly, Austria, Hungary Russia “neutral” until…Russia “neutral” until…

End of /After World War II End of /After World War II (p. 312)(p. 312) Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, the Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R.

joined Allies and forced Germany backjoined Allies and forced Germany back After the war, After the war, U.S.S.R. kept control of U.S.S.R. kept control of

occupied land occupied land Allies divide Germany into E/W GermanyAllies divide Germany into E/W Germany ““Berlin Wall” split capital Berlin Wall” split capital This began This began 50 years of50 years of

Communist control Communist control over Eastern Europeover Eastern Europe

Led to heavy pollutionLed to heavy pollutionand poor developmentand poor development

European UnionEuropean Union (pg. (pg. 326)326) France and GermanyFrance and Germany were tired of fighting were tired of fighting

over resources, so they over resources, so they decided to SHARE decided to SHARE resourcesresources

ECSC established (1951) to control coal/iron ECSC established (1951) to control coal/iron useuse

EC (1967) joined by countries for access to EC (1967) joined by countries for access to tradetrade

EU (1993) started as a EU (1993) started as a Europe “free trade zone”Europe “free trade zone”

In 2000, EU most In 2000, EU most countries start countries start using a commonusing a commoncurrency (Euro)currency (Euro)

Ethnic conflict in the BalkansEthnic conflict in the Balkans (p. 322)(p. 322) After the fall of Communism, After the fall of Communism, Yugoslavia Yugoslavia

fractured into 6 mostly ethnically pure fractured into 6 mostly ethnically pure countriescountries

Areas of multiple cultures experienced Areas of multiple cultures experienced “ethnic cleansing”“ethnic cleansing” where one group kills where one group kills only one other group to “cleanse”only one other group to “cleanse”the area of “outsiders”the area of “outsiders”

Worst cases were in Worst cases were in Bosnia /Herzegovina Bosnia /Herzegovina and Kosovoand Kosovo

Region stillRegion stillexperiencing tensionexperiencing tension