hdr2013 summary english

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SummaryHuman DevelopmentReport 2013

The Rise of the South:

Human Progress in a Diverse World


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Copyright 2013

by the United Nations Development Programme1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA

All rights reserved. No part o this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any orm or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission.

Printed in Canada by Lowe-Martin Group on Forest Stewardship Council certifed and elemental chlorine-ree papers. Printed using

vegetable-based inks and produced by means o environmentally compatible technologies.

Editing and production: Communications Development Incorporated, Washington DC

Design: Melanie Doherty Design, San Francisco, CA

For a list o any errors or omissions ound subsequent to printing, please visit our website at http://hdr.undp.org

Human Development Report 2013 team

Director and lead authorKhalid Malik

Research and statisticsMaurice Kugler (Head o Research), Milorad Kovacevic (Chie Statistician), Subhra Bhattacharjee, Astra Bonini, Cecilia

Caldern, Alan Fuchs, Amie Gaye, Iana Konova, Arthur Minsat, Shivani Nayyar, Jos Pineda and Swarnim Wagl

Communications and publishingWilliam Orme (Chie o Communications), Botagoz Abdreyeva, Carlotta Aiello, Eleonore Fournier-Tombs, Jean-Yves

Hamel, Scott Lewis and Samantha Wauchope

National Human Development ReportsEva Jespersen (Deputy Director), Christina Hackmann, Jonathan Hall, Mary Ann Mwangi and Paola Pagliani

Operations and administrationSarantuya Mend (Operations Manager), Ekaterina Berman, Diane Bouopda, Mamaye Gebretsadik and Fe Juarez-Shanahan


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Summary

Hmn Dvpmn Rpr 2013

Th Ris th Sth:

Hmn Prgrss in Divrs Wrd

Empowered lives.

Resilient nations.

Published or the

United Nations

Development

Programme

(UNDP)


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Frwrd

Te 2013 Human Development Report, Te

Rise of the South: Human Progress in a DiverseWorld, looks at the evolving geopolitics o ourtimes, examining emerging issues and trendsand also the new actors which are shaping thedevelopment landscape.

Te Report argues that the striking trans-ormation o a large number o developingcountries into dynamic major economies withgrowing political inuence is having a signi-cant impact on human development progress.

Te Report notes that, over the last decade,all countries accelerated their achievements in

the education, health, and income dimensionsas measured in the Human Development Index(HDI)to the extent that no country orwhich data was available had a lower HDI val-ue in 2012 than in 2000. As aster progress wasrecorded in lower HDI countries during thisperiod, there was notable convergence in HDIvalues globally, although progress was unevenwithin and between regions.

Looking specically at countries which liedtheir HDI value substantially between 1990and 2012 on both the income and non-income

dimensions o human development, the Reportexamines the strategies which enabled them toperorm well. In this respect, the 2013 Reportmakes a signicant contribution to develop-ment thinking by describing specic drivers odevelopment transormation and by suggestinguture policy priorities that could help sustainsuch momentum.

By 2020, according to projections devel-oped or this Report, the combined economicoutput o three leading developing countriesaloneBrazil, China and Indiawill surpass

the aggregate production o Canada, France,Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and theUnited States. Much o this expansion is beingdriven by new trade and technology partner-ships within the South itsel, as this Report alsoshows.

A key message contained in this and previousHuman Development Reports, however, is thateconomic growth alone does not automaticallytranslate into human development progress.Pro-poor policies and signicant investments

in peoples capabilitiesthrough a ocus on ed-

ucation, nutrition and health, and employmentskillscan expand access to decent work andprovide or sustained progress.

he 2013 Report identiies our speciicareas o ocus or sustaining developmentmomentum: enhancing equity, including onthe gender dimension; enabling greater voiceand participation o citizens, including youth;conronting environmental pressures; and man-aging demographic change.

Te Report also suggests that as global de-velopment challenges become more complex

and transboundary in nature, coordinatedaction on the most pressing challenges o ourera, whether they be poverty eradication, cli-mate change, or peace and security, is essential.As countries are increasingly interconnectedthrough trade, migration, and inormationand communications technologies, it is nosurprise that policy decisions in one placehave substantial impacts elsewhere. Te criseso recent yearsood, inancial, climatewhich have blighted the lives o so many pointto this, and to the importance o working to

reduce peoples vulnerability to shocks anddisasters.

o harness the wealth o knowledge, ex-pertise, and development thinking in theSouth, the Report calls or new institutionswhich can acilitate regional integration andSouthSouth cooperation. Emerging powersin the developing world are already sources oinnovative social and economic policies andare major trade, investment, and increasinglydevelopment cooperation partners or otherdeveloping countries.

Many other countries across the South haveseen rapid development, and their experiencesand SouthSouth cooperation are equally aninspiration to development policy. UNDP isable to play a useul role as a knowledge broker,and as a convener o partnersgovernments,civil society and multinational companiestoshare experiences. We have a key role too inacilitating learning and capacity building. TisReport oers very useul insights or our utureengagement in SouthSouth cooperation.

ii | Human Development RepoRt 2013


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Finally, the Report also calls or a critical look

at global governance institutions to promote aairer, more equal world. It points to outdatedstructures, which do not reect the new eco-nomic and geopolitical reality described, andconsiders options or a new era o partnership.It also calls or greater transparency and ac-countability, and highlights the role o globalcivil society in advocating or this and orgreater decision-making power or those mostdirectly aected by global challenges, who areoen the poorest and most vulnerable peoplein our world.

As discussion continues on the global devel-opment agenda beyond 2015, I hope many will

take the time to read this Report and reect

on its lessons or our ast-changing world.he Report rereshes our understanding othe current state o global development, anddemonstrates how much can be learned romthe experiences o ast development progress inso many countries in the South.

Hn Crk

AdministratorUnited Nations Development Programme

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Contents of the 2013 Human Development Report

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Overview

Introduction

CHAPTER 1

The state of human development

Progress of nations

Social integration

Human security

CHAPTER 2

A more global South

Rebalancing: a more global world, a more global South

Impetus from human development

Innovation and entrepreneurship in the South

New forms of cooperation

Sustaining progress in uncertain times

CHAPTER 3

Drivers of development transformation

Driver 1: a proactive developmental state

Driver 2: tapping of global markets

Driver 3: determined social policy innovation

CHAPTER 4

Sustaining momentum

Policy priorities for developing countries

Modelling demography and education

Impact of the rate of population ageing

The need for ambitious policies

Seizing the moment

CHAPTER 5

Governance and partnerships for a new eraA new global view of public goods

Better representation for the South

Global civil society

Towards coherent pluralism

Responsible sovereignty

New institutions, new mechanisms

Conclusions: partners in a new era

Notes

References

STATISTICAL ANNEX

Readers guide

Key to HDI countries and ranks, 2012

Statistical tables

1 Human Development Index and its components

2 Human Development Index trends, 19802012

3 Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

4 Gender Inequality Index

5 Multidimensional Poverty Index

6 Command over resources

7 Health

8 Education

9 Social integration

10 International trade fows o goods and services

11 International capital fows and migration

12 Innovation and technology

13 Environment

14 Population trends

Regions

Statistical references

Technical appendix: explanatory note for projections exercise

iv | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2013


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Smmary

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Th ris th Sth

Te rise o the South is unprecedented in its

speed and scale. It must be understood in broadhuman development terms as the story o a dra-matic expansion o individual capabilities andsustained human development progress in thecountries that are home to the vast majority othe worlds people. When dozens o countriesand billions o people move up the develop-ment ladder, as they are doing today, it has adirect impact on wealth creation and broaderhuman progress in all countries and regionso the world. Tere are new opportunities orcatch-up or less developed countries and or

creative policy initiatives that could benet themost advanced economies as well.

Although most developing countries havedone well, a large number o countries havedone particularly wellwhat can be calledthe rise o the South. Some o the largestcountries have made rapid advances, notablyBrazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, SouthArica and urkey. But there has also been sub-stantial progress in smaller economies, such asBangladesh, Chile, Ghana, Mauritius, Rwandaand unisia (gure 1).

While ocusing on the rise o the South andits implications or human development, the2013Human Development Reportis also aboutthis changing world, driven in large measure bythe rise o the South. It examines the progressbeing made, the challenges arising (some as aresult o that very success) and the opportu-nities emerging or representative global andregional governance.

For the irst time in 150 years, the com-bined output o the developing worlds three

leading economiesBrazil, China andIndiais about equal to the combined GDPo the longstanding industrial powers o the

NorthCanada, France, Germany, Italy,United Kingdom and the United States. Tisrepresents a dramatic rebalancing o global

FIGuRe 1

Mr than 40 cntris th Sth xprincd signifcanty gratr HDI gains

sinc 1990 than wd hav bn prdictd basd n thir prvis HDI prrmanc

HDI, 2012

HDI, 1990

OthersBig improversHighlighted 18

Brazil

Bangladesh

China

Chile

Ghana

Indonesia

IndiaLao PDR

Korea, Rep.

MalaysiaMexico

Rwanda

ThailandTunisia

Turkey

Viet Nam

Uganda

HDI199

0=HDI20

12

Mauritius

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

N: Cris b h 45 dgr i hd highr HDI i 2012 h i 1990. B d gr rkrs idic cris wihsigifc rgr h rdicd icrss i HDI bw 1990 d 2012 gi hir HDI i 1990. ths cris wridifd bsd rsids bid r rgrssi h chg i g HDI bw 2012 d 1990 h g HDI i 1990.Cris h r bd r scd gr rid HDI irrs h r discssd i grr di i chr 3 h RrSrc: HDRo ccis.

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th Sh is mrging

ngsid h Nrh s

brding grnd rchnic innvin nd

criv nrprnrship

economic power: In 1950, Brazil, China andIndia together represented only 10% o theworld economy, while the six traditionaleconomic leaders o the North accounted ormore than hal. According to projections in the

Report, by 2050, Brazil, China and India willtogether account or 40% o global output (g-ure 2), ar surpassing the projected combinedproduction o todays Group o Seven bloc.

Te middle class in the South is growing rap-idly in size, income and expectations (gure 3).Te sheer number o people in the Souththebillions o consumers and citizensmultipliesthe global human development consequenceso actions by governments, companies andinternational institutions in the South. TeSouth is now emerging alongside the North as

a breeding ground or technical innovation andcreative entrepreneurship. In NorthSouthtrade, the newly industrializing economieshave built capabilities to efciently manuac-ture complex products or developed countrymarkets. But SouthSouth interactions have

enabled companies in the South to adapt andinnovate with products and processes that arebetter suited to local needs.

Th stat hman dvpmnthe Human Development Index (HDI) in2012 reveals much progress. Over the pastdecades, countries across the world have beenconverging towards higher levels o human de-velopment. Te pace o HDI progress has beenastest in countries in the low and mediumhuman development categories. Tis is goodnews. Yet progress requires more than averageimprovement in the HDI. It will be neither de-sirable nor sustainable i increases in the HDI

are accompanied by rising inequalities in in-come, unsustainable patterns o consumption,high military spending and low social cohesion(box 1).

An essential part o human developmentis equity. Every person has the right to live

FIGuRe 2

Brazi, China and India cmbind ar prjctd t accnt r 40% gba tpt by 2050, p rm 10% in1950

Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United StatesBrazil, China and India

Share of gl obal output (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2050201019801940190018601820

PROJECTION

N: o is srd i 1990 rchsig wr ri drs.Src: HDRo iri hisric d r mddis (2010) d rjcis bsd prd Cr r Iri Frs (2013).

2 | Human Development RepoRt 2013


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a dvping

cnris r n y

priciping y in

h ris h Sh

a ullling lie according to his or her ownvalues and aspirations. No one should bedoomed to a short lie or a miserable onebecause he or she happens to be rom thewrong class or country, the wrong ethnic

group or race or the wrong sex. Inequalityreduces the pace o human development andin some cases may even prevent it entirely.Globally, there have been much greater reduc-tions in inequality in health and education inthe last two decades than in income (gure4). Virtually all studies agree that global in-come inequality is high, though there is noconsensus on recent trends.

A mr gba Sth

Global production is rebalancing in ways notseen or 150 years. Growth in the cross-bordermovement o goods, services, people and ideashas been remarkable. By 2011, trade accountedor nearly 60% o global output. Developingcountries have played a big part in this (box 2):between 1980 and 2010, they increased theirshare o world merchandise trade rom 25% to47% and their share o world output rom 33%to 45%. Developing regions have also beenstrengthening links with each other: between

1980 and 2011, SouthSouth trade as a shareo world merchandise trade rose rom 8.1% to26.7% (gure 5).

All developing countries are not yet partici-pating ully in the rise o the South. Te pace ochange is slower, or instance, in most o the 49least developed countries, especially those thatare landlocked or distant rom world markets.Nevertheless, many o these countries havealso begun to benet rom SouthSouth trade,investment, nance and technology transer.Tere have, or example, been positive growth

spillovers rom China to other developingcountries, particularly close trading partners.Tese benets have to some extent oset slack-ening demand rom the developed countries.Growth in low-income countries would havebeen an estimated 0.31.1 percentage pointslower in 20072010 had growth allen at thesame rate in China and India as in developedeconomies.

Many countries have also beneited romspillovers into sectors that contribute to human

development, especially health. Indian rms,or example, are supplying aordable medi-cines, medical equipment, and inormationand communications technology products and

services to countries in Arica. Brazilian andSouth Arican companies are doing the same intheir regional markets.

Nevertheless, exports rom larger countriescan also have disadvantages. Large countriesgenerate competitive pressures in smallercountries that can stie economic diversica-tion and industrialization. But there are alsoinstances where competitive jolts have beenollowed by industrial revival. A competitiverole today may easily turn into a complemen-tary role tomorrow. Moving rom competition

to cooperation seems to depend on policies ordealing with new challenges.

Drivrs dvpmnttransrmatin

Many countries have made substantial progressover the past two decades: the rise o the Southhas been airly broad-based. Nevertheless,several high achievers have not only boosted

FIGuRe 3

Th midd cass in th Sth is prjctd t cntin t grw

Mid dle cla ss popu lat ion (bi lli ons )

2020 20302009

World:1.845 billion

World:3.249 billion

World:4.884 billion

AsiaPacicEurope

Central and South America

North America

Sub-Saharan AfricaMiddle East and North Africa

.664 .703.680

3.228

.322

.313

.234

.107

.525

1.740

.338 .333

.181 .251

.165

.057

.105

.032

N: th idd css icds rig r sdig $10$100 d (i 2005 rchsig wr ri rs).Src: Brkigs Isii 2012.

SummaRy |


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national income, but have also had better thanaverage perormance on social indicators suchas health and education (gure 6).

How have so many countries in the Southtransormed their human development pros-pects ? Across most o these countries, therehave been three notable drivers o develop-ment: a proactive developmental state, tappingo global markets and determined social policyand innovation. Tese drivers are not derived

rom abstract conceptions o how developmentshould work; rather, they are demonstratedby the transormational development experi-ences o many countries in the South. Indeed,they challenge preconceived and prescriptiveapproaches: on the one hand, they set asidea number o collectivist, centrally managedprecepts; on the other hand, they diverge romthe unettered liberalization espoused by theWashington Consensus.

Box 1 Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate in Economics

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Drivr 1: prcivdvpmn s

A strong, proactive and responsible statedevelops policies or both public and privatesectorsbased on a long-term vision andleadership, shared norms and values, and rules

and institutions that build trust and cohesion.Achieving enduring transormation requirescountries to chart a consistent and balancedapproach to development. Countries thathave succeeded in igniting sustained growthin income and human development have not,however, ollowed one simple recipe. Facedwith dierent challenges, they have adoptedvarying on market regulation, export promo-tion, industrial development and technologicaladaptation and progress. Priorities need to

be people-centred, promoting opportunitieswhile protecting people against downsiderisks. Governments can nurture industriesthat would not otherwise emerge due to in-complete markets. Although this poses somepolitical risks o rent seeking and cronyism, ithas enabled several countries o the South to

turn industries previously derided as inefcientinto early drivers o export success once theireconomies became more open.

In large and complex societies, the outcomeo any particular policy is inevitably uncertain.Developmental states need to be pragmaticand test a range o dierent approaches. Someeatures stand out: or instance, people-riendlydevelopmental states have expanded basic so-cial services. Investing in peoples capabilitiesthrough health, education and other public

FIGuRe 4

Mst rgins shw dcining inqaity in hath and dcatin and rising inqaity in incm

Loss due to inequality (%) Loss due to inequality (%) Loss due to inequality (%)

IncomeEducationHealth

60

50

0

10

20

30

40

60

50

0

10

20

30

40

20102005200019951990 20102005200019951990 2005200019951990

60

50

0

10

20

30

40

Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia Developedcountries

Europe andCentral Asia

Latin America andthe Caribbean

Arab States East Asia andthe Pacic

N: Bsd i-wighd bcd 182 cris r ss d hh iqi, 144 cris r ss d dci iqi d 66 cris r ss d ic iqi. D ic iqi r miic (2010) r ib hrgh 2005.Src: HDRo ccis sig hh d r uid nis Dr ecic d Sci airs i bs, dci d r Brr d l (2010) d ic iqi d r miic (2010).

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Box 2

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di grwh i h br srs xcdig 30% bw

2000 d 2010.

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gis i H D Idx (HDI) , h crs is r. as

dig cris h d h s ir i HDI r-

i hir rs bw 1990 d 2012 ( s 45 i h s hr)

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Fdri, Idi, Chi d Sh aric), IBSa (Idi, Brzi d Sh

aric), CIvetS (Cbi, Idsi, vi n, eg, trk d Sh

aric) d mISt (mxic, Idsi, Sh Kr [Rbic Kr]

d trk).

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Hmn prgrss nd rd pnsin in h Sh

Relative improvement in HDI value, 19902012

Change in trade to output ratio, 19902010

0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

China

IndiaTurkey

Mexico

Brazil

Ghana

Bangladesh

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Others

Modest HDI improvers, globally integrated

High HDI improvers, globally integrated

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voice their concerns, and governments do notalways evaluate whether services intended toreach everyone actually do. Social policy has topromote inclusionensuring nondiscrimina-tion and equal treatment is critical or political

and social stabilityand provide basic socialservices, which can underpin long-term eco-nomic growth by supporting the emergence oa healthy, educated labour orce. Not all suchservices need be provided publically. But thestate should ensure that all citizens have secureaccess to the basic requirements o human de-velopment (box 3).

An agenda or development transormationthat promotes human development is thusmultiaceted. It expands peoples assets by uni-versalizing access to basic services. It improves

the unctioning o state and social institutionsto promote equitable growth where the ben-ets are widespread. It reduces bureaucraticand social constraints on economic actionand social mobility. And it holds leadershipaccountable.

Sstaining mmntm

Many countries o the South have demonstrat-ed much success. But even in higher achieving

countries, uture success is not guaranteed. Howcan countries in the South continue their paceo progress in human development, and howcan the progress be extended to other countries?Te Report suggests our important areas toacilitate this: enhancing equity, enabling voiceand participation, conronting environmentalpressures and managing demographic change.Te Report points to the high cost o policyinaction and argues or greater policy ambition.

enhncing qiy

Greater equity, including between men andwomen and across groups, is not only valuablein itsel, but also essential or promoting hu-man development. One o the most powerulinstruments or this purpose is education,which boosts peoples sel-conidence andmakes it easier or them to nd better jobs,engage in public debate and make demands ongovernment or health care, social security andother entitlements.

FIGuRe 7

Crrnt HDI vas and prvis pbic xpnditrs ar psitivy crratd . . .

HDI, 2012

Log of public expenditure on health and education per capita, 20006 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Src: HDRo ccis d Wrd Bk (2012).

FIGuRe 8

. . . as ar crrnt chid srviva and prvis pbic xpnditr n hath

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Log of public expenditure on health per capita, 2000

Log of under-five mortality rate, 20102011

Src: HDRo ccis bsd Wrd Bk (2012).



15/28

th Rpr mks

srng cs r

picy mbiin

Education also has striking benets or healthand mortality (box 4). Research or the reportnd that mothers education is more importantto child survival than household income orwealth is and that policy interventions have agreater impact where education outcomes areinitially weaker. Tis has proound policy im-plications, potentially shiing emphasis romeorts to boost household income to measuresto improve girls education.

Te Report makes a strong case or policyambition. An accelerated progress scenario

suggests that low HDI countries can convergetowards the levels o human developmentachieved by high and very high HDI coun-tries. By 2050, aggregate HDI could rise 52%in Sub-Saharan Arica (rom 0.402 to 0.612)and 36% in South Asia (rom 0.527 to 0.714).Policy interventions under this scenario willalso have a positive impact on the ght againstpoverty. By contrast, the costs o inaction willbe increasingly higher, especially in low HDIcountries, which are more vulnerable. For

instance, ailing to implement ambitious uni-versal education policies will adversely aectmany essential pillars o human developmentor uture generations.

enbing vic nd pricipin

Unless people can participate meaningullyin the events and processes that shape theirlives, national human development paths willbe neither desirable nor sustainable. Peopleshould be able to inuence policymaking and

results, and young people in particular shouldbe able to look orward to greater economicopportunities and political participation andaccountability.

Dissatisaction is on the rise in the Northand the South as people call or more oppor-tunities to voice their concerns and inuencepolicy, especia lly on basic social protection.Among the most active protesters are youth,in part a response to job shortages and limit-ed employment opportunities or educated

Box 3 Michael Bloomberg, Mayor, New York City

Why Nw Yrk City kd Sth r antipvrty picy advic

I nw yrk Ci, w r wrkig br h is r rsids i

ws. W ci ir h qi dci i r schs. W

h ird nw yrkrs hh b rdcig skig d bsi. adw h hcd h cis dsc b ddig bik s d ig

hdrds hsds rs.

W h s sgh rdc r b fdig w d br ws

bid s-sfcic d rr r g r brigh rs. t

d his r, w sbishd h Cr r ecic ori. Is

issi is idi srgis h brk h cc r hrgh

ii dci, hh d iiiis.

or h s six rs, h cr hs chd r h 50 i

rgrs i rrshi wih ci gcis d hdrds ci-

bsd rgizis. I hs dd csizd i srg r

ch hs is, irig hir rrc, crig cs d

driig which srgis r s sccss rdcig r d

xdig ri. Sccss rgrs r ssid wih w b-ic d ri ds. usccss rgrs r discid, d r-

srcs risd i w srgis. th crs fdigs r h shrd

crss gr gcis, wih ickrs, wih rf rrs d

ri drs, d wih cgs crss h cr d rd h wrd

wh r s skig w ws brk h cc r.

nw yrk is r h s h wrds brighs ids wrk-

ig i r bsisss d irsiis, b w rcgiz hr is ch r

r rgrs dd swhr. th is wh h cr bg is wrk

b cdcig iri sr risig ir srgis.

I 2007, h cr chd ori nyC: Fi Rwrds, h frs

cdii csh rsr rgr i h uid Ss. Bsd siir

rgrs rig i r h 20 hr cris, Fi Rwrds r-dcs r b ridig hshds wih icis r ri hh

cr, dci d jb riig. I dsigig Fi Rwrds, w drw

sss r Brzi, mxic d dzs hr cris. B h d

r hr-r i, w hd rd which rgr s wrkd i

nw yrk Ci d which did ; iri h is w h w

gri rgrs wrdwid.

Br w chd ori nyC: Fi Rwrds, I isid tc,

mxic, r frshd k mxics sccss dr cdii csh

rsr rgr, oridds. W s ricid i nrh

Sh rig xchg hsd b h uid nis. W wrkd wih

h Rckr Fdi, h Wrd Bk, h orgizi aric

Ss d hr isiis d iri ickrs xchg x-

rics cdii csh rsr rgrs i li aric, s ws i Idsi, Sh aric d trk.

or iri rig xchgs r iid hs csh

rsr iiiis; h s icd ii rchs rb rs-

ri, w dci iiiis d hr rgrs.

n hs gd ids, which is wh nw yrk wi

ci r r h bs rcics hr ciis d cris. ad

s w d d w rgrs i r w ci, w ri c-

id rrig h r d kig sig dirc i ci-

is rd h wrd.

SummaRy |


16/28

young people. History is replete with popularrebellions against unresponsive governments.Tis can derail human development as unrestimpedes investment and growth and autocraticgovernments divert resources to maintaininglaw and order.

It is hard to predict when societies will reacha tipping point. Mass protests, especially by

educated people, tend to erupt when bleakprospects or economic opportunities lowerthe opportunity cost o engaging in politicalactivity. Tese eort-intensive orms o polit-ical participation are then easily coordinatedthrough new orms o mass communication.

Cnrning nvirnmn chngs

While environmental threats such as climatechange, deorestation, air and water pollution,

and natural disasters aect everyone, they hurtpoor countries and poor communities most.Climate change is already exacerbating chronicenvironmental threats, and ecosystem losses areconstraining livelihood opportunities, especial-ly or poor people.

Although low HDI countries contribute theleast to global climate change, they are likely to

experience the greatest loss in annual rainalland the sharpest increases in its variability, withdire implications or agricultural productionand livelihoods. Te magnitude o such losseshighlights the urgency o adopting copingmeasures to increase peoples resilience to cli-mate change.

Te cost o inaction will likely be high. Telonger action is delayed, the higher the costwill be. o ensure sustainable economies andsocieties, new policies and structural changes

FIGuRe 9

HDI

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

205020452040203520302025202020152010

GDP per capita (2000 PPP $ thousands)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

205020452040203520302025202020152010

Base scenario:very high HDI countries

Accelerated progress scenario:very high HDI countries

Accelerated progress scenario:low, medium and high HDI countries

Base scenario:low, medium and high HDI countries

I rs h d, h cs ici is highr r cris wih wr HDI s. I rs GDp r ci ss, h cs ici is

rri h s r cris irrsci hir HDI .

Src: HDRo ccis bsd prd Cr r Iri Frs (2013).



17/28

are needed that align human development andclimate change goals in low-emission, climate-resilient strategies and innovative public-private nancing mechanisms.

Mnging dmgrphic chng

Between 1970 and 2011, world populationswelled rom 3.6 billion to 7 billion. As thatpopulation becomes more educated, its growthrate will decrease. Development prospects areinuenced by the age structure o the popula-tion, as well as its size. An increasingly criticalconcern is the dependency ratiothat is, thenumber o younger and older people dividedby the working-age population ages 1564.

Some poorer countries will benet rom ademographic dividend as the share o thepopulation in the workorce rises, but only ithere is strong policy action. Girls education,or instance, is a critical vehicle o a possible de-

mographic dividend. Educated women tend tohave ewer, healthier and better educated chil-dren; in many countries educated women alsoenjoy higher salaries than uneducated workers.

Te richer regions o the South, by contrast,will conront a very dierent problem, as theirpopulation age, reducing the share o the work-ing-age population. he rate o populationageing matters because developing countrieswill struggle to meet the needs o an older pop-ulation i they are still poor. Many developing

Box 4

Why ppatin prspcts wi iky di r in th Rpbic Kra and India

edci i hs ris rid i h Rbic Kr. I h

1950s rg rri sch-g chidr rcid r dc-

i. td, g Kr w r g h bs dcd w ih wrd: r h h h cd cg. as csqc, dr-

Krs h r wi b ch br dcd h dr Krs

d (s fgr), d bcs h sii crri bw dc-

i d hh, h r s ik b hhir.

assig h r rs (which r high) ri cs, h

rri h i gr h g 14 wi dr r 16% i 2010

13% i 2050. thr wi s b rkd shi i h is dc-

i csii, wih h rri hig rir dci rjcd

ris r 26% 47%.

Fr Idi, h icr ks r dir. Br 2000, r h h h

d i hd r dci. Dsi h rc xsi i b-

sic schig d irssi grwh i h br br dcd Idis(dbd k cr i Idis rc cic grwh), h rri

h d i wih dci wi dci sw. pr b-

cs his wr dci, ricr g w, Idis

i is rjcd grw rid, wih Idi srssig Chi s h

s s cr. e dr iisic s rck scri, which

sss dci xsi siir Krs, Idis dci disrib-

i i 2050 wi si b high q, wih sizb gr dcd

(s dr) ds. th rid xsi i rir dci dr his

scri, hwr, wi bid r w dcd g d br rc.

Cmpriv ppin nd dcin rs in h Rpbic Kr nd Indi

0

10

20

30

40

50

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

TERTIARY

SECONDARY

PRIMARY

NO EDUCATION

2 04 0 20 5020 20 2 03 020102000199019801970

TERTIARY

SECONDARY

PRIMARY

2 04 0 2 05 020 20 2 03 020102000199019801970

TERTIARY

SECONDARY

PRIMARY

NO EDUCATION

Population (millions) Population (millions)

Republic of Korea, constant enrolment ratios India, fast track scenario

Src: lz d KC 2013.

SummaRy | 1


18/28

Sm inrgvrnmn

prcsss wd

b invigrd by

grr pricipin

rm h Sh

countries now have only a short window oopportunity to reap the ull benets o the de-mographic dividend.

Demographic trends are not deterministic,however. Tey can be altered, at least indirect-

ly, by education policies. Te Report presentstwo scenarios or 20102050: the base casescenario, in which enrolment ratios remainconstant at each level o education, and a asttrack scenario, in which the countries withthe lowest initial education levels embraceambitious education targets. Te decline in thedependency ratio or low HDI countries underthe ast track scenario is more than twice thatunder the base case scenario. Ambitious edu-cation policies can enable medium and highHDI countries to curb projected increases in

their dependency ratios, in order to make theirdemographic transition towards an ageing pop-ulation less difcult.

Addressing these demographic challengeswill require raising educational attainmentlevels while expanding productive employmentopportunitiesby reducing unemployment,promoting labour productivity and increasinglabour orce participation, particularly amongwomen and older workers.

Gvrnanc and partnrshipsr a nw ra

Te new arrangements promoted by the Southand the resulting pluralism are challengingexisting institutions and processes in the tra-ditional domains o multilateralismnance,trade, investment and healthsometimes di-rectly and sometimes indirectly through alter-native regional and subregional systems. Globaland regional governance is becoming a multi-aceted combination o new arrangements and

old structures that need collective nurturing inmultiple ways. Reorms in global institutionsmust be complemented by stronger coopera-tion with regional institutionsand in somecases broader mandates or those regional in-stitutions. Te accountability o organizationsmust be extended to a wider group o countries,as well as to a wider group o stakeholders.

Many o the current institutions and prin-ciples or international governance were de-signed or a world order that does not match

contemporary reality. One consequence isthat these institutions greatly underrepresentthe South. I they are to survive, internationalinstitutions need to be more representative,transparent and accountable. Indeed, some

intergovernmental processes would be invig-orated by greater participation rom the South,which can bring substantial nancial, techno-logical and human resources.

In all o this, governments are understand-ably concerned with preserving nationalsovereignty. Overly strict adherence to theprimacy o national sovereignty can encouragezero-sum thinking. A better strategy is respon-sible sovereignty, whereby countries engage inair, rule-based and accountable internationalcooperation, joining in collective endeavours

that enhance global welare. Responsible sov-ereignty also requires that states ensure the hu-man rights security and saety o their citizens.According to this view, sovereignty is seen notjust as a right but as a responsibility.

Tis changing world has proound implica-tions or the provision o public goods. Areaso global international concern meriting ur-gent attention and cooperation include trade,migration and climate change. In some cases,public goods can be del ivered by regionalinstitutions, which can avoid the polarization

that slows progress in larger, multilateral o-rums. Increasing regional cooperation may,however, have disadvantagesadding to acomplex, multilevel and ragmented tapestryo institutions. Te challenge thereore is toensure coherent pluralismso that institu-tions at all levels work in a broadly coordinat-ed ashion.

International governance institutions can beheld to account not just by member states, butalso by global civil society. Civil society organ-izations have already inuenced global trans-

parency and rule setting on aid, debt, humanrights, health and climate change. Civil societynetworks can now take advantage o new me-dia and new communications technologies. Yetcivil society organizations also ace questionsabout their legitimacy and accountability andmay take undesirable orms. Nevertheless, theuture legitimacy o international governancewill depend on the capabilities o institu-tions to engage with citizen networks andcommunities.



19/28

th nprcdnd

ccmin fnnci

rsrvs prvids n

pprniy ccr

brd-bsd prgrss

Cncsins: partnrsin a nw ra

Many countries o the South have alreadydemonstrated what can be done to ensure

that human development proceeds in waysthat are both productive and sustainable, butthey have gone only part o the way. For theyears ahead, the Report suggests ve broadconclusions.

Rising cnmic srngh in hSh ms b mchd by cmmimn hmn dvpmn

Investments in human development are jus-tiied not only on moral grounds, but also

because improvements in health, educationand social welare are key to success in a morecompetitive and dynamic world economy. Inparticular, these investments should target thepoorconnecting them to markets and in-creasing their livelihood opportunities. Povertyis an injustice that can and should be remediedby determined action.

Good policymaking also requires greaterocus on enhancing social capacities, not justindividual capabilities. Individuals unctionwithin social institutions that can limit or

enhance their development potential. Policiesthat change social norms that limit human po-tential, such as strictures against early marriagesor dowry requirements, can open up additionalopportunities or individuals to reach their ullpotential.

lss dvpd cnris cn rnnd bnf rm h sccss mrging cnmis in h Sh

Te unprecedented accumulation o nancial

reserves and sovereign wealth unds in theSouth as well as the North provides an op-portunity to accelerate broad-based progress.Even a small portion o these unds dedicatedto human development and poverty eradi-cation could have a large eect. At the sametime SouthSouth trade and investment owscan leverage oreign markets in new ways thatenhance development opportunities, such asby participating in regional and global valuechains.

Burgeoning SouthSouth trade and invest-ment in particular can lay the basis or shiingmanuacturing capacity to other less developedregions and countries. Recent Chinese andIndian joint ventures and startup manuac-

turing investments in Arica serve as a preludeto a much expanded orce. International pro-duction networks provide opportunities tospeed up the development process by allowingcountries to leap-rog to more sophisticatedproduction modes.

Nw insiins nd nw prnrshipscn cii rgin ingrinnd ShSh rinships

New institutions and partnerships can help

countries share knowledge, experiences andtechnology. Tis can be accompanied by newand stronger institutions to promote trade andinvestment and accelerate experience sharingacross the South. One step would be to estab-lish a new South Commission to bring a reshvision o how the diversity o the South can bea orce or solidarity.

Grr rprsnin r h Shnd civi sciy cn ccrprgrss n mjr gb chngs

Te rise o the South is leading to a greaterdiversity o voice on the world stage. hisrepresents an opportunity to build governanceinstitutions that ully represent all constituen-cies that would make productive use o this di-versity in nding solutions to world problems.

New guiding principles or international or-ganizations are needed which incorporate theexperience o the South. Te emergence o theGroup o 20 is an important step in this direc-tion, but the countries o the South also need

more equitable representation in the BrettonWoods institutions, the United Nations andother international bodies.

Active civil society and social movements,both national and transnational, are usingthe media to ampliy their calls or just andair governance. he spread o movementsand increasing platorms or vocalizing keymessages and demands challenge governanceinstitutions to adapt more-democratic andmore-inclusive principles. More generally, a

SummaRy | 1


20/28

th ris h

Sh prsns nwpprniis r prviding

gb pbic gds

mr civy nd r

ncking dys mny

smd gb isss

airer and less unequal world requires spaceor a multiplicity o voices and a system opublic discourse.

th ris h Sh prsnsnw pprniis r gnring grr sppy pbic gds

A sustainable world requires a greater supplyo global public goods. Global issues todayare increasing in number and urgency, rommitigation o climate change and internationaleconomic and nancial instability to the ghtagainst terrorism and nuclear prolieration.Tey require a global response. Yet in many ar-eas, international cooperation continues to beslowand at times dangerously hesitant. Te

rise o the South presents new opportunitiesor providing global public goods more eec-tively and or unlocking todays many stalemat-ed global issues.

Publicness and privateness are in mostcases not innate properties o a public goodbut social constructs. As such, they represent apolicy choice. National governments can stepin when there is underprovision at the nationallevel, but when global challenges arise, interna-tional cooperation is necessary and can happenonly by voluntary action o many governments.

Given the many pressing challenges, progress indetermining what is public and what is private

will require strong, committed personal andinstitutional leadership.

* * *

Te 2013Human Development Reportpresentsthe contemporary global context and charts apath or policymakers and citizens to navigatethe increasing interconnectedness o the worldand to ace the growing global challenges. It de-scribes how the dynamics o power, voice andwealth in the world are changingand identi-es the new policies and institutions necessaryto address these 21st century realities and pro-mote human development with greater equity,sustainability and social integration. Progressin human development requires action and in-

stitutions at both the global and national levels.At the global level, institutional reorms andinnovation are required to protect and provideglobal public goods. At the national level, statecommitment to social justice is important, asis the reality that one-size-ts-all technocraticpolicies are neither realistic nor eective giventhe diversity o national contexts, cultures andinstitutional conditions. Nevertheless, overar-ching principles such as social cohesion, statecommitment to education, health and socialprotection, and openness to trade integration

emerge as means o navigating towards sustain-able and equitable human development.



21/28

aghis 175

abi 70 1

agri 93 1

adrr 33 1

ag 148

aig d Brbd 67 1

argi 45 1

ari 87 1

asri 2

asri 18

azrbij 82 1

Bhs 49

Bhri 48

Bgdsh 146 1

Brbds 38

Brs 50 1

Bgi 17

Biz 96

Bi 166

Bh 140 1

Bii, prii S 108

Bsi d Hrzgi 81 1

Bsw 119 1

Brzi 85Bri Drss 30

Bgri 57

Brki Fs 183

Brdi 178 1

Cbdi 138

Cr 150

Cd 11 1

C vrd 132 1

Cr aric Rbic 180 1

Chd 184

Chi 40

Chi 101

Cbi 91

Crs 169 1

Cg 142

Cg, Dcric Rbic h 186

Cs Ric 62

C d'Iir 168 1

Cri 47 1

Cb 59

Crs 31

Czch Rbic 28

Drk 15

Djibi 164

Diic 72

Diic Rbic 96 2

ecdr 89

eg 112

e Sdr 107 1

eqri Gi 136

erir 181 1

esi 33 1

ehii 173 1

Fiji 96 2

Fid 21

Frc 20

Gb 106

Gbi 165

Grgi 72 3

Gr 5

Gh 135

Grc 29

Grd 63 1

G 133

Gi 178 1

Gi-Biss 176

G 118 1

Hii 161 1

Hdrs 120

Hg Kg, Chi (SaR) 13 1

Hgr 37

Icd 13

Idi 136

Idsi 121 3

Ir, Isic Rbic 76 2

Irq 131 1

Ird 7

Isr 16

I 25

Jic 85 2

J 10

Jrd 100

Kzkhs 69 1

K 145

Kiribi 121

Kr, Rbic 12

Kwi 54 1

Krgzs 125

l p's Dcric Rbic 138

li 44 1

lb 72

lsh 158 1

libri 174

lib 64 23

lichsi 24

lihi 41 2 lxbrg 26

mdgscr 151

mwi 170 1

msi 64 1

mdis 104 1

mi 182 1

m 32 1

mrii 155

mriis 80 1

mxic 61

micrsi, Fdrd Ss 117

md, Rbic 113

mgi 108 2

mgr 52 2

mrcc 130

mzbiq 185

mr 149

nibi 128

n 157

nhrds 4

nw Zd 6

nicrg 129

nigr 186 1

nigri 153 1

nrw 1

o 84 1

pkis 146

p 52 2

psi, S 110 1

p 59 1

p nw Gi 156

prg 111 2

pr 77 1

phiiis 114

pd 39

prg 43 3

Qr 36

Ri 56 1

Rssi Fdri 55

Rwd 167

Si Kis d nis 72 1

Si lci 88

Si vic d h Grdis 83 2

S 96

S t d prici 144

Sdi arbi 57

Sg 154 2

Srbi 64

Schs 46

Sirr l 177 2

Sigr 18

Ski 35

Si 21

S Isds 143

Sh aric 121 1

Si 23

Sri lk 92

Sd 171 1

Sri 105

Swzid 141 1

Swd 7

Swizrd 9Sri arb Rbic 116

tjikis 125 1

tzi, uid Rbic 152 1

thid 103 1

th rr ygs Rbic mcdi 78 2

tir-ls 134

tg 159 1

tg 95

triidd d tbg 67 1

tisi 94

trk 90

trkis 102

ugd 161

ukri 78uid arb eirs 41 1

uid Kigd 26

uid Ss 3 1

urg 51

uzbkis 114 1

v 124 2

vz, Biri Rbic 71 1

vi n 127

y 160 2

Zbi 163

Zibbw 172 1

2012 HDI ranks and changs in rank rm 2011 t 2012

Nt: Psitiv r ngativ vas and arrws indicat th nmbr psitins pward r dwnward a c ntrys rank changd rm 20 11 t 2012 sing cnsistnt data and mthdgy; a bankindicats n chang.

SummaRy | 1


22/28

Hmn dvpmn indics

HDI rank

Hman DvpmntIndx

Inqaity-adjstdHDI

Gndr InqaityIndx

Mtidimnsina PvrtyIndx

v v Rk v Rk v yr

VeRY HIGH HuMAN DeVeloPMeNT

1 nrw 0.955 0.894 1 0.065 5 ..

2 asri 0.938 0.864 2 0.115 17 ..

3 uid Ss 0.937 0.821 16 0.256 42 ..

4 nhrds 0.921 0.857 4 0.045 1 ..5 Gr 0.920 0.856 5 0.075 6 ..

6 nw Zd 0.919 .. .. 0.164 31 ..

7 Ird 0.916 0.850 6 0.121 19 ..

7 Swd 0.916 0.859 3 0.055 2 ..

9 Swizrd 0.913 0.849 7 0.057 3 ..

10 J 0.912 .. .. 0.131 21 ..

11 Cd 0.911 0.832 13 0.119 18 ..

12 Kr, Rbic 0.909 0.758 28 0.153 27 ..

13 Hg Kg, Chi (SaR) 0.906 .. .. .. .. ..

13 Icd 0.906 0.848 8 0.089 10 ..

15 Drk 0.901 0.845 9 0.057 3 ..

16 Isr 0.900 0.790 21 0.144 25 ..

17 Bgi 0.897 0.825 15 0.098 12 ..

18 asri 0.895 0.837 12 0.102 14 ..

18 Sigr 0.895 .. .. 0.101 13 ..20 Frc 0.893 0.812 18 0.083 9 ..

21 Fid 0.892 0.839 11 0.075 6 ..

21 Si 0.892 0.840 10 0.080 8 0.000 2003

23 Si 0.885 0.796 20 0.103 15 ..

24 lichsi 0.883 .. .. .. .. ..

25 I 0.881 0.776 24 0.094 11 ..

26 lxbrg 0.875 0.813 17 0.149 26 ..

26 uid Kigd 0.875 0.802 19 0.205 34 ..

28 Czch Rbic 0.873 0.826 14 0.122 20 0.010 2002/2003

29 Grc 0.860 0.760 27 0.136 23 ..

30 Bri Drss 0.855 .. .. .. .. ..

31 Crs 0.848 0.751 29 0.134 22 ..

32 m 0.847 0.778 23 0.236 39 ..

33 adrr 0.846 .. .. .. .. ..

33 esi 0.846 0.770 25 0.158 29 0.026 200335 Ski 0.840 0.788 22 0.171 32 0.000 2003

36 Qr 0.834 .. .. 0.546 117 ..

37 Hgr 0.831 0.769 26 0.256 42 0.016 2003

38 Brbds 0.825 .. .. 0.343 61 ..

39 pd 0.821 0.740 30 0.140 24 ..

40 Chi 0.819 0.664 41 0.360 66 ..

41 lihi 0.818 0.727 33 0.157 28 ..

41 uid arb eirs 0.818 .. .. 0.241 40 0.002 2003

43 prg 0.816 0.729 32 0.114 16 ..

44 li 0.814 0.726 35 0.216 36 0.006 2003

45 argi 0.811 0.653 43 0.380 71 0.011 2005

46 Schs 0.806 .. .. .. .. ..

47 Cri 0.805 0.683 39 0.179 33 0.016 2003

HIGH HuMAN DeVeloPMeNT

48 Bhri 0.796 .. .. 0.258 45 ..

49 Bhs 0.794 .. .. 0.316 53 ..

50 Brs 0.793 0.727 33 .. .. 0.000 2005

51 urg 0.792 0.662 42 0.367 69 0.006 2002/2003

52 mgr 0.791 0.733 31 .. .. 0.006 2005/2006

52 p 0.791 .. .. .. .. ..

54 Kwi 0.790 .. .. 0.274 47 ..

55 Rssi Fdri 0.788 .. .. 0.312 51 0.005 2003

56 Ri 0.786 0.687 38 0.327 55 ..

57 Bgri 0.782 0.704 36 0.219 38 ..

57 Sdi arbi 0.782 .. .. 0.682 145 ..

59 Cb 0.780 .. .. 0.356 63 ..

59 p 0.780 0.588 57 0.503 108 ..

61 mxic 0.775 0.593 55 0.382 72 0.015 2006



23/28


24/28

HDI rank

Hman DvpmntIndx

Inqaity-adjstdHDI

Gndr InqaityIndx


v v Rk v Rk v yr

124 v 0.626 .. .. .. .. 0.129 2007

125 Krgzs 0.622 0.516 75 0.357 64 0.019 2005/2006

125 tjikis 0.622 0.507 81 0.338 57 0.068 2005

127 vi n 0.617 0.531 70 0.299 48 0.017 2010/2011

128 nibi 0.608 0.344 101 0.455 86 0.187 2006/2007

129 nicrg 0.599 0.434 86 0.461 89 0.128 2006/2007

130 mrcc 0.591 0.415 88 0.444 84 0.048 2007131 Irq 0.590 .. .. 0.557 120 0.059 2006

132 C vrd 0.586 .. .. .. .. ..

133 G 0.581 0.389 92 0.539 114 0.127 2003

134 tir-ls 0.576 0.386 93 .. .. 0.360 2009/2010

135 Gh 0.558 0.379 94 0.565 121 0.144 2008

136 eqri Gi 0.554 .. .. .. .. ..

136 Idi 0.554 0.392 91 0.610 132 0.283 2005/2006

138 Cbdi 0.543 0.402 90 0.473 96 0.212 2010

138 l ps Dcric Rbic 0.543 0.409 89 0.483 100 0.267 2006

140 Bh 0.538 0.430 87 0.464 92 0.119 2010

141 Swzid 0.536 0.346 99 0.525 112 0.086 2010

loW HuMAN DeVeloPMeNT

142 Cg 0.534 0.368 96 0.610 132 0.208 2009

143 S Isds 0.530 .. .. .. .. ..

144 S t d prici 0.525 0.358 97 .. .. 0.154 2008/2009145 K 0.519 0.344 101 0.608 130 0.229 2008/2009

146 Bgdsh 0.515 0.374 95 0.518 111 0.292 2007

146 pkis 0.515 0.356 98 0.567 123 0.264 2006/2007

148 ag 0.508 0.285 114 .. .. ..

149 mr 0.498 .. .. 0.437 80 ..

150 Cr 0.495 0.330 104 0.628 137 0.287 2004

151 mdgscr 0.483 0.335 103 .. .. 0.357 2008/2009

152 tzi, uid Rbic 0.476 0.346 99 0.556 119 0.332 2010

153 nigri 0.471 0.276 119 .. .. 0.310 2008

154 Sg 0.470 0.315 105 0.540 115 0.439 2010/2011

155 mrii 0.467 0.306 107 0.643 139 0.352 2007

156 p nw Gi 0.466 .. .. 0.617 134 ..

157 n 0.463 0.304 109 0.485 102 0.217 2011

158 lsh 0.461 0.296 111 0.534 113 0.156 2009

159 tg 0.459 0.305 108 0.566 122 0.284 2006160 y 0.458 0.310 106 0.747 148 0.283 2006

161 Hii 0.456 0.273 120 0.592 127 0.299 2005/2006

161 ugd 0.456 0.303 110 0.517 110 0.367 2011

163 Zbi 0.448 0.283 117 0.623 136 0.328 2007

164 Djibi 0.445 0.285 114 .. .. 0.139 2006

165 Gbi 0.439 .. .. 0.594 128 0.324 2005/2006

166 Bi 0.436 0.280 118 0.618 135 0.412 2006

167 Rwd 0.434 0.287 112 0.414 76 0.350 2010

168 C dIir 0.432 0.265 122 0.632 138 0.353 2005

169 Crs 0.429 .. .. .. .. ..

170 mwi 0.418 0.287 112 0.573 124 0.334 2010

171 Sd 0.414 .. .. 0.604 129 ..

172 Zibbw 0.397 0.284 116 0.544 116 0.172 2010/2011

173 ehii 0.396 0.269 121 .. .. 0.564 2011

174 libri 0.388 0.251 123 0.658 143 0.485 2007

175 aghis 0.374 .. .. 0.712 147 ..

176 Gi-Biss 0.364 0.213 127 .. .. ..

177 Sirr l 0.359 0.210 128 0.643 139 0.439 2008

178 Brdi 0.355 .. .. 0.476 98 0.530 2005

178 Gi 0.355 0.217 126 .. .. 0.506 2005

180 Cr aric Rbic 0.352 0.209 129 0.654 142 ..

181 erir 0.351 .. .. .. .. ..

182 mi 0.344 .. .. 0.649 141 0.558 2006

183 Brki Fs 0.343 0.226 124 0.609 131 0.535 2010

184 Chd 0.340 0.203 130 .. .. 0.344 2003

185 mzbiq 0.327 0.220 125 0.582 125 0.512 2009

186 Cg, Dcric Rbic h 0.304 0.183 132 0.681 144 0.392 2010

186 nigr 0.304 0.200 131 0.707 146 0.642 2006



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HDI rank

Hman DvpmntIndx

Inqaity-adjstdHDI

Gndr InqaityIndx


v v Rk v Rk v yr

oTHeR CouNTRIeS oR TeRRIToRIeS

Kr, Dcric ps R. .. .. .. .. .. ..

mrsh Isds .. .. .. .. .. ..

mc .. .. .. .. .. ..

nr .. .. .. .. .. ..

S mri .. .. .. .. .. ..

Si .. .. .. .. .. 0.514 2006Sh Sd .. .. .. .. .. ..

t .. .. .. .. .. ..

Hman Dvpmnt Indx grps

vr high h d 0.905 0.807 0.193

High h d 0.758 0.602 0.376

mdi h d 0.640 0.485 0.457

lw h d 0.466 0.310 0.578

Rgins

arb Ss 0.652 0.486 0.555

es asi d h pcifc 0.683 0.537 0.333

er d Cr asi 0.771 0.672 0.280

li aric d h Cribb 0.741 0.550 0.419

Sh asi 0.558 0.395 0.568

Sb-Shr aric 0.475 0.309 0.577

last dvpd cntris 0.449 0.303 0.566 Sma isand dvping stats 0.648 0.459 0.481

Wrd 0.694 0.532 0.463

NoTe

th idics s d r dir rss h Statistical annex h Rr (ib h://hdr.d.rg) r dis d r c s d srcs h d. Cr cssifcis r bsd HDIqris: cr is i h r high gr i is HDI is i h qri, i h high gr i is HDI is i rcis 5175, i h di gr i is HDI is i rcis 2650 d i h w gr i is HDI is i hb qri. pris Rrs sd bs rhr h ri hrshds.

Human Development InDICeS | 1


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Global Human Development Reports: Te 2013 Human Development Report is the latest in the series o global HumanDevelopment Reports published by UNDP since 1990 as independent, empirically grounded analyses o major developmentissues, trends, and policies.

Additional resources related to the 2013 Human Development Report can be ound on line at hdr.undp.org, including completeeditions or summaries o the Report in more than 20 languages; a collection o Human Development Research Papers com-missioned or the 2013 Report; interactive maps and databases o national human development indicators; ull explanations o

the sources and methodologies employed in the Reports human development indices; country profles; and other backgroundmaterials. Previous global, regional and national Human Development Reports (HDRs) are also available at hdr.undp.org.

Regional Human Development Reports: Over the past two decades, regionally ocused HDRs have also been produced in allmajor areas o the developing world, with support rom UNDPs regional bureaus. With provocative analyses and clear policyrecommendations, these regional HDRs have examined such critical issues as political empowerment in the Arab states, oodsecurity in Arica, climate change in Asia, the treatment o ethnic minorities in Central Europe, and the challenges o inequalityand citizens security in Latin America and the Caribbean.

National Human Development Reports: Since the release o the frst National HDR in 1992, National HDRs have been pro-duced in 140 countries by local editorial teams with UNDP support. Tese reportssome 700 to datebring a human development perspective to national policy concerns through local consultations and research. National HDRs have covered many keydevelopment issues, rom climate change to youth employment to inequalities driven by gender or ethnicity.

Human Development Reports 19902013

1990 Concept and Measurement o Human Development1991 Financing Human Development1992 Global Dimensions o Human Development1993 Peoples Participation1994 New Dimensions o Human Security1995 Gender and Human Development1996 Economic Growth and Human Development

1997 Human Development to Eradicate Poverty1998 Consumption or Human Development1999 Globalization with a Human Face2000 Human Rights and Human Development2001 Making New echnologies Work or Human Development2002 Deepening Democracy in a Fragmented World2003 Millennium Development Goals: A Compact among Nations to End Human Poverty2004 Cultural Liberty in odays Diverse World2005 International Cooperation at a Crossroads: Aid, rade and Security in an Unequal World2006 Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis

2007/2008 Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World2009 Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and Development

2010 Te Real Wealth o Nations: Pathways to Human Development2011 Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future or All2013 Te Rise o the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World


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United Nations Development ProgrammeOne United Nations Plaza

New York, NY 10017

www.undp.org

The 21st century is witnessing a proound shit in global

dynamics, driven by the ast-rising new powers o the

developing world. China has overtaken Japan as the

worlds second biggest economy, liting hundreds o

millions o people out o poverty in the process. India is

reshaping its uture with new entrepreneurial creativity

and social policy innovation. Brazil is raising its livingstandards by expanding international relationships and

antipoverty programmes that are emulated worldwide.

But the Rise o the South is a much larger phe-

nomenon. Indonesia, Mexico, South Arica, Thailand,

Turkey and other developing countries are becoming

leading actors on the world stage. The 2013 Human

Development Reportidentifes more than 4 0 developing

countries that have done better than expected in human

development in recent decades, with their progress

accelerating markedly over the past 10 years.

Each o these countries has its own unique history

and has chosen its own distinct development pathway.

Yet they share important characteristics and ace

many o the same challenges. They are also becoming

more interconnected and interdependent. And people

throughou t the developing world are increasingl y

demanding to be heard, as they share ideas through new

communications channels and seek greater accountability

rom governments and international institutions.The 2013 Human Development Report analyses the

causes and consequences o the continuing Rise o

the South and identi ies policies rooted in this new

reality that could promote greater progress throughout

the world or decades to come. The Report calls or ar

better representation o the South in global governance

systems and points to potential new sources o

fnancing within the South or essential public goods.

With resh analyt ical insights and clear proposals or

policy reorms, the Report charts a course or people

in all regions to ace shared human development

challenges together, airly and eectively.

The Report rereshes our understanding o the current state o global development, and demonstrates how much can be

learned rom the experiences o ast development progress in so many countries in the South.

UNDP Administrator Helen Clark, rom the Foreword

The human development approach is a major advance in the dicult exercise o understanding the successes and

deprivations o human lives, and in appreciating the importance o refection and dialogue, and through that advancingairness and justice in the world. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, rom chapter 1

No one has a monopoly on good ideas, which is why New York will continue to learn rom the best practices o other cities

and countries. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, rom chapter 3

A close look at the diverse pathways that successul developing countries have pursued enriches the menu o policy

options or all countries and regions. Report lead author Khalid Malik, rom the Introduction

hdr2013 summary english

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