haga clic para modificar el estilo de tÍtulo … · 2016-05-31 · vehicle braking system and is...

HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN

1 de totalMireia [email protected]

A través dels supercapacitadors per l’emmagatzematge d’energia

ESTAT ACTUAL I PERSPECTIVES INDUSTRIALS DE L’EMMAGATZEMATGE ELECTROQUÍMIC

D’ENERGIA ELÈCTRICA


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OUTLINE

• FAE OVERVIEWo R&D in FAE

o SUPERCAPACITORS STRATEGY IN FAE

• SUPERCAPACITORS o INTRODUCTION

o SUPERCAPACITORS PERFORMANCEo CLASSIFICATION

o ADVANTADGES-DISADVANTADGES COMPARED TO BATTERIES

• APPLICATIONSo HYBRID VEHICLE

o ULTRACAPACITORS COMBINED WITH BATTERIESo STORAGE FOR ENERGY HARVEST

o CASE STUDIES

• MARKET

• CONCLUSIONS


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FAE OVERVIEW

FAE - Francisco Albero S.A.U. designs and produces electrical and electronic products for the automotive market. It offers a wide

range of products with over 3,000 references. FAE exports 75% of its turnover and is currently present in more than

80 countries.

FAE is specialized in developing components which provide information to the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), Oxygen sensors,

Temperature and Pressure Sensors, Timing Sensors, Knock Sensors and others.


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R&D IN FAE

Since 2000, investment in R+D has been in excess of 5% of annual sales. In collaboration with several technical centres, other products have been developed in

several fields beyond automotive components:


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SUPERCAPACITORS STRATEGY

Hybrid/electric vehicle market is expected to grow over the long term due to higher government fuel efficiency standards and increasing gas prices. Ultracapacitors will need to be adopted in hybrid/ electric vehicle power systems.


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EDLC: STRUCTURE

• An EDLC consists of two non-reactive porous plates suspended within an electrolyte and separated by a membrane.

• Store energy electrostatically by polarizing an electrolytic solution. Though it is an electrochemicaldevice there are no chemical reactions involved in its energy storage mechanism.

• As voltage is applied, charge accumulates on the electrode surfaces. Ions in the electrolyte solution diffuse across the separator into the pores of the electrode of opposite charge. Thus, a double-layer

of charge is produced at each electrode.

• In ultracapacitors, charge separation distance is determined by the size of the ions in theelectrolyte, which are attracted to the charged electrode. This charge separation is much smaller

than can be accomplished using conventional dilectric materials.

http://www.enerize.com/superCap.php

The combination of enormous surface areaand extremely small charge separation

gives the ultracapacitor its outstandingcapacitance relative to conventional capacitors


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EDLC: PRINCIPLE OF CONSTRUCTION

• Current collector: Metal contacts are used as current collectors .

• Electrode: Highly activated carbon highly porous, with extraordinarily high specific

surface area, good conductivity, high temperature and chemical stability and also

corrosion resistant

• Electrolyte: It contains dissolved and solvated ions that migrate to and from the electrodes during charge and discharge. Electrolytes can be aqueous and organic.

• Separator must provide electronic insulation between the electrode of opposite polarization and must support ionic

conduction from one electrode to another.

http://www. murata.com


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ADVANTADGES-DISADVANTAGES COMPARED TO BATTERIES

ü Advantages ü Rapid charging: it takes a second to

charge completely. ü High power storage: It stores huge

amount of energy in a small volume. ü Faster release: Release the energy

much faster than battery.ü Good reversibility

ü Long life: It works for a large number of cycles.

ü Low toxicity of materials used.

û Disadvantages û They have low energy density û Individual cell shows low voltage û They have higher self-discharge as

compared to battery.


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SUPERCAPACITORS CLASSIFICATION

The maximum or rated voltage of the capacitor depends on

the electrolyte used in the device.


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APPLICATIONS


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SUPERCAPS IN HYBRID VEHICLE

IDTechEx_Europe2016 Printed Electronics


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In regenerative systems the energy capture comes from the vehicle braking system and is subsequently used in acceleration.Ultracapacitor technology is ideally suited to REGENERATIVE BRAKING because:ü They deliver many times more power for weight than lithium-ion

batteries.ü They have efficiencies of up to 98%.ü They are tolerant of high temperatures.ü They charge almost instantly.ü They are one of the cheapest technologies available for power discharges

below 15 secs.

http://articles.sae.org/11845/

It’s projected that as many as half of new cars will be fitted with these systems by 2022.Renewable and sustainable Energy Reviews 39 (2014) 1119-1126



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START-STOP SYSTEMSStart-stop applications enable an engine to shut down when it comes to a stop at a red light, or when sitting in traffic. As soon as the driver resumes, ultracapacitors then provide a short burst of energy that restarts the

motor.

Ultracapacitors are already installed in over 1 million start/stop vehicles to support the restart of the engine.

This application is the first one that is potentially a mass market application in the world-wide auto industry.

research report-UCD-ITS-RR-14-23


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ULTRACAPACITORS COMBINED WITH BATTERIES

DRAWBACKS OF BATTERIES IN HYBRID VEHICLES

• Rapid, deep discharges to power acceleration apply stress to batteries and shorten their life. To make batteries last longer, they are usually oversized, adding volume,

weight and cost to the energy storage system.

• Batteries perform poorly at low temperatures and the high temperatures common in engine compartments also impair battery performance, shorten battery life and can

create serious safety hazards.

It is demonstrated that an integrated system combining batteries with ultracapacitorsdramatically improve braking energy recuperation efficiency and eliminate the need

for battery over-sizing, reducing the weight and cost of the entire system.

http://www.maxwell.com/


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STORAGE FOR ENERGY HARVEST

Renewable energies where the supercapacitor improves thereliability of the grid.

• The power generated by WT and PV systems is highly dependent on weather conditions. Natural variations in wind speed and sunlight causes power fluctuations in

those systems. In addition, it is difficult to store the power generated for future use.

• Since supercapacitors are easily charged/discharged in various powers, they are suitable for energy storage of energy harvesters which have unstable power

generation device.

J.M. Miller, Power and Energy Series 59 , 149


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CASE STUDIES

Yangshan Deep Water Port, Shanghai

ISSUE Quay cranes cause significant voltage fluctuations on the local grid for 10-15 seconds at a time.

The port is located at the end of a 20 mile bridge, and increasing the transmission line capacity was deemed too costly.

SOLUTION An energy storage system to smooth out voltage fluctuations caused by crane operation, without requiring a larger transmission line.

Supercap System Specification: 3 MW rated power, 17.2 kWh stored energy 20 seconds of reserve power

• STATUS AND RESULTS: Fully operational for 18 monthsü 38% reduction in peak demand grid energy

ü Est. $2.9M in energy savings (1 million cycles, 10 years)ü Est. $41M in savings related to improved efficiency/reduced maintenance on

transmission lines (8000h operation/yr.,10 years)

http://www.maxwell.com/


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MARKET

The ultra capacitor market has grown through application to consumer electronics. The most typical case is mobile phone applications such as memories and time clocks. Based on these

applications, the global ultra capacitor market recorded 480 billion won in 2011.

However, it is expected that the market growth will be led by transportation applications in the future, reaching 840 billion won in 2015 and 1 trillion 250 billion won in 2020 at the annual

growth rate of 11.3%.

The ultra-small and small product (less than 1F) markets are expected to grow slightly, but the medium and large product (more than 1F) markets will grow. It is also expected that the ultra-large product market (more than 1000F) will grow rapidly especially in the field of transportation.


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SMALL AND MEDIUM ULTRACAPACITOR COMPANIES

Renewable and Sustainable Reviews 39 (2014) 1119-1126

Skeleton Technologies founded in 2009YUNASKO LTD founded in early 2010

3200F Skeleton Technologies device

5000F Yunasko hybrid ultracapacitor

3000F Nesscap Ultracapacitor

3000F Maxwell Ultracapacitor


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CONCLUSIONS

• Ultracapacitors offer a promising alternative approach to meeting the increasing power demands of energy storage systems and electronic devices. With their high

power density, ability to perform in extreme temperatures, and millions of charge-recharge cycle capabilities,

• It’s fast energy release, make supercapacitors the best choice for high peak powerfunction, applications such as regenerative braking and start-stop systems

• Supercapacitors are easily charged/discharged in various powers. Therefore they are suitable for energy storage of energy harvesters with unstable power generation.

• Analyses of the hybrid/electric vehicle market project that global annual sales will reach 3.8 million units by 2020.

• Supercapacitors improve the performance of batteries and prolong their life.


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Thank you

haga clic para modificar el estilo de tÍtulo … · 2016-05-31 · vehicle braking system and is...

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