hcl industrial training report

A

Training Report on

“OFC, Signal Engineering & Data Communication”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication

Submitted to

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDHYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P.)

Submitted by

Shivam Pandey

(0114EC111095)

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Neelesh Gupta

(Head Of Department)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

TRUBA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL

Karond,Gandhi nagar,Bhopal

MAJOR TRAINING

ABOUT MARUCOM

Marucom, one of the world’s leading Telecom service providers, They are known for their

innovative approach and world-class technology. It’s aim is to provide you superior products

and services, anytime and anywhere.

Marucom is leading in delivering best telecom solution , committed to innovation and

technology with businesses spanning the globe. Its working on an array of telecom services

deals and established as a trademark in making telecom business. Company is owned by

qualified Telecom professionals.

Focus is more on the latest telecom technologies like 3G. We are already executing 3G and

Wimax projects in India and have initiated team built up for LTE and 4G services.

They have a separate telecom technology Excellence(TTE) group works on part of grooming

Marucom with latest telecom Trends and new efficient tools to reduce the man hours and

increase the quality of output. It’s a pure Research group having a team of experienced R&D

professionals.

Marucom is known for having high quality processes and standards to maintain predictable,

consistent and defect free delivery to their valuable customer.

Marucom Group has four core businesses:

• Telecom

• Power

• Engineering Construction

• Education

TRUBA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

MAJOR TRAINING


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ABOUT HCL:

HCL INFO-SYSTEM Ltd. is a leading IT company with over 10 years of leadership in

Website design, Software development & Internet Marketing. HCL INFO-SYSTEM Ltd.

provides a unique approach software engineering & follows well defined process based

workflows to develop value added yet cost effective courses that fulfill your learning

objectives. Whether you wish to increase awareness or competency in the IT world HCL

INFO-SYSTEM Ltd. is the right choice.

HCL INFO-SYSTEM Ltd. is India's pioneer in Internet and eCommerce and offers

integrated end-to-end solutions for both the Business to Consumer (B2C) and Business to

Business (B2B) segments, which cover the four critical corner stones of the Net:

Connectivity, Content, Commerce and Community. HCL INFO-SYSTEM Ltd. cutting edge

B2B services including connectivity solutions like Electronic Data Interface, Virtual Private

Networks, Security Services, Network Management Services as well as eSolutions services

that include Internet Consulting, Solutions Architectures, Design and Development of

Solutions, Hosting and Management Services and eCommerce products, are relied upon by

leading Corporate in India.


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CONTENTS

Introduction to cellular Mobile Technologies

Digital cellular Technologies

GSM System Hierarchy

GSM Architecture

Function of MS,BTS,BSC & MSC

GSM Cellular technologies

Handoff Mechanism

Different sizes of microwave antenna used

RF planning and optimization

Comparison between Microwave and Fiber lines

Different cards and their functions

Drive test

RF SURVEY

Types of tower

Transmission Planning

Operation and Maintenance

2.5 G,3G,4G & Wi-max technologies

GSM Protocols

Networking Basics

The OSI Reference Model

The TCP/IP Protocol Stack

IP addressing and subnetting

Resource Sharing and Remote Access Services

Routing Basics

Introduction to the Cisco Router

Cisco Router Basic Commands

Implementing static routing


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TELECOM STRUCTURE

Digital Cellular Technologies


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FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is a multiple access technology used in the

analog cellular telephone network that divides the spectrum into 30kHz channels using

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). FDMA is used by the Total Access

Communication System (TACS) and Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) analog

cellular systems. Another example of FDMA is AM or FM radio broadcasting, where each

station has its own channel.

TDMA

Time division Multiple Access (TDMA ) works by dividing a radio frequency into time slots

and then allocating slots to multiple calls. In this way, a single frequency can support

multiple, simultaneous data channels. TDMA is used by

the GSM digital cellular system.

CDMA


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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is an advanced multiple access technique. In

CDMA, all users use the same frequency at the same time. The signals are divided using the

orthogonality or quasi-orthogonality of the access code waveforms for different users and

channel is a unique code pattern .

GSM System Hierarchy

Macrocell

Provides the largest area of coverage within a mobile network. Its antennas can be mounted

on ground-based masts, rooftops or other structures and must be high enough to avoid

obstruction. Macrocells provide radio coverage over varying distances, depending on the

frequency used, the number of calls and the physical terrain.

Microcells

Provide additional coverage and capacity in areas where there are high numbers of users,

urban and suburban areas, for example. The antennas for microcells are mounted at street

level, are smaller than macrocell antennas and can often be disguised as building features so

that they are less visually intrusive.Microcells provide radio coverage over distances –

typically between 300m and 1000m – and have lower output powers than macrocells, usually

a few watts.

Picocells


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Provide more localised coverage. These are generally found inside buildings where coverage

is poor or where there is a dense population of users such as in airport terminals, train stations

and shopping centres.

Frequency spectrum used in cellular system


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GSM Network Architecture

Function of MSThe primary functions of MS are to transmit and receive voice and data over the air interface

of the GSM system. MS performs the signal processing function of digitizing, encoding, error

protecting, encrypting, and modulating the transmitted signals. It also performs the inverse

functions on the received signals from the BS.


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Function of BTS

The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio equipment

(transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are

controlled by a BSC. The primary responsibility of the BTS is to transmit and receive radio

signals from a mobile unit over an air interface. To perform this function completely, the

signals are encoded,encrypted, multiplexed, modulated, and then fed to the antenna system at

the cell site.

Function of BSC

It is a functional entity that handles common control functions within a BTS. BSC within a

mobile network is a key component for handling and routing information. The BSC provides

all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity

switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of

radiofrequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCsare served

by an MSC.

The BSC is connected to the MSC on one side and to the BTS on the other. The BSC

performs the Radio Resource (RR) management for the cells under its control. It assigns and

releases frequencies and timeslots for all MSs in its own area. The BSC performs the intercell

handover for MSs moving between BTS in its control. It also reallocates frequencies to the

BTSs in its area to meet locally heavy demands during peak hours or on special events. The

BSC controls the power transmission of both BSSs and MSs in its area.

The minimum power level for a mobile unit is broadcast over the BCCH. The BSC provides

the time and frequency synchronization reference signals broadcast by its BTSs. The BSC

also measures the time delay of received MS signals relative to the BTS clock. If the received

MS signal is not centered in its assigned timeslot at the BTS, The BSC can direct the BTS to

notify the MS to advance the timing such that proper synchronization takes place.


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Function of MSC

The main function of the MSC is to coordinate the set up of calls between GSM mobile and

PSTN users. Specifically, it performs functions such as paging, resource allocation, location

registration, and encryption. Specifically, the call-handling function of paging is controlled

by MSC. MSC coordinates the set up of call to and from all GSM subscribers operating in its

areas. The dynamics allocation of access resources is done in coordination with the BSS.

More specifically, the MSC decides when and which types of channels should be assigned to

which MS. The channel identity and related radio parameters are the responsibility of the

BSS; The MSC provides the control of interworking with different networks. It is transparent

for the subscriber authentication procedure. The MSC supervises the connection transfer

between different BSSs for MSs, with an active call, moving from one call to another. This is

ensured if the two BSSs are connected to the same MSC but also when they are not. In this

latter case the procedure is more complex, since more then one MSC involved. The MSC

performs billing on calls for all subscribers based in its areas.


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When the subscriber is roaming elsewhere, the MSC obtains data for the call billing from the

visited MSC. Encryption parameters transfers from VLR to BSS to facilitate ciphering on the

radio interface are done by MSC. The exchange of signaling information on the various

interface toward the other network elements and the management of the interface themselves

are all controlled by the MSC

.


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GSM Cellular Technologies1. GPRS (2.5 G)- General Packet radio service supports data calls up to 115 Kbps


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2. EDGE (2.75 G)- Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution, data up to 384 Kbps

Temporary solution for operators, unable to get W-CDMA licenses, offers higher speed

Mobile data access.

3. W-CDMA (3G)- Support of high data rate transmission,384 Kbps with wide area coverage

& 2 Mbps with local area coverage.

4. LTE (4G)- 4G is a multi purpose and versatile technology hence it can utilize almost all of

the packet switched technologies. It uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

(OFDM).

Wi-Max Technology

Wi-Max stands for ”World wide interoperability for Microwave Access”. Wi-max is based

Up on the IEEE 802.16 standard. In fact, wi-max is not a technology, it is a certification

mark. IEEE 802.16 has designed the Interoperability test. Wi-Max has two applications one

for fixed wi-max and other is Mobile wimax. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

(OFDM) is used in wi-max to achieve high speed bi-directional wireless data communication.

Microwave LinkStrength1. Adapts to difficult terrain

2. Flexible channelization

3. Relatively short installation time

4. Can be transportable

5. Cost usually less than cable

Weakness1. Paths could be blocked by buildings

2. Spectral congestion

3. Interception possible

4. Possible regulatory delays

5. Sites could be difficult to maintain

Handoff Mechanism


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Handoff is the switching of an ongoing call to a different channel or cell. There are four

different types of handover in the GSM system, which involve transferring a call between-

1. Channels (time slots) in the same cell

2. Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same Base Station Controller

3. Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same Mobile services

Switching Center (MSC), and

4. Cells under the control of different MSCs.

Hard HandoffWhen mobile (in Call) switches to a new sector/Cell which is on different frequency , then it

performs hard Handoff. It is basically an inter-frequency handoff. It is also called break-

before make.

Soft HandoffWhen mobile ( in Call) switches to a new sector/cell which is on the same frequency then it is

called a soft handoff. If the "new" sector is also from the same BTS then it is called a softer

handoff. It is also called make-before break.

Channel Properties of CDMAThe forward channel (from base station to mobile) is made up of the following

channels:

Pilot channel (always uses Walsh code W0) (Beacon Signals)

Paging channel(s) (use Walsh codes W1-W7)

Sync channel (always uses Walsh code W32)

Traffic channels (use Walsh codes W8-W31 and W33-W63)

The reverse channel (from mobile to base station) is made up of the following

channels:


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Access channel

Traffic channel

Different sizes of Microwave Antenna used in communication

Link (LOS)-8. 0.3 M (Diameter)

9. 0.6 M (Diameter)

10. 1.2 M (Diameter)



13. 3.2 M (Diameter

RF Planning


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Network Dimensioning (ND) is usually the first task to start the planning of a given cellular

network. The main result is an estimation of the equipment necessary to meet the following

requirements.

Network dimensioning input The inputs are

Capacity related Spectrum available.

Subscriber growth forecast

Coverage related Coverage regions

Area types information

Quality related MS classes

Blocking probability

Location probability

Indoor coverage. The operator normally supplies the input data, but use of defaults is also possible. The

technical parameter and characteristics of the equipment to be used are another very

important part of the input. This includes the basic network modules (MSC, BSC, BTS)

as well as some additional elements (antennas, cables…)

RF OptimizationRF Optimization is carried out in the network to

1. Minimize the call drop and RF Interference in the network.

2. Increase the Indoor & Outdoor coverage & better speech quality.


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Different cards & their function1. Power card- Used for supply the power to different cards in BTS

2. BB2F- Used for complete digital signal processing of voice and data in BTS

3. BOI- Used for BTS Initialization, O&M function ,BTS Login & clock function4. RRI- Used for Transmission link for BTS

5. TRX- Used for allocating time slots to the user Transmitting/Receiving

6. Multi-coupler- Used for splitting of Received RF signal and distributing them to TRX

7. Duplexer- Used for combining Transmitting/Receiving RF signals in one Antenna

8. Combiner- Used to divert overload calls to one TRX to another TRX


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Drive Test-

Drive test is conducted for checking coverage criteria of a cell site with RF Drive test tool.

The data collected by drive test tool as log files as analyzed to evaluate various RF

parameters of the network.

RF Optimization equipments1. Laptop - In RF optimization, RF engineer analysis all parameters during drive test and

Install all the software on the Laptop system.

2. TEMS- This TEMS Investigation software supported cellular mobile specially design to

Perform RF optimization related activity and it is connected with laptop system And then it is

operated from the Laptop for analysis of optimized data.

3. GPS device- The GPS device also connected with the Laptop system with Mapinfo

Software support. It is used for its basic operation to locate the position.


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4. Magnetic Compass- It is used to check the tilt of the RF antenna

mounted in the Tower and RF engineer make sure the antenna is angled

on the right position as it mentioned in DT order.

MAGNETIC COMPASS

5-Laser meter- It is used to measure distances or LOS ,accurately.


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5. Mapinfo Professional- With mapinfo professional we can display data as points,

asthematically shaded region, as pie or bar charts.

Performing the Drive Test

After successful installation of software, now we check the DT order and go through the

specification of BTS and then note the different specification in which we find the BTS

identification code, azimuth & Tilt etc as in the DT order BTS location identity is define we

note that BTS ID and then we locating the BTS premises by using the mapinfo software and

reach on that location.

INTRA DT

In Intra RF engineer perform Drive test to check the handoff of Intra cell in Which RF

engineer observe the soft & Hard handoff between cells BTS. He takes drive clockwise &

counter clockwise of the BTS.

INTER DT

In Inter RF engineer perform Drive test to check the handoff between Neighbouring BTS. He

observe the soft & Hard handoff in idle & dedicate mode between Defined neighbours and

also check the Rx level, call establishing, call drop and coverage of the BTS.

RF Survey

It is collection of database from the field (according to the customer planned region that is

nominal point/Reference the area) for checking the feasibility of cell site, for decide coverage

region of cell site & for Link connectivity/LOS with another cell site.


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LOS SurveyIt is a path study between new site point to the existing site point for deciding the Microwave

antenna height that is for Fresnel zone clearance.

Nominal PointThis is a reference point given by customer for RF survey work.This may be

in any of the following form-

1. Latitude & Longitude value

2. X and Y co-ordinate

3. North/East co-ordinate

4. Area Name

Tools Required for RF survey work1. GPS- It stands for Global positioning system.

Magnetic compass- It is used for checking antenna direction.

Binocular with high visual range.

Digital camera

Measuring tape

Laptop

Software Tools Required

1. Mapinfo Professional ( Version 6.5,7,8,8.5,9)

2. Path Loss ( Version 3.0 & 4.0)

3. Global Mapper (7,8,9 & 10)

4. Google earth

Types of Tower1. GBT(Ground Base Tower)

2. RTT(Roof Top Tower)

3. RTP(Roof Top Pole)


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Transmission PlanningTransmission Planning Module deals with the building of the Transmission aspects of the

Network by the creation of physical links between Sites and logical circuits across the

Network.

Operation and MaintenanceOperation & Maintenance includes performing routine actions which keep the device in

working order(known as scheduled maintenance) or prevent trouble from arising (preventive

maintenance) All actions which have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a

state in which it can perform its required function. The actions include the


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Generations:

1G

Analog mobile System

Small size of Users

Voice Only

Expensive

Big size of devices

Standards:- AMPS, TACS, NMT

2G-2.5G

Digital System

Big size of users

Voice and Data Only

Enable internet access

Moderate data rate

Standards:- GSM(TDMA,FDMA based),CDMA

3G

Voice Data and Multimedia content

Faster Data Rate

Video telephony

Standards:- WCDMA,HSDPA (GSM based)

CDMA2000 (CDMA based)

4G

Two 4G candidates systems are commercially

deployed:-

Wi Max

LTE


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Wi Max:-

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a wireless communications

standard.

It designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates.

LTE:- LTE stands for Long Term Evolution.

The technology designed and developed by 3GPP as air interface for cellular mobile

communication systems.

It is used to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone Network.


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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS:-

A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers

to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each

other along data connections. The connections (network links) between nodes are established

using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet.

Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network

nodes. Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers, phones, servers as well as

networking hardware. Two such devices are said to be networked together when one device

is able to exchange information with the other device, whether or not they have a direct

connection to each other.

Computer networks support applications such as access to the World Wide Web, shared use

of application and storage servers, printers, and fax machines, and use of email and instant

messaging applications. Computer networks differ in the physical media used to transmit


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their signals, the communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network's size,

topology and organizational intent.

By themselves, computers are powerful tools. When they are connected in a network, they

become even more powerful because the functions and tools that each computer provides can

be shared with other computers.

Networks exist to provide logical and physical connectivity for two major reasons:

To provide information and resource sharing services. (Ex: FTP, HTTP, etc.)

To provide remote access services (Ex: TELNET, SSH, etc.)

These services are provided using server architecture technologies. Network technologies

such as LAN/WAN implementation and the TCP/IP protocol stack including the Routing

protocols are then employed to provide the means of connectivity within the different and

resources and nodes.

These networks are primarily distinguished using the network topologies being used, such as:

A. Star Topology

B. Bus Topology

C. Ring Topology

D. Mesh Topology

E. Hybrid Topology

Networks can also be classified based on areal span, such as:-

A. LAN (Local Area Network)

B. CAN (Campus Area Network)

C. MAN (Metropolitan Are Network)

D. WAN (Wide Area Network)


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Components of a computer network:-

1. [NIC] LAN CARD

2. Cables & connectors:

Ethernet cables and RJ-45 connectors


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3. Routers and Switches:


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The OSI Reference Model:-Working of network systems is conceptually based on the OSI Reference Model, prepared by

the ISO.

The model itself comprises of 7 different layers; viz.

The TCP/IP Protocol Stack:-


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TCP/IP uses the Department of Defense (DoD) model, which describes communications in

only four layers, shown in the figure. Each successively higher layer builds on the functions

provided by the layers below

Application Layer The highest layer; defines the manner in which applications interact with the network—

including databases, e-mail, and terminal-emulation programs using Application layer

protocols similar to Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol (SMTP), and Telnet.

Presentation Layer Defines the way in which data is formatted, presented, converted, and encoded.

Session Layer :Coordinates communications and maintains the session for as long as it

isneeded—performing security, logging, and administrative functions.

Transport Layer Defines protocols for structuring messages and supervises the validity of the transmission by

performing error checking.

Network Layer TRUBA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

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Defines data-routing protocols to increase the likelihood that the information arrives at the

correct destination node.

Data Link Layer Validates the integrity of the flow of the data from one node to another by synchronizing

blocks of data and controlling the flow.

Physical Layer Defines the mechanism for communicating with the transmission medium and the interface

hardware.

IP addressing and subnetting:-

IP Addressing

TCP/IP requires that each interface on a TCP/IP network have its own unique IP address. An

IPv4 address is a 32-bit number, usually represented as a four-part decimal number with each

of the four parts separated by a period or decimal point. You may also hear this method of

representation called dotted decimal or dotted quad decimal. In the IPv4 address, each

individual byte, or octet as it is sometimes called, can have a value in the range of 0 through

255.

NOTE:-


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A value of 126 or less indicates a Class A address.

The first octet is the network number; the next three, the host ID.

A value of 128 through 191 is a Class B address.

The first two octets are the network number, and the last two are the host address.

A value of 192 through 223 is a Class C address.

The first three octets are the network address, and the last octet is the host address.

A value of 224 through 239 is a Class D multicast address.

Again, there are no network or host portions to multicast addresses.

A value greater than 239 indicates a reserved Class E address.

Subnetting:-

An IP subnet modifies the IP address by using host ID bits as additional network address bits.

In other words, the dividing line between the network address and the host ID is moved to the

right, thus creating additional networks but reducing the number of hosts that can belong to

each network.

Advantages of subnetting:-

It minimizes network traffic, decreasing congestion.

It isolates networks from others.

It increases performance.

It optimizes use of IP address space.

It enhances the ability to secure a network.

Resource Sharing and Remote Access Services:-Network resources may be utilized to share files using Windows’ File sharing services

(based on the SMB/CIFS protocol) FTP / HTTP, etc.

Network resources may also be utilized to provide remote access using Command-line

utilities such as TELNET Graphical applications using RDP, VNC, etc.


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Routing Basics:- The major task of the router is to perform packet routing.

This is done by examining the router’s routing table present it its memory.

The routing table has to be populated with routes to different networks.

This is achieved either statically or dynamically.

There are different ways to populate the routing table with routes to different networks, as

follows:-

Route to local networks using the directly connected interfaces is created automatically.

Routes can be added statically (static routing).

Routes can be added dynamically using routing protocols (dynamic routing); ex: RIP,

EIGRP, OSPF.

Introduction to The Cisco Router:-Cisco provides various series and models of routers geared towards different types of

customer and requirements. Some of them just do routing whereas others provide some other

functions such as Wireless connectivity, Security features and Voice-over-IP services.

Cisco’s ISR series routers are example of routers that provide various services.

The Cisco Router has three types of memory-

The FLASH memory holds the Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System).

The NVRAM memory holds the startup-config.

The DRAM memory holds the running-config.

There are various modes of working within the Cisco router IOS:-


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The initial setup mode is lauched if either the startup-config is not present or has been

disabled from loading

The user mode

The privilege mode

The global configuration mode

Within the global configuration mode lies several specific configuration modes

The router requires its O.S. called the IOS to boot up. Once booted, the router can be

configured using several commands entered in one of its modes. These configurations are

saved temporarily within the DRAM in the file ‘running-config’. Hence, we need to save

them permanently within the NVRAM in the file ‘startup-config’

Managing the Cisco router through its console line:-


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Implementing Basic security: Securing the user mode using telnet/console line.

Securing the privilege mode.

Commands within the router console:

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#hostname Router1

Router1(config)#enable password 123

Router1(config)#enable secret cisco

Router1(config)#line con 0

Router1(config-line)#password console

Router1(config-line)#login

Router1(config-line)#exit

Router1(config)#line vty 0 4

Router1(config-line)#password telnet

Router1(config-line)#login

Router1(config-line)#exit

Router1(config)#exit

Router1#copy running-config sta

Router1#copy running-config startup-config

Router1#show running-config

Router1#show startup-config

Router1#reload

Implementing static routing:-TRUBA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

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Router1 IP addressing:-

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#hostname Router1

Router1(config)#int fastEthernet 0/0

Router1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

Router1(config-if)#no shutdown

Router1(config-if)#exit

Router1(config)#interface serial 0/0

Router1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

Router1(config-if)#clock rate 64000

Router1(config-if)#no shutdown

Router1(config-if)#^Z

Router1#copy running-config startup-config


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