chapter 10 europe—early history chapter 10 europe—early history

Chapter 10

Europe—Early History

Chapter 10

Europe—Early History

Europe—Early HistoryEurope—Early History1010

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Classical Greece and Rome

Section 2 Medieval Europe

Section 3 From Renaissance to Revolution

Reading Review

Chapter Assessment

Chapter Objectives

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Europe—Early HistoryEurope—Early History

• Describe the governments and culture of ancient Greece and Rome.

• Explain the importance of religion in European history.

• Outline events that defined the beginnings of the Modern Age.

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Classical Greece and RomeClassical Greece and Rome

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

Ancient Greece and Rome made important contributions to Western culture and civilization.

Terms to Know

• Classical

• polis • democracy

• republic • consul

• emperor

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy

Create a chart like the one on page 294 of your textbook. Write one fact that you already know about each category in the “Know” column. After reading the section, write one fact that you have learned about each category in the “Learn” column.

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Section Objectives

• Identify significant accomplishments of Greek culture.

• Explain how Alexander spread Greek culture.

• Describe the Roman system of government and law.

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Classical Greece and RomeClassical Greece and Rome1010

The Golden Age of Greece• When historians talk of Classical

Europe, they mean ancient Greece and Rome.

(pages 294–295)Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.


• The Classical period of Greece reached its “Golden Age” in the 400s B.C.

• By that time, the city-state, or polis, had grown from being ruled by a king to the direct rule of the people, or democracy.

• Athens was the home of the world’s first democratic constitution.

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The Golden Age of Greece (cont.)

• Athenian artists produced famous and influential works of philosophy, literature, and drama.

• Three great philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

• The city-states of Athens and Sparta often fought against each other because they wanted to expand their boundaries.

(pages 294–295)

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The Golden Age of Greece (cont.)

• In the 300s B.C. Phillip II and his son, Alexander the Great, conquered all of Greece.

• Alexander’s empire eventually included Persia and Egypt and stretched eastward into India.

(pages 294–295)

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What lands were included in Alexander the Great’s empire, and how did he influence this empire?

The empire included Persia and Egypt and stretched eastward into India. Alexander spread Greek culture everywhere he invaded, where it mixed with Persian and Egyptian culture.

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(page 296)Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.


The Rise of Rome• Rome was settled sometime around

1000 B.C. and dominated much of the Italian Peninsula by 700 B.C.

• Italy could be easily invaded, so the Romans developed a strong army.

• The Romans borrowed the Latin alphabet from the Greeks.

• Rome started as a monarchy, but changed to a republic.

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• In a republic, people choose their leaders.

The Rise of Rome (cont.)

• The people of Rome chose two consuls to represent them.

• They reported to the Senate, landowners who served for life.

• The foundation of Roman law was the Twelve Tables.

• The “tables” were bronze tablets on which laws regarding wills, courts, and property were recorded.

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Who were the consuls, and how were they chosen? Who were the senators?

Rome was led by two consuls, individuals chosen by the people, who reported to the Senate. Members of the Senate were landowners who served for life.





• From 264 to 146 B.C., a series of wars transformed the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

From Republic to Empire

• The peoples conquered by Rome were given Roman citizenship and equality under the Roman law.

• Under the empire, senators lost power to emperors, or absolute rulers, of Rome.

• Caesar Augustus was the first Roman emperor, and he initiated the Pax Romana.

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• The Romans built temples, stadiums, baths, aqueducts, and roads.

From Republic to Empire (cont.)

• Jesus of Nazareth was born during the rule of Caesar Augustus.

• For centuries, Christians were persecuted.

• Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the A.D. 300s.

(pages 296–297)

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• The Roman Empire began to decline in the A.D. 300s.

From Republic to Empire (cont.)

• Emperor Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople and tried to reform the government.

• Plagues killed many people, and Germanic groups invaded from the north.

(pages 296–297)

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What were aqueducts, and how were they built?

Romans used the arch to build aqueducts, or overhead channels that carried water long distances.





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Defining Terms

__ 1. nation with a strong national government headed by elected leaders

__ 2. Greek term for “city-state”

__ 3. form of government in which citizens choose the nation’s leaders by voting for them

__ 4. absolute ruler of Rome

__ 5. relating to the ancient Greek and Roman World

__ 6. elected chief official of the Roman Republic

A. Classical

B. polis

C. democracy

D. republic

E. consul

F. emperor

B

C

F

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

A

D

E

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Recalling Facts



Government In its democratic constitution, what two rights did Athens give all free males over the age of 20?

All males over the age of 20 had the right to vote and to speak freely.

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Culture Name four influences that Greece had on Roman culture.

Greek art, religion, mythology, and the Latin alphabet influenced Roman culture.

Recalling Facts (cont.)1010



Analyzing Information Why do you suppose some of Rome’s citizens wanted absolute rulers instead of elected senators?

Possible answer: An absolute ruler can make decisions without having to discuss, debate, or compromise.

Critical Thinking1010



Making Connections What is one freedom that American democracy has today that was clearly not recognized in the Roman Empire?

Possible answer: American democracy has freedom of religion.

Critical Thinking (cont.)1010



Making Inferences Why do you think the story of Romulus and Remus was created?

Applying Social Studies Skills

Answers will vary, but should recognize the connection between mythology and history.

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Close

Research the art of Greece and Rome. Write a paragraph that describes how social issues influenced art of these civilizations.

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Guide to Reading

Terms to Know


Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe

Main Idea

The Middle Ages saw the spread of Christianity, the growth of cities, and the growing powers of kings.

• pope

• missionary • common law • feudalism • vassal

• manor • serf • guild

• charter

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Reading Strategy

Create a chart like the one on page 299 of your textbook. Fill in the chief duty or role of each of these members of society.

Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe1010



Section Objectives

• Explain the importance of Christianity as a political influence in Medieval Europe.

• Describe the medieval social and political systems.


(pages 299–300)

The Rise of Christianity• The 1,000-year period between

Classical and modern times is called the medieval era, from a Latin word for “Middle Ages.”



• It was during the Middle Ages that Christianity in the form of the Roman Catholic Church became a political power in western Europe.

• By the A.D. 500s, popes had become the leaders of the Church.

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• In eastern Europe, Christianity was known as Eastern Orthodoxy and was under the leadership of the emperors in Constantinople.

• The early popes sent missionaries, or those who spread their religious views, to every part of Europe.

• Monks and nuns helped the poor, and they were also teachers.

The Rise of Christianity (cont.)

(pages 299–300)

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• Through its schools, the Christian Church greatly advanced learning in Europe.

• Beginning in the A.D. 1000s, the Church sponsored a series of holy wars called the Crusades.

• Their purpose was to capture Jerusalem from its Islamic rulers.

The Rise of Christianity (cont.)

(pages 299–300)

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What resulted from the Crusades?

They led to centuries of mistrust between Christians and Muslims and increased mistreatment of Jews. They also made Europeans aware of the rich Byzantine and Muslim cultures. Trade increased, and towns in western Europe grew.

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The Holy Roman Empire• The Germans combined their common

law, the unwritten laws that come from local customs, with Roman law and founded kingdoms all over Europe— from Spain to England to Germany and Italy.

• One of the most important German kingdoms was that of the Franks.

• In 771 Charlemagne was elected king of the Franks.

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• On Christmas Day in the year 800, Charlemagne was proclaimed the protector of the Christian Church in the West and was crowned the head of the Roman Empire in the West, which became known as the Holy Roman Empire.

The Holy Roman Empire (cont.)

• After Charlemagne died in 814, his heirs broke up his kingdom, creating the foundations for the modern countries of Germany, Italy, France, and Spain.

(page 300)

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After Charlemagne’s death in 814, what happened to his empire?

Charlemagne’s empire was inherited by his son and grandsons. It was broken up into several kingdoms, becoming the foundations for modern Germany, Italy, France, and Spain.

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• A new political and social system known as feudalism, emerged during the Middle Ages.

Medieval Society

• Under feudalism, kings would give land to a noble.

• In exchange, the noble provided military service and knights for the king’s army.

• The noble swore loyalty to the king and became his vassal.

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• The feudal estate was called the manor.

• Two types of farmers on the manor were tenants and serfs.

• Serfs were not as free and were usually poorer than tenant farmers.

Medieval Society (cont.)

(page 301)

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What kinds of people might occasionally visit the manors?

Sometimes people with special skills would visit the manors. Tinkers made a living by moving from estate to estate, patching pots or fixing other metal objects. Minstrels and other troubadours entertained by playing music, juggling, or acting as comedians, or fools.





The Growth of Cities• Towns in the Middle Ages were fairly

independent and wanted to be free of the feudal lords’ control.

• They served as centers of trade and manufacturing.

• Manufacturing came under the control of workers’ organizations known as guilds.

• Over time, some towns grew into cities and became political and religious centers as well.

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The Growth of Cities (cont.)

• Kings won the support of the townspeople by building great cathedrals and granting the residents privileges and freedoms in written documents called charters.

• Kings collected taxes in exchange for granting charters.

• With money, kings could pay soldiers instead of giving them land.

• Feudalism and the power of nobles declined.

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How did young people in the Middle Ages acquire job skills?

Young workers, called apprentices, spent years learning a trade so they could join a guild. With experience, the apprentices became journeymen and eventually master craftsmen.





Defining Terms

__ 1. medieval workers’ organization

__ 2. teacher of Christianity

__ 3. political and social system in which kings would give land to a noble

__ 4. head of the Roman Catholic Church

__ 5. unwritten laws that came from local customs

__ 6. a noble who swore loyalty to the king in return for land

A. pope

B. missionary

C. common law

D. feudalism

E. vassal

F. manor

G. serf

H. guild

I. charter

B

D

A


C

H

E

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Defining Terms

__ 7. farm laborer who could be bought and sold along with the land

__ 8. written agreement guaranteeing privileges and freedoms

__ 9. feudal estate made up of a manor house or castle and land

A. pope

B. missionary

C. common law

D. feudalism

E. vassal

F. manor

G. serf

H. guild

I. charter

I

F


G

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Recalling Facts

History When was the first Christian Bible completed?

The first Christian Bible was completed by A.D. 500.



Recalling Facts (cont.)

History What kind of work were most people involved in during the Middle Ages?

During the Middle Ages most people were involved with farming.



Critical Thinking

Evaluating Information Common laws were unwritten laws that came from local customs. What are the possible difficulties that can arise from having such unwritten laws?

Possible answers: laws are open to interpretation and may not be uniformly applied; different customs may conflict; as conditions change, common laws may no longer apply.



Critical Thinking (cont.)

Understanding Cause and Effect How did the Crusades affect the growth of towns in western Europe?

Christian armies needed supplies that were made and traded in towns.



Applying Social Studies Skills

Summarizing Information In a few sentences, describe life on the manor for a common person. Use as many adjectives as possible.

Answers will vary.



Close

Create a display of a manor and its lands.


From Renaissance to RevolutionFrom Renaissance to Revolution


Main Idea

The study of science, art, and education was renewed in the period following the Middle Ages.

Terms to Know

• indulgences

• revolution

Guide to Reading

• divine right of kings

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Reading Strategy

Create a time line like the one on page 303 of your textbook. As you read, add the following events to the line in the correct order.

Protestant Reformation

Age of Exploration

American Revolution

Renaissance

French Revolution

From Renaissance to RevolutionFrom Renaissance to Revolution1010



Section Objectives

• Explain advances in arts, science, and nationhood achieved during the Renaissance.

• Identify the causes of the Reformation.

• Compare the causes and results of revolutions in the Americas and Europe.



(pages 303–304)


The Renaissance• The growth of cities and trade and the

gradual breakup of feudalism led to the end of the Middle Ages.

• The Renaissance—sparked by an interest in education, art, and science—began around 1350 in cities of northern Italy and spread to other cities of Europe.

• Renaissance scholars were called humanists because they were interested more in the world and humans around them than in religious ideas.

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• Noted Renaissance artists were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti.

• During the Renaissance, writers began to use the language they spoke every day instead of Latin or French, the language of the educated.

The Renaissance (cont.)

• The printing press with moveable type was invented around 1450 by Johannes Gutenberg.

(pages 303–304)

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The Renaissance (cont.)

• The printing press made books more numerous and less expensive, thereby encouraging more people to learn to read and write.

• Western European rulers became more powerful, uniting people and creating nations based on a common language and culture.

(pages 303–304)

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How were nations created during the Renaissance?

As western European rulers became more powerful, they united their countries, creating nations based on a common language and culture.

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The Protestant Reformation• Some people during the Renaissance

believed that Church leaders were more interested in wealth than religion.

• Others disagreed with corrupt practices of the Church, such as the selling of indulgences, or documents that freed the buyers from punishment for their sins.

• Because these Christians “protested” corrupt Church practices, they came to be called Protestants.

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• The movement to reform, or change, the Catholic Church was called the Protestant Reformation.

• Two Protestant leaders were Martin Luther, who organized his own new Christian Church that taught in German, and John Calvin, whose followers included the American Puritans.

(pages 304–305)

The Protestant Reformation (cont.)1010


Why did the Huguenots and Puritans come to the Protestant cause?


Many came to the Protestant cause seeking not only greater religious freedom, but also political, economic, and intellectual freedom.

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The Age of Exploration• By the mid-1400s, Europe began to

reach out beyond its boundaries in a great age of discovery and exploration.

• Vasco da Gama sailed around the cape to India.


• Bartholomeu Dias was the first European to reach the Cape of Good Hope.

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• In 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain sent an Italian navigator, Christopher Columbus, westward across the Atlantic searching for another way to Asia.


• The Dutch, English, and French soon joined the Spanish and Portuguese in exploring and settling and trading with the Americas, Asia, and Africa.

(page 305)

The Age of Exploration (cont.)

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• Eventually—in addition to trade goods—people, diseases, and ideas were distributed around the world in a process called the Columbian Exchange.

(page 305)

The Age of Exploration (cont.)

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Who were the laborers for the new settlers in the Americas?

First, Native Americans were used as laborers on plantations and in mines. After many were killed from disease and overwork, traders eventually transported more than 20 million Africans to the Americas as enslaved persons, until the slave trade was outlawed in the early 1800s.

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The Age of Revolution• A revolution is a great and often

violent change.

• In the Americas, the colonies won freedom from their European countries.

• In Europe, people fought for freedom from their kings, queens, and nobles.

• Toward the end of the 1700s, people came to feel that they should play a greater, more direct role in government.

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The Age of Revolution (cont.)

• The belief in the divine right of kings was fading.

• In Great Britain, kings and queens were forced to accept a constitution, a plan for government that shared power but gave most of it to the Parliament.

• John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau believed the government should serve the people and protect them and their freedom.

(pages 306–307)

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• The French Revolution stimulated other peoples to demand more personal and political control over their lives.

• In the 1700s, the American colonies revolted against European control and became a model for many revolutions in Europe and the Americas.

The Age of Revolution (cont.)

(pages 306–307)

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Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?

Napoleon Bonaparte was a military hero of the French Revolution who became the dictator of France. He declared himself emperor of a new French Empire in 1804. Eventually, people almost everywhere in Europe reacted against him and went to war against France. Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815.

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Defining Terms

__ 1. belief that royalty ruled by the will of God

__ 2. pardons for sins, given or sold by the Catholic Church

__ 3. great and often violent change

A. indulgences

B. revolution

C. divine right of kings

A

B


C


Recalling Facts



History What was the movement to reform the Catholic Church called?

The Reformation was the movement to reform the Catholic Church.

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Recalling Facts (cont.)



People Why were Renaissance scholars known as humanists?

They were concerned less with the mysteries of heaven and more with the world and humans.

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Critical Thinking



Examining Results Describe the effects of the process called the Columbian Exchange.

The movement of goods and ideas also brought diseases, which killed Native Americans. To replace their labor, Africans were brought to America as enslaved persons.

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Critical Thinking (cont.)



Making Connections How might a revolution in one country encourage political changes around the world?

The success of revolutionaries in one country may encourage revolutionary changes elsewhere.

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Drawing Conclusions Why do you suppose the period known as the Renaissance was considered a “rebirth”?

Interest in art, science, and culture were “reborn” after being in decline during the Middle Ages.

Applying Social Studies Skills1010

Close


Create a three-column chart with the headings “Renaissance,” “Reform,” and “Revolution.” Fill in the chart with important events and people from this section.

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Section 1: Classical Greece and Rome


Main Idea

Ancient Greece and Rome made important contributions to Western culture and civilization. • Government The world’s first democratic

constitution was written in Athens. • History Alexander the Great conquered all of

Greece and spread Greek culture everywhere he invaded.

• History Rome grew from a Republic to an Empire.

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• Religion Christianity spread throughout the Roman world.

• History The Roman Empire was invaded by Germanic peoples and declined.

Section 1: Classical Greece and Rome

Main Idea

Ancient Greece and Rome made important contributions to Western culture and civilization.

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Section 2: Medieval Europe


Main Idea


• Religion The Roman Catholic Church became a political power in western Europe.

• History The first Christian Bible was completed by A.D. 500.

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Section 2: Medieval Europe


Main Idea


• History Charlemagne was crowned head of the Roman Empire in the West and proclaimed Protector of the Christian church in the West.

• Government Feudalism, the medieval political and social system, was an exchange of land from the king to nobles who provided military service.

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Section 3: From Renaissance to Revolution


Main Idea

The study of science, art, and education was renewed in the period following the Middle Ages.

• Culture Important cultural achievements in the arts and learning spread throughout Europe in the period known as the Renaissance.

• History Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press.

• Government Countries formed into nations based on a common language and culture.

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Section 3: From Renaissance to Revolution


Main Idea

The study of science, art, and education was renewed in the period following the Middle Ages. • Religion The Protestant faith emerged in

protest to the Roman Catholic Church.

• History Christopher Columbus set sail across the Atlantic.

• Government Revolution erupted in the Americas and Europe.

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__ 1. unwritten laws from customs

__ 2. farm laborer who could be bought and sold along with the land

__ 3. written agreement guaranteeing privileges and freedoms

__ 4. workers’ organization

__ 5. medieval political and social system

__ 6. government with elected leaders

__ 7. Greek term for “city-state”

__ 8. absolute ruler

A. emperor

B. common law

C. feudalism

D. democracy

E. indulgences

F. serf

G. polis

H. charter

I. missionary

J. guild

F

H

J

C


B

G

A

D

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__ 9. person who spreads religious views

__10. pardons for sins, given or sold by the Catholic church

A. emperor

B. common law

C. feudalism

D. democracy

E. indulgences

F. serf

G. polis

H. charter

I. missionary

J. guild

E


I

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Government Where was the first democratic constitution written?

The first democratic constitution was written in Greece.

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History Who conquered all of Greece?

Phillip II and his son, Alexander the Great, conquered all of Greece.

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Religion Which religion spread all over the Roman world?

Christianity spread all over the Roman world.

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History Who invaded the Roman empire?

various groups of German peoples

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Religion Which religious group became a political power in western Europe?

The Roman Catholic Church became a political power.

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Economics Explain the difference between vassals and serfs.

Vassals were knights or nobles who received land and swore loyalty to a lord; serfs were poor farmers who in return for use of land, seeds, tools, and protection had to work as ordered by the lords of the manor.

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Government Name the political and social system in medieval Europe.

Feudalism was the political and social system in medieval Europe.

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History What did Johannes Gutenberg invent?

He invented a printing press with movable type.

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Religion Which faith emerged out of protest to the Catholic Church?

The Protestant faith emerged out of protest to the Catholic Church.

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History What is Christopher Columbus historically known for?

He is known for being the first to “discover” America.

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Government Where were revolutions taking place in the eighteenth century?

In the Americas and in Europe.

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Place Location ActivityMatch the letters on the map with the numbered places listed below.

___ 1. Alexandria

___ 2. North Africa

___ 3. Mediterranean Sea

___ 4. Constantinople

___ 5. Black Sea

___ 6. Greece

___ 7. Athens

___ 8. Rome

___ 9. Tiber River

___ 10. Sparta

H

F

I

G

J

A

D

B

C

E

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Standardized Test PracticeDirections: Read the paragraphs below, and then answer the question on the following slide.

The ancient Greeks held the Olympic Games in Olympia every four years. The games were a religious festival in honor of Zeus, the Greeks’ chief god. Trading and wars stopped while the games took place. The first Greek calendar began with the supposed date of the first Olympic Games in 776 B.C.

Athletes came from all over the Greek-speaking world to compete. Only male athletes, however, were allowed to take part, and women were not permitted even as spectators. Olympic events at first consisted only of a footrace. Later, the broad jump, the discus throw, boxing, and wrestling were added. The Greeks crowned Olympic winners with wreaths of olive leaves and held parades in their honor.


Standardized Test Practice


1. From the paragraphs, which of the following statements about Greek culture is correct?

F The Greeks stressed group effort over individual achievements.G The Greeks believed in one god.H The Greeks were not religious.J The Greeks encouraged individual glory.

Test-Taking Tip: Read all the choices carefully before choosing the one that correctly describes Greek culture. Eliminate answers that you know are incorrect. For example, all the Olympic events were performed by individuals, not by teams. Therefore, answer F does not describe Greek culture. The question is asking for the statement that DOES describe Greek culture.




The revolution in this country began in 1789 and stimulated revolutionary change in Latin America and Europe. What country is it?

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Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The World and Its People Web site. Click on Chapter 10-Chapter Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies

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Maps

Greek and Roman Empires

Medieval Europe c. A.D. 1200

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Greek and Roman Empires

Medieval Europe C. A.D. 1200

The ancient Greek Olympics included boxing, footracing, and the pentathlon (wrestling, long jump, running, throwing the discus, and throwing the javelin), as well as chariot racing and an event called the pancratium—a brutal mixture of boxing and wrestling.

In the Middle Ages, Christians made pilgrimages to Palestine to visit the places associated with Jesus Christ. To journey to these sites, European pilgrims might have to travel for years and put up with many hardships and frequent danger.

Many of the crops grown in the world today were originally from the Americas and introduced to Europe during the Age of Exploration. These crops include corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and chocolate.

A medieval manor had a traditional economy in which jobs and skills were handed down generation after generation. For example, a tenant farmer’s son became a farmer. The children of serfs had no choice but to learn the skills of their parents. Serfs were not always farmers, however. Some were millers who made flour out of grain, or coopers who made barrels and buckets. Some were blacksmiths and made tools, weapons, or horseshoes out of iron and other metals. Young women were usually married by age 14 and worked at home and in the fields.

Manor Economy

Cultures throughout the world have based their dating systems on significant events in their history. For example, Islamic countries use a dating system that begins with Muhammad’s flight from Makkah to Madinah. For most Western cultures, the dating system is based on the birth of Jesus. Christians refer to Jesus as “Christ.”

Using B.C. and A.D.

Learning the Skill About 515, a Christian monk developed a system that begins dating from anno Domini, Latin for “the year of the Lord.” Although some historians believe that the monk made a small mistake in his figuring of the exact year of Christ’s birth, his system of dating has lasted. Events before the birth of Christ, or “B.C.,” are figured by counting backward from A.D. 1. There was no year “0.” The year before A.D. 1 is 1 B.C. Notice that “A.D.” is written before the date, while “B.C.” is written following the date.

Using B.C. and A.D.

Practicing the Skill Study the time line of Classical Europe to answer the questions on the following slides.

Using B.C. and A.D.

He was 20 years old.

1. How old was Plato when he became a student of Socrates?

2. For how long did Alexander the Great rule?

Alexander the Great ruled for 13 years.


Using B.C. and A.D.

Julius Caesar was 56 years old when he was assassinated.

3. How old was Julius Caesar when he was assassinated?

4. Who was emperor nearly 500 years after the rule of Alexander the Great?

Marcus Aurelius was emperor nearly 500 years after the rule of Alexander the Great.


Using B.C. and A.D.

Leonardo da VinciThe Italian Leonardo da Vinci is considered one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance. He painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper, two of the world’s best-known paintings. He was also a talented architect, engineer, and inventor.

Read the text on page 308 of your textbook and answer the questions on the following slides.


Leonardo da Vinci


The Mona Lisa and the Last Supper are two of his best-known works.

1. What are two of Leonardo’s best-known works?

2. Why might Leonardo have written his notebooks in mirror writing?

Perhaps he did this to keep others from stealing his ideas, to hide them from the Church, or to keep the pages neat and unsoiled by smeared ink.

Leonardo da Vinci


He used knowledge gained from his study of nature to make his paintings more realistic.

3. Understanding Cause and Effect In what way did Leonardo’s interest in the world around him influence his work?

Daily Focus Skills TransparenciesDaily Focus Skills Transparencies

Europe—Early History – Section 1



Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Answer: A

Europe — Early History – Section 1Europe — Early History – Section 1 Daily Focus Skills TransparenciesDaily Focus Skills Transparencies


Answer: D



Items include jewelry and expensive fabrics. Only wealthy families made portraits of their children.



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