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Historical Bureau Piaseczno, near Warsaw traveling and sightseeing of Poland phone + 48 609 330 269 mail: contact@historical-bureau.com

We can move through the last epochs, whole the time crossing the borders of cities, along

hundreds of kilometers of roads, with deep consciousness, that beneath glittering facades

of new buildings a real history of millions people is waiting to be explored. It’s an

astonishing feeling, deeply emotional at times.

Who I am ? My historical service:

My name is Tomasz Kubicki. I am a graduate in historical studies of the My historical bureau is involved in historical tourism, my area of expertise

University in Warsaw. I’m specialized in Word War II and in all the details is Jewish heritage and history on polish soil, and the lot of polish nation

that concern JEWISHS and POLISH NATIONS during the last century. between 1939 and 1989, and almost each aspect of polish history included

Themes such as : Warsaw and Cracow history, ten centuries of Jewish cities like Warsaw, Gdansk or Cracow and others. I leave in Warsaw but

legacy in Polish land , German occupation of Poland, Warsaw uprising 43 my activities is reserved also for whole country. The strategy my company

and 44, and the like are of particular importance to me. Basically I am an excludes activity through a agency to hire a driver and a tourist guide. I offer

historian - speaking fluent English – rather than a typical guide. You fully packed service at the reasonable price.

Actually I am engaged in researches related to polish - jews relationships ALL CUSTOMERS from all over the world can be served by bureau. You are

in polish underground press and consider to translate my thesis about Warsaw’s able to create your own tour around Poland with my help to coordinate some

ghetto uprising into English. details. If you wish you will be able to decide about an accommodation on

your own. I have made much effort to find my offered prices and terms fully

News: I provide you luxury car Mercedes Benz Viano with multimedia satisfactory and competitive.

and free internet ! The price per 1 km / 60 cent. go to the next page to find out more !

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My offer: JEWISH HERITAGE TRIP:

1. I deliver highly professional and specialized guide service: Exterminations camps: ( see page 4 – 9 ) maps, documents, multimedia videos , tablets, DVD system in the car. Auschwitz 316 km , 3h 30 m from Warsaw

Majdanek 172 km , 2h 30 m from Warsaw

2. I deal with individual customers as well as organized groups Treblinka 112 km , 1h 30 m from Warsaw

I work for: traveling organizations, foundations, universities Sobbibór corporations, embassies, business customers, private customers. Bełżec

Jewish heritage ( 1000 – 1943 ) - whole Poland :

3. Each customer is served individually and the programme is Jewish Warsaw 5 h , 150 $ + 1h – 30 $

customized to particular needs. Łódz 130 km , 1h 30 m form Warsaw Cracow 300 km , 4 h from Warsaw 4. I take you on trips in luxurious cars: Mercedes Viano Lublin and others 172 km , 2h 30 m from Warsaw

5. I realize transfers between the cities Cemeteries in whole Poland – price per 1km is 0,6 $

OTHER TOUR:

Poland in the line ( 1732 – 1945 ) – by the turmoil of the war

The regained memory - Warsaw sightseeing, Chopin trial – 5 h 150 $ ( see page 15 – 19 )

Private tours in whole Poland ( sightseeing + aprox. 300 km - 150 $ per day + 0,55 $ per km )

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My motto :

Once upon a time someone divided historians into two categories; first who sit in the cabin below ship’s deck and see through a small window

only sea, second who are on the same ship - at the crownest and use binoculars to find out something more and more…It is almost superfluous to point out

that when you see the line of horizont than your’s awareness, knowledge, understanding is definitely deeper. That is the reason and simultaneously answer

why I have decided to create a historical bureau. Why ? I would like share with you... We can move through the last epochs, whole the time crossing the

borders of cities, along hundreds of kilometers of roads, with deep consciousness, that beneath glittering facades of new buildings a real history of millions

people is waiting to be explored. It’s an astonishing feeling, deeply emotional at times.

My goal is to provide you the best solutions, possibilities, skills and perfect service to make your’s journey and sightseeing of Poland like Swiss

clock

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EXTERMINATION CAMPS – THE LAST WAY - ENDLÖSUNG DER JUDENFRAGE

Europe hadn’t have enough time to recover from the shock of the First World War yet. The things of the past were still pulsating in the irregular

rhythm. Although new towns and buildings rose from the ruins, even though the people started living normal life, the strong tension was felt

around. Since that time the old continent had never hastened with such a remarkable speed toward a new massive conflict which turned out the

biggest drama in history.

The instruments of mass destruction were set in motion. Beneath the phantom of the blitzkrieg the mortal ideology of Nazis lay hidden.

This ideology was rooted in eugenics and euthanasia and was tested beforehand in the Third Reich in the so called T4 operation aka E-Action,

when gas chambers and concentration camps were not heard of as yet. Mentally ill people were sealed off in trucks and gassed with fumes from

exhaust systems. People who took part in this act of euthanasia run, later on, the extermination camps. They were: Christian Wirth, Frank Stangl,

Odilo Globocnick, Imfried Eberl, Gustaw Wagner, Herman Hoefle, to name just a few.

And so, about 30 years after the Treaty of Versailles, the threat of suffering of nations menaced the world once again. On the 1st of September

1939, at dawn, German military forces started expanding their lebensraum and the war broke off.

In those cruel times only the representatives of Aryan race (the race of lords and rules) enjoyed the right to posses their place in the world,

whereas other nations were forced to serve them. Shaken by the cruelty of war, broken up, in danger of extermination, the nations were fighting

for survival. Among them the Jewish nation was exposed to the danger the most, and the most ruthless fate ever known befell this people – the

holocaust.

Soon after the invasion of Poland a network of camps was set up. At the beginning they served as internment camps and penitentiaries. Not only

Polish political prisoners were sent there but also citizens of various countries: the Ukrainians, The White Russians, the Gypsies. The biggest

enemies of Nazis were deported to enforced labor camps. Those camps were gradually transformed into places of mass extermination, which

was decided during the WANNSE CONFERENCE on January 20, 1942. Of this conference

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( only one protocol has survived the wartime and that is how we know what kind of decisions were made. In this conference present was, among

others, Adolf Eichman the later organizer of holocaust, who after the war escaped and was captured in 1960 in Argetina by Mossad. Another

participant of this conference was the man who created Nürnberger Rassengesetze (Nurnberg racial laws) in September 1935. He opted against

holocaust since it infringed this law in his view.

The extermination camps, those death factories, came to existence. Behind the barbed wire prisoners were kept under extremely harsh and

unbearable conditions. Stripped of their human dignity most of them were killed in gas chambers and burned in crematories.

From 1940 – to first half of 1942 Jews generally were kept in ghettos.

a)The Hitler problems among the Russian front where the offensive was collapsed and fact that appeared plenty of difficulties to Wehrmacht that

they earlier hadn’t expected,

b) violent winter in 1941 ( take a look that in 24.12.1941 the chief of Judenrat in Warsaw Ghetto – Czerniakow was ordered by Nazis to collect

from inhabitans all furs. To the end of 31. January 42 he gained 181. 788 furs - in this time Wermaht is freezeing in Russia front)

c) fact that USA jointed to alliance ( Pearl Halbour 7.12.1941, prospect of economic - military coeperation between usa - zsrr), probably in this

moment Hitler already knew he was losing the war,

d)hatred toward Jews that was like a fundament of Nazi ideology was increased in lighting speed ( in Russia front Hitler send to soldiers clearly

order – killing jews without afraid to accusation of war crime.)

– these circumstances accelerated the decision of Jewish final solution that was confirmed in 20.I.1942 in Wannsee. Hitler’s hearted toward

Jews achieved a critical point. The Jews were being founded as guilties of Nazi failures. It was nessesairy to destroy them.

It is estimated that approximately 5-6 million Jews lost their life from 1939 to 45 - over the half of them deprived theirs life in Nazis camps

located on the occupied territory of Poland.

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AUSCHWITZ

In 1940 on the wetland territories, where the Vistula and Sola rivers converge, Nazis established a camp. It became soon well know for its bad

fame. The area of the camp grew quickly, covered thousands sq kilometers of the near land – Brzezinka.

“The newcomers were marching in time with the camp orchestra , going through the iron gate with the inscription : Arbeit macht frei, passing

double rows of barbed wire fences and the invisible position of guns machine. When prisoners approached the center of the camp each of them was

tattooed a number on a schoulder. He was given a bed board in of the long row of gloomy brick barracks and was sent to work.”

On the 20 January 1942 during the conference in the former villa of Interpol by the Wanesee lake a decision was made, which mostly

foredoomed the proposed total eradication of the Jewish population – endlosung. Then the head of Chief Bureau of Security RSHA – Reinhard

Heydrich on Hitler and Himmler’s order, commanded the annihilation of 11 thousand of European’s Jews. In that way the human dignity was

denied on a scale which had never existed before in the history of the world. It was anus mundi, which was executed with the Prussian accuracy.

For this purpose some camps were established in Chełmn, Bełżec, Sobbibór, Majdanek, Treblinka.

Also the camp in Auschwitz II Birkenau was enlarged. The cruelty blotted out of the last standards of morality. In hiding places, masked and

isolated from the outside world by barbed – electric wire the real Apocalypse began. Szoa – the total extermination – crossed the threshold of

insanity. Along thousands of kilometers of tracks transports of condemned were brought from all Europe. Millions of Jews set off their last way.

Auschwitz was labour camp as well as extermination since endlosung. The extremely important date for this place is semptember 1941 because

in these time Nazis used to CYCLON B to killing 600 hundred of Russian captives and 250 poles patients. Before this date Nazi used Cyclon to

disinfection.

From 1942 the railway ramp – where Sonderkomando with camp serwis were segregated people from never ending transports - became the

gate of death or shortly life. Some from them went to work, but most of them went immediately to gas chambers.

Hans Frank was the cruelty commander, after the Nuremberg process he was sentenced for a capital punishment. Historians have determined

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that at least 1.1 million of Jews deported to Auschwitz were driven from all over occupied Europe.

TREBLINKA

This camp was established late in the Spring of 1942 as a part of Operation Reinhard, and was annexed to the already existing forced labor

center. It operated until November 1943. It was the second largest extermination camp for Jews, next to Birkenau, as far as death tall is

concerned.

The public prosecutor Smirnov: Could you describe the camp of the Court of Justice ?

Rajzman: Trains entirely loaded with Jews were arriving at there every day. They were from Czechoslovakia, Germany, Grecee and Poland . People

were given five minutes to get off and immediately they were ordere to undress. It happened under cutting of the whips of German workers. Than

being necked they had to go down the road toward to the gas chambers.

Smirnow: I would like you to tell hoe German called the road leading to gas chambers.

Rajzman: It was called himmelfahrtstrasse.

Smirnow: It means the road floating to up to Heaven, dosen t it. ?

( everything was sacrificed to the end. A man’s character became involved to the point that he was caught in the mental turmoil which threatened

all the values he held and threw into doubt. Under influence of the world which no longer recognize the value of human life and human dignity,

which robbed man of his will and he made him an object to be exterminated(…)- under this influence the personal ego suffered a loss of values.

If the man in the concentration camp didn’t struggle against this in a last effort to save self respect, he lost his feeling of being an individual, a

being with a mind , with inner freedom and personal value. He thought of himself then as only a part of enormous mass of people: his existence

descended to the level of animal life – V.E.Frankl )

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In order to deceive German used different sorts of methods of mystification. Kurtz Franz a couple of months, after establishing the camp in

Treblinka, ordered to build the beautiful railway station equipped with several signpost. On the barracks used to collecting clothes and goods of

prisoners were placed the notice – boards with the inscriptions printed of them: a restaurant, a post office, a phone box. There was also trains

schedule with hours of departure and arrival for directions: Grodno, Suwałki, Berlin, Vienna.

Frank Stangle, changed this camp to real factory of death. Over 700 thousand to even 800 inmates – mostly the Jews – 99,5%.

BEŁŻEC

Belzec,was the first of the Nazi German extermination camps created for the purpose of implementing the Operation Reinhard – which entailed

the murder of some 2.2 million Jews. The camp was situated in German-occupied Poland about 1 km south of the local railroad station of Bełżec

in the Lublin district of the General Government territory, and operated from March 17, 1942 to the end of December 1942.

Between 430,000 and 500,000 Jews are believed to have been murdered by German Nazis at Bełżec, along with an unknown number of Poles and

Romani; only one or two Jews are known to have survived Bełżec and the Second World War: Rudolf Reder and Chaim Hirszman. The lack of

survivors, who could have given testimony, is the primary reason why this camp is so little known despite the enormous number of victims.

SOBBIÓR

Sobibór was a Nazi German extermination camp located on the outskirts of the village of Sobibór, Lublin Voivodeship of the Nazi German General

Government (occupied Poland). The camp was part of Operation Reinhard and the official German name was SS-Sonderkommando Sobibór. It was

situated near the rural county's only major town of Włodawa Jews from Poland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, and the

Soviet Union, possibly as well as some non-Jewish Soviet POWs, were transported to Sobibór by rail and suffocated in gas chambers fed by the

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exhaust of large petrol engines. One source states that up to 200,000 people were murdered at Sobibór. Sobibór survivor Thomas Blatt later

wrote that "In the Hagen court proceedings against former Sobibór Nazis, Professor Wolfgang Scheffler, who served as an expert, estimated the

total figure of murdered Jews at a minimum of 250,000.

After a revolt on October 14, 1943, about 600 prisoners tried to escape, about half succeeded, of whom about 50 evaded capture. Shortly after

the revolt, the Germans closed the camp, bulldozed the earth and planted it over with pine trees to conceal its location. The site is occupied by

the Sobibór Museum, which displays a pyramid of ashes and crushed bones of the victims, collected from the cremation pits thereafter.

CHEŁMNO

Chełmno extermination camp, known by the Germans as the Kulmhof concentration camp, was a Nazi German extermination camp situated 50

kilometres (31 mi) from Łódź, near a small Polish village called Chełmno nad Nerem. After Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it annexed the area

as part of the territory of Reichsgau Wartheland. The camp operated in two periods, from December 8, 1941 to March 1943 during Aktion

Reinhard (the most deadly phase of the Holocaust), and from June 1944 to January 18, 1945 during the Soviet counter-offensive. It was

specifically built to exterminate most of the Polish Jews of the Łódź Ghetto and the local Polish inhabitants of Reichsgau Wartheland. In between

these two periods, modifications were made to the camp's killing methods, as the main part of the camp was dismantled in 1943.

At a very minimum 152,000 people (Bohn) were killed in the camp, though the prosecution in the Chelmno trials in West Germany, citing Nazi

figures, said at least 180,000 Jews were murdered there, and probably a great deal more.

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POLAND IN THE LINE

On 13 of September 1732 in Vienna the Loewenwold Treat was signed. In the very heart of European lowland the lethal union among

Russia, Prussia and Austria was born. The alliance of the Three Black Eagles covered territories were Polish citizens had been living since ages

with the shadow of the approaching catastrophe. It was the great challenge which the Poles couldn’t manage cope with. The welfare of the

nations building for many countries broke out so immediately what would resemble the another one named one and half century later- blitzkrieg.

“ Poland should be kept in a state of inertia “ – Fredrich the Second

1772 – the first partition

1793 – the second partition

1795 – the third partition

The Polish Noble Republic invaded, betrayed and totally alone in its struggles disappeared from the map of Europe. Although the tragic

situation which was facing Poland, before the final defeat, the group of Polish patriots, gained on 3th of May 1791 in the Royal Castle in Warsaw,

had signed the Constitution of the 3th May. It was the first in Europe and the second in the world modern constitution. The Poles gave proof

once again that they were capable to defend honorably till the last soldier and using up all solution.

On 11th of November 1918 after 123 years of captivity the Polish nation became independent and regained the lost freedom. The end of

the First World War, which had been unleashed by the Second Reich four years before, led to proclaim the independence of the country.

The greatest contemporary problems aren’t being solved by speeches and resolutions of majority but with blood and iron – Otto Bismarck, the

chancellor of the II Reich.

The great advocate of Polish affairs turned out the United State’s President T.Woodrow Wilson. In his famous proclamation to the

Congress issued on 8 th of January 1918 he included this well-know Fourteen Point which demanded:

Establishing the united, independent and autonomous Poland wit territories inhabited by Polish citizens with free unrestricted access to the sea and

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the economical and political independence. The integrity of the country must be guaranteed by the international convention.

On 28th June 1919 The Threat of Versailles confirmed the establishment of the independent country. There was also created the League

of Nation - an international organization for the peace protection.

At the same time Poland without any support was defending against the Soviet invasion towards Europe. For the Bolsheviks in the full

flash of their revolutionary enthusiasm, the advance to the West was ideological necessity to ensure the survival of their revolution in Russia.

Whereas in the West the fate of the international revolution is hanging in the balance the way to international “fire” is leading across the corpse of

Poland. –Mikhail Tukhachevsky.

The new, cruel struggle broke out in the middle – east of territories of our continent. On 12-15 August 1920 on the foreground of Warsaw the

army commended by the commander in – chief Józef Piłsudzki stopped the offensive of The Red Army. Europe was saved. The Polish soldier

took the deadly toll which the worth was devalued for next many years. It was called the miracle on the Vistula and it was 17th battles in history

of the world.

At the years went the history wheeled round.

Polish issue should be settled the matter. This is the goal my policy – the chancellor of the Reich Josef Wirth.

On 16th April 1922 at 1.15 in the Italian town Rapallo two isolated since that time countries: The Weimer Republic and Soviet Russia, made

an economic agreement. So that they broke their isolation.

At the same time the history of man, who was to leave a cruel stamp on history of XX, was running. In 1923 the chef of NSDAP Adolph

Hitler after the unsuccessful coup in Munich was imprisoned in Landsberg. In his cell of the prison, in the light of a bulb he wrote his famous “

Main Kampf “. On setting free he evoked of his nation sense of wrong and constantly fanned fanatical nationalism. In the endless speeches he

proclaimed the idea of revisionism. The revenge for Versailles might become accomplished fact. At those days the real hall of Nazis already

appeared. Ten years later Hitler took advantage of one of the huge mistake and became in power. Nevertheless he was not in a favour of

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president von Hindenburg but he took a stand of chancellor. There is not any danger. He was involved in it in order to work in our favour.

– said von Papen. Hitler needed less than two months to show him how big mistake he had made. He went through the revolution within six

months and found an acceptance almost in all the country. The preparation for a war began. It seemed to be only way to put his written nine

years earlier program into force.

1936 – occupation and remilitarization of Rhineland

12 th March 1937 – Anschluss of Austria

20 -30 th September1938 – The Munich Agreement – a partition of Czechoslovakia

1939 – occupation of Czechoslovakia

With a dump approval the West Europe was coming back to times what people didn’t want to remember about.

The evening 31th of August reached.

“On Thursday about 8 p.m the Broadcasting station was occupied by a Polish fighting squad. Poles broke into this building. This attack could be a

clear signal for Polish partisans to invade German’s territories.” – false statement broadcasted by German DNB

When all attempts of blackmail let down and 16 – points German programme was rejected what meant that Poland would defeat its independence,

Nazis used the earlier prepared instigation. In fact they were German criminals, engaged by the chef Gestappo Muller, dressed up in Polish

uniforms and pretended Polish soldiers, who launched envisaged attack on their own broadcasting station.

Next day on 1th of September in the early morning at 4.45 am German armoured ship Schleswig – Holstein opened 6 minutes - lasted

fire, giving a signal of an invasion. At that time nobody could be aware that fourth partition had just began.

Wednesday 23th August 1939. Moscow. Kremlin.

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Ribbentrop and Molotov in Stalin’s presence are singing The Pact of Non – Aggression between the Nazi Reich and Soviet Union. A secret

protocol , included the terms of regulation of the division of Polish territory between two sides, is attached to this document.

In a case of any political and territorial transformation areas belong to the Polish state would be divided up on the line the Vistula, San, Narew

rivers between the zones of political influence of the Nazi Reich and the Soviet Union.

On 3rd of September England and France declared war against the Third Reich. And it was all what was done for Poland, which alone and

isolated was fighting against much stronger forces. The West allies didn’t fire a shot in Poland’s defense.

London, Whitehall, October 1939. The Chief of General Staff of The British Empire – Ironeside and a commander of The British Military

Mission – general Carton de Wiart.

Poles didn’t cut a desk, didn’t they ?

The Prime Minister – Neville Chamberlain:

Could you tell me – Sir General – what was an impact of throwing our leaflets ?

The Polish Army exceeded their original objective which was to hold the Wehrmacht in check for two weeks until allies’ forces could

mobilize their divisions on the Maginot Line. Poles fought in great skill and heroism in fort of Westerplatte, in defence of Hel, in the siege of

Warsaw, in the battle on The Bzura River, and in defence of the Modlin fortress. Instead of the excepted help from the West the deadly blow

came from East. Stalin on 17 th of September by crossing the Polish border sealed the Polish fate. In those days Poland was surrendered on

three sides, trapped without any way out, couldn’t manage to resist any longer.

I received an audience of Potiomkin instead Mołotow. At the beginning he announced that the Polish government and the High Command

took refuge in Romania. Nearly nine tenth of Poland’s territories passed under the occupation of Nazis. He tried to hold me a note proclaiming that

today at 4 a.m the Soviet Army is crossing the Polish border along all line – military attaché – colonel Brzeszczyński

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Nearly ten days later Polish soldiers supported by civilians resisted bravely enemies armies. At those days when there were not only

luck of weapons but also food and the rate of victims was still raising, when churches were burnt into the ground and incent people suffered from

acts of violence the world still temporized.

I am appealing to our allies last time. I don’t ask for help because the time for it was over. I am demanding a revenge. – Warsaw’s president

Stefan Starzyński

Left by allies, subjected to hostility of enemies the Polish society suffered the biggest in their history repulse. In two months their state

which had been protected by the Treaty of Versailles was grabbed by Two Black Eagles. Once again it was swept away from the map of Europe.

The short blow, the first by German forces, later – by the Red Army, was sufficient to that nothing was left from this monstrous bastard of

the Treaty of Versailles. – Molotov – a marshal of the Soviet Union.

But in the hearts of the brave nation was evoked the spirit of fight which couldn’t be combated and once again it came to history. When

one year later on the French territory strong struggles were launched , it turned out something incredible. To crush one Polish unit Nazis needed

three times more soldiers and equipment than to damage one unit in the West.

Poland served The Great Britain so it had to die. Poland has never survived – said to General Anders one of the Soviet officers.

He was definitely wrong but as a matter of fact, Poland needed 44 years more to be a completely independent country.

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WARSAW’s tour – THE REGAINED MEMORY

Warsaw. Monday the 2nd of October 1944. The sky is being covered with heavy, thick clouds. It is raining. The temperature remains steady 13 C.

Five o’clock – the cessation in arms. AT 9 pm the act of armistice is being signed. The flames of the Warsaw uprising are slowly putting over. The

Warsaw’s trouble is over. The great Apocalypse follows six years of Nazi occupation. The Hitler’s revenge. In three months four-fifth of the city

disappeared. 20 million cubic meters of pile of rubble: 45 thousands wagons and several thousand of lorries unloaded with plundered goods. On

January 17 Soviet Army came into Warsaw.

The second World War covered Warsaw with a menacing shadow. But in order to understand thoroughly the past of the city, some thrilling

pictures of XX century should be replaced the others, less cruel, which retained, showing streets, parkas and museums.

This is the Warsaw – the city which survived its death.

Warsaw had to follow the long way to become the most significant of Polish Republic. At the beginning XV century some rich merchants

from Toruń setting up the town on the spot of a small village. As the years went by its existence was gradually becoming much more visible.

Although Warsaw at that times couldn’t compare to Cracow, the second followed Gniezno the capital city but plenty of political activities which

this town was involved with, let it get better rank. The more attention of the foreign affairs was directed to the northern and eastern of lands

the less convenient for the king became to stay on the Wawel Hill in Cracow. Warsaw was situated more suitable place to take part in these

issues. It was located in the middle of the country. The geopolitics factors turned out more essentially than the powerful tradition.

Step by step Warsaw was becoming the important stage of many historical events, the place of elections, the witness of the gentry’s

Seyms ( parliament ) of The Crown of Polish Kingdom and The Great Dutchy of Lithuania as well as the Prussian homages. Its shape, character

and culture were totally changed in XVI century. The town was promoted to the new higher rank . There wasn’t matter that Warsaw was only

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residential place of the king and since 1795 its legal status hadn’t been regulated yet. The fact was that after coming back from the campaign of

Moscow in 1611 king Sigismund III Vasa set up in The Royal Castle in Warsaw his main residence.

Nevertheless the economic, cultural, political, prosperity its price emerges too high. The town was severely damaged during long lasting

war facing the country in XVIII century. As a main residence of Polish kings it was constantly in a great danger, when enemies of Poland

unleashed their hostility. For the long period the polish history of our nation always felt of the threat from the sides of: Russia, Turkey, Sweden,

rising in a power Austria and Prussia. The absolutist Europe was tightening noose over the Polish democracy of the gentry.

But what is the most significant : before the decline of Poland and after the turbulent and full of damages period, Warsaw under the rule

of Stanislaus – Augustus Poniatowski started rapidly its developing. It became the economic, political and cultural centre of social life. At that

time it was arranged the splendid The “Łazienki” Park with the most precious classical monuments: The Royal Palace on the water, the

amphitheatre and other terrific monuments. It was also formed a permanent theatre company in Warsaw. The town was rebuilt and modernized.

On the Royal Square the fully fledged liberal Constitution of the 3th of May was proclaimed which was the second modern constitution in

the word. But it was too late to stop the strong wave which was to sweep Poland away from the map of the world and turned Warsaw into

provincial seat of the department of East Prussia.

After the National Raising had launched by Kościuszko, the rate of population of Warsaw decreased: of the total numbers of 160 thousand

inhabitants there were 60 thousand left. The Duchy of Warsaw, set up emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, turned out short-lived survived only until

1815. After defeated of the Napoleon’s Army on the field Waterloo at the Congress of Vienna The Kingdom of Poland was confirmed with the

capital city in Warsaw. There were times faster rate of development of capitalism and industries. The process didn’t stop despite the political

reprisals after the failure of the January Raising which symbolizes the Citadel with it’s the famous the Tenth Pavilion.

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At that time the wooden bridge linking districts : Żoliborz an Praga, which were situated on the another bank of the Vistula river, was

build as well as Jerozlimskie Avenue, The Great Theatre, The Warsaw University, the steam engine on Solec, and the first modern hotel called “

The European Hotel “ There was also constructed the most modern at those times the iron bridge with stone pillars, linking two sides of city.

The Praga district was rebuilt. It was created the system of water supply service. Warsaw was lit up by gaslight. Socrates Stankiewicz exerted a

beneficial influence on developing the city creating the modern metropolis.

That all was done despite the strong russification policy, which spoiled the Polish society, as well as of the border city which limited its

developing. Although the Polish state was still occupied and the January Rising marked the end the periods of Polish battles for national

liberation Poles looked for the new way of compensating to sustain the lively substance of nation.

In November 1918, after the first World War, Poland was reborn to be free for one generation. Throughout inter war period many difficult

problems faced the young state, particularly Warsaw. The miracle on the Vistual River in August 1920 stopped the Soviet invasion for West

Europe and saved it form a new, cruel war. The battle which was fought on the foreground of Warsaw was called 17 th battles in history of the

world.

Since 27th October 1939 Stefan Starzyński had been a mayor of the city and he became a great meritorious for Warsaw’s developing.

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The trial leads along the most beautiful sightseeing in Warsaw:

The Old Town and The Royal Castle (Unesco World Heritage List ) :

Walking the streets of the Old Town and New Town allows you to rest from the bustle of central city life. It’s possible to find old’s Warsaw spirit

in a passages, narrows- cobble stone streets, shops, restaurants, backstreets, courtyards and brick town houses. Just strolling among

monuments and remnants you can meet a “ real – past ” city.

Royal Castle :

Built in the 15th century, this castle served as residence of Mazovian princes. Once the capital was moved to Warsaw from Kraków, the castle

served as seat of the king and the government. It’s the Warsaw’s landmark of unquestioned significance.

Barbakan :

The Famous Gate connecting Old Town with New Town. There are only two such building in Poland and only a handful remain in the whole

Europe.

Royal Łazienki Park :

The park and palace complex at Łazienki are one of the most beautiful of this type in Europe. Established in the 17th century

Palace of Culture and Science :

Completed in 1955 as a ‘gift from the Soviet people’, the building is the embodiment of Socialist Realist architecture.

Wilanów:

The summer residence of King Jan III Sobieski and then Augustus II as well as subsequent aristocratic families.

Multimedia Fountain Park:

Located in a lovely site between the Old Town and the Vistula River

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Praga district:

Through the centuries, this Warsaw's right-bank was an independent town, and it became formally attached to Warsaw only in the late 18th

century. For years it was a secondary part of the city with religions: Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Judaism.

Former Jewish dictrict :

Sentimental trial among traces and monuments of the past -Jewish nation. The Museum of the History of Polish Jews is opened as a testimony

and proofs of Jews presence in this city.

Warsaw Uprising’s Museum :

Opened in 2004, on the 60th anniversary of the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, the museum pays tribute to all those who fought and died for

their country’s independence.

And others !

FRYDERYK CHOPIN’S TRIAL :

Fryderyk Chopin is undoubtedly the best known resident of Warsaw. He is described as follows: “A native of Warsaw, a Pole at heart,

with the talent of a world citizen.’ – Norwid

It was in Warsaw that he studied music, made friends, expanded his knowledge and gave his first concerts; the prodigious man even

wrote for a newspaper. It was in Warsaw where he also experienced his first love. If we stroll through the city streets, most notably those along

the Royal Route, we come across places he lived or frequented.

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The most important stops on the route are Holy Cross Church (kościół św. Krzyża), where his heart is interred, the cutting-edge and

super-modern biographical museum, which opened on the 200th commemoration of Chopin’s birthday, and the memorial in Łazienki Park, where

recitals of Chopin’s music are held every Sunday afternoon from May to September. Also worth visiting is Żelazowa Wola – which is about

50 km outside of Warsaw – the place where Chopin was born.

KAZIMIERZ WIELKI

WARSAW UPRISING TRIAL