Syllabus for

“Korea’s Cultural History”

Hanyang University International Summer School

July 2nd ~ 27th, 2012 9-12am Room ???

Prof. David A. MasonCultural Tourism Department, Kyung Hee University

mtnwolf@gmail.com 010-9734-9753 www.san-shin.org

Course Objectives The objective of this course will be to make beginning-level students become familiar with the general themes and most interesting aspects of Korea's cultural history, from its origins until the present day. Emphasis will be placed on the cultural arts and customs that are most visible and fascinating to foreign visitors, and most useful to know. The lectures will be practical and vivid, and therefore memorable for the students.

Textbook InformationProfessor’s Handouts will be the main text used, and exams will be based on them. Students have the option of reading “Korea: a Religious History” by Dr. James Huntley Grayson, Korean Buddhism by the Jogye Order, the Samguk-yusa in translation, or others. Students should read the assigned handout material before the lecture, and come prepared to ask questions and engage in active discussion.

Assessment CriteriaThis course will be graded based on:30% the First Exam 30% the Second Exam30% the Third (final) Exam 10% Attendance Record and Professor’s assessment of student participation

Exams will include both factual knowledge and short essay questions. They are not cumulative. The professor will present much information during his lectures that is not covered in the reading, and this material will be included on the exam – therefore, students should take careful notes during the lectures, and ask for clarification of anything not understood.

Topics of Each Lecture:

00 Mon 7/02 Orientation

01 Tues 7/03 Introductions and Opening Themes

02 Thurs 7/05 Origins of Korean Culture in Myths, Legends and History

03 Fri 7/06 Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part one

04 Mon 7/09 Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part two

05 Tues 7/10 First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture under Unified Shilla

06 Thurs 7/12 The Long Decline of Shilla, Introduction of Seon

07 Fri 7/13 The Rise of Goryeo’s Buddhist Culture – the Cheongja Era

08 Mon 7/16 The Tragic Goryeo Decline

09 Tues 7/17 The Rise and Peak of the New Joseon Order

10 Thurs 7/19 The Middle of the Joseon Dynasty – Philosophy and Invasions

11 Fri 7/20 The Late Joseon Dynasty, and its Tragic End

12 Mon 7/23 Korea's Cultural Changes in the Early 20th Century

13 Tues 7/24 Korea's Cultural Changes in the Middle of the 20th Century

14 Thurs 7/26 Korea's Cultural Changes in the Late 20th Century

15 Fri 7/27 Final Discussion of Korea's Future, and Final Exam

01 Tues 7/03 Introductions and Opening Themes

Introductions of Students and Professor

Historical and Religious Themes of Korea, and Scholarship of its History

Geographical setting of Korea and its influence on culture

Romanization of Han-geul

02 Thurs 7/05 Origins of Korean Culture in Myths, Legends and History

Bronze-Age Pre-History (Manchuria and Peninsula); formation of identity and Shamanism

King Dan-gun and Foundation Myths of the Three Kingdoms; Samguk-yusa

The continuing influence of this story on contemporary Korean culture

Formation of the Sam-han, and Lolang Commandery 108 BC under Emp Wu-ti.

Entrance of Chinese Iron-Age culture

Basic points of Buddhism India China; Confucianism and Daoism

03 Fri 7/06 Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part one

Introduction of Chinese Culture, Kingship and Buddhism; 4th Cen Chinese Buddhism – state-oriented character; Inwang-gyeong “Benevolent King Sutra”

The Three Kingdoms 삼국시대 三國時代 early conditions and cultural formation of

Goguryeo 고구려 高句麗 (north) Baekje 백제百濟 (SW) Shilla 신라 新羅 (SE)

Stele of Goguryeo King Gwanggaeto was erected near his tomb in 414 by his son King Jangsu, in what is today the city of Ji'an along the Yalu River. Granite, ~7 meters tall, ~4 meters wide, 1802 Classical Chinese characters. Major primary source extant for the history of Goguryeo.

magic, healing, faith & rituals

Missionaries – Ado Hwasang

Resistance / acceptance issues – story of King Beobheung and Yi Cha-don

Grey unglazed stoneware pottery remains as Shilla’s shamanist ceramic style.

Korean monks went to north China and India to study under the greatest Masters

Great Master-Monk Won-gwang (to Ch 589, return 599, traveled through Sui)

5 Principles of Hwarang-do: (demonstrates “one package” theory)

Loyalty to king, parents & friends; fight w/o retreat; kill only when necessary and then with compassion

Hwangryong-sa built by King Jinpyeong in 558 palace temple for Wongwang

04 Mon 7/09 Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part two First Golden Age Begins

Great Master-Monk Jajang-yulsa (자장 율사 慈藏律師 590-658)

young genius, but rejected office. went to China 636, returned 643

established Vinaya / yul – rules of Monastic Order

established Royal Office of Buddhism, registration of Monks and Temples

Wutai-san – met Munsu-bosal – relics – Odae-san – Korea as Holy-Land

relics in Diamond Altar at Tongdo-sa and four other temples in north-east SK

gave Buddhist names to mountains along East Coast, built temples

said he found “Mother of Munsu-bosal” on Munsu-bong Peak of holy Taebaek-san

advised building of great 71-meter Pagoda at Hwangryong-sa 황룡사 皇龍寺

Koreanization of Buddhism; Daoism, Confucianism and Shamanism blended in

Early transmission of culture to Japan – royalty, Hyecho tutors crown prince @600

Queens Seondeok (r.632-47) and Jindeok (r.647-54) poem-letter to Tang Emp

Sui attack Goguryeo 612-16, repulsed by General Eulji Mundeok 을지문덕 乙支文德

“Unification Era” 663~677 created by General Kim Yu-shin 김유신 金庾信 under Great Kings Taejong Muryeol 태종 무열왕 太宗 武烈王 (r.654-61) and Munmu 문무대왕 文武大王 (r.661-681)

China & Shilla defeat Goguryeo & Baekje in 680s, Chinese occupy Baekje but are driven outcalled the Unified Shilla Dynasty Tong-il Shilla 통일 신라 統一新羅 (668 CE - 935 CE)

the Balhae Kingdom in former Goguryeo territory lasts 699-926.

05 Tues 7/10 First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture under Unified Shilla

Master-Monk Uisang-josa (의상 義湘 625-702) introduces the Hwa-eom-jong (華嚴; Huáyán; Jp: Kegon; Skt:Avatamsaka, Flower Garland Sutra, centered on Biro-bul) after study with Huayan master Zhiyan 智儼, friends with Fazang 法藏).

He wrote the mandala-like Haein-do (Ocean Seal diagram'), and founded up to 70 great temples.

Story of Myo-hwa Dragon-Girl and building of Buseok-sa (Floating-Rock Temple)

Master-Monk Wonhyo-daesa (원효 元曉 617-686) self-enlightened

Genius scholar, wrote Sastras, founded Haedong Sect, Harmonization of Sutras

Spread Amita-bul cult (Pure Land Buddhism) to common people; Unorthodox

Sex-scandal with princess Seol Chong설총 薛聰 and Idu writing, Shilla Confucianism

Attributed with founding 66 temples that still exist.

Goguryeo Master Bodeok studied Daoism, rejected, fled to Baekje due to its rise

Gyeongju at its peak, flowering of all arts. Nam-san and other sites.

Sinification, but Bone-Rank castes -- no social mobility, belief in bloodlines

Bulguk-sa불국사 佛國寺 and Seokgur-am석굴암 石窟庵 built by poor boy Prime Minister Kim Dae-seong 김대성 金大城 700-774

Emille Bell story

Gay King story

06 Thurs 7/12 The Long Decline of Shilla, Introduction of Seon

Introduction of Seon (Ch’an or Chán 禪 or 禅 or Zen) Buddhism in China by Bodhidharma 菩提達摩, Pútídámó or Dámó. K: Dalma-josa FL. 520 CE (early 6th Cen)at Solim-sa or Shaolin Monastery 少林寺 Shàolínsì at Sōng Shān 嵩山 in Henan 477

6th Patriarch Dajian Huineng (慧能 Huìnéng 638–713) Korean: Yukjo Hyeneung -seonsaPlatform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (六祖壇經) Southern Chan Sect (頓教) Sudden EnlightenmentLegend says that his skull was buried under Main Hall of Ssanggye-sa by founders; now in stone pagoda

Beomnang studied under 4th Patriarch, in 640 under Queen Seondeok Shinheung-sa 新興寺 was founded as “first meditation temple” in 652 by Jajang-yulsa

800s Seon gets rooted in Korea – the 9 Mountain sects: Gusan-Seonmun 九山禅門

Spontaneity, individualism, instant / complete enlightenment, meditation instead of doctrine/scriptures/statues.

Tea茶 cha / da Korean tea grown 828 at Jiri-san Ssanggye-sa 지리산 쌍계사 智異山 雙磎寺

Jang Bogo장보고 張保皐 or Gungbok궁복 弓福 ?-846 ruled the Yellow Sea region as naval-commander and trader, in the early 800s

Late Shilla Confucianism develops institutions – Gukhak and Mun-myo

Choe Chi-won 최치원 崔致遠 (857-?) Pen-name Go-un고운孤雲 or Hae-un 해운 海雲genius, official career in China, returned to save his nation Shilla, in 894 submitted his "Ten Urgent Points of Reform" simu sipyeojo (시무십여조 時務十餘條) to Queen Jinseong (887-897), but his advice rejected. Wandered as Daoist to Jiri-san, Busan, etc, wrote histories for temples, became Shinseon at peak of Gaya-san above Haein-sa.

Rebellions by aristocrats, then farmers, then Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo

07 Fri 7/13 The Rise of Goryeo’s Buddhist Culture – the Cheongja Era

Taejo Wang Geon (b.877, r.918-43) and his relation to Haein-sa & other Temples

Doseon-guksa ( 827-98) Korea’s Pungsu-jiri Geomancy (Feng Shui / fēngshuǐ 風水)and first concept of Baekdu-daegan theory, left advice for Goryeo Dynasty, Taejo WG followed.

Gaeseong capital City, flowering of State-led Buddhist Culture, Guksa국사 國師 & Wangsa

Cheongja blue-green Celadon pottery, giant paintings; stone mireuk statues

Palgwan-hoe Festivals huge wealthy temples, ceremonies, golden buddhas

Tiantai (天台宗 T'ien T'ai) Cheontae in Korea Tendai in Japan. Great Chinese Bud Sect that systematizes all of the Sutras under Lotus Sutra 妙法蓮華經 Korean: Myobeom-nyeonhwa-gyeong

Founder: Zhiyi (智顗, Chih-I, 538–597) in the late 500s, at Tiantai-shan 天台山 in Zhejiang Province. Korean monk Payak had studied Tiantai under its greatest master in 600sChegwan-daesa (d.970) bought Tiantai or Cheontae Buddhism back to China

Unification of Korean Buddhism was attempted using Cheontae by Uicheon Daegak-guksa (의천 義天 대각국사 大覺國師 1055-1101) Prince toured China collecting books, built royal library

Unification of Korean Buddhism was accomplished by Jinul Bojo-guksa (1158-1210) created Jogye Order조계종 at Songgwang-sa송광사 松廣寺 which is at Korea’s Jogye-san (named after China’s Caoqi-shan / Caoxi-shan 曹溪山, Huineng’s mtn). It is mainly Seon, but includes others.

08 Mon 7/16 The Tragic Goryeo Decline

Kim Bu-shik (1075-1151) put down Myocheong’s rebellion, wrote Samguk-Sagi 三國史記 1145

1170 military coup – starts bad time Choe military dictatorship

Iryeon (1206 - 1289) wrote Samguk-yusa 三國遺事 in the late 1200s

1184 Goryeo conquers the Tamna Kingdom of Jeju Island, it becomes “Korean”

Mongol conquest (1231-59) and rule (1260-1350)Korea’s worldly but enslaved condition; royalty slowly becomes mongolMongols attacked Japan with Korean labor and wood-shipbuilding from Jeju Nov 1274 and Aug 1281 (kamikaze, 4000 ships lost)population reduction, debauchery of everything

wood & metal printing innovations. Buncheong-ware pottery.

Tripitaka Koreana / Palman-daejang-gyeong 고려팔만 대장경 高麗八萬大藏經carved on Ganghwa-do 1236-51 (moved to Haein-sa 1399) 81,000 blocks! 52mil words!

The 3 Jewels Temples: Tongdo-sa (B), Haein-sa (D), Songgwang-sa (S) only in Korea!

Monk Shindon (d.1371) interferes in King Gongmin’s politics, then overthrown

Seon Master Po-u Taego Hwasang Wangsa (1301-82) re-establishes Chan Lineage

09 Tues 7/17 The Rise and Peak of the New Joseon Order

Han Yu 韓愈 around 800 in Tang, makes protest against Buddhism. Suppression of Buddhism in 845

Chu Hsi (Zhū Xī 朱熹 1130-1200) created Neo-Confucianism 理學 Lǐxué / 道學 Dàoxué from the Four Classic Books and the teachings of the Five Sages of the 1000-1100s.Four Books: 四書 Sì Shū: Great Learning大學 Dàxué, Doctrine of the Mean中庸 Zhōngyōng, Analects of Confucius論語 or 论语 Lúnyǔ, and Mencius孟子 Mèngzǐ

Introduction to K of Seong-i-hak Neo-Confucianism by An Hyang (1243-1306) Established the Seonggyun-gwan Univ. The Sosu-seowon was built for him by Toegye

Taejo 태조太祖Yi Seong-gye 이성계李成桂(1335-1408) coup, Ming Relations, meaning of Joseon

Jeong Mong-ju (1337-92), Jeong Do-jeon (1337-98) were leading Neo-Confucianists

and Geomancer-Monk Jacho Muhak-daesa (1327-1405); Hanyang (Seoul) becomes capital.

Early Joseon (1390–1591) society and politics, the rise of the Yangban clans; Neo-Confucian doctrine & Culture established with radical social changes (strict patriarchy, clan-lineages, primogeniture and etc);

King Taejong (r.1400-1418) oppressed the seoja and Buddhism

King Sejong –daewang세종대왕 世宗大王 (r.1418-50) – Hangeul, science, good-Gov

King Sejo (r.1455-68) / (killed Danjong) – became devout Buddhist, made system of Laws

King constrained by advisors – Wangdo ideals – Sarim-pa radicals got influence, but then were purged – Jo Gwang-jo (1482-1519). Factionalism!

10 Thurs 7/19 The Middle of the Joseon Dynasty – Philosophy and Invasions

Toegye Yi Hwang퇴계 退溪 (1501-70) Korea’s greatest philosopherOrthodox, followed Chu Hsi exactly. Made 10 Diagrams of Sage Learning

rival with Yulgok Yi I 율곡이이 栗谷李珥 (1536-84)

– his mother Shin Saimdang 신사임당 申師任堂 (1504-1551) artist, Eojin Eomeoni "Wise Mother"

Baekja white w/blue porcelain pottery, Chinese-style paintings & arts

Heo Jun (허준, 許浚, 1546 – 1615) Doctor who adapted Chinese herbal & etc medicine to Korean plants & conditions, wrote Dongui bogam the key text of Traditional Korean medicine.Influence spread to China and Japan as one of the classics of Oriental medicine, still today.Worked for royal family but also treated common people, used han-geul. Exiled to southwest.

1592–1630: invasions by Japan & Manchus, destruction & theft of Arts.Imjin War 임진왜란 壬辰倭亂 suddenly invasion by Hideyoshi, lasts 1592-93 and 97-98.

defence by local groups & Buddhist monks; Masters Seosan 西山大師 & Samyeong-dang 四溟堂 leads to Namhan-Sanseong 9 temples

Naval victories by Chungmu-gong Yi Sun-shin 충무공 忠武公 Martial Loyalty Lord 이순신 李舜臣

Nongye and the Cult of Loyalty.

Assistance from Ming China 1593 and 1598. But then submission to the Manchus by 1630.

11 Fri 7/20 The Late Joseon Dynasty, and its Tragic End

1630–1850: conservative “hermit kingdom” under philosophy of U-am Song Shi-yeol 우암송시열 尤庵 宋時烈 (1607–1689) – strict Neo-Confucianism enforced, devotion to the MingOppression and Decline, but Endurance, of both Shamanism and Buddhism

Exile / Gosan Yun Seon-do孤山尹善道 (1587-1671) lived on Bogil-do. Sijo Poetry ( haiku)

Catholicism intro and Persecutions late 1700s through 1800s. Great killing 1866, French

Shilhak – Practical Learning – “Dasan” Jeong Yak-yong 다산 茶山 정약용 丁若鏞 (1762-1836)

progress of arts; Construction of Suwon Hwaseong Castle by King Jeongjo / Dasan 1794-6

Choui-seonsa revived Han-guk Chado tradition, wrote book, friends with him and Chusa

1850–1910: first Western contacts, introduction of Protestant Christianity

All nations struggle for Korea; King Gojong and Queen Min / Minbi / Myeongseong

Attempted reforms fail. the Donghak Rebellion fails 1894, leading to Cheondo-gyo 천도교

Japan defeats China in 1895, and Russia in 1905. USA just stands by.

“Independence” & “Empire” declared 1897, then Japanese Colonial Occupation 1880-1910

12 Mon 7/23 Korea's Cultural Changes in the Early 20th Century

early modern nationalism with its American Christian influencethe “Great Revival” starts in Pyeongyang 1907, spreads nationwide

Reactions to loss of sovereignty varied. Some cooperate, collaborate, others resist

Aftermath of WW-I (USpresident Wilson) & Gojong’s funeral ==> 1919 March First Movement (Sam-il-jeol)

the 1920s Cultural Nationalism under Japanese Colonial Occupation.

Japanese-style ‘householder’ Buddhism imposed, but rejected after the 1950s

Steady growth of Protestant Christianity.

Repression in the 1930s, then WW-II.

Great Masters of 20th-Century Korean Buddhism:

Gyeong-heo

Man-hae Han Yong-eun

Hyo-bong

Gu-san

Cheong-dam

Seong-cheol

Seung-sahn

all of them revived traditions of Korean Buddhism, or modernized it, and/or internationalized it – creating foreign centers and monks for the first time

Temple-Stay Program created 2002 for the World Cup

13 Tues 7/24 Korea's Cultural Changes in the Middle of the 20th Century

Cultural effects of Liberation and Division 1945-49, RoK established 1948 by the UN,

and then the Korean War 1950-53.

Seoul vs. Pyeongyang; North Korea’s pseudo-communist cultish dictatorship;

Kim Il-sung’s Juche ideology and destruction of traditional culture in the North

American-style culture influences the South

Important ROK Presidents:

1948-1960 Syngman Rhee / Yi / I / Lee Seung-man

1961-1979 Park Chung-Hee / Bak Jeong-hui

1980-1987 Chun Doo Hwan / Jeon Duhwan

1988-1992 Roh Tae Woo / No Tae-u

1993-1997 Kim Young Sam / Gim Yeong-sam

1998-2002 Kim Dae Jung / Gim Dae-jung

2003-2007 Roh Moo Hyun / No Mu-hyeon

2008-2012 Lee Myung Bak / I Myeong-bak

14 Thurs 7/26 Korea's Cultural Changes in the Late 20th Century

Radical social changes and the cultural changes that have accompanied them;

ROK military dictatorship and resistance to it

relations with America, Japan & the world. Vietnam War sparks Industrialization.

South Korea's new generations and social changes

the strong growth of Protestant Christianity

the revival of Korean Buddhism

the endurance of Korean Confucianism and Shamanism – and the New Cults

the 1988 Seoul Olympics

North Korea fails at attempts to open up under Kim Jong-il, despite pressures, leading to ongoing famine and nuclear weapons crisis

SK splitting away from the USA and the new cultural nationalism; the 2002 World Cup

Revived relationships with China and Japan

Cultural aspects of Kim & Roh’s Sunshine Policy towards North Korea

15 Fri 7/27 Final Discussion of Korea's Future, and Final Exam

Prospects of Korea’s cultural future