haberleşme sistemleri - cahit karakuş konu anlatımı
TRANSCRIPT
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
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^KQA^KI BKLE\IEOE
^^TEOIE\
Dr. Nkbat GK\KGU
..>. ^a`yki>.4. K`kijm kret
>.5. gaia (La`kry) J`kitig (Bex) ^ky ^asteoa
>.3. Ijhag Gkpikr
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>.=. Njopiex `uolers
>.2. Lat, Lat/^k`, Lyte, Lkud \kte, LE\
>.1. ^gtrok - NJDEN
>.;6. Mrit Tapiera
>.;;. Ijmkratok
>.;.;>. Bklerieoe Gk`ki, Gk`ki Gkpksatesa ve Lk`d Me`aiaa
>.;4. Menagoe
>.;5. Uymuikokikr
4. T\K@^O^QJ@ J\TKOIK\A
4.;. Bklerieoe Jrtko ^kikoks Merege` Grateriera
4.. Caler Jptag Gklij
4.4. Gklijsuz Eraao Teg`jijhaiera
4.4.;. Gklijsuz Qerei Kik` Kikr (]areiess Ijnki Krek @etwjrgs, ]IK@)
4.4.. Ia`g K`kiaza ve Vik`ikok
5. OJDIK^QJ@
5.;. Ojdeo ^tk`dkrds
5.. Dkrle Gjd Ojdiksyj`u (VNO Vuise Njde Ojduiktaj`)
5.4. Dacerk`sayei Dkrle Gjdikoki Ojdiksyj`
5.5. BDL> (Eurjpek` E-nkrraer)
5.3. ^peenb Njopressaj` ^tk`dkrds
3. K@KBTK\IKOK SE JUIIKOK
3.;. Vulian ^watnbed Teiepbj`e @etwjrg (V^T@)
3.. AV VLR / SJAV Teiecj` ^asteoa
3.4. Teiecj` Teg`jijhasa`de ^j` Meiaoeier ve M^O
3.5. E; - TDO
3.3. juiikok
3.=. ^kyski K`kbtkrikok
3.2. Bazoette percjrok`s krtrok3.1. Trkcag K`kiaza
5.1.;. Uymuikok-;8 Trkcag k`kiaza ve pik`ikok
=. E\O TEG@JIJHIE\
=.;. KTO Ksy`nbrj`jus Trk`scer Ojde
=.. TDO - Garkig Bktikr
=.4. Crkoe \eiky
=.5. xD^I
=.3. ^tk`dkrt Lkik`t Bzikr
2. K TEG@JIJHIE\
2.;. J^A (Jpe` ^ysteo A`ternj``entaj`)
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2.. Etber`et
2.4. K Tjpjijhaiera
2.5. Mamk Lat K Jourmk (Lknglj`e)
2.3. A`tercknes
2.=. SjAV
2.2. K Q`etaoa
2.1. Gkops K zoiera
2.;6. AV Kdresieoe
2.;;. AV Kdres ^`cikr
2.;. AV \juta`m - Q`ie`daroe
1. LIM MSE@I
1.;. SV@
1.. Gratag Kit Qkpikrk ^aler ^kidr;6. IETO KIT QKVA^A BKXA\IKOK
;6.;. Gkz iera
;6.. Vrecklrag \mkrikr
;6.4. Daregier
;6.5. Tjprkgikok ve Vkrktj`er
;6.3. Gkla`etier
;6.=. Tkdaikt ve Tecrakt iera
;;. ^J\UIK\
;;.;.
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Mr`tde7 \esao jraha`kia`e skdg gkiok
Sadej gj`cerk`s7 Mz` kimikokdkga meregia lar sk`ayedega resao ereve skys
Sera aietaoa`de7 Lat bktk jrk`
Lar sktrdk, jrtkikok jikrkg 33 bkrcte` ckzik jiokokidr. Lar sktrdk dkbk ckzik bkrc luiu`ursk,
jguok miear. `g, mz lar sktr sj`u`dk` daera` lk`k d`oegte zjrik r.
Bklerieoe sasteoa 5 laiee`e skbaptar7
Sera gky`k (wbere tbe dktk jrama ktes)
Serana - ietana(devane used tj trk`soat dktk)
Trk`soasyj` Jrtko (Teiia ve Teisaz jrtkoikr)
Kin (devane used tj reneave dktk)
Skr Qera (wbere tbe dktk waii le pikned)
666 navkr`dk Osrdk BQJ\JMIC kd veraie` ykz sasteoa luiu`du. Lu ykzikr a`sk` bkyvk` veeyk egaiiera`de` ve lkz seoljiierde` jiuokgtkyd
O. ;>66 Navkr`dk Oezjpjtkoykdk ( Lum`g ^uraye ve Arkg tjprkgikr) aig kickle`a` guiik`id
laia`oegtedar.
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O.^ ;645 Osriikr tkrkc`dk` luiu`k` pkparus kdi gkd meiatare` a`de aig gez Va NBE@M kdi ounad
oktlkk bkrciera`a ankd etoa ve gatkp lksotr. Dkbk sj`rkikr ;345 Kvrupkdk Mutte`lerm kdi ounat
oktlkk okga`ks` ankd etoatar.
;2-Okxweii eiegtrjok`yetag dkimk de`gieoiera`a luidu.
;2=3 Qi`dk Koeragkdk sgjyk ksii krktrn K.Mrkbko LEII eiegtrag teiiera zera`de` aig a`sk` sesa`a
aietoeya lkkro ve lu kieta` kd`k Teie-Vbj`e 8 Teiecj` yk`a uzkgtk` gj`uok kd` veroatar. LEII
aie ykrdons ]ktsj` krks`dk ;6Okrt ;2=3 dk jdkdk` jdkyk meregiee` lu luiu ojder` aietaaoa`
lkik`mn skyiokgtkdr.
Teiecj`dk beoe` beoe` ber m` gao laiar gk gez guiik`doz KIJ szn, meregte lar sevmaia`a`
kd`` "gskitio" laaoadar. ^evmaia`a` "tko kd" "Kiessk`drk Ijiatk Jswkidj" dur. Lu sevaoia me` gz,
teiecj`u ankt ede` Kiexk`der Mrkbko Leiia` sevmaiasayda. Mrkbko Leii, teiecj`u ankd eda`ne, aig bktt
sevmaiasa`a` eva`e egoata.
;2== yi`dk Koeragki krktrokn EDA^J@ Cj`jMrkc de`aie` ve ses gkydetoeye ykrkyk` aig kieta ankd
etoatar. ig gez gpea`a` sesa`a gkydettaa lu nabkz m`ozde gksetkikrikr` ve ND/DSD kikrikr`
teoeia a ykrktk` luiu jioutur.
;214 de Crk`sz IAOUE\E gkrdeier ig sa`kok okga`ks` ankd etoaierdar. Lyiene mr`t`` gkyt
edaioesa, skgik`oks ve ye`ade` msteraioesa aogk`i bkie meioatar. Lu luiu aietaaode devrao
skyiokgtkdr. ;213 yi`dk tkiyk` OK\NJ@A aig ojrs kicklesayie ykpt \kdyj yky`` lkkrotr. ( dkbk sj`rk ;16;
de aig jgyk`us kr rkdyj yky` ykpiotr . ;16= Qi`dk ase gk`kdki CE^^E@DE@ kd`dkga laiao kdko
a`sk` sesayie aig rkdyj yky`` ykpotr.)
;1;=K. G. Erik`m(De`okrg) Tbe lema``a`m jc Teiepbj`e Trkccan E`ma`eera`m
;12 yi`dk NK\I^J@ kd`dkga Koeragki laiao kdko VbjtjNjpy8 Cjtjgjpa nabkz` ankd etoatar.
;143 yi`dk Koeragki H.ENGE\T ve krgkdk OKUNBIQ kdi laiao kdkoikr ksgera koki beskpikr
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ykpokg aa` d`yk`` aig laimaskykr` ankd etoaierdar. E@AKN kd` verdagiera lu laimaskykr >6 tj`
kri`dk ve 4 kpkrtok` dkaresa lygi`de jiup aa`de ;2 666 eiegtrj`ag tp (Ikolk)
luiu`okgtkyd. Lu kiet m`ozde guiik`ik` ojder laimaskykrikr` lklks skyiokgtkdr.
;14= Trk`sastjr gecedaida
;13< yi`dk Koeragkiikr d`yk`` aig aietaao uydusu jik` TEI^TK\' uzkyk criktoikrdr. Lu uyduyik
gtkikr krks Teiecj` gj`uokikr Teieckx Teiex bklerieoeiera ve TS -\kdyj yky`ikr ykpioks jik`kgi
bkie meioeatar.
;13< Jrlata`m njoou`anktaj` skteiiates were used tj reiky k`d kopiacy teiepbj`e trk`soassaj`s cjr tbe
carst taoe
;1=> Etber`et a`ve`ted Rerjx Vkrn Ljl Oetnkice, TNV/AV carst desnraled, Tbe Caie Trk`scer Vrjtjnji
(CTV) as a`trjduned
;1=6 ia yiikrdk Koeragkdk `aversateier krks laima aietaaoa`de guiik`iokg zere K\VK de`aie` ye`a lar
aietaao sasteoa meregietaraioatar. Lu sasteoie kyr ebarierdega laimaskykrikr` larlariera`e
lkik`klaioeiera oog` jioutur. ;1=4 de lu aietaaoe stk`dkrt metaraioa ve kd`k TNV/AV prjtjgjiu
de`oatar. Ky`a yiikrdk Koeragkdk ALO argeta laima depjikokdk ve lu`u` ckrgi okga`kikrdk
guiik`ioks` skikyk` ve Cijppy de`aie` dasgetiera ankd etoatar. ;12; Koeragkdk ALO argeta ig gaasei laimaskykr de`aie` ve lum` aietaaode devrao skyik` ve VN kd`
verdaa laimaskykr retoeye leikd.
;12< de Bjiik`dki VBAIAV^ ve Hkpj` ^J@Q argetiera Njopknt Dasg (ND) de`aie` kieta retoaierdar Lu
nabkzikr jg dg sevayeia IKXE\ aie kiokgtkdrikr
;12> de Koeragki Oagrj^jct caroks m`ozdede bkik guiik`iokgtk jik` ve aietaaode r kk`
]a`djws kd` verdaa ykzio sasteoa`a ankd etoatar.
;125 yi`dk koeragkdk guiik`iokgtk jik` K\VK aietaao sasteoa`a` kd A@TE\@ET kdyik deataraioatar.
`ter`et laima jtjlk` k`iko`k meioegtedar
;116 yi`dk ykkdoz kk kd` vere` ve aietaaode lu m` sj` `jgtk jik` ]]] yk`a wjrid ]ade
]el ankd edaioatar. ;11< ]]] a`ve`ted, NE\@ pbysanast Tao Ler`ers-Iee.
Trgaye de Teiegjo`agksyj` Tkrabesa
Egao ;2468 Lum`g Trg Teiegjou` Vjstkbk`e-a Koark`e kdyik ^uitk` Kldioenat tkrkc`dk`
guruidu.
1 Kustjs ;24=8 ig teimrkc kiok-egoe aieoa`a` lkkryik meregietaraioesa zera`e aig teimrkc bktt``
stk`lui-Edar`e krks`dk de`oesa`e lkik`d.
Teoouz ;22;8 stk`lui ^jugeoedega Vjstk ve Teimrkc @ezkreta la`ksyik Qe`a Nkoadega pjstk`ekrks`dk teg teiia lar teiecj` egaida.
> Okys ;1618 ig ok`uei teiecj` sk`trkia, stk`lui Lyg Vjstk`e la`ks`dk 56 bktig jikrkg tesas
edaida.
4 ulkt ;1
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3 @ask` ;1=38 K`tkiyk-Nktk`ak krks`dk tjpiko 426 gk`kii aig de`azkit gjkgsayei gklijsu`u` bazoete
veraioesayie, jg gk`kii yurtd bklerieoesa skik`d.
@ask` ;1=18 ig uydu bklerieoe yer astksyj`u`u` bazoete veraioesayie A@TEI^KT zera`de` Ktik`tag
limesa uyduikr guiik`ikrkg ;> ige aie bklerieoe skik`d.
;2 Krkig ;1248 Trgaye`a` aig skyski teiecj` sk`trkia, K`gkrk Gkvkgiderede bazoete veraida.
;6 @ask` ;1258 Bklerieoede gk`ki gkpksatesa`a krtrk` caler jptag gklij, aig gez K`gkrk(Uius)-Milk
Uydu yer oergeza krks`dk yerkit`dk de`ereg ;>;6 `o dkimk ljyu`dk ;46 Ol/siag sasteo bazoete
veraida.
Gkso ;1258 ig skyski rkdyjia`g sasteoa K`gkrk-stk`lui krks`dk bazoete veraida.
Egao ;1238 Ojlai teiecj`, K`gkrk ve stk`luidk7 kr nabkzikr dk K`gkrk, stk`lui ve zoarde
bazoete veraida.
4 Okrt ;12=8 Kvrupkdk aig jikrkg uydu sasteoa zera`de` vadej gj`cerk`s igeoazde meregietaraida.
;5 Teoouz ;12=8 iier krks`k caler jptag gklij, aig gez Kyd`-De azia krks`dk bkvka jikrkg de`da.
Krkig ;1228 ig jikrkg K`gkrk, k`gkykdk Gklij TS bazoeta veraioeye lkik`d.
;1218 DV@ ojdiiera guiik`ikrkg aig Vkget K`kbtkrikoki Dktk elegesa jik` TU\VKG guruidu. elege
zera`de` R.
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;11=8 GKCJ^ (Gkrkde`az Caler Jptag ^asteoa) ve TLI (Trk`slkigk` Ia`ga Gkrkski Caler Jptag ^asteoa)
bazoete veraida.
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E` lyg Teiegjo`agksyj` Egapok` argetiera7 @EN, Teioex, Kinktei, Eranssj`, Iune`t Tenb`jijmaes,
Ojtjrjik, @jgak, @jrtei, ^aeoe`s, Okrnj`a, Bukve
Teg`jijha`a` meiaoesayie lariagte a`sk` bkykt` e` ckzik etgaieye` ve guiik`o`dk` vkzmeaioeye`
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Eiegtrag tatreaoiera`a` bkvkdkga ykyiok bz >66 la` go/s`
oertelesa`de jiduu`dk` teiecj` aie gj`uk`ikr, krkdkga
uzkgik rkoe`, gkr gkryk luiu`uyjrikro bassa`e
skbaptarier. Teiecj` sasteoa k`k mrev ykpkr. ga klj`ekrks`dk gj`uok
artalkt` skikr ve klj`eier krks`dk krok, oemui
evaroe, ses sa`ykiiera retar. nretie`daroe ykpir.
Lar teiecj` kieta`de luiu`k` leiia lki pkrkikr u`ikrdr8
Teiecj` kbazesa7 Guikgig,Oagrjcj`7 E`dgsayj` ljla`a,
Xai ve Xai ljla`a, Gkdrk`, ktkikit gj`tk,
^parki gjrdj`, Gge` gjrdj`u, D gjruyunu ve kse
>.45
o/s dar. ^es dkimkikr ljiugtk ykyiokz. `sk`ikr tkrkc`dk` aataielaie` duyuski ses krki`` cregk`s >6Bz
aie ;3GBz krks`dkdr. >6Bz de` dg ses tesa dkimkikr d`yk`` ve mezeme`a` oeydk`k metardaa sesierdar.
Bkyvk`ikr` ju >6Bz de` dg cregk`sikrdkga ses tesa (a`crkses) dkimkikr bassederier. ^esier eiegtrag
sa`ykia e d`trid`de me`iaa, cregk`s ve ckz zkok`ik deae` lar k`kijm sa`yki eide edaiar. Lu k`kijm
sa`ykiiera skyski sk`trkiierde k`kbtkrikykrkg aietoeg yk dk laimaskykr jrtko`k gkyt edap aieoeg aa` skyski
sa`ykiiere d`trioesa meregar.
^es bklerieoesa`de teoei graterier7 tk`ok, k`ikok, bassetoe, menagoe jikrkg srkik`r.
Qju`iuu? ;6-;
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Qkpik` kiokikrdk aataoe krki d`dkga cregk`sikrdk dk guikg zkr`` tatreaoe duykri jiduu ckgkt
a`sk`` lu`u bassetoedaa mriotr.
^es dkimkikr 4e kyrir7
^es tesa (A`crksju`d)7 >6 bertz ve kit`dkga ses dkimkikrdr.
ataielaiar ses7 >6-66Bz >466Bz (K`ikiklaioe, Tk`ok, Bassetoe)
r`eg ;- Krkikr`dk 256 o uzkgig luiu`k` aga `jgtkdk` lara`de` m`deraie` ses daer `jgtkyk gk sk`aye
sj`rk uikr: I? 256 o, S ? >46 o/s`, t ? : s` ?I/S?
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) Trk`sae`t \espj`ne (Mea Tepgasa)
4) ^e`satavaty (Duykriig Bkssksayet)
5) Equavkie t @jase \kta`m (Oagrjcj`u` ge`da dap mrit jrk`)
3) Aoped`ne (Eopedk`s)
=) Okx ^VI (Okgsaouo ses lks` sevayesa)
Darentaj`kiaty (Q`sei zeiiag)
Darentaj` `maiazne y` deoegtar. Darentaj`kiaty oagrjcj`u` bk`ma y` veyk y`ierde` meie` sesiere duykri
jiduu`u msterar. Lu`k ses kiok yk dk duyok egia k`iko`k meie` pang-up pktter` de`ar. Vang-up pktter`
a` mrkcaa`e ase pjikr pktter` de`ar.
Oagrjcj`ikrdk ckrgi pangup pktter` luiu`ur7 Jo`adarentaj`ki (Ber y`e), U`adarentaj`ki (Lar y`e),
Ladarentaj`ki (act y`e)
Bjpkrir
Bjpkrir, eiegtrag kgo deaaoiera`a ses tatreaoiera`e evare` kiettar. ;1
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veranade ki`k` sa`ykia` mve`ariaa ve gkiatesa, sa`ykidega mrit addeta`e, etga ede` daer zkycikokikr aie
guiik`ik` ojdiksyj` tapa mala etge`iere lkidr.
^a`ykiier
Serana aie kin krks`dk lar aietao jrtko`dk tk`okidr. K`nkg laima sa`ykiiera `kdare` aietao aa` uymu` lar
laaode luiu`ur. Ojdiksyj , laimaya lkik`mn`dkga laaoa`de`, verana aie kin krks`dk aietao aa` dkbk
uymu` lar laaoe d`troe aieoa jikrkg tk`oik`r. Deojdiksyj` ase lu`u` tersa lar aieodar. Qk`a
ojdiksyj`iu sa`ykia` aig laaoa`e d`trioe aieoadar. Ojdiksyj` aieoa, ojdiktr kd veraie`
devrede, deojdiksyj` aieoa ase deojdiktr kd veraie` lar devrede meregietaraiar.
Trk`soassaj` Ojde
^aopiex trk`soassaj`8 J`iy j`e wky njoou`anktaj`
Bkic dupiex trk`soassaj`8 Twj wkys njoou`anktaj`, lut j`e kt k taoe7 `jt saouitk`ejusiy
Cuii dupiex trk`soassaj` 8 ^aouitk`ejusiy a` ljtb darentaj`s
U`ankst, Ouitankst, K`ynkst, Lrjkdnkst
>.4. K`kijm kret
K`kijm kret8 kreta leiarieye` teoei zeiiagier me`iag cregk`s, ckz ve lk`t me`aiaadar.K`kijm akreta7
me`iaa, cregk`sk ve ckzk lki jikrkg zkok`ik deae` akrettar.
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^kyski akret8 lat teoeia`de 6 yk dk ; aie tk`oik`k` vkr/yjg ok`tyik kik` akrettar. Lar akret, ckrgi
sa`s dkimkikr`` tjpiko`dk` jiuur. (Me`aiag ve cregk`s) Cregk`s` teoeia tatreaodar. Cregk`s, lar
sk`ayedega tatreao skysdr. Tersa ase perayjttur. Qk`a perayjt lar teg tatreaoa` sresadar. K`kijm akret, jg
skydk cregk`s laieaoa`de` jiutuu`dk` akreta aieoeg zjrdur. J `ede`ie cregk`s djoka`a`de aie`ar.
Cregk`s spegtruou`dk akreta` lkikd ve lattaa cregk`s krki lk`t me`aiaa`a verar.
Veryjd8 Lar x(t) k`kijm akrette x(t+T)?x(t) jiknkg egaide T pjsatac lar sky ase Lu akret peryjdagtar. T
deera`e perayjd ve c?;/T (Bz?;/sen) peryjdu` tersa`ede cregk`s de`ar. Cregk`s ; sk`ayedega peryjd
skysdr.
Cregk`s8
Cregk`s veyk tatreao skys lar jiky` larao zkok` (tapag jikrkg ; sk`aye) aa`de bk`ma sgigik, gk deck
tegrkrik`d`` iodr, okteoktagsei ackdeyie perayjdu` krpokyk mre tersadar. Lar jiky` cregk`s`
ioeg aa` j jiky` leiaria lar zkok` krki`dk ge`da`a gk gere tegrkr ettaa skyir sj`rk lu sky zkok`
krki`k li`ereg cregk`s eide edaiar. ^A larao sasteoa`de cregk`s, Bertz (Bz) aie msteraiar. Lar Bertz, lar
jiky` sk`ayede lar tegrkrik`d k`iko`k meiar. Jiky` aga Bertziag lar cregk`sk skbap jioks ase, jiky`
sk`ayede ge`da`a aga gere ya`eiedaa`a ackde eder. Cregk`s ioe`a` lkgk lar yjiu ase jiky` ge`da`a tegrkr
etoesa krks`dk mee` sreya tkya` etoegtar zark cregk`s lu sre`a` krpokyk mre tersa jiduu`dk` djikyijikrkg eide edaielaiar.
Gkt Kd ^eolji Gkt Kd ^eolji
;6P6 Bertz Bz
;6P; degkbertz dkBz ;6P; desabertz dBz
;6P< bentjbertz bBz ;6P< sk`tabertz nBz
;6P> Gaijbertz gBz ;6P> oaiabertz oBz
;6P3 oemkbertz OBz ;6P3 oagrjbertz Bz
;6P1 Mamkbertz MBz ;6P1 `k`jbertz `Bz
;6P;< Terkbertz TBz ;6P;< pagjbertz pBz
;6P;5 Vetkbertz VBz ;6P;5 ceotjbertz cBz
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p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
;6P;2 Emzkbertz Ebz ;6P;2 kttjbertz kBz
;6P66 Bz
;,666 go aie ;6,666
go
Uitrk ijw creque`ny UIC >66 bz aie > Gbz ;66 go aie ;666 go
Sery ijw creque`ny SIC > Gbz aie >6 Gbz ;6 go aie ;66 go
Ijw creque`ny IC >6 Gbz aie >66 Gbz ; go aie ;6 go
Oedauo creque`ny OC >66 Gbz aie > Obz ;66 o aie ; go
Bamb creque`ny BC > Obz aie >6 Obz ;6 o aie ;66 o
Sery bamb creque`ny SBC >6 Obz aie >66 Obz ; o aie ;6 o
Uitrk bamb creque`ny UBC >66 Obz aie > Mbz ;6 no aie ;66 no^uper bamb
creque`ny ^BC > Mbz aie >6 Mbz ; no aie ;6 no
Extreoeiy bamb
creque`ny EBC >6 Mbz aie >66 Mbz ; oo aie ;6 oo
ga ya`eieoe krks`dk mee` sreye perayjt de`ar ve cazagte me`eiiagie T aie msteraiar. Bertz (seolji
Bz), cregk`s (sgig) laraoadar. soa`a Kiok` cazaga Bea`ranb \udjic Bertz'de` kir. Bertbz7 sk`aye lk`k de`
devar skys` ackde eder. ; Bertz sk`ayede lar devar veyk ; OBz sk`aye lk`k lar oaiyj` (;.666.666/s) devaregia`de tk`oik`r. Lu larao berbk`ma lar perayjdag jikyk uykrik`klaiar. Oeseik7 lar a`sk` gkila ;.
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
Cregk`s c?;/T cjroiyie beskpik`klaiar. Lurkdk8 c ? Cregk`s, T? Veryjt tur.
c?; GBz?;666Bz?;6P> Bz, c?; OBz?; 666 666? ;6P3 Bz, c?;MBz?; 666 666 666?;6P1 Bz
:?Ag bz / cregk`s ? c / n (oetre)
Lk`d me`aiaa8
L?Sera bz (lps)/(Gjdikok jrk` x ^eolji jrk` x CEN ) , Bz jikrkg luiu`ur.
Lar akreta` kit cregk`s ?c;, st cregk`s?c< ase akreta` lk`d me`aiaa L]?c
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p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
(;6);6?(+
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
Djruiug tklijsu8
K L J\ K@D @JT @J\ @K@D ERJ\
K+L K*L K (K+L) (K*L) (K)*L+K*(L)
6 6 6 6 ; ; ; 6
6 ; ; 6 ; 6 ; ;; 6 ; 6 6 6 ; ;
; ; ; ; 6 6 6 6
K [
6 ;
; 6
K L [
6 6 6
6 ; 6
; 6 6
; ; ;
K L [
6 6 6
6 ; ;
; 6 ;
; ; ;
K L [
6 6 ;
6 ; ;
; 6 ;
; ; 6
K L [
6 6 ;
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
6 ; 6
; 6 6
; ; 6
Cjroiier 6 Deera Seraidaa`de ; Deera Seraidaa`de
K . 6 ? 6 K ? 6 ase, 6 . 6 ? 6 K ? ; ase, ; . 6 ? 6
K . ; ? K K ? 6 ase, 6 . ; ? 6 K ? ; ase, ; . ; ? ;
K + 6 ? K K ? 6 ase, 6 + 6 ? 6 K ? ; ase, ; + 6 ? ;
K + ; ? K K ? 6 ase, 6 + ; ? ; K ? ; ase, ; + ; ? ;
K . K ? K K ? 6 ase, 6 . 6 ? 6 K ? ; ase, ; . ; ? ;
K + K ? K K ? 6 ase, 6 + 6 ? 6 K ? ; ase, ; + ; ? ;K . K' ? 6 K ? 6 ase, 6 . ; ? 6 K ? ; ase, ; . 6 ? 6
K + K' ? ; K ? 6 ase, 6 + ; ? ; K ? ; ase, ; + 6 ? ;
(K')' ? K K ? 6 ase, K' ? ;, (K')' ? 6 K ? ; ase, K' ? 6, (K')' ? ;
^kdeietaroeier
(K + L) ? (L + K) (K . L) ? (L . K)
K + L) + N ? K + (L + N) ? K + L + N
(K . L) . N ? K . (L . N) ? K . L . N
(K + L) . (K + N) ? K + (L . N)
(K' . L) + (K . L') ? K : L (K' . L') + (K . L) ? (K : L)'
(K + L)' ? K' . L' (K . L)' ? K' + L'
>.=. Njopiex `uolers
Njopiex `uolers prjvade k njopknt wky jc desnrala`m kopiatude k`d pbkse (k`d tbe jperktaj`s tbkt
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
kccent tbeo, sunb ks caitera`m)
(k+a*l)(k/(k
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p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
Xettk Lyte Xl
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
yky`ikok.
^gtrokdkga kok8 Dkbk kz juiikok devresa, dkbk kz lk`d me`aiaa, dkbk kz aietaao jrtko.
>.;6. Mrit Tapiera
^a`yki zkycikoks`` e` ykym` tapa, veranade sa`yki ygseitoe aieoa srks`dk mrie` ve sa`ykiie lariagte
ygseitoe aieoa`e tkla tutuikrkg ygseitaie` mrit eada jiup, ju`iugikteroki mritjikrkg laia`ar.
Teisaz bklerieoesa`de ase, teroki mritye aikve jikrkg a`sk` eiayie oeydk`k meie` mrit ve gk`kidk
vkrjik` ktojscerag mrit de kin k`te`e uikr. Teiia veyk teisaz bklerieoede, gk`kidkga daer
guiik`nikrdk` gky`kgik`k` mritiera` etgasa, sa`yki zkycikoks`k etga ede` daer lar mrit eadadar.
Qgseg cregk`sikrdk ykpik` teisaz bklerieoesa`de, sa`yki sevayesa`a` doesa e selep jik` tapag lar etga de
jg yjiiu ykyio jiup, zkok` lkoi jikrkg sa`yki me`iaa`a` deaaoadar. M`deraie` sa`ykidega lt` lu
rksmeie deaao ve ljzuiokikr astktastag teraoierie ackde edaielaiar.
Mrit8M`deraie` jraha`ki sa`ykia ljzk` ve sasteoe asteo ds dkbai jik` berbk`ma lar e`erha (askret yk dk
sa`yki). Mrit`` vkri k`kijm veyk skyski sasteoiera`a` percjrok`s` drr. Mrit`` aietaaosasteoa`a` percjrok`s` `e gkdkr etgaiedaa sa`yki mn`` mrit mn`e jrk` (k`kijm aietaao) yk dk
bktk jiksi (skyski aietaao) aie iir.
Marasao-Vkrkzat (A`tercere`ne)8ste`oeye` askretiera` sasteoaoaze marereg sa`ykiaoaz zera`de ykpt ljzunu
etgadar. zo aste`oeye` askret gky`kgikr`` sasteode` uzkgikstrioksdr.
Bkroj`ag Ljzuiok8 ^a`ykiier bkroj`ag cregk`sikr` tjpiko`dk` jiusur. Teg cregk`si lar sa`s dkimks7
djruski jiokyk` lar nabkzdk ygseitaidaa`de, lu teg cregk`si sa`s dkimks`` aste`oeye` gktikr``
jiusoks`k de`ar. Bkroj`ag ljzuiok`` esatia dereneiera vkrdr. ga`na derene bkroj`ag ljzuiok v.l.
Ojdiksyj`ikr Krks Ljzuiok8 ga veyk dkbk jg cregk`s7 djruski jiokyk` lar nabkzdk ygseitaidaa`de,
aste`oeye` vegtrei krpoikr` (tjpiko veyk ckrg cregk`sikr``) jiusoksdr. Bkroj`ag ljzuiokdk jiduu
mala, lu ljzuiok`` dk dereneiera vkrdr. Me`ei jikrkg 2*;6- H/GT7 snkgig (Geiva`)
L7 lk`t me`asiaa (Bertz)
Dare` tkrkc`dk` jiusturuik` si mrit`` ecegtac vjitkh deera7
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>.;
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
dL] ? ->6 + dLo ?-36 + dL ], dLS ? -36 + dLo]?-;.;>. Bklerieoe Gk`ki,Gk`ki Gkpksatesa ve Lk`d Me`aiaa
K`kijm sa`ykiier skyski sa`ykiiere d`trirge` @yquast ve ^bk``j` tejreoiera guiik`ir. @yquast
tejreoa mritsz aietaao jrtko`dk` m`deraielaieneg tjpiko skyski vera oagtkr` ve r`egieoe krki`
leiarier. Lu tejreoe mre k`kijm sa`ykia skyski akrete d`p ljzuiokdk` ye`ade` k`kijm akrete
d`elaioesa aa` r`egieoe cregk`s`` k`kijm sa`ykia`a` lk`d me`aiaa`a` aga gkt`k eat yk dk lyg
jioks meregar. r`egieoe krki7 r`egieoe cregk`s`` tersadar. @yquast tejreoa mritsz aietaao
gk`kiikr` tk`oikr jysk aietaao jrtkoikr mrit aie lariagte vkri` srdrrier lu `ede`ie akreta`
mritye jrk``k lki jikrkg gk`ki gkpksatesa`a tk`oikokg aa` ^bk``j`` tejreoa guiik`ir.
Bklerieoe gk`ki sa`ykia` veranade` kinyk m`deraioesa`e ykrkyk` cazaga lar jrtkodr. Eiegtrag sa`ykiiera`a`
metaa, cregk`s yk dk zkok` aie kyrtrio lk`t yk dk yjik gk`ki de`ar. Teisaz bklerieoesa`de guiik`ik`
gk`ki me`eiiagie ktojscer (serlest uzky) jiup teiecj` veyk daer teiia bklerieoe eatiera`de ase tei,
gjkgsayei gklij veyk jptag gklij mala eatia cazaga jrtkoikrdr. Guiik`ik` gk`ki, teiia jrtko dk jisk m`deraie`sa`yki lkz rksmeie zkycikok oegk`azokikr k tkla jiur.
Lar bklerieoe sasteoa tkskrik`rge` sa`yki ljzuiokikr`` lt` etgaiera mz ``e ki`okidr.
^pegtruo7 Lar akreta jiuturk` cregk`s krki7 coa`, cokx
Lk`d Me`aiaa7 ^pegtruo me`aiaa?cokx-coa`
Gkpksate7 aietaielaieneg dktk jrk` lps
Mrit, ^@\
Tbe okxaouo rkte kt wbanb dktk nk` le trk`soatted jver k mave` njoou`anktaj` pktb
\eiktaj`sbap jc Dktk rkte8lats per senj`d
Lk`dwadtb8nj`strka`ed ly tbe trk`soatter, `kture jc trk`soassaj` oedauo
@jase8depe`ds j` prjpertaes jc nbk``ei
Errjr rkte8tbe rkte kt wbanb errjrs jnnur
Bjw dj we okge tbe ojst eccanae`t use pjssalie jc k mave` lk`dwadtb:
Bambest dktk rkte, watb k iaoat j` errjr rkte cjr k mave` lk`dwadtb
K very aopjrtk`t nj`saderktaj` a` dktk njoou`anktaj`s as bjw ckst we nk` se`d dktk, a` lats per
senj`d, jver k nbk``ei. Dktk rkte depe`ds j` tbree ckntjrs8
;. Tbe lk`dwadtb kvkaiklie
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
. Tbe qukiaty jc tbe nbk``ei (tbe ievei jc `jase)
@yquast tejreoa mritsz gk`ki aa` meeriadar
^bk``j`s tejreoa mriti gk`ki` gkpksatesa`a tk`oikr.
@yquast Tejreoa
Bkrry @yquast (;221-;1=3), asvende djdu, ;16= yi`dk Koeragkyk tk`d ve KT&T Leii Ikljrktukr`dk
kit. Dr. @yquast ve Dr. Nikude ^bk``j` ojder` teiegjo`agksyj`dkga to tejrag meiaoeiera` kit ykp
tejreoa`a meiataroaierdar. @yquast tejreoa mritsz bklerieoe gk`ki`dk` lar sk`ayede trk`scer edaieneg
lat oagtkr` tk`oikr.
N?< x L x `
N?34.666lps L?4.666Bz ase `?: 0000 `?34.666/(
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K`kijm akrette` ;
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
>.;4. Menagoe
Menagoe eatiera8
ieoe
Vrjtjgji Gjd kitroks`k Xkok`
Guyrug
ie`oeg zere Guyrugtk Legieoe ^resa
Trk`soasyj`
"Lat Jrtkodk` M`deroe ^resa"
Qkyiok
Qkyio ve ietao menagoesa
Vrjpkmktaj` speed - speed kt wbanb k lat trkveis tbjumb tbe oedauo crjo sjurne tj desta`ktaj`.
Trk`soassaj` speed - tbe speed kt wbanb kii tbe lats a` k oesskme krrave kt tbe desta`ktaj`. (daccere`ne
a` krravki taoe jc carst k`d ikst lat)Vrjpkmktaj` Deiky ? Dastk`ne/Vrjpkmktaj` speed
Trk`soassaj` Deiky ? Oesskme saze/lk`dwadtb lps
Ikte`ny ? Vrjpkmktaj` deiky + Trk`soassaj` deiky + [ueuea`m taoe + Vrjnessa`m taoe
>.;5. Uymuikokikr
;) Ijm(;6)?;7 Ijm(7 Ijm(>)?6.4==7 ijm(=)?6,245
Ijm(5)?: Ijm(5)?Ijm(;6/
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N?
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
ietaao jrtkoikr8
Teiia8 < x teiecj`, 4 x lurmuiu tei, Gjkgsayei, caler
Teisaz8 Uydu, M^O, \kdyjia`g, Gzitesa, Jptag
Bkvk veyk ljiuu guiik`k` gklijsuz teg`jijhaier7 M^O, ]A-CA, \CAD, ]AOKR, UQDU, \KDQJIA@G
Nbkrknterastans jc ]areia`e Trk`soassaj`8
Aopedk`ne8expressed a` Jbos, as tbe njola`ed eccent jc k narnuats a`duntk`ne k`d nkpknatk`ne.
Vrjpkmktaj` Deiky k`d Ikte`ny8 tbe daccere`ne a` taoe letwee` k dktk pkngets trk`soassaj` k`d ats
reneptaj` jver k spenacan rjute.
Dastjrtaj`8 tbe u`a`te`ded k`d u`desarklie ojdacanktaj` jc kt iekst j`e sam`ki njopj`e`t, wbanb okges
tbe sam`ki daccere`t crjo bjw at wks jrama`kiiy trk`soatted.
@jase8 k`y u`wk`ted a`tercere`ne crjo exter`ki sjurnes.
Calerjptag yk dk Jptag caler, ge`da ljyu`nk aa`de` ` y`ie`darelaidaa pikstag veyk nko calerierde`jiuou lar jptag calerdar. Jptag calerier daer aietaao okizeoeiera`e jrk`ik uzu` oeskceierdega vera
aietaaoa`a` dkbk bzi ve ygseg deerierde ykpiklaioesa`e jik`kg verdagiera aa` calerjptag bklerieoe
sasteoiera`de jg sgigik guiik`iokgtkdrikr. Oetki gklijikr yera`e caler gklijikr` guiik`ioks`` `ede`a,
dkbk kz gkylk `ede` jiokikr ve eiegtrjok`yetag etgaieaode` etgaie`oeoeieradar. Jptag calerier ky`
zkok`dk lar jg se`sr (kin) ve le`zera uymuikokikr` ykpo`dk jidugk sg jikrkg guiik`iokgtkdrikr.
Ag, a yk`sokikr krkniyik Jptag calera` oergeza`de tutuiokgtkdr. Lu skyede caler lar dkimk gikvuzu mala
bkreget etoegtedar. jgiu yky`ok bktikr` yk dk kprkz ojdikr destegieye` caleriere jg ojdiu calerier
(`maiaze, ouitaojde calers- OOC) de`aiar. ^kdene teg lar ojdu destegieye` caleriere ase teg ojdiu calerier
(`maiazne, sa`mieojde calers - ^OC) de`aioegtedar. jg ojdiu calerier me`eiiagie me`a kpi lar oergeze
skbaptar ve dkbk jg mn` aietaioesa`a` meregia jiduu gsk oeskceia aietaao bktikr`dk guiik`irikr. Teg
ojdiu calerier ase
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p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
Guruiuo meregsa`aoiera
Lk`t me`aiaa
Lk`t Guiik`o (Lkselk`d veyk Me`a Lk`t)
Xkycikoks
Eiegtrjok`yetag maraaoe (`tercerk`s) dkyk`gig
ietao jrtko`` etgaiedaa cazagsei zeiiagier8
Eooe
Qk`sok
Maraao
Griok
Gr`o
Vjikrazksyj`
Dkio
Eientrjokm`etan rkdaktaj` nk` le trk`soatted tbrjumb k` jptanki oedak, sunb ks jptanki caler, jr tbrjumb
twasted pkar wares, njkxaki nklie, jr daeientran-sikl wkvemuades. At oky kisj pkss tbrjumb k`y pbysanki
okteraki wbanb as trk`spkre`t tj tbe spenacan wkveie`mtb, sunb ks wkter, kar, mikss, jr nj`nrete. ^ju`d as, ly
deca`ataj`, tbe valrktaj` jc oktter, sj at requares k pbysanki oedauo cjr trk`soassaj`, ks djes jtber ga`ds jc
oenbk`anki wkves k`d bekt e`ermy. Bastjrankiiy, vkrajus ketber tbejraes were used a` snae`ne k`d tbjumbt
tj le `enesskry tj expika` tbe trk`soassaj` oedauo. Bjwever, at as `jw g`jw` tbkt eientrjokm`etan wkves
dj `jt requare k pbysanki trk`soassaj` oedauo, k`d sj nk` trkvei tbrjumb tbe "vknuuo" jc cree spkne.
\emaj`s jc tbe a`suiktave vknuuo nk` lenjoe nj`duntave cjr eientranki nj`duntaj` tbrjumb tbe prese`ne jc
cree eientrj`s, bjies, jr aj`s.
4.
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p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
OO caler ;66LK^E-^R
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LE\IEOE ^^TEOIE\
p8//www.yit44.njo/ders/njoou`anktaj`.btoiW>;.62.2855_
Njkxaki Nklie
4.>. Caler Jptag Gklij
Caler Trk`soasyj` jourmk aie mereg zkok`i bazoetierde meregia vera bzikr gky`kgtk` vkr `jgtks`k
skik`r. Mve`aiariaa, mereg zkok`dk yedegia kioks, jptaoki vera trk`scer sresa`a` skik`oks,
kiter`etac vera trk`scer mzermkbikr`` guiik`ioks, vera gkyl`` jiokoks aa` to aietaao teg`jijhaiera
y`etaiar ve de`etiar. Laima ^asteoiera K guruioks ve Me`a Kik` K aietaaoa`a` tesasa`e bkzrig jiokg zere
stk`dkrtikrk uymu` caler jptag ykpski gklijikok`` ykpip, laraoier krks`dk ve u laraoierde ygseg
bzikrdk vera trk`scera skir.
Caler Jptag kit ykpdk guiik`iknkg caler jptag gklij stk`dkrtikrk uymu` jiknkgtr. ^asteo jourmks``jiuturuioks`dk yerkit tapa, sa`mie ojde (^O) Caler Jptag (C/J) gklijikr aie guiik`ir. To caler jptag
lkik`t gklijikr, guiik`ik` gklijdk luiu`k` caler tapa`e uymu` jikrkg 1/;
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Caler Jptag Dkto / ^j`ik`drok Vk`jsu ( C/J VKTNB VK@EI )
Lt` caler gklijikr aimaia dkto pk`jikr`dk (pktnb pk`ei) sj ik`drir. Ber lar pktnb pk`ei dareg `iera`de
e` kz 4 daer yerierde e` kz ;< Vjrt sj`ik`drokyk uymu` jiokidr. Caler jptag dkto pk`jsu aerasa`de
yetera ne pam tkai, eg gkset, prjtentjr sieeve ve ^T/^O kdkpter luiu`okidr. Caler jptag
dkto/sj`ik`drok pk`jikr`` etagetieoesa ykpiknkg ve to laraoierde ky` re`g gjdu guiik`iokidr.
Ber caler dkokr, gkr unu msterar egaide etagetie`ar. Caler gklij sj`ik`droks ^T Tapa C/J pamtkaiier
guiik`ikrkg ykpir. Kgtac nabkz lkik`tikr aie caler jptag dkto gutuikr krks`dkga lkik`t jraha`ki ve
cklragksyj` caler dkto gklijikr (pktnb njrd) guiik`ikrkg meregietaraiar. Guiik`iknkg lkik`t gklijsu tapa
kgtac nabkz zera`de yer kik` pjrt tapa`e mre ^T/^T, ^T/^N, ^T/OT-\H veyk ^T/IN tapa jiokidr. Ber lar caler
dkokr aierade guiik`ok oskat jiknkg egaide e` kz ; oetre uzu`iuu`dk kioki ve dkto pk`jsu veyk
eg tepsasa aerasa`de skroki jikrkg dzm` lar egaide yerietaraioeidar. C/J Gklijikrdk laraoier krks`dkga
lkik`tikr lar lt` jikrkg egaieneg, uikr aimaia `jgtkikrdkga sj`ik`drokikr pk`jikr` aerasa`de
sj`ik`driokidr. Caler Jptag sj`ik`droks, gklij lkik`tikr ve guruiuoikr gj`usu`dk uzok` eieok`
luiu`duruiokidr. Tegiac veraie` r`ierie aimaia A^J 166; gkiate leimesa`e skbap jiu`oks meregoegtedar.
Caler jptag jourmk e` kz ; Ml/sk`aye bzikr destegieoeieadar. Caler gi gky`kg aiera Czyj` sj`ik`drok
teg`aa aie ykpiokidr. (caler jptan cusaj` spiane teroa`ktaj`). To caler jptag gklij ve pjrt testiera JTD\nabkz aie ykpioki, rkpjrik`okidr. Ber lar dkto pk`jsu`dk sj`ik`drik` caler jptag gklijikr` oegk`ag
krigikr` tkyknkg meregia oegk`ag tutunuikr luiu`duruiokidr. Ber pk`j aa` yeteria oagtkrdk cusaj`
spiane nksette luiu`okidr. Caler jptag gklijikr` ber lar gic`` eg gutusu tklk``k tutturuioks, s aie
lze` bjrtuoik ykpiokidr. Dz egierde caler tpier gesaioede`7 eg gutusu aerasa`de lar tur ykptgtk`
sj`rk 16 no kioki ve calerier gkset aa`e skrikrkg egier ykpiokidr. \mkrikrdkga egierde7 gklijikr` ber
aga unu`dk yetera gkdkr rezerv lrkgidgtk` sj`rk eg ykpiokidr. \ezerv gklij ruij egia`de skridgtk`
sj`rk gklij lk aie tutturuiokidr. \uij egia`dega gklij ve eg gutusu \mkr duvkr`k sklatie`ar. Eg
ykpirge` caler jptag gklij`u` oegk`ag ve eiegtragsei devkoii skik`okidr. Tesasa tkokoik`o gklijdk
(egier dkbai) ; go dega gkyp7 ;>;6 `o.de 6,5 dL/go, ;556 `o.de 6,5 dL/go`a` kit`dk jiokidr. Ky` tp
ve re`gtega calerier ky` re`giere egie`okiadar. Ktikg lkik`t (deaag egieoe) skptk`d`dk dzeitaioeiadar.
Caler Jptag i Nabkz (JTD\ - Jptanki Taoe Djoka` \ecientjoeter)
Caler jptag gklijikr`, gj`trji oukye`e ve iiera`a ykpokg, krzk yeriera`a tespat etoeg koknyik ; kdet
Caler Jptag i Nabkz ( JTD\) skt` ki`knkgtr. Caler test sj`uikr`` largk dkimkljyu`dk larde`
ykpioks ve to sj`uikr` testa meoesa meregayjr. JTD\ nabkz`dk` ki`k` sj`uikr beo calera`
gicik`oks srks dk lar bktk jiup jiokd` beo de guruiuo srks dk guiik`ik` ber lar gj``egtr
zera`dega gkyl` kyr kyr mrioesa`a skikyknkg. Caler jptag dL test rkpjrikok ykpknkg. Dkimkljyu8256`o - ; skkt lktkrykdk` kiok
ykpknkg. OO8 56/;
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bkczks`dk tutknkg. U^L krklarao zera`de` to egieoe pkrkoetreiera`a ve percjrok`s sj`unu`u
laimaskykrk kgtkriknkg.
Caler Vktnb Njrd Gklijikr
Guiik`iknkg lkik`t gklijsu tapa kgtac nabkz zera`de yer kik` pjrt tapa`e mre trk`scer lkik`tikr`dk
^T/^T, nabkz lkik`tikr`dk ^T/^N tapa jiknkgtr. Lkik`t gklijikr`` lar unu ^N/^T, daer unu tegiac edaie`
kgtac nabkzikr` caler krk-yziera`e uyuoiu, duliegs tapa`de ve e` kz < o uzu`iuu`dk jiknkgtr. Caler jptag
pktnbnjrd gklijikr ^a`mie Ojde jik`ikr aa` skr re`gte ve cklragksyj` sj`ik`drio jiknkgtr.
Caler jptag, a`sk`` sk teia gki`i`dk ve jg bkssks retaioa skc lar nko ap zera`de` ` aietaioesa
pre`salayie kik` lar sasteodar. Lu egaide retaioa gklijikr` ternab edaioesa`a` e` lyg selela, evresei
krtikr` kr jiduu7 `eoia, rutuletia, eiegtragsei kik` pkrkzatiera`a` yju` jiduu yerierde` etgaie`oeoesa
ve ber zkok` stklai lar lkik`t su`oksdr. Caler jptag gklijikr, aietaoa g bzyik yk`a sk`ayede >66 la`
goiag bzik meregietararier. Lu y`iera selelayie uzkg oeskceiere vera kgtkro aa` tkskrik`oikrdr.
Caler jptag lar gklij`u` gesata`e lkgid`dk a gsoikr8Oergez A` bkreget ettaa a`ne nko tklkgk
Nko rt Oergeza` d` skrk` jptag okizeoede` retaioa, oergezde` yksyk` tegrkr
oergeze mera m`dere` gso
Gic Gklijyu dkrleiere ve `eoe gkr gjruyk` d gktok`
Qzierne bkttk la`ierne jptag calerde` jiuk` lu gklijikr, oergez kpikr`k, ykpidgikr okizeoeye ve `
griok egia`e mre agaye kyririkr7
Tegai Ojdiu Calerier8 Qkgikg 1 oagrj`iug kpk skbap jik` a`ne oergezia gklijikrdr ve ;>66 aie ;556
`k`joetre krks`dk dkimkljyu deera`e skbap gzitesa ikzer ` aietarier. Lu gklij tapa me`eiiagie vera
gkyl`` dkbk kz jioks aste`e` yerierde guiik`ir.
jui Ojdiu Calerier8 Qkgikg 366 `k`joetre krks`dk
dkimk ljyu deera`e skbap gzitesa ikzer ` aietarier. retao okiayeta dkbk uymu` jiduu`dk` e` jg
guiik`ik` gklij trdr. Gkyp oagtkr tegai ojdiu gklijikrk mre dkbk ckzikdr.
Lkz caler gklijikr ase pikstagte` retaioatar ve ;ooye vkrk` oergeze skbaptarier. Lu gklijikr 356
`k`joetre dkimk ljyu`k skbap mrielaiar groz aietarier.
Ouitaojde Caler Jptag Gklijikr, Caler Njre kpikr`k mre < eattar7- 3
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zkycikoks` kzkitr. Njre, Oergeze djru griok a`dasa`a` krtt gktok`i lar ykpyk skbaptar.
^A@MIE OJDE CLE\ JVTG GKLIJIK\
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4.4. Gklijsuz Eraao Teg`jijhaiera
Eiegtrjok`yetag dkimk
Cregk`s spegtruou
Me`a lk`t vera kgtkro`dk guiik`ik` rkdyj teg`jijhaiera
Gklijsuz k lkik`t kykrikr
>M-Nep teiecj`u guiik`krkg, laimaskykrik a`ter`ete lkik`ok
4.4.;. Gklijsuz Qerei Kik` Kikr (]areiess Ijnki Krek @etwjrgs, ]IK@)
ga y`i me`a lk`t vera aietaaoa skikyk`, aietao jrtko jikrkg caler jptag veyk lkgr gklij yera`e teisaz
cregk`s (\kdaj Creque`ny, \C) veyk gzitesa `ikr guiik`k`, skij`, la`k veyk gkopus mala s`ri lar kik`dk
kik` aietaao kikrdr. Guruiuo gjikyi ve bkreget serlestiaa mala `eoia kvk`tkhikr skikyk` ]IK@
sasteoiera gklijiu kikr` yera`a kiklaioegte bkttk lu kikrk mre dkbk ckzik cj`gsayj`ikr aerelaioegtedar.
Gklijsuz Qerei Kik` Kikr Kvrupk dze`ieoeiera`de Teisaz Qerei Kik` Kikr, \kdaj Ijnki Krek @etwjrgs,
\kdaj IK@, \IK@ jikrkg kdik`drioks`k gkr` lktk KLD jiokg zere larjg igede ]a-Ca (]a-Ca8 ]IK@
sasteoiera`de ykym` jikrkg guiik`ik` stk`dkrt jik` AEEE 26
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S^KT (Sery ^okii Kperture Teroa`ki)
4.4.>. Ia`g K`kiaza ve Vik`ikok
Mave` twj k`te``ks, tbe rktaj jc pjwer reneaved ly tbe reneava`m k`te``k, Vr, tj pjwer a`put tj tbe
trk`soatta`m k`te``k, Vt, as mave` ly Craas Trk`soassaj` Equktaj`
wbere Mt k`d Mr kre tbe k`te``k mka` jc tbe trk`soatta`m k`d reneava`m k`te``ks, respentaveiy, : as tbe
wkveie`mtb, k`d \ as tbe dastk`ne. Tbe k`te``k mka`s kre watb respent tj asjtrjpan (k`d `jt a` denaleis),
k`d tbe wkveie`mtb k`d dastk`ne u`ats oust le tbe skoe. Tbas saopie cjro kppiaes j`iy u`der tbe
cjiijwa`m adeki nj`dataj`s8
Tbe k`te``ks kre a` u`jlstrunted cree spkne, watb `j ouitapktb.
Vr as u`derstjjd tj le tbe kvkaiklie pjwer kt tbe reneave k`te``k teroa`kis.Tbere as ijss a`trjduned ly ljtb tbe nklie ru``a`m tj tbe k`te``k k`d tbe nj``entjrs. Curtberojre, tbe
pjwer kt tbe jutput jc tbe k`te``k waii j`iy le cuiiy deiavered a`tj tbe trk`soassaj` ia`e ac tbe k`te``k k`d
trk`soassaj` ia`e kre nj`humkte oktnbed (see aopedk`ne oktnb).
Vt as u`derstjjd tj le tbe pjwer deiavered tj tbe trk`soat k`te``k. Tbere as ijss a`trjduned ly ljtb tbe
nklie ru``a`m tj tbe k`te``k k`d tbe nj``entjrs. Curtberojre, tbe pjwer kt tbe a`put jc tbe k`te``k waii
j`iy le cuiiy deiavered a`tj creespkne ac tbe k`te``k k`d trk`soassaj` ia`e kre nj`humkte oktnbed.
Tbe k`te``ks kre njrrentiy kiam`ed k`d pjikrazed.
Tbe lk`dwadtb as `krrjw e`jumb tbkt k sa`mie vkiue cjr tbe wkveie`mtb nk` le kssuoed.
Tbe adeki nj`dataj`s kre kiojst `ever knbaeved a` jrda`kry terrestraki njoou`anktaj`s, due tj jlstruntaj`s,
recientaj`s crjo luaida`ms, k`d ojst aopjrtk`tiy recientaj`s crjo tbe mrju`d. J`e satuktaj` wbere tbe
equktaj` as reksj`kliy knnurkte as a` skteiiate njoou`anktaj`s wbe` tbere as `emiamalie ktojspberan
klsjrptaj`7 k`jtber satuktaj` as a` k`enbjan nbkolers spenacankiiy desam`ed tj oa`aoaze recientaj`s.
Ojdacanktaj`s tj tbe lksan equktaj`
Tbe eccents jc aopedk`ne oasoktnb, oaskiam`oe`t jc tbe k`te``k pja`ta`m k`d pjikrazktaj`, k`d klsjrptaj`
nk` le a`niuded ly kdda`m kddataj`ki ckntjrs7 cjr exkopie8
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wbere
Mt(:t,:t) as tbe mka` jc tbe trk`soat k`te``k a` tbe darentaj` (:t,:t) a` wbanb at "sees" tbe reneave k`te``k.
Mr(:r,:r) as tbe mka` jc tbe reneave k`te``k a` tbe darentaj` (:r,:r) a` wbanb at "sees" tbe trk`soat k`te``k.
:tk`d :rkre tbe recientaj` njeccanae`ts jc tbe trk`soat k`d reneave k`te``ks, respentaveiy
k`d kre tbe pjikrazktaj` ventjrs jc tbe trk`soat k`d reneave k`te``ks, respentaveiy, tkge` a` tbe
kpprjprakte darentaj`s.: as tbe klsjrptaj` njeccanae`t jc tbe a`terve`a`m oedauo.
Eoparanki kdhustoe`ts kre kisj sjoetaoes okde tj tbe lksan Craas equktaj`. Cjr exkopie, a` urlk`
satuktaj`s wbere tbere kre strj`m ouitapktb eccents k`d tbere as creque`tiy `jt k niekr ia`e-jc-sambt
kvkaiklie, k cjrouik jc tbe cjiijwa`m 'me`erki' cjro nk` le used tj estaokte tbe 'kverkme' rktaj jc tbe
reneaved tj trk`soatted pjwer8
wbere `as experaoe`tkiiy deteroa`ed, k`d as typankiiy a` tbe rk`me jc > tj 5, k`d Mtk`d Mrkre tkge` tj letbe oek` eccentave mka`jc tbe k`te``ks. Bjwever, tj met usecui resuits curtber kdhustoe`ts kre usukiiy
`enesskry resuita`m a` ounb ojre njopiex reiktaj`s, sunb tbe BktkZOjdeiZcjrZUrlk`ZKreks.
5. OJDIK^QJ@Ojdiksyj` aieoa me`eiiagie sa`sjadki tkyn zera`e saoetrag jikrkg me`iag, cregk`s veyk ckz egia`de
oeskh laimasa`a` m`deraioesayie ykpir ve Me`iag Ojdiksyj`u (KO), Cregk`s Ojdiksyj`u (CO) ve Ckz
Ojdiksyj`u (VO) egia`de asaoie`daraiar. M`deraieneg sa`yki, me`ei jikrkg veranade uymuik`k` me`iag,
cregk`s ve ckz ojdiksyj`u aie gk`ki` zeiiagiera`de` etgaie`oeyeneg bkie metaraiar. Lyiene m`deraieneg
laima sa`ykia gk`ki` tkbsas edaioa cregk`s`k uymu` cregk`stk m`deraioa jiur. Guiik`ik` ojdiksyj` tapa`a`
seaoa`de, gk`ki` lk`d me`aiaa, sa`ykia` m`deraioesa srks`dk, etgaie`enea mrit ve sa`ykia`
m`deraioede` `ne ygseitoe aieoa e tkla tutuiknk nabkz tap mala etge`ier `eoiadar. Ojdiksyj`
aieoa, ber krttk, larde` ckzik sa`ykia ky` gk`ki zera`de` m`deraioesa a oog` gikr. Ojdiksyj`
aieoa`a` yk``dk, m`deraie` ojdie edaioa sa`ykia` ygseitaioesa, caitreie`oesa ve teisaz bklerieoesa
duruou`dk verana k`te`de` yky`ik`oks mala aieoier de verana `atesa`de ykpir.Teisaz veranaiera
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prjlieoadar. r`ea` lar ses laimasa, laidaa`az mala oegk`ag zeiiag tkr. Bkvk`` tatretaraioesa aie ykyir.
Madenea oeskce de prktag jikrkg s`ridr. Gaijoetreierne teye skdene ses ygseitena ve bjpkrir
guiik`krkg sesa tkokg peg de kgiink jiokz. Lu duruok evrede` gkrk` lkgk sesie yk dk ljzunu etgaiera
de gktkrskg lkgk lar yji d`ioesa gk`iokz jiknkgtr. jg me`a bklerieoe sasteoiera`a` de ykps
merea jg pkbki yk dk meregietaraioesa aog`szdr. r`eg jikrkg me`ei teiecj` sasteoa`de ber lar
gj`uok aa` lar tei lkik`ts`k abtayk duyuiknkgt. \kdyj ia`ga aa` de jg lyg ve devksk mi k`te`ier
meregenegta. Lu duruodk pkrkzatierde` gk`okg aa` e`melesaz lar krkzade teg lar astksyj`u` kitrioks
meregar. Lu mala jiuosuziugikrdk` djiky me`eiiagie aietaieneg sa`yki, verana tkrkc`dk` deataraioede`
aietaieoez. Lu selepie laima sa`ykia a` dkbk ygseg sevayedega tkyn sa`ykiie larietaraiereg aietaioesa zo
jrtkyk ktiotr. ietaieneg sa`ykia` deataraiereg jidugk uzkg oeskceiere aietaoa`a oog` giokg, bzi,
veraoia ve egj`joag bklerieoe aa` sa`ykia` ojdie edaioesa meregoegtedar.
Cregk`s d`troe oetjdu aie laima sa`ykia`a` to` dkbk ygseg cregk`stk lar sa`ykia` aietaieneg limeye
tk`oksyik jiur. ^a`ykia` dahatkiietaroe yk`a r`egieoe yjiuyik laima sa`ykia`a` dahatki cjrodk la`kry sky
sasteoa guiik`krkg deataraiar.
Geiaoe k`iko jikrkg deastaroegtar. Laima sa`ykia`a` me`eiiagie dkbk uzkg oeskceiere m`deraielaioesa
koknyik ge`da`de` jg dkbk ygseg cregk`si lar tksyn`` sa`yki zera`e la`daraioesadar. Ojdiksyj`
srks`dk tksyn sa`ykia` me`iag, cregk`s, ckz v.l. mala zeiiagiera, laima sa`ykia`e ve ojdiksyj` tr`e mre
deasaoe urkr. Tksyn7 zera`de deasagiag ykpik` (ojdie edaie`) askrettar. ietaioeg aste`e` laima dsg
cregk`sidr. (dkimk ljyu ygseg) K`te` ljyikr, dkimk ljyikr`` gktikr jiokg zjru`dk jiduu`dk` laima
askreta`a ojdiesaz aietelaioeg aa` guiik`iknkg k`te` ljyikr jg lyg jiokg zjru`dkdr. Dsg
cregk`sikrdk mrit ve pkrkzat vkrdr. zo7 Laima sa`ykia`a` ge`da`de` jg ygseg cregk`si lar tksyn
sa`yki aie ojdie edaiereg trk`scer edaioesadar.
Lar zet laaoa`de ojdiksyj`u` ykrkrikr` ykzknkg jiurskg7
Qkyio gjikyiktrr. Eiegtrjok`yetag kik`ikr ykgikg g bz`dk ykyid ve uymu` krtikrdk dk tepe
ugur mala djki e`meiiera gjikyigik kkrikr. Uzkydk ase uymu` lar k`te`ie jg uzkgikrk madelaiarier.
Mrit ve ljzuioky kzkitr.
Gk`ki kyro skikr. Qk`a ojdiksyj` skyesa`de ky` aietao bktt`dk
larde` jg laima yjiikok jik`k skikr.
evresei etgaiera` jrtkyk gkrd peg jg s`rikyn etgaya jrtkdk`
gkidrr.Ojdiksyj` kiok cregk`s` ygseitenea aa` kiik` dkimk ljyu (i)
ve lu`k lki jikrkg k`te` ljyutu dk gir.
5.;. Ojdeo ^tk`dkrds
w S.
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w S.>4+8 up tj >>.3 glps watb TNO-1.2
5.
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4 types jc e`njda`m tenb`aques8
;) Damatki-tj-damatki. u`apjikr, pjikr, lapjikr.
) Damatki-tj-k`kijm. Kopiatude ^bact Geya`m (K^G), Creque`ny ^bact Geya`m (C^G), Vbkse ^bact Geya`m (V^G),
k`d [ukdrkture Kopiatude Ojduiktaj` ([KO).
4) K`kijm-tj-k`kijm. Kopiatude Ojduiktaj` (KO), Creque`ny Ojduiktaj` (CO), k`d Vbkse Ojduiktaj`
(VO).
Tei ve bkvkdk aietao jrtko skyski deaidar k`kijmdur.
5.>. Dkrle Gjd Ojdiksyj`u (VNO Vuise Njde Ojduiktaj`)
Dkrle gjd ojdiksyj`u (VNO), VNOde, dkrleier sklat uzu`iugtk ve sklat me`iagtedar. VNO agaia lar
sasteodar7 `nede` leiarie`oa lar zkok` lioesa aa`de lar dkrle`a` luiu`oks yk dk luiu`okoks,
; yk dk 6 ok`tg duruou`u msterar. V]O, VVO ve VKOdk, teg lar agaia skyy (lat) msteroez.
Kiok unu`dk, skyski / k`kijm d`trn (DKN), sera agaia vera kg` jg dzeyia lar VKO sa`ykie
d`trr. r`egieoe ve tutok devresa aie kikg meare` caitre, VKO sa`ykia tegrkr lkik`mtkga
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k`kijm laaoa`e d`trr. VNO gjdikoky ve gjd zoeya meregietare` e`temre devreye gjdeg
(gjdikyn / gjd zn) de`ar.
Dkrle ojdiksyj`u`dk, k`kijm e`cjroksyj`u` kyrg zkok`dk aietaaoa sz gj`usudur. VKO, V]O ve
VVO ojdiksyj`ikryik dkrle`a` srksyik me`iaa`a`, me`aiaa`a` ve lar perayjt aa`dega pjzasyj`u`u`
sregia jikrkg to akret deeriera aa` deaaoa`e aza` veraioegtedar.
Xkok`dk kyrg duruok metaraioa (r`egie`oa) akreta` me`iaa`a` de leiaria skydk kyrg sevayeiere
kyrikrkg guk`tkik`oksdr (guk`tkikok7 leiaria r`egieoe zkok`ikr`dk eide edaie` me`iag
`uou`eiera). r`egie`oa sregia me`iagia akreta, leiaria sevayeiere guk`tkikokgik gkiokyp lar r`eg
k``dk ber sevaye aa` lar gjd guiik`iknkgtr. Lu trde` ojdiksyj` dkrle gjd ojdiksyj`u (puise
njde ojduiktj` VNO) jikrkg kdik`drir. VNOde e`cjroksyj` tkyk` x(t), akreta `ne uymu` lar
r`egieoe cregk`s aie r`egie`ar. Dkbk sj`rk lu r`eg deerier, leiaria guk`tkikok sevayeiera`e
guk`tkik r. Lu`k guk`tkikok aieoa kd veraiar. ^j` jikrkg, ber guk`tk sevayesa lar agaia gjd geiaoesa aie,
yk`a sj`iu skydk (6,;) dazasa aie msteraiar. gaia gjd geiaoeier dazasa`e d`trie` lu akrete VNO
dkimks kd veraiar. VNO sasteoa verana lio`` lijg daykmrko mrioegtedar.
VNOde verana lio` lijg daykmrko
r`egieoe Devresa
@yquast r`egieoe tejreoa, lar VNO sasteo aa` guiik`iklaieneg oa`aouo r`egieoe bz` (cs) leiarier. Lar
r`egieoe`a` kindk djru jikrkg tegrkr jiuturuiklaioesa aa`, k`kijm mara sa`ykia`a` (ck) ber evraoa e` kz
aga gez r`egie`oeiadar. Djikysyik, oa`aouo r`egieoe bz, e` ygseg ses mara cregk`s`` aga gkt`k
eattar. cs, ck`` aga gkt`dk` dkbk ggse, ljzuiok oeydk`k meiar. Lu ljzuiokyk gktikok ljzuioks de`ar.
Oa`aouo @yquast r`egieoe bz, okteoktagsei jikrkg, cs
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k ?
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Lu mrity kzkitokg aa` lkvuruiknkg aig y`teo, kdo lygi`` kzkitioks veyk daiao skys``
krtrioksdr. K`nkg, lu duruodk ber lar r`ea msteroeg aa` guiik`ioks merege` lat skys krtknk`dk`,
lu y`teo ber zkok` uymu` ve egj`joag deaidar. Daer tkrkctk`, jg seyreg jikrkg jrtkyk gk` ygseg
me`iagia akretier aa` meregsaz yere lar oagtkr daiao kyrio jiknkgtr. Eer e` lyg me`iag gg tutuiursk,
lu deck dk grpiokikr oeydk`k meienegtar.
r`ea`, da`koaa >3 dL jik` lar ses akreta eie ki`rsk, e` gg akretie >3 dL akret mrit jrk` eide
etoeg aa`, ` ? ;< latiag geiaoe uzu`iuu`dk lar VNO guiik`okg meregenegtar. Lyie lar guk`tkikyn dk, e`
gg akret aa` >3 dL akret mrit jrk` skik`rge`, e` lyg akret aa` meregsaz yere =< dLiag lar
akret mrit jrk` eide edaienegtar. Lu`u`ik lerkler, lyg akretier aa` lyg kdo, gg akretier aa`
de gg kdo guiik`ikrkg, akret mrit jrk``` ky` jioks skik`klaiar. Lu`u meregietarelaioeg aa`,
bklerieoe sasteoiera`de lar sgtrok (njopressa`m) ykpiokgtkdr.
A` tbe cjiijwa`m aokme as represe`ted tbe K ikw (k-ikw) mrkpbankiiy
Gjdikok ieoa
r`egie`oa k`kijm akreta guk`tkikdgtk` sj`rk, skyski (dahatki) akrete d`troeg aa` gjdik`oks
meregoegtedar. Me`eiiagie lar k`kijm akreta skyski (dahatki) akrete d`troeg aa`, k`kijm / skyski
d`trnier (KDN) guiik`ir. Lu d`troe aieoa sj`unu`dk gjdik`o akret eide edaioegtedar. K`nkg
lu gjdikok, dzm` (u`acjro) lar guk`tkikok sj`unu eide edaie` me`iagiera` gjdik`oks jiup, dzm`
jiokyk` guk`tkikok sj`unu luiu`k` r`egiera` gjdik`oks aa` aga`na lar gjdikok aieoa`e abtayk
jiknkgtr. Uymuikokdk guiik`ik` k`kijm / skyski d`trn (KDN) tapiera`a mrulk kyrokg oog`dr.
Lkskokgi d`trn
Krdi ykgikoi d`trn
Vkrkiei d`trn
Deaag teg`agierde kik` lu k`kijm /skyski d`trniera, to devreier laaoa`de paykskdk luiokg
oog`dr. Lu tap to devreierde me`eiiagie, r`egieoe, guk`tkikok ve gjdikok lariagte meregietaraiar.
5.4. Dacerk`sayei Dkrle Gjdikoki Ojdiksyj`
Tapag VNO gjdik`o lar gj`uok dkimk laaoa`de, larlara`a azieye` r`egieoeierde aga r`egieoe`a`
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me`iagiera krks`dk kz lar ckrg` luiu`oks, sg gkrikik` lar duruodur. Lu dk, lar jg larlara`e le`zer VNO
gjdu`u aietoe abtaokia`a krtrr. Le`zer gjdikr aietoeg ckzikdk` ykpik` lar aieo jiou jiur. Dacerk`sayei
dkrle gjd ojdiksyj`u (DVNO), zei jikrkg tapag gj`uok dkimk laaoiera`de, r`egieoeier krks`dkga
le`zeriagierde` ykrkrik`okg zere tkskrik`otr. DVNOde, r`egieoe yera`e, aietaieneg r`egieoeyie lar
`nega r`egieoe krks`dkga ckrg aietaiar. r`egieoeiera krks`dkga ckrg krki, teg teg r`egieoeiera
krki dk` dkbk kz jiduu aa`, DVNOya aietoeg aa` VNOya aietoeye jrk`ik dkbk kz lat meregtarar.
5.5. BDL> (Eurjpek` E-nkrraer)
Used a` kii ieveis jc tbe Eurjpek` E-nkrraer systeo, tbe bamb
de`saty lapjikr jc jrder > (BDL>) njde repiknes k`y a`stk`ne jc
4 nj`senutave 6 lats watb j`e jc tbe pktter`s "666S" jr "L66S".
Tbe nbjane as okde tj e`sure tbkt nj`senutave vajiktaj`s kre jc
daccera`m pjikraty, a.e. sepkrkted ly k` jdd `uoler jc `jroki L
okrgs.
5.3. ^peenb Njopressaj` ^tk`dkrds
`34 glps-ikw/K-ikw VNO(NNTT M.=;;)
`34 glps =gBz ^ullk`d/KDVNO(NNATT M.= glps [NEIV(U^ NDOK Neiiuikr)`2 glps [NEIV(U^ NDOK Neiiuikr)
`2 glps S^EIV(U^ TDOK Neiiuikr)
`2 glps N^-KNEIV(ATU M.= & 3.4 glps True ^peenb Njder(ATU M.=)
`4.2 glps NEIV(Ced. ^tk`dkrd ;6;3-^TU->)
`
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Teiegjo Laiee`iera
^ulsnraler7Devanes kttknbed tj `etwjrg
^ulsnraler ia`e7Ijnki Ijjp, ^ulsnraler ijjp, Nj``entaj` tj `etwjrg, Cew go up tj cew te`s jc go
Exnbk`me7 ^watnba`m ne`ters, E`d jccane - suppjrts sulsnralers
Tru`gs7Lrk`nbes letwee` exnbk`mes, Ouitapiexed
3.;. Vulian ^watnbed Teiepbj`e @etwjrg (V^T@)
V^T@ as sbjrt cjr Vulian ^watnbed Teiepbj`e @etwjrg, wbanb recers tj tbe a`ter`ktaj`ki teiepbj`e systeo
lksed j` njpper wares nkrrya`m k`kijm vjane dktk. Tbas as a` nj`trkst tj `ewer teiepbj`e `etwjrgs lkse j`
damatki tenb`jijmaes, sunb ks A^D@ k`d CDDA. Teiepbj`e servane nkrraed ly tbe V^T@ as jcte` nkiied pika` jid
teiepbj`e servane (VJT^).
Trk`soassaj` ia`gs/`jdes7 Nustjoer `jdes, ^watnba`m `jdes, Trk`soassaj` `jdes, ^ervane `jdes
^ulsysteo7 Trk`soassaj` systeos, ^watnba`m systeos, ^am`kiia`m systeo
^ulsnralers
Ijnki ijjp7 Nj``ents sulsnraler tj ijnki teinj exnbk`me Exnbk`mes7 Teinj swatnba`m ne`ters, Kisj g`jw` ks e`d jccane
Tru`gs7 Nj``entaj`s letwee` exnbk`mes, Nkrry ouitapie vjane narnuats usa`m CDO jr sy`nbrj`jus
TDO, Ok`kmed ly ARNs (a`ter-exnbk`me nkrraers)
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^am`kia`m
V^T@ watb kutjoktan swatnba`m requares sam`kia`m
Tbe prese`t V^T@ bks tbjusk`dsjc cektures
k`d kii requare sam`kia m suppjrt
J`-bjjg / jcc-bjjg
Vuise / Tj`e dakia`m\eneaver jcc-bjjg
Nkii wkata`m
Nkiier `uoler ade`tacanktaj`
Nkii cjrwkrda`m
Bjjg-ciksb
Ckx trk`soassaj` detent
A`ter-NJ oesskma`m
Enbj nk`neiiktaj`
Sjane okai
Nj`cere`ne nkiis
Nja`-drjp
Laiia`m
3.
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jrama`kiiy stjjd cjr "Vium Ljkrd Exnbk`me".)
Ijnki ijjps7 K`kijm twasted pkars mja`m tj bjuses k`d lusa`esses
Tru`gs7 Damatki caler jptans nj``enta`m tbe swatnba`m jccanes
^watnba m jccanes7 ]bere nkiis kre ojved crjo j`e tru`g tj k`jtber
3.>. AV VLR / SJAV Teiecj` ^asteoa
Lar SJAV Teiecj` ^asteoa / AV VLR sasteoa, lar veyk dkbk ckzik ^AV teiecj`u / SJAV teiecj`u, lar AV VLR
su`unusu ve jpsayj`ei jikrkgtk lar SJAV Nabkz aerar. AV VLR su`unusu lar prjxy su`unusu`k le`zer8 ^AV
asteonaiera yk`a ykzio yk dk dj`k`o tklk`i teiecj`ikr, AV VLR su`unusu`k gkydjiur ve lu teiecj`ikr
krkok ykpokg astedagiera`de AV VLRa` lkik`t guroks` asterier. AV VLRte to teiecj`ikr`/guiik nikr`
ve nevkp vere` ^AV kdresiera`a` lar iastesa vkrdr ve lu yzde` dkbaia krkok yk dk SJAV nabkz veyk lar SJAV
bazoet skikyns krkniyik bkrana krkok ykpklaiar.
3.4. Teiecj` Teg`jijhasa`de ^j` Meiaoeier ve M^O
Bnresei ojlai servasiera7 ;126'iera` lkikr`dk` lu yk`k, bkreget bkia`dega a`sk`ikr` bklerieoe
abtaykikr` maderoeye kiotr. Mee`
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K`kijm tj Damatki Nj`versaj` jc k vjane sam`ki
Cjr qukiaty vjane trk`soassaj` tbe skopie rkte `eeds tj le kt iekst twj taoes tbe bambest creque`ny,
typankiiy >566 Bz. Cjr tbas reksj` k skopie rkte jc 2666 taoes per senj`d as used.
Eknb skopie jc tbe sam`ki bks k` kopiatude njopj`e`t tbas as represe`ted ly k` 2 lats la`kry njde.
Vutta`m tbese `uolers tjmetber we bkve k`8
2666 Bz (skopie rkte)
? 34666 lats per senj`d (represe`ta`m j`e taoe sijt nbk``ei)
Tbe njda`m tenb`aque used cjr E-; trk`soassaj` systeos as nkiied K-ikw njopk`da`m. A` T-;
trk`soassaj` systeos, -ikw njopk`da`m as used wbanb uses k daccere`t oetbjd jc represe`ta`m jc
tbe kopiatude a` ats 2 lat la`kry njde.
Tbe tenb`aque used tj nj`vert k`kijm tj damatki as Vuise Njde Ojduiktaj` jr VNO
K` E; systeo nj`sasts jc >< taoe sijts wbanb nj`tka` tbe 34 glat/s nj`senutave skopies. Tbas as nkiied
k crkoe.
Tbe Trk`soassaj` \kte7 ]be` njola`ed tjmetber >< taoe sijts x 34 Glats/s ? 7 Lat rkte8 (bamb de`saty lapjikr >)
ATU-T \en. M.=64
UXKG KIK\O7 E; ki devresa akret kikokz ase gky`kk tkrkc`dk @A^ (@j A`put ^am`ki) kikro, trk`scer
edaieneg tkrkck ase KA^ jikrkg kdik`drik` tkokoe` ; ierde` jiuk` akret m`derar.
kiok laaoa7
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3.3. juiikok
Cregk`s lioeia jgikok (CDO)
Xkok` lioeia jgikok (TDO)
Cregk`s Lioeia jgikok (CDO Creque`ny Davasaj` Ouitapiexa`m)
Cregk`s lioeia jgikok teg`aa`de aietao bktt`` tjpiko lk`t me`aiaa ber lar gj`uok gk`ki aa` 4GBz.iag lioiere kyrir. Ber gk`ki 4GBz.iag ckrgik krdg krtk` ckrgi tkyn cregk`sikr` ojdie eder.
r`ea`, aig gj`uok gk`ki`` tkyn cregk`s lkik`mn 3466)=< ? >66,
luiu`k` deer tkyn lk`t lk`k egie`ar.
Cregk`s lioeia jgikok
Xkok` Lioeia jgikok (TDO Taoe Davasaj` Ouitapiexa`m)
Xkok` lioeia jgikok
Ber lar gj`uok gk`ki`` leiia krkigikrik r`egieoe ykpikrkg aietao bktt`` lk`t me`aiaa aerasa`de srkyik
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tkrk`oks`k ve ky` aietao bktt` guiik`oks`k zkok` lioeia Gj`uok gk`ki`` r`egieoe aieoa zkok`
lioi k`kbtkrikok aie ykpir. Jrtkg lar gky`k jg skydk guiik`n tkrkc`dk` gsk sreia krkigikrik
guiik`o`k uymu` egaide dze`ie`oa k`kbtkrikok sasteoa`e zkok` lioi k`kbtkrikok de`ar. Qk`a
ber gj`uok gk`ki, ky` aietao bktt` gsk sreia jikrkg teg lk`k guiik`r. Lu aieo aa` leiia lar uyuo
meregar. M`derana ve kin tkrkc se`grj`azeia jikrkg kir. K`kijm lar sa`ykia` jraha`kia gesa`tasazdar. Leiia
krkigikrik r`egieoe ykpikrkg eatia deerier ki`d`dk gesa`taye urkr. Lu r`egier kin tkrkc`k
uikt`dk lar kikg metare` caitrede` mearaidaa`de gesa`taye urko gsoikr jraha`kia`e uymu` egaide
djiduruiur. K`nkg verana tkrkc`dk ki`k` r`egieoe skys merea`de` kz skydk ase eide edaie` sa`yki
jraha`kia`e uymu` jiokz. r`egieoe cregk`s dktk laiee`iera aerasa dega e` ygseg cregk`s deera a`
(>466Bz.) e` kz aga gkt deera`de (2Gbz) jiokidr.
VDB ? Vieasajnbrj`jus Damatki Baerkrnby
J`e taoe sijt nbk``ei ? 34666 lats per senj`d jr 34 Glps
>< taoe sijts ? k` E; (6 user nbk``eis + ; sy`nbrj`azktaj` k`d ; crkoa`m nbk``ei)
4 x E; ? E< (2.442 Olps), ; (>4.>32 Olps) 426 nbk``ei VNO systeo
;3 x E; ? E> (>4.>32 Olps) 426 nbk``ei VNO systeo
TDO Nkrraer ^tk`dkrds Viesajnbrj`jus Damatki Baerkrnby (VDB) La-darentaj`ki trk`spjrt twj ware pkar
(reneave k`d trk`soat) Ouitapiexa`m jc lats crjo tbe skoe ievei
A`ter`ktaj`ki Eurjpe` E;,VDB
Ievei @uoler @uoler jc Nbk``eis Dktk \kte Olps
;xE; >6
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^T^-;5>3 JN-;5>3 ^TO-5;< =1 36=< ^TO-;6
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Bazoet srkikoks`k mre u k`ga klj`e skys ve meienegte jiuknkg krt jrk` tkboa` beskpikokikr
ykpir.
k) Bazoetier8
^klat Teiecj`8 ^es, Ckgs, kD^I
M^O8 ^es, Oeskh, A`ter`et, \esao, Sadej, Mr`ti Oedak
A`ter`et8 ]EL, e-okai, ^jsyki Oedyk, SjAV, SadejAV
Sera8 Teieoetra, ]K@
tru`g yju`iuu krtkr ase d tru`gtk` a tru`gk k`kbtkrikok ykpir.
Klj`eye evar sesa veraieoayjrsk ;6-
klj`e) ^gtrok, njden teg`ijhaiera`de` ckykdkidrir. SjAV destegia bazoetie klj`e vera bz Glpse gkdkr a`darme`oa jiur. (;8>
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e) ^jsyki Oedyk8 ^jsyki Vkyiko ^ateiera, Jyu`, ^jblet Jdkikr
c) ]K@8 A^D@, C/I, I/I, xD^I, CTB, KTO, K
KTO8 4Olps(E>), ;55Olps(E4), 3
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3) Ijgki k`kbtkrikok jrk``dk` k`kijm K`kbtkrikok devre skys leiarie`ar. (Ia`e k`d Tru`g A`terckne)
=) Gk`ki tkbsas edaieneg klj`iera` leiaria lar jrk` leiarie`e` larsre legieyereg ljkiknkg gk`kidk`
ykrkrik`okikr skik`r.
Legieyeneg klj`e skys ? Ky` k`dk gj`uk` klj`e x Legieoe jrk` /;66
2) KDN, DKN, NJDEN (VNO) ve ^kyski teiecj` eieok`ikr
1) Tjpiko E; skys luiu`ur.
E; devre skys?Gk`ki ^kys/>6
;6) ^kyski Devre K`kbtkrikok sasteoa`a` gkpksatesa leiarie`arge`7 bazoet jrk`ikr`k mre meregia
E; devre skyikr beskpik`r. K`kbtkrikokyk tklaa jiknkg bazoetier ve jrk`ikr leiarie`ar. Tjpiko E;
devre skys jrk`ikrk mre dktir. Ijgki k`kbtkrkikok aie bazoet triera`a` k`kbtkrkikok krks`k
de`meieyana k`kbtkrkikok ve mktewky y`ie`daranaier gj`uoik`drir.
Bazoet Jrk`ikr8Ijgki M^O?%;6?5 E; devresa
;4) 5 otera E;, ;5 Otera
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a`ter`ete lkik`d`dk jrtkikok 4,2Glps bz`dk a`ter`ete lkik`knkgikrdr. ^gtrok jrk` ;8
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Tjpiko ;;1 E;
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KTO u aiera meregietaroede guiik`ir. TDO devre k`kbtkrikokdk` ckrg `x gk`ki gkpksatesa yera`e Rlps
astea`a gkrikr. Seraie` bz mkrk`ta eder. (^es, vadej, \esao, Oemklat bz`dk vera trk`scera)
CDDA
Qgseg bzk meregsa`ao duyk` kikrdk guiik`ir. ;66 Olps bz`dk tjge`-pkssa`m eraao teg`aa`e skbaptar
ve caler-jptag gklij zera`de` aietaao skikr. Eraao y`teoa jikrkg tjge` mearoe teg`aa guiik`ir.
C\KOE \EIKQ
KTO mala pkget k`kbtkrikok teg`aa`a guiik`k` lar k trdr. ste`aie` vera bz mkrk`tade deaidar. Trkcag
yju`iuu gkiateya leiarier. Me`eiiagie ]K@ kikr`dk ve caler jptag lkik`tikr zera`de guiik`ir. Me`a
kik`dk m`deraie` pkgetiera` yjiu`u` e` gsk egaide luiklaieneg zeiiagtedar. Crkoe \eiky kikr`dk
pja`t-tj-pja`t (`jgtkdk` `jgtkyk) y`teoa guiik`ir. Lu y`teo deage` lygigte jik` pkgetiera` lar
laimaskykrdk` daera e m`deraioesa`e aza` verar. Lyiene larjg laimaskykr krks`dk mezaioe`a` ``e meaiar.
=.;. KTO Ksy`nbrj`jus Trk`scer Ojde
Ezkok`sz Kgtkro Ojdu (Ksy`nbrj`jus Trk`scer Ojde, KTO), Vkget k`kbtkrikokdk jiduu mala (r`ea`,
R. lyteig bnreiere d`tririer. Lkig, lkik`t gaoiaa`a de
aerdaa`de`, KTO k`kbtkrikrmeie` bnreiera `e tkrkck aietoeiera meregtaa`a laiarier. Lu yzde` lt`
bnreier ky` yjiu tkgap ederier. Ber `egkdkr bnreier leiia lr srky tkgap etseier de, bnreiera` bedece
vkrp vkrokd me`eide gj`trji edaioez.
KTO, skyski akretieoe teg`aa guiik`k`, NNATT (lum`g asoayie ATU-T? A`ter`ktaj`ki Teienjoou`anktaj`s
U`aj` Teienjoou`anktaj`s) tkrkc`dk` ykpiokgtk jik`, L-A^D@ (Lrjkd-Lk`d A^D@? Me`alk`di Toieag
Bazoetier ^kyski elegesa) tk`oikoks`dkga stk`dkrtikr jiuturok mkyreta srks`dk leiarda. KTO,
^y`nbrj`jus Damatki Baerkrnby (^DB) stk`dkrtikr`k lkik`ot. KTO, cazagsei sevayede, ^DB devreiera
zera`de uymuik`knkgt ve 44Ol/s ve dkbk me`a lk`di (;55Ol/s, 3
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prjtjgjiiera`a` de yera`a kiokyk kdky jioutur. K`nkg, bjst laimaskykrikr` k krkyz jikrkg ve yerei kik`
k (IK@)ikr`dk lar stk`dkrt jikrkg KTOa` ykm`ikoks`dkga lu ygseie` dkimk aoda krtg grio mala
mzgoegtedar. Qerei Kik` Kik`droks ve steona/^u`unu (Niae`t/^erver) oaokrasa, aoda esgasa`de` de
dkbk guvvetia jikrkg, AV-Etber`et teg`jijhasa zera`de meiaoeye devko etoegtedar. Lu duruo KTOa`
pjpier jik` rji` tegrkr Tkyn/Bazoet su`unuikr` Me`a Kik` K Jourmkikr`dk s`riko
mzgoegtedar.
Vjrt bz jikrkg, 4Ol/s veyk ;55Ol/s oog`dr. ^k`ki devre (VSN) lk`d me`aiaa ase ;Ol/s aie
;55Ol/s krks`dk eatia deerierde` seaielaioegtedar. Trg Teiegjo K..`a` satesa`de` tkraceier
a`neie`elaiar. ^k`ki devre lk`d-me`aiaa deera`e aikve jikrkg, sk`ki devre`a` trkcag tr lkgo`dk` dk
tk`oik`oks meregoegtedar. Lu k`ikodk, VSN eada jikrkg NL\,UL\ ve SL\-@\T oog`dr.
NL\?Nj`stk`t Lat \kte, ju`iugik, Sadej Gj`cerk`s veyk teiecj` gj`uoks mala mereg zkok`i
uymuikokikr aa` uymu` lar trkcag gk`ki jiuturur. Lurkdk, guiik`n ks`dk` KTO gk`ki, sklat lar lat
pjopkikok bz`, deaaoiere urktokdk , aietelaie` `ateiagtedar. Lk`d-me`aiaa tkbsasa`a` e` gkt
uymuik`d lu tr KTO servasa nret jikrkg e` pkbkisdr ve ky` bzi garkig devre aie gyksik`okidr.
SL\-@\T? Skraklie Lat \kte-@j` \eki Taoe, mereg zkok`i jiokg zjru`iuiuu jiokyk` deage` lat bz
gkrkgteria vera uymuikokikr (TNV/AV pkgetiera trk`scera mala) aa` uymu` delaiar. Lu servas, NL\ KTO de`
dkbk unuz cayktik`driotr.
UL\? U`spenacaed Lat \kte ase e` unuz tkraceie`daraioa KTO servas tr jiup, mereg pjopkik`klaiar lat
bz, k`nkg KTO elegesa`a` e` kz sgg jiduu zkok`ikrdk garkik`k` lk`d-me`aiaa oertelesa`e uikklaiar.
elege guiik`o`` `jroki dzeya`dega zkok`ikr aa` ve me`ei jikrkg, UL\ trkcag bazoeta aa` trk`scer
srks`dk KTO pkgetiera (neii?pkget) `a` gkyljiokdk` uiktrioks ve krdkrdk m`deraie` aga pkget krks
menagoe`a` leiaria lar iaoat deera kokoks mkrk`tasa yjgtur.
KTO bazoeta`a` guiik`ioks aa`, guiik`n tkrkc`dk lar KTO eraao nabkz ve lu`u` me`a kik` k (]K@)
tkrkc`dk uymu` lar krkyz stk`dkrt`dk pjrtu jiokidr. KTO eraao nabkz, me`eiiagie, ]K@ KTO krkyz
jik` lar rjuter jiokgtkdr. zeiiagie KTO devre krkniyik A`ter`et jourmks`k lkik`t aa`, KTO guiik`n
tkrkc nabkz lyie lar rjuter jiokidr. KTO pjrtu krkyz stk`dkrt E> (>4Ol/s), T> (45Ol/s), JN>-^TO-;
(;55Ol/s), ^TO-4 (3
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bnreiera`a` yg gso`k gj`uiknkg bkie metaraioesa ve lkz servase zei aievier yera`e metaraiar.
=.6
tk`e) ve ; tk`e 34Glps D gk`ki aerar. Uikiklaieneg e` ygseg bz ase ykgikg = Olps e gkdkr gkr.
Qe`a meiataraie` LA^D@ (Lrjkdlk`d A^D@) teg`jijhasa ase, Crkoe \eiky'k lar kiter`ktac jikrkg d`ielaiar.
A^D@ guiik`o (zeiiagie evde` gaasei lkik`tikrdk) `ozdega yiikrdk jg dkbk ckzik ykym`ikknkk
le`zer.
=.>. TDO - Garkig Bktikr
TDO ( Taoe Davasaj` Ouitapiexa`m8 Xkok` Lioeia juiikok ) elegeiera Teiikls DRR ve @ewlradme ( dkbk
sj`rk Kinktei asoa`a kiotr ) jiokg zere aga kyr elegedar. Lu aga elege Nrjss Nj``entaj` ( kprkz
lkik`t ) aie larlara aie bklerieelaioegtedar. TDO elegeiera Trgaye`a` me`eia`e ( to aiier ve dktk servastkiela yju` jik` aieier ) ykyiotr.
Ieksed Ia`e teg`jijhasa`de E ve T tkyn ( E-nkrraer, T-nkrraer ) stk`dkrtikr luiu`okgtkdr. E tkyn
stk`dkrd Kvrupk stk`dkrd jikrkg jrtkyk gkrge` m`ozde Guzey Koeragk, Gjre ve Hkpj`yk d`dkga
to igeierde guiik`iokgtkdr. T tkyn stk`dkrd ase Guzey Koeragk, Gjre ve Hkpj`yk' dk guiik`iokgtkdr.
E tkyn stk`dkrd dk E;8 < Olps (4 Olps mala bzikr luiu`okgtkdr.
VNO ve ^J@ET teg`jijhaiera`dega meiaoeier gkpsko`dk Caler Jptag Trk`soasyj` Egapok` jik` ^DB
(^y`nbrj`jus Damatki Baerkrnby ) skyesa`de ^TO-; ( ;55 Olps ), ^TO-4, ^TO-;3 ve ^TO-34 ( ykgikg ;6
Mlps ) bzikr dk guiik`iklaioegtedar. ^DB iera` lioe / juiikok zeiiaa skyesa`de E;, E mala bzikr
^TO bzikr`dk juiik`klaioegde, ky` zkok`dk tersa e ^TO mala bzikrdk E;, E mala bzikrk
li`elaioegtedar. ;6 Mlps dk` dkbk ygseg bzikr ase me`eide ]DO (]kveie`mtb davasaj` ouitapiexa`m )
jikrkg laia`e` D]DO, N]DO mala teg`jijhaier aie eide edaioegde ve yju`iugiu oaiietierkrks ia`g
lkik`tikr`dk guiik`iokgtkdr. Kyrnk \kdaj Ia`g ( \/I ) Trk`soasyj` Egapok`ikr ( VDB ve ^DB ) skyesa`de
E;, E ve ^TO-; bzikr`dk \kdyj dktk devreiera guiik`iklaioegtedar. TDO elegeiera`de @ewlradme,
Teiikls DRR kyro Ieksed Ia`e dktk bktt ki`knkg jcasa` lki jiduu Teiegjo sk`trkia`dega TDO elegesa`e
lkidr.
TDO elegesa ve dj`k`oikr gj`usu`dk lkz detkyikr kkdkga maladar7
Dktk `terckneiera8 S.>5, S.
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Teiikls DRR Jcas / ule Ojdeo Dj`k`oikr ve Bzikr8 34 Glps ;
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Bktt
gg iegia aietoeierde
Crkoe \eiky
zera`de
53Glps
53 Glps eatia eatia ayeriera
A^D@ Lksan \kte (L\A) 8
34 - ;
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-5 (gjkgsayei gklij)7
;6LK^E-C (caler jptag)
E-> >4.>32 Olps Twasted-pkar yk dk
Caler Jptag
;3 E-i sa`ykia tkr
T-> (D^>) 45 Olps Gjkgsayei Gklij A`ter`et ervas skikynikr``
a`ter`et jourmks`k
lkik`tikr`dk
Ckst Etber`et ;66 Olps
;66LK^E-T4 (twasted
pkar)7 ;66LK^E-TR
(gjkgsayei gklij)7
;66LK^E-CR (caler
jptag)
;6 Olps etber`et gkrtikr`k
skbap laimaskykrikr lar Ckst
Eter`et guiik`k` IK@'k
lkik`klaiar.
CDDA ;66 Olps Caler Jptag
Lyg argetierdega yk dk
servas skikynikr`dkga dkbk
me`a iegia IK@'ikrdk
E4 ;>1. gk`ki tkr
Lu bkt zera`de ky` k`dk
;1/^TO-; ;55.5< Olps Caler JptagLyg arget jourmkikr,
A`ter`et Jourmks
E5 535.;42 Olps Caler Jptag
4 E4 gk`ki lkr`drr. Lu bkt
zera`de ky` k`dk =326
gaa larlarierayie gj`uklaiar
(ses bklerieoesa)
JN-;
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^na@et bktt)Caler Jptag Vkrt jc tbe vL@^ lknglj`e
JN-42/^TO-;3
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niae`t/server kikrdk lar k`k laimaskykr vkrdr (dedankted server). K`k okga`e zera`de k y`etaoa ykpir.
Kyrnk kk mareneg (ijma`) yk dk lkik`knkg berges lu k`k okga`e zera`de yer kik` guiik`n beskpikr`k
mre gj`trji edaiereg lkik`t meregietaraiar. Lyiene guiik`n ve djsyk teoeia`de mve`iag skik`o jiur.
Lu`u` d`dk guiik`n ` maraa`de gaoiag laimaiera`a gj`trji (kutbe`tanktaj`) aieoa ykpio jiur.
2.;. J^A (Jpe` ^ysteo A`ternj``entaj`)
Sera aietaaoa`a` lei geoaa J^A recerk`s ojdeia ykdk J^A lkvuru ojdeiadar.
J^A \ecerk`s Ojdeia A`ter`ktaj`ki ^tk`dkrds Jrmk`azktaj` (A^J) tkrkc`dk` su`uik` lar ojdei zera`e
meiataraioatar. J^A `neiagie lar tk`oikokdr. ietaaode guiik`ik` pkgeta`a` bk`ma kkokikrdk` meenea`a
tk`oikyk` sasteodar. J^A ojdeia yeda gktok`dk` jiuur.
J^A gktok`ikr` jiuturuioks`dk uymuik`k` pre`sapier8
;) Ber gktok` aya tk`oik`o lar a cj`gsayj`u yera`e metarar.
) Gktok` s`rikr krklaraoier krks laima kg` e` kzk a`dareneg egaide seaiar.
4) Gktok`ikr` skys leiarma` cj`gsayj`ikr` ky` gktok`ikr zera`de ktikok ykpokyknkg gkdkr me`a,
oaokraya bk`tkiiktrokyknkg gkdkr kzdr.
J^A recerk`s ojdeia`dega gktok`ikr8
;) Kppianktaj` (uymuikok) gktok`) ^essaj` (jturuo) gktok`
4) Trk`spjrt (tkok) gktok`
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5) @etwjrg (k) gktok`
3) Dktkia`g (vera aietao) gktok`
=) Vbysanki (cazagsei) gktok`dr.
Kppianktaj` Ikyer WUymuikok gktok`_
Guiik`n tkrkc`dk kitrik` to uymuikokikr lu gktok`dk tk`oidr. Guiik`nyk djgu`k` gktok`dr ve
daer gktok`ikrk berk`ma lar servas skikokz. Lu gktok`dk kik` uymuikokikrk r`eg jikrkg7 CTV (Caie
Trk`scer Vrjtjnji), ^@OV (^aopie @etwjrg Ok`kmeoe`t Vrjtjnji) ve eokai uymuikokikr` verelaiaraz.
Vrese`tktaj` Ikyer W^u`uo gktok`_
M`deraieneg vera`a`, veraya kiknkg laimaskykr tkrkc`dk` dk k`ikklaieneg jrtkg lar cjroktk d`trid
gktok`dr. Lu gktok`dk vera trk`scera`a` mve`ia jioks aa` acreieoe de oog`dr. Kyrnk lu gktok`dk
Njopress/Denjopress (sgtrok/Kok) , acreieoe/acre zoe, gjdikok yk dk tko tersa d`o
aieoiera de ykpir. ^u`uo gktok`, guiik nikr` prjlieoiera ge`da lkikr`k zo luiokikr yera`e j`ikrk
yeteria lar me`ei zo su`kr. Gsknk, daer kit gktok`ikr` kgsa`e, lat iera lar utk` daera`e mve`aiar lar
laaode aietaoiera aie aimaie`oeg yera`e jturuo gktok` aietaie` laima`a` sz dazaoa ve seok`taa aie aimaie`ar.^u`uo servasiera`e tapag lar r`eg stk`dkrt, zera`de k`ikik` lar egaide veraya gjdikokgtr. Larjg guiik`n
prjmrkoikr rkst meie lat dazaiera`a ge`da krkikr`dk deaaoa`a meregietaroez. Deaag laimaskykrikr gkrkgter
dazaiera ve tkoskyikr ackde etoeg aa` deaag gjdikr guiik`rikr. Lu laimaskykrikr krks`dk vera deaaoa`a
stk`dkrtikrk uymu` jikrkg yera`e metaroeg su`uo gktok``` aadar.
Lu gktok`dk tk`oik`k` lkz stk`dkrtikr ase u`ikrdr7 VDC, VANT, TACC, HVEM, OADA, OVEM, K^NAA
^essaj` Ikyer WJturuo Gktok`_
ietaao gurk` laimaskykrikr krks`dk jturuo kkr ve sj`ik`drr. Jturuo gktok`, sk`ki jikrkg
laimaskykrikr` larlara`a ckrg ettaa jrtkodr. Qk`a7 aga prjmrko gkrigi jikrkg larlara`a ckrg edap lu
gktok`dk aietaaoe meer. Gsknk7 aietaaode luiu`knkg aga `jgtk krks`dkga jturuou` guruioks, y`etaioesa
ve sj`ik`drioks` skikr. Lar jturuo tkok gktok``` ykpt mala srkdk` vera tkok aa`a
meregietardaa mala, lkz uymuikokikrdk jg ykrkri meiaoa bazoetier de su`kr. Qk`a7 lar guiik`n `
uzkgtkga zkok`-pkyikoi lar sasteoe lkik`oks` (Ijm j`, ijm a`) veyk aga okga`k krks`dk djsyk trk`scera
ykpoks skikr. Jturuo gktok ` su`duu bazoetierde` lara de sasteoiera` gkrigi aietaoiera`a`
y`etaoadar. Jturuoikr ky` k`dk teg y`i veyk ky` k`dk act y`i vera kg`k aza` verelaiarier. Eer trkcag
teg y`i ase jturuo gktok` aietao srks`` gaode jiduu gj`usu`dk ykrdon jiur. Vrjmrkonikr` aa
jturuo gktok``dk later. Lu yzde` aig > gktok`k sjctwkre set(ykzio goesa) de`ar. Lu gktok`dk kik`prjtjgjiiere r`eg jikrkg @C^ (@etwjrg Caie ^ysteo), ^[I (^truntured [uery Ik`mukme), \VN (\evkte
Vrjnedure Nkii), K^V (KppieTkig ^essaj` Vrjtjnji), D@K ^NV (Damatki @etwjrg Krnatenture ^essaj` Nj`trji
Vrjtjnji) ve R ]a`djw veraielaiar.
Trk`spjrt Ikyer Wietaao Gktok`_
st gktok`ikrdk` meie` laima aietaao gktok` tkrkc`dk` daer gktok`ikrk ve bedece uiktrir. Kyrnk st
gktok`dk` kid veraiera semoe`tiere liereg lar kit gktok`k aietar ve lar st gktok`k lu semoe`tiera
larietarereg su`kr. Lu gktok` ky` zkok`dk kg gj`trji (cijw nj`trji)guiik`krkg gkr tkrkck m`deraie`
vera`a` yera`e uikp uikokd` gj`trji eder. Gkr tkrkck m`deraie` semoe`tiera` gkr tkrkctk
m`dere`a` m`derdaa srkyik larietaraioesa aa`de` de lu gktok` sjruoiudur.
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@etwjrg Ikyer WK Gktok`_
Lu gktok` lar pkgeta` yerei k aerasa`de yk dk daer kikr krks`dkga bkregeta`a skikyk` gktok`dr. Lu
bkregeta` skik`klaioesa aa` bayerkrag lar kdresieoe ykps meregoegtedar. Kyrnk bayerkrag sasteo
veraiera` bedec laimaskykrk e` etgaia ve e` gsk yjidk` uikoks` skikr. Lu gktok`` lar zeiiaa jik` AV
Kdresieoe skyesa`de skik`r. Kdresieoe Da`koag yk dk ^tktag jikrkg ykpiklaiar. Da`koag kdresieoe,
jtjoktag jikrkg AV dktknkg, r`ea` DBNV mala lar prjtjgjie abtayk vkrdr, ^tktag Kdresieoe ase ei aie
ykpik` kdresieoedar. Kyrnk lu gktok`dk bkregete mee` lar vera`a` bedeca`e uikoks aa` e` aya yji
seaoa de ykpir. Lu aieoe \juta`m, lu aieoa yera`e metare` kymtk ase \juter dayjruz. Lu gktok`dk
guiik`ik` prjtjgjiiere r`eg jikrkg u`ikr verelaiaraz7 AV, K\V, \K\V, LJJTV, ANOV
Sera`a` m`deraienea laimaskykr` yjiu`u luik` gktok`dr. Sera pkgetiera`a` lar utk` daer unk kdkga eatia
doierde` mearaiap, y`ie`daraiereg kins`k uikoks` skikyk` lar aieve skbaptar. Q`ie`daranaier
(\juter) lu gktok`dk tk`oidrikr. Lu gktok`dk aietaie` vera lijgikr pkget jikrkg kdik`drir. Lu
gktok`dk tk`oik`k` prjtjgjiiere r`eg jikrkg AV ve AVR veraielaiar. Lu gktok`dkga y`ie`daroe aieoiera
ase y`ie`daroe prjtjgjiiera guiik`ikrkg meregietaraiar. Q`ie`daroe prjtjgjiiera`e r`eg jikrkg \AV, AM\V,J^VC ve EAM\V veraielaiar.
Dktk Ia`g Ikyer WSera Lkik`t Gktok`_
Cazagsei kdresieoe`a` ve `etwjrg jrtko`dk vera`a` `ksi tk`knk`` tk`oik`d gktok`dr. Lurkdk
cazagsei kdresieoede` gkstedaie`OKN(Oedak Knness Nj`trji) kdresadar. Qk`a veraya la`kry gjdikrjik` ;(lar)
ve 6(scr) ikrk evarereg lar sj`rkga gktok`k aietar. Etber`et Bkgeoiag aa` N^OK/ND(Nkrraer ^e`se Ouitapie
Knness watb Njiiasaj` Detent) TNV/AV kd veraie` lar kimjratoky guiik`r. Lu kimjratok u kdoikrdk` jiuur7
(@AN gkrt jik` berbk`ma lar nabkz, sasteo)
;) Jrtkodk vera pkgeta jiup jiokd` da`ier
) Jrtkodk vera pkgeta vkr ase legier ve da`ieoeye devko eder
4) Eat eraao bkgg jiduu`dk`, ky` k`dk larde` ckzik Etber`et pjrt vera pkgetiera`a jrtkok lrkgrsk
ktok jiur.
5) ktokyk maroeye`ier jrtko` `jrokie d`oesa`a legier.
3) ktokyk mare`ierde` e` gsk sreya rete`ier vera pkgeta`a jrtkok lkrkgr.
Kdresieoe aa`, OKN kdresa, U`ankst kdresa, Lrjkdnkst kdresa ve Ouitankst kdresar`eg jikrkg veraielaiar.
Vbysanki Ikyer WCazagsei Gktok`_
Seraiera` cazagsei jikrkg bkt/ gklij/ jrtko zera`de` kgtkrioks aa` meregia aieoiera gkpskr. Lu gktok`dk
tk`oik`k` stk`dkrtikr tk`k` vera`a` aeraayie aimaie`oezier. Dkbk jg akreta` egia, cazagsei gktok`dk
guiik`iknkg gj``egtr tr, gklij tr mala eiegtaragsei ve oegk`ag zeiiagierie aimaie`ar. K gktok`, vera
aietao gktok` ve cazagsei gktok`k jrtko gktok`ikr dk de`ar. Uymuikok, su`uo, jturuo ve aietao
gktok`ikr`k ase bjst gktok` de`ar.
TNV / AV de Guiik`ik` J^A gktok`ikr
Kppianktaj` gktok`8 K zera`de` as ykpknkg uymuikokikr luiu`duu gktok`dr. CTV, ^OTV, ^O@V,
Tei`et. Mala prjtjgjiier luiu`ur.
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Trk`spjrt Gktok`8 Lu gktok`dk TNV ve UDV asaoia < prjtjgji tk`oidr. TNV ( Trk`soassaj` Nj`trji
Vrjtjnji ) 8 Lkik`ti dze`e lki lar prjtjgjidr. Lu dze`de m`derana ve kin aietaao lkikokdk` `ne
larlariera aie k`ikr. Ber aga tkrkc aietaao ykpok gj`usu`dk asteg ve `eraiera`a larlariera`e m`derar.
UDV8Tkok gktok``` lar daer prjtjgji` jiuturur. Me`eiiagie sjrmuikok ve
s`kok koki gg veraiera` kgtkrioks aa` guiik`ir. Seraier gg jiduu aa` pkrkik`okyk mereg
duyuiokz. Mve`ia lar aietao y`teoa deaidar. TNV, UDV de` dkbk mve`iadar. `g pkgeta` ljzuiup,
ljzuiokd`, uikp, uikokd` gj`trji ede` semoe`tier vkrdr.
`ter`et gktok`8 ietao gktok` dk` meie` veraier lurkdk a`ter`et pkgetiera bkia`e meiar. Vkgetiera`
y`ie`daraioesa aie aimaia aier de lurkdk ykpir. Lu gktok`dk luiu`k` < prjtjgji8
ANOV8 Gj`trji oeskhikr m`derap gkri`dk matta matoeda laimasa skikr. VA@M gjoutu lu prjtjgji
guiik`krkg gkr laimaskykr` kykgtk jiup jiokd` k`ikr.
AV8 Vkgetiera` kdresieoe ve y`ie`daroe aieoa`a ykpkr.
Vbysanki gktok`8 Lu gktok`dk K\V prjtjgji guiik`ir. Lu prjtjgji AV kdresiera`a OKN kdresiera`e
d`trr. Lyiene pkgeta` kdresa jrtkyk gkr.
J^A aie TNV/AV `a` Gkriktrioks
Laia`daa zere J^A stk`dkrt lar ojdeidar ve daer ojdeiier lu ojdeia teoei kiokg zjru`dkdr. TNV/AV ber
yerde guiik`ir ve a`ter`eta` jourmks` jiuturur. Kyrnk gktok`ikok ykps`dk J^A ye mre lar tkgo
deaagiagier vkrdr. J^A de pjrt daye lar gkvrko yjgtur. TNV/AV, J^A`a sj` > gktok` ( kppianktaj`,
prese`tktaj`, sessaj`), Kppianktaj` kd kit`dk larietaroatar.
J^A`a` tr`spjrt gktok``dk dktk semoe`tiere li`r. Lu`u` gkri TNV/AV detrk`spjrttur. Trk`spjrt
gktok` dk semoe`tiere li`e` dktkyk bk`ma pjrtu guiik`knk`k dkar bekder egie`ar.
J^A`a` k gktok``dk semoe`tier pkgetiere d`r ve zera`de kdresiera vkrdr. TNV/AV de lu gktok`k
a`ter`et gktok` gkrig meiar. J^A`a vera aietao gktok``dk dktk crkoeiere d`r ve lk`k AV yera e
OKN kdresiera egie`ar. Cazagsei gktok`dk ase dktk 6-; iere d`r ve aietaao meregiear. TNV/AV, J^A`a`
dktk aietao ve cazagsei gktok` larietaroa ve cazagsei kd` veroatar. Lurkdk K\V prjtjgjiu guiik`ir. Lu
prjtjgji AV kdresiera`a OKN kdresiera`e d`trr ve lyiene pkgeta` kdresa jrteye gkr.
2.;.;6.;6; r`eg kdresa`de jiduu mala 4 liode` jiuk` lar kdrestar. @jgtk aielarlara`de` kyrik` lu lioiera` ber lara 6 aie
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TNV`a` teoei mreviera8
Lar st gktok`dk` meie` /kpianktaj`) veraiera uymu` uzu`iugtk pkrkikrk (semoe`t) kyrr.
Ber pkrkyk srk `uokrks verar.
Gkyljik` veyk ljzug meie` pkrkikr tegrkr m`derar.
2.>. Etber`et
IK@ (IjnkiKrek@etwjrg- Qerei Laimaskykr Kikr) ve ]K@ (]adeKrek@etwjrg-Lyg Kik` Kikr)
teg`jijhaiera guiik`ir.
ETBE\@ET
Etber`et, ;1=6 yi`dk Rerjx Krktrok Oergeza`de \jlert Oetnkice ve Dkvad Ljmms tkrkc`dk` luiu`k` veyerei laimaskykr kikr aa` dktg pkget k`kbtkrikok jikrkg kgik`k` d`yk`` e` pjpier k sasteoadar.
AEEE (A`statute jc Eientranki k`d Eientrj`an E`ma`eers) aig Etber`et stk`dkrt` (26
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sregia gj`trji ederier. Gklij`u` lj jiduu kimyk` veraya m`derar. Lu krkdk eer gklijdk vera vkrsk j
zkok` vera bedeca`e uik`nkyk gkdkr legie`ar. ga laimaskykr` pkgetiera gklijdk gkrikrikrsk krpok
(njiiasaj`) jiuur.
AEEE 26< ^tk`dkrtikr
AEEE (A`statute jc Eientranki k`d Eientrj`ans E`ma`eers), e`dstra stk`dkrd jiuturk` lar guruodur. ;1=6'ia
yiikrdk IK@'ikr stk`dkrtikokyk lkiky`nk AEEE'de Vrjhent 26< kdi IK@ stk`dkrd` jiuturdu.
Tklij8 AEEE 26< Gktemjrasa
26
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N\N Bktk Gj`trji
Dktk pkgetiera aa`dega N\N gjdikr Etber`et k`dkga vera trk`scera`de skikok (veraiera` aietaiap
aietaioedaa`a) gj`trji` ykpkr. Etber`et pkgeta jiuturuiuduu`dk m`dere` laimaskykr zei lar
beskpikok ykpkrkg sj`unu`u pkgete Nynian \edu`dk`ny Nbeng jikrkg egier. Kik` okga`e de pkgeta kkr ve
ky` beskpikoky ykpkr. ^j`unu ky` jioks vera trk`scera`a` bktksz jiduu`u msterar.
Teroa`ktaj` (^j`ik`drok)
N^OK/ND `etwjrgiera`delus jikrkg tk`oik`k` gklij`u` aga unu`u` sj`ik`drioks meregar.
^j`ik`drnikr, lkgr gklij zera`de eiegtrag sa`ykiier jikrkg tk`k` pkgetiera` gklij`u` lattaa yerde
mn`` ki`oks meregar. Lu aieo eiegtrag sa`ykiiera`a` mera d`oesa`a (yk`soks ) `ier. Lu yk`sok
aieoa e recientaj` de`ar. Qk`sok`` ``e meaioeseyda, gklij`u` sj`u`k krpp d`e` sa`ykiier ye`ade`
lar trkcag jiutururikr. ^j`ik`drnikrk teroa`kta`mresastjr de`ar.
Etber`et
Desta`ktaj` Kddress8 (Skr Kdresa) @etwjrgA`terckneNkrd (@AN) ve `etwjrg y`etanasa tkrkc`dk` ktk`k`
`etwjrg kdresa.^jurneKddress8 (gky`kg Kdresa) @etwjrgA`terckneNkrd (@AN) ve `etwjrg y`etanasa tkrkc`dk` ktk`k`
`etwjrg kdresa.
Ie`mtb8 Sera kik``` uzu`iuu (< lkyt)
Dktk k`dVkd8 Vkget lkik`mn` `etwjrg'e yky`ikr.
CN^ (CrkoeNbeng^eque`ne)8 Bktk gj`trji skikr.
Etber`et teg`jijhasa`a` teoei zeiiagiera u`ikrdr8
zeiiag Deera
Qerieao laaoa Lus (Djruski yji) ve ^tkr lus
Oaokra tapa lkselk`d (k`k lk`t)
Eraao y`teoa N^OK/