guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing...

17
Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas production and processing Second edition

Upload: others

Post on 14-Sep-2019

42 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas production and processing

Second edition

Page 2: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

Second edition

March 2018

Published byEnergy Institute, London

The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003 Registered charity number 1097899

Page 3: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

The Energy Institute (EI) is the chartered professional membership body for the energy industry, supporting over 20 000 individuals working in or studying energy and 250 energy companies worldwide. The EI provides learning and networking opportunities to support professional development, as well as professional recognition and technical and scientific knowledge resources on energy in all its forms and applications.

The EI’s purpose is to develop and disseminate knowledge, skills and good practice towards a safe, secure and sustainable energy system. In fulfilling this mission, the EI addresses the depth and breadth of the energy sector, from fuels and fuels distribution to health and safety, sustainability and the environment. It also informs policy by providing a platform for debate and scientifically-sound information on energy issues.

The EI is licensed by: − the Engineering Council to award Chartered, Incorporated and Engineering Technician status, and − the Society for the Environment to award Chartered Environmentalist status.

It also offers its own Chartered Energy Engineer, Chartered Petroleum Engineer, and Chartered Energy Manager titles.

A registered charity, the EI serves society with independence, professionalism and a wealth of expertise in all energy matters.

This publication has been produced as a result of work carried out within the Technical Team of the EI, funded by the EI’s Technical Partners. The EI’s Technical Work Programme provides industry with cost-effective, value-adding knowledge on key current and future issues affecting those operating in the energy sector, both in the UK and internationally.

For further information, please visit http://www.energyinst.org

The EI gratefully acknowledges the financial contributions towards the scientific and technical programmefrom the following companies

Andeavor Phillips 66BP Exploration Operating Co Ltd Qatar PetroleumBP Oil UK Ltd Repsol SinopecCentrica RWE npowerChevron North Sea Ltd Saudi AramcoChevron Products Company Scottish PowerChrysaor SGSCLH Shell UK Oil Products LimitedConocoPhillips Ltd Shell U.K. Exploration and Production LtdDCC Energy SSEEDF Energy TAQA BrataniENI Total E&P UK LimitedE. ON UK Total UK LimitedEquinor Tullow OilExxonMobil International Ltd UniperInnogy ValeroKuwait Petroleum International Ltd VattenfallNexen CNOOC Vitol EnergyØrsted WoodsidePerenco World Fuel Services

However, it should be noted that the above organisations have not all been directly involved in the development of this publication, nor do they necessarily endorse its content.

Copyright © 2019 by the Energy Institute, London.The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003.Registered charity number 1097899, EnglandAll rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted or translated into a machine language without the written permission of the publisher.

ISBN 978 1 78725 064 2

Published by the Energy Institute

The information contained in this publication is provided for general information purposes only. Whilst the Energy Institute and the contributors have applied reasonable care in developing this publication, no representations or warranties, express or implied, are made by the Energy Institute or any of the contributors concerning the applicability, suitability, accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein and the Energy Institute and the contributors accept no responsibility whatsoever for the use of this information. Neither the Energy Institute nor any of the contributors shall be liable in any way for any liability, loss, cost or damage incurred as a result of the receipt or use of the information contained herein.

Hard copy and electronic access to EI and IP publications is available via our website, https://publishing.energyinst.org.Documents can be purchased online as downloadable pdfs or on an annual subscription for single users and companies.For more information, contact the EI Publications Team.e: [email protected]

Page 4: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

3

CONTENTSPage

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Steering group chair's foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Executive summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.2 Scope of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.2.1 Management system scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.2.2 Production facilities scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.2.3 Deterioration processes scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.2.4 Structured framework for corrosion management support function . . . . . 26

2 Reason for document layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.1 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1.2 Legal framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.1.3 Worldwide legal basis for corrosion management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.1.4 High level integrity management policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.1.5 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.1.6 Detailed corrosion management policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.1.7 Cross reference to international standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.1.8 Ageing and life extension considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.1.9 Integration with safety management systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1.10 Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.2.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.2.2 General assessment of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.2.3 Corrosion risk assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.2.4 Organising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.2.5 Implementing the plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.2.6 Ageing and life extension considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.3 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.3.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.3.2 Monitoring performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.3.3 Performance measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.3.4 Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.3.5 Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.6 Reporting and corrective actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.7 Ageing and life extension considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.8 Investigating accidents and incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.4 ACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.4.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.4.2 Reviewing performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.4.3 Reviewing/auditing the corrosion management programme . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.4.4 Scope and frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.4.5 Ageing and life extension considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Page 5: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

4

Contents continuedPage

3 Human factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2.1 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2.2 Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3.1 Risk profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3.2 Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3.3 Implementing the plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.4.1 Measuring performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.4.2 Investigating accidents/incidents/near misses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.5 ACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.5.1 Reviewing performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.5.2 Learning lessons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Annexes

Annex A Structured framework for corrosion management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Annex B Legal basis for corrosion management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 B.1 List of UK and EU Regulatory requirements relating to

corrosion management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 B.2 UK statutory compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 B.3 Risk assessment and management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 B.3.1 MHSWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 B.3.2 SCR15 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 B.3.3 COMAH 2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 B.3.4 PSR 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 B.4 Integrity management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 B.4.1 PUWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 B.4.2 DCR 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 B.4.3 PFEER 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 B.4.4 PSSR 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 B.4.5 PSR 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 B.5 European union legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 B.6 Sections from the regulations relevant to corrosion

management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 B.6.1 Health and safety at work etc act 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 B.6.2 Management of health and safety at work

regulations 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 B.6.3 Provision and use of work equipment regulations 1998. . . . . . . 78 B.6.4 The dangerous substances and explosive atmospheres

regulations 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 B.6.5 Offshore installations (offshore safety directive)

(safety case) regs 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 B.6.6 The offshore installations (Prevention of Fire, Explosion,

and Emergency Response) regulations (PFEER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 B.6.7 Offshore installations and wells (design and construction

etc) regulations 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Page 6: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

5

Contents continuedPage

B.6.8 The pipelines safety regulations 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 B.6.9 The pressure safety systems safety regulations 2000 . . . . . . . . . 86 B.6.10 The Control Of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH)

regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Annex C Ageing and life extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 C.1 Overview of ageing and life extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 C.2 Corrosion related ageing and life extension management. . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 C.3 Data trending and ageing and life extension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Annex D Approaches to good practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 D.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 D.2 Why manage corrosion?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 D.3 PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 D.3.1 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 D.3.2 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 D.3.3 Policy format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 D.3.4 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 D.3.5 New builds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 D.4 Existing Infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 D.5 DO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 D.5.1 Risk profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 D.5.2 Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 D.5.3 Implementing the plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 D.6 CHECK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 D.6.1 Measuring performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 D.6.2 Investigating accidents/incidents/near misses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 D.7 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 D.7.1 Reviewing performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Annex E Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 E.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 E.2 PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 E.2.1 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 E.2.2 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 E.2.3 Contracted services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 E.3 DO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 E.3.1 Risk profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 E.3.2 Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 E.3.3 Implementing the plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 E.3.4 Competence system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 E.3.5 Competency guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 E.3.6 Technical authority and the integrity team leader

competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 E.3.7 Corrosion engineer competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 E.3.8 Inspection engineering and NDT technician

competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 E.3.9 Operator and management competencies for corrosion

related responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 E.3.10 Competence in contract services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Page 7: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

6

Contents continuedPage

E.3.11 Communication in contract services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 E.4 CHECK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 E.4.1 Measuring performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 E.4.2 Investigating accidents/incidents/near misses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 E.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 E.5.1 Reviewing performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 E.5.2 Learning lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Annex F Corrosion risk assessment and planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 F.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 F.2 PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 F.2.1 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 F.2.2 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 F.2.3 Work planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 F.2.4 Resource planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 F.3 DO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 F.3.1 Risk profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 F.3.2 Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 F.3.3 Implementing the plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 F.4 CHECK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 F.4.1 Measuring performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 F.4.2 Investigating accidents/incidents/near misses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 F.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 F.5.1 Reviewing performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 F.5.2 Minimise high risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 F.5.3 Learning lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Annex G Implementation and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 G.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 G.2 PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 G.2.1 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 G.2.2 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 G.2.3 Barriers and mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 G.2.4 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 G.2.5 Unplanned activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 G.2.6 Opportunity based visual inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 G.2.7 Material and corrosion damage reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 G.2.8 Data gathering and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 G.3 DO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 G.3.1 Risk profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 G.3.2 Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 G.3.3 Implementing the plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 G.3.4 Data gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 G.3.5 Inspection data covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 G.4 CHECK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 G.4.1 Measuring performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 G.4.2 Data storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 G.4.3 Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 G.4.4 Anomaly reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 G.4.5 Investigating accidents/incidents/near misses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Page 8: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

7

Contents continuedPage

G.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 G.5.1 Reviewing performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 G.5.2 Facility status review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 G.5.3 Routine tactical review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 G.5.4 Annual review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 G.5.5 Corrective action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 G.5.6 Learning lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Annex H Audits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 H.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 H.2 PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 H.2.1 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 H.2.2 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 H.3 DO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 H.3.1 Risk profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 H.3.2 Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 H.3.3 Implementing the plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 H.4 CHECK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 H.4.1 Measuring performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 H.4.2 Investigating accidents/incidents/near misses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 H.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 H.5.1 Reviewing performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 H.5.2 Learning lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Annex I Oil and gas production and processing corrosion threats and mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

I.1 Carbon dioxide corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 I.1.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 I.1.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 I.1.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 I.1.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 I.1.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 I.2 H2S corrosion and cracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 I.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 I.2.2 SSC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 I.2.3 SCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 I.2.4 HIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 I.2.5 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 I.2.6 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 I.2.7 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 I.2.8 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 I.3 Amine corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 I.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 I.3.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 I.3.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 I.3.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 I.3.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 I.4 Oxygen corrosion of seawater and water injection systems. . . . . . . . . . . 171 I.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 I.4.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Page 9: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

8

Contents continuedPage

I.4.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 I.4.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 I.4.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 I.5 Microbially influenced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 I.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 I.5.2 Carbon and low alloy steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 I.5.3 Stainless steels and other active/passive alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 I.5.4 Copper and nickel alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 I.5.5 Non-metallic materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 I.5.6 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 I.5.7 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 I.5.8 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 I.5.9 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 I.6 Dead leg corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 I.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 I.6.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 I.6.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 I.6.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 I.6.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 I.7 Galvanic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 I.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 I.7.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 I.7.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 I.7.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 I.7.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 I.8 Weldment corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 I.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 I.8.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 I.8.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 I.8.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 I.8.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 I.9 Grooving corrosion of pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 I.9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 I.9.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 I.9.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 I.9.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 I.9.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 I.10 Flange face corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 I.10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 I.10.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 I.10.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 I.10.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 I.10.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 I.11 Atmospheric external corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 I.11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 I.11.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 I.11.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 I.11.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 I.11.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 I.11.6 External corrosion of specific plant and structure

item types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Page 10: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

9

Contents continuedPage

I.12 Corrosion under insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 I.12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 I.12.2 Challenging the need for insulation – PLAN/CHECK . . . . . . . . 249 I.12.3 Corrosion probability assessment – PLAN/CHECK . . . . . . . . . . 249 I.12.4 Consequence or criticality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 I.12.5 Risk-based prioritisation – DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 I.12.6 Other considerations for inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 I.12.7 Monitoring and measuring performance – CHECK . . . . . . . . . 259 I.12.8 Audit – ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 I.12.9 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 I.12.10 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 I.13 Stress corrosion cracking and localised corrosion of stainless

steels in chloride environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 I.13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 I.13.2 Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 I.13.3 Factors affecting corrosivity and tendency for degradation . . . 265 I.13.4 Degradation mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 I.13.5 Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 I.13.6 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 I.13.7 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 I.13.8 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 I.13.9 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 I.14 Erosion/corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 I.14.1 Erosion mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 I.14.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 I.14.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 I.14.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 I.14.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 I.15 Black dust in gas pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 I.15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 I.15.2 Black powder formation and sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 I.15.3 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 I.15.4 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 I.15.5 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 I.15.6 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 I.16 Mercury cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 I.16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 I.16.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 I.16.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 I.16.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 I.16.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 I.17 Caisson corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 I.17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 I.17.2 Caisson types and specific corrosion threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 I.17.3 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 I.17.4 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 I.17.5 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 I.17.6 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Page 11: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

10

Contents continuedPage

I.18 Hydrogen failure mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 I.18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 I.18.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 I.18.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 I.18.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 I.18.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Annex J Mitigation of oil and gas production and processing corrosion threats . . . . 316 J.1 Corrosion mitigation by chemical treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 J.1.1 Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 J.1.2 Intermittent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 J.1.3 Delivery systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 J.1.4 Corrosion control and integrity management chemicals. . . . . . 318 J.1.5 Oilfield flow assurance chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 J.1.6 Oilfield process chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 J.2 Mitigation by organic coatings and linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 J.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 J.2.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 J.2.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 J.2.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 J.2.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 J.2.6 Additional information coating deterioration guidelines . . . . . 331 J.3 Corrosion mitigation by corrosion resistant alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 J.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 J.3.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 J.3.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 J.3.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 J.3.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 J.4 Mitigation by cathodic protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 J.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 J.4.2 PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 J.4.3 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 J.4.4 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 J.4.5 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 J.5 Corrosion mitigation by process control and environmental

modification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 J.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 J.5.2 Water removal/dehydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 J.5.3 Deaeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 J.5.4 pH control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 J.6 Corrosion mitigation of hydrotest waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 J.6.1 Hydrotesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 J.6.2 Hydrotest mediums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 J.6.3 Microbial corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 J.6.4 Mitigation measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 J.6.5 Drainage and drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 J.6.6 Wet storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 J.6.7 Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Page 12: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

11

Contents continuedPage

Annex K Performing failure investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 K.1 Level of investigation required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 K.2 Who leads the investigation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 K.3 The investigation team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 K.4 Starting the investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 K.4.1 The plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 K.4.2 Securing and collecting the evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 K.5 Who conducts the laboratory investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 K.6 Scopes of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 K.7 Causation study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 K.8 Terms of reference for failure investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 K.9 Reporting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Annex L Checklist for assessment of corrosion management in oil and gas production and processing facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

L.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Annex M International standards and guides relating to corrosion management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Annex N Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Annex O Document references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

Annex P Glossary of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 P.1 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 P.2 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Page 13: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

12

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESPage

Figures

Figure 1 HSG65 PLAN-DO-CHECK-ACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Figure 2 HSG65 PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Figure 3 Contributors to the corrosion management strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Figure 4 HSG65 DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Figure 5 HSG65 CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Figure 6 HSG65 ACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Figure A.1 Framework for successful corrosion management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Figure B.1 Management of health and safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Figure B.2 The ALARP principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Figure B.3 Schematic of the UK's offshore installations legislative framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Figure C.1 Ageing and life extension and decommissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Figure D.1 Mitigation methods used as barriers to corrosion failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Figure D.2 Relationships between duty holder/operator's policies, strategies and

procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Figure E.1 Example of organisational relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Figure E.2 Detailed roles and responsibilities of the integrity team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Figure F.1 Basis of corrosion risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Figure G.1 Example of bow tie view of corrosion barriers to failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Figure G.2 Example traffic light summary of process facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Figure I.1 Preferential weld corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Figure I.2 Preferential weld and HAZ corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Figure I.3 Uniformly distributed pitting corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Figure I.4 Flow influenced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Figure I.5 Flow influenced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Figure I.6 Flow influenced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Figure I.7 Flow influenced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Figure I.8 Isolated pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Figure I.9 Example of microblisters on internal surface of a flow line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Figure I.10 Example of pitting corrosion on internal surface of flow line due to

hydrogen sulfide corrosion producing stress raising features and resultant lateral cracking from the pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Figure I.11 Example of SSC in a susceptible steel matrix showing both intergranular and trans-granular crack propagation features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Figure I.12 Pitting corrosion at 6 o'clock position that resulted in a leak in a spool-piece on an outlet of a flotation unit upstream a water injection pipeline. Pit < 1 cm diameter. Also corrosion is noted on the flange face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Figure I.13 Pitting corrosion of stainless steel SS316 in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Figure I.14 Severe MIC in carbon steel, mediated by SRB (SRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Figure I.15 Microbiologically-assisted, chloride induced pitting attack of an active/passive

alloy pipework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Figure I.16 Gunmetal impellor from seawater pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Figure I.17 Serial Dilution Tests for SRB (SRP) Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Figure I.18 Examples of typical dead legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Figure I.19 Galvanic corrosion between a copper and carbon steel galvanised pipe

connected by a dielectric union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Figure I.20 Simplified Galvanic series in seawater (Guides to Good Practice in

Corrosion Control – Bimetallic Corrosion; The National Physical Laboratory, DTI Publication, 1982) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Page 14: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

13

Figure I.21 Severe corrosion at the weldment (deep groove along the weld) indicating that weld metal preferentially corrodes in CO2 environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Figure I.22 Severe weldment corrosion in contact with hydrocarbon condensate containing only a small amount of water and saturated with CO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Figure I.23 The four steps in the formation of groove corrosion: (1) the formation of films/scales; (2) erosion of film/scale at/near the 6 o' clock position; (3) formation of a galvanic couple and (4) corrosion attack forming a groove38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Figure I.24 Flange face corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Figure I.25 Flange face corrosion revealed following breaking of the flange joint and

surface cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Figure I.26 External corrosion of a pipe at a pipe support. Both the pipe and the support

are corroding at the crevice formed between the two. The coating is also breaking back as it under-rusts in the crevice at the edge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Figure I.27 Heavy under-rusting of the paint film on a flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Figure I.28 Handrail corroded by leak of firefighting foam concentrated chemical . . . . . . . . . . 221Figure I.29 Top coat breakdown, enhanced corrosion under pipe support (clamp) . . . . . . . . . . 228Figure I.30 Gross corrosion on module cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Figure I.31 Structural corrosion concentrated along edges, welds etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Figure I.32 Corrosion on cupronickel pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Figure I.33 Damaged grating requiring replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232Figure I.34 Decking in need of recoating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232Figure I.35 Unacceptable corrosion on rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Figure I.36 Corroded mesh in need of replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Figure I.37 Quantitative assessment example: grating assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Figure I.38 Handrail assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Figure I.39 Grating assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Figure I.40 Inspection and prioritisation of handrail repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Figure I.41 Inspection and prioritisation of handrail repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Figure I.42 Localised bolt corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Figure I.43 Significantly corroded bolts requiring replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Figure I.44 Major bolt corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Figure I.45 Reinstated piping system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Figure I.46 Corroded cable tray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246Figure I.47 Corroded cable ladders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246Figure I.48 Corroded hand wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Figure I.49 Valve body corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Figure I.50 CUI examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Figure I.51 Annular SCC of duplex production tubing attributed to oxygenated

calcium bromide brine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Figure I.52 Internal SCC of 22Cr duplex resulting from chloride concentration effects . . . . . . . 266Figure I.53 SCC experienced on a cold worked dome end section of a previously

insulated vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Figure I.54 Evidence of corrosion taking place beneath label on 316L line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Figure I.55 Localised oxidation at stainless steel weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Figure I.56 Pitting corrosion on 316L hydraulic piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Figure I.57 Crevice corrosion at clamp location on 316 tubing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Figure I.58 Stress corrosion cracking on 316 fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Figure I.59 Examples of erosion mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Figure I.60 Basis of an erosion and erosion corrosion control scheme/management. . . . . . . . . 278Figure I.61 Parts of the production system that typically suffer from erosion62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Figure I.62 Black powder particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Figure I.63 Damaged trim cage of a PCV-710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Page 15: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

14

Figure I.64 BP accumulations in a metering station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Figure I.65 BP accumulation in a cyclo-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Figure I.66 BP sludge observed when scrapping gas line pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Figure I.67 Mercury (symbol – Hg, atomic number – 80, atomic mass – 200.59) . . . . . . . . . . . 290Figure I.68 Mercury emerging from crack on aluminium heat exchanger (cold box) . . . . . . . . . 292Figure I.69 Close-up of crack on storage tank floor plate showing mercury droplet

(centre) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Figure I.70 Example of probability assessment for mercury attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Figure I.71 Example image of offshore caissons in the atmospheric zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Figure I.72 Example of cracking propagating from a localised internal corrosion defect . . . . . . 298Figure I.73 Schematic diagram of a separator caisson, depicting the complex nature

of the internals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Figure I.74 Example of caisson perforation at the waterline/produced water interface . . . . . . . 302Figure I.75 Example of caisson perforation initiating at internal contact point . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302Figure I.76 Schematic diagram of example seawater lift pump caisson, showing key

components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Figure I.77 Finite element CP analysis showing ineffective protection at the

pump/motor restriction67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Figure I.78 Riser cooling caisson example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Figure I.79 Hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking in a low-alloy (1 %Cr)

steel bolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Figure I.80 Hydrogen embrittlement fracture surface of an oven bolt due to

hydrogen pick-up during plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Figure J.81 Spray painting a vessel externally (Photo: International paint). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Figure J.82 Airless spray unit coating pipe internally with solventless epoxy coating . . . . . . . . . 326Figure J.83 Multilayer pipeline coating – fusion bonded epoxy, copolymer adhesive

and polypropylene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326Figure K.1 Common steps in undertaking failure investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Figure K.2 Persons who may be involved in an investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Figure K.3 Example fishbone diagram for the causes leading to a leaking flange . . . . . . . . . . 357

Tables

Table 1 Difficult to identify and quantify corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 2 Comparison of HSG65 to conventional health and safety and to

process safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 3 Criteria of non conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 4 Example risk matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 5 Prevalent human factors issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Table B.1 UK Regulations relating to asset integrity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Table F.1 Example of procedures for an offshore platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Table G.1 Example of barriers, performance limits and monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Table G.2 Example condition overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Table I.1 Guidance for assessment of probability for dead leg corrosion to occur . . . . . . . . . 189Table I.2 An example probability assessment for dead legs in oil-water systems . . . . . . . . . . 190Table I.3 Uniformly distributed load (kN/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Table I.4 Concentrated load (kN) applied over area of 300 mm × 300 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Table I.5 Maximum lateral load (kN/m) for 48,3 mm diameter post

(material grade 43A, Fy = 275 N/mm2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Table I.6 Maximum lateral load (kN/m) for 1,5-inch NB schedule 40 post

(48,3 OD × 3,7 WT, Fy = 240 N/mm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Table I.7 Maximum lateral load (kN/m) for 60,3 mm diameter socket

(material grade 43A, Fy = 275 N/mm2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Page 16: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

15

Table I.8 Maximum lateral load (kN/m) for 2-inch NB schedule 40 socket (60,3 OD × 3,9 WT, Fy = 240 N/mm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Table I.9 Fluid service and criticality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Table I.10 Applications of stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Table I.11 Threshold temperatures for stainless steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Table I.12 Temperature ranges for stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Table I.13 Examples of design velocity limits to prevent erosion-corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Table I.14 Example report format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Table I.15 Black powder corrosion compounds and their potential sources

constituent sources formation reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Table J.1 Degree of rusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Table J.2 Applications of corrosion resistant alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332Table K.1 Common Non-Destructive Examination techniques (NDE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Table L.1 Corrosion management audit check list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

List of figures and tables continuedPage

Page 17: Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas ... · oil and gas production and processing Second edition. GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

GUIDANCE FOR CORROSION MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

16

FOREWORD

Corrosion is first and foremost a safety risk which has to be understood and managed. Once the safety risks associated with corrosion are managed control of the associated economic risks will generally follow.

Corrosion has the potential to cost between 2 and 4 % of a company's turnover. The NACE International report on the costs of corrosion suggests that approximately 25 % of this cost could be saved by application of effective corrosion management, which presents an opportunity to make significant savings and hence improve profitability for Operators.

Definitions of corrosion:

NACE/ASTM G193: ‘Corrosion is the deterioration of a material, usually a metal, that results from a chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment.’

ISO 8044: ‘Physicochemical interaction between a metal and its environment that results in changes in the properties of the metal, and which may lead to significant impairment of the function of the metal, the environment or the technical system, of which these form part.’

NASA: ‘Corrosion can be defined as the degradation of a material due to a reaction with its environment. Degradation implies deterioration of physical properties of the material. This can be a weakening of the material due to a loss of cross-sectional area, it can be the shattering of a metal due to hydrogen embrittlement, or it can be the cracking of a polymer due to sunlight exposure. Materials can be metals, polymers (plastics, rubbers, etc.), ceramics (concrete, brick, etc.) or composites-mechanical mixtures of two or more materials with different properties.’

After the success of previous editions, this second edition of the Energy Institute (EI)'s Guidance on corrosion management in oil and gas production and processing has been updated to:(a) align with the Health and Safety Executive (HSE)'s revised guidance on Managing for Health

and Safety1 HSG65 2013;(b) update the corrosion mechanisms;(c) incorporate the lessons learned from the HSE's Ageing and Life Extension Programme KP42;(d) highlight the applicability of this document to onshore oil and gas processing plant;(e) consider Human Factors.

This guidance document was revised in conjunction with specialists from UK Offshore Operators and Materials and Corrosion Engineering Consultants competent in corrosion control in the offshore oil and gas industry.

Input to this revision was gained through working group meetings and individual contributions. The information gathered has been collated and reviewed to identify commonalities in the approaches taken to corrosion management across the industry.

The guidance is laid out such that the initial sections 1, 2 and 3 provide the overview of corrosion management, whilst the details are contained in a series of Appendices. This approach is designed to assist the reader to dip in and out of the document to obtain the information they need. For example, Annex A provides details in the Structured Framework for Corrosion Management.