greg donofrio

GREG DONOFRIOUniversity of Minnesota

ACSA Diversity Achievement Award2015-2016 Winner Submission Materials

ACSA Diversity Achievement Nomination Greg Donofrio | Arthur & Edith Lee House Project

“A Right to Establish a Home” exhibition boardsHGA Gallery | August 23, 2014-January 4, 2015

AUGUST 22, 2014—JANUARY 4, 2015

A RIGHT TO ESTABLISH A

HOME

Crowd of people (mob) in front of 4600 Columbus Ave South (The Crisis, October 1931)

—Member of the crowd, quoted in Maurine Boie, “A Study of Conflict and Accommodation in Negro-White Relations in the Twin Cities,”

Master’s Thesis, University of Minnesota, 1932









—Minneapolis Police Captain Jensen quoted in “Home Stoned in Race Row: Sale of House to Negro Stirs Neighborhood,” Minneapolis Tribune, July 15, 1931

rights. — Minneapolis Mayor Anderson, quoted in Maurine Boie,

“A Study of Conflict and Accommodation in Negro-White Relations in the Twin Cities,” Master’s Thesis, University of Minnesota, 1932

—“Crowd of 3,000 Renews Attack on Negro’s Home,” Minneapolis Tribune, July 16, 1931

—“Mob Fails to Scare Minn Postal Clerk,” Chicago Defender, July 25, 1931

—”Mob Fails to Scare Minn Postal Clerk,” The Chicago Defender, July 25, 1931

—“Another Sweet Case Averted in Minneapolis,” Pittsburgh Courier, August 8, 1931

—“Another Sweet Case Averted in Minneapolis,” Pittsburgh Courier, August 8, 1931

—Chatwood Hall, “A Roman Holiday in Minneapolis,” The Crisis, October 1931





THE STORY OF ARTHUR AND EDITH LEE In the spring of 1931, Arthur and Edith Lee purchased a home at 4600 Columbus

Avenue South in Minneapolis, where they intended to live with their daughter Mary.

Area homeowners thought they lived in a “white neighborhood”. Many wanted the

Lees to move. Neighbors offered to buy the property from the Lees for an in�ated

price. When the family refused, vandals threw garbage and human waste at the

property; black paint was splattered across the house and garage; signs were posted

on the lawn proclaiming “No niggers allowed in the neighborhood. This means you.”

People began walking by the Lee house in the evenings yelling taunts and racial slurs.

Con�ict at the Lee house quickly escalated. On July 11th, around 150 people gathered

on the lawn to protest. Five days later, the crowd had grown to 4,000. Some came

from as far away as Hibbing to participate in what newspapers described as a “mob”

and a “Minneapolis Riot”.

WOULD YOU HAVE STAYED?

Arthur and Edith Lee seated with daughter Mary (Courtesy of Robert A. L. Forman and James T. Morris Jr.)

mud and water for this country. I came out here to make this my home. I have a right to establish a home.”

—(Arthur Lee quoted in Minneapolis Tribune, July 15, 1931)

Arthur and Edith Lee House with black paint defacing corner (Minneapolis Tribune, July 16, 1931)

4600 COLUMBUS AVENUE SOUTH

“This case is not the case of Lee alone. It is a case of the people, white and black, who believe in the fundamental laws of the country and the state. It

of any man, be he Jew or Gentile, white or black, Protestant or Catholic. This country will never

every citizen are safe.”(Twin City Herald, September 9, 1932)

What does it mean to establish a home?

Born in St. Cloud, Minnesota in 1894, Arthur Lee fought in

World War I and worked for the United States Postal Service

in Minneapolis.



In 1927, members of the Eugene Field

Neighborhood Association (the neighborhood

where the Lee house is located), voluntarily

signed an agreement to sell homes only to

Caucasians. Peer pressure helped keep the

neighborhood white.

Other communities tried to ensure racial

segregation with legally binding “covenants”,

which were attached to property deeds,

and prohibited the sale of houses to Blacks,

Jews, and other races deemed “undesirable”.

Covenants remained in place in communities

throughout Minnesota until the United States

Supreme Court outlawed them in 1948.

African Americans struggled for the right to live

where they wanted. Their housing opportunities

were constrained by racism expressed through

intimidation, conflict, and a real estate industry

intent on keeping “white neighborhoods” white.

Those who broke through the color lines were

rare and faced significant adversity. Some literally

risked their lives.

Three white women seated on lawn in Minneapolis, circa 1933 (Minnesota Historical Society)

RACE AND HOUSING

This map represents the location of homes occupied by blacks in 1930 Minneapolis. The red dot shows 4600 Columbus Avenue, where the Lee family moved in 1931. (Calvin F. Schmid, Social Saga of Two Cities)

“Deductions” from Realtor’s Training Manual (McMichael’s Appraising Manual, 1937)

Minneapolis Morning Tribune, January 12, 1919

—“Negro Question Causes Protest, 13th Ward,” Minneapolis Tribune, November 16, 1920

RACE AND HOUSING



1909, LAKE HARRIET When Mr. Malone bought his home, the newspapers slandered him, questioned his status as an Episcopal minister, and vandals broke the house’s windows.

1909, PROSPECT PARK Over 100 protesters marched on the home of Mr. W.E. Simpson and read him a paper detailing the reasons he should leave the neighborhood.

1912, SOUTH MINNEAPOLIS After neighbors complained to the health department of unsanitary conditions at a rental property, the owner “retaliated” by leasing to black tenants.

THE OSSIAN SWEET CASE: HOUSING DISCRIMINATION IN THE NATIONAL NEWSDuring the Lee house protests, potential violence concerned both city officials and the NAACP. The Sweet case had been widely reported on in the national press, and knowledge of what happened in Detroit was among the reasons the Lee case received so much attention from the local media, the police, and community leaders.

Ossian Sweet was a doctor from Detroit, Michigan. In 1925 he bought a home in a white neighborhood. When the previous (white) owner’s life was threatened for selling the house to a black man, Dr. Sweet prepared to defend his house and family against violence.

1923, NEAR CRETIN AVENUE, ST PAUL The KKK was responsible for two cross burnings at the home of Nellie and W.T. Francis, the first black couple to move into the neighborhood.

Additional Cases of Housing Discrimination in the Twin CitiesThe Lee case was among the most notorious instances of housing-related racial conflict in the Twin Cities. There were also many others.

Members of the Ku Klux Klan burning a cross on the bluff at Mounds Park in St. Paul, May 25, 1926. (Minnesota Historical Society)

How would you protect your home?

RACE AND HOUSING

RACISM IN MINNESOTA

THE DULUTH LYNCHINGSOn June 14, 1920, Irene Tusken and James Sullivan, a young white couple, reported that six black men working for a traveling circus had held the couple at gunpoint and then assaulted and raped Tusken. Though these accusations were unsubstantiated, rumors spread and newspapers printed articles about the incident. The next day, a mob estimated at 5,000 to 10,000 people swarmed the city jail. Several men broke into the jail and seized three of the suspects. Police did nothing to intervene. Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie were declared guilty by the mob and hanged from a lamppost in downtown Duluth.

The national press was appalled by the lynchings. Many people were aghast that such a thing could happen in a northern state like Minnesota. Memories of mob violence and national disgrace would have been in the minds of city officials and others as the Lee case was unfolding.

Minnesota has never been immune to racism, despite its progressive reputation. In the early

20th century, racism in Minnesota took multiple forms. There were well-publicized acts of

violence and aggression such as the lynching of three men in Duluth in 1920. The Ku Klux

Klan was a visible presence in the state during that same decade. There were also everyday

racial injustices: use of verbal slurs; restaurants that refused to serve blacks; stores that would

not offer credit or employment.

“Mob violence, a Photographic Review and Descriptive Account of the Appalling Lynching of Three Negroes by a Revengeful Mob After alleged assault on a Young White Girl, at Duluth, Minnesota, June 15, 1920” (University of Minnesota Law Library Rare Books collection)



chance in employment and civic affairs, but let them keep their family affairs

—Quote collected by Maurine Boie, 1932

How has racism in Minnesota

These quotes were collected for a 1932 thesis

written by University of Minnesota student Maurine

Boie. They illustrate the types of racist and

discriminatory encounters that African Americans in

the Twin Cities faced on a daily basis.

THE KU KLUX KLAN IN MINNESOTA The Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacy organization that first gained influence in the South after the Civil War, experienced a resurgence in the 1920s. The hardships of the 20s caused many people to look for a scapegoat and it was during this time that the Klan first made inroads in the Midwest. In 1924, the Klan claimed 100,000 members in Minnesota. Robed Klansmen took part in local parades and hosted fireworks displays in communities in Southern Minnesota. In 1923, the KKK was responsible for two cross burnings at the home of Nellie and W.T. Francis, the first black couple to move into a neighborhood near Cretin Avenue in Saint Paul.

Avenue to a little restaurant. We sat upon the

here; there is a colored restaurant down the

another one on, because the one I had was reported to have stolen a tire.

months. Many complaints have been made by colored citizens but none were made to the

considered an insult by colored people. He received a courteous reply from the station

broadcasters), who said that they would never

Robed members of the KKK meet in a woods south of St. Paul, September, 1922 (Minnesota Historical Society)

RACISM IN MINNESOTA

DEFENDERSArthur and Edith Lee had help as they fought

to stay in their home. Those who defended

the Lees included family and friends, Arthur’s

coworkers at the United States Postal

Service, fellow war veterans from Arthur’s

American Legion Post, and most especially

lawyer Lena Olive Smith.

Lee family defenders helped guard the

house around the clock during the week

of riots. Fearing the mob would turn

violent, a committee formed to negotiate a

compromise. Arthur Lee, Lena Olive Smith,

representative white neighbors, city officials,

and members of the NAACP tried to find a

solution. Initially, some negotiators suggested

the family should move. Lee insisted that

occupying the home was his right, and Lena

Olive Smith supported him in this claim.

In addition to helping with the negotiations,

Smith also worked to privately compel local

authorities to provide police protection

and publicly argued the Lee’s right to live

on Columbus Avenue. On July 20, 1931,

the Twin Cities newspapers published a

statement from Smith proclaiming that the

Lees did not intend to leave their home. This

marked the end of the mob demonstrations.

The Lee family stayed in their Columbus

Avenue home until late 1932, at which time

they felt they had made their point and

relocated to a nearby neighborhood that was

better integrated.



involved. I am president of the Minneapolis branch of the National Association for the

been assured my client will receive ample police protection.” —Lena Olive Smith quoted in the Minneapolis Tribune, July 20, 1931

DEFENDERSLENA OLIVE SMITHIn 1921, Lena Olive Smith became the first African American woman to be admitted to the Minnesota Bar Association. Ms. Smith had moved to Minneapolis in 1906, and made several bold career moves including working as an undertaker and realtor before pursuing her law degree. While in school, she joined the Minneapolis branch of the NAACP, and in 1930, became the chapter president. Lena Olive Smith was involved with a number of high profile civil rights cases during her long career, including the Duluth lynchings and the attempted ban on the film “Birth of a Nation” for its racist content.

Lena Olive Smith (Minnesota Historical Society)

THE NAACPDuring her representation of the Lee family, Lena Olive Smith received the full support of the national office of the NAACP, which featured the case as a cover story in its monthly publication, The Crisis. The Lees were longtime NAACP members. The organization’s support pressured the City of Minneapolis to protect the Lees and bring the protests to a non-violent conclusion.

Cover for The Crisis, October 1931

—Lena Olive Smith as told to Maurine Boie, 1932

UNITED STATES POSTAL WORKERS AND THE AMERICAN LEGIONIn Minneapolis, Arthur Lee was one of twenty-two black postal workers (sixteen clerks and six carriers). Arthur Lee was also a World War I veteran belonging to an American Legion Post in Minneapolis. These co-workers and fellow Legion members were some of the friends who helped keep watch over the Lee house.

Postal workers in Minneapolis post office, 1915. Family members believe that the person on the far right may be Arthur Lee. (Minnesota Historical Society)

First African American troops to leave St. Paul in World War I (Minnesota Historical Society)

DEFENDERS



WHY DOES THIS HISTORY MATTER?

MEANINGS OF THE PAST IN THE PRESENT

Columbus Avenue South important to you? Why do you think

Morgan Sheff Photography



JOE SENKYR MINJARESOwner and proprietor of Pepitos Restaurant and Parkway Theater

Edith Lee house. “I always felt that I had to cover my own tracks. I could

I saw, practically. I would ask them if they had heard of it, and what was

No one, no one knew about it—and it started to make sense to me, this


STEARLINE RUCKER

who would experience racial comments today. And so people realize that we need to talk about this, and we need to talk about it in such a way




EDWARDS

took me to look at this house. And the owner of the property opened the


MRS. ALBERTA JOHNSON

in the early 1960s, but she and her husband established a home for their

we had a nice open loft in the top of the house where the boys could all




GERALDINE M. SELL

“Finally I found the house that we have now, and I called the realtor and


PEARL LINDSTROMCurrent owner of 4600 Columbus Avenue South

You know, that freedom that they talk about? Well, some people believe in




ANDRENA MCMILLON


ROBERT ARTHUR LEE FORMANGrandson of Arthur and Edith Lee

Robert A. L. Forman was 40 years old before he learned about what

like he was born to tell the story. “At that time, all across the country,

character. This is a story that I am happy and proud to tell to anyone who

character—the type of character that the people who helped also had. I wish I knew each and every person by name that was part of the solution to what could have been a terrible situation.”



SPECIAL THANKS TORobert Forman

Pearl LindstromAlberta Johnson

Andrena McMillon

Ellen Miller

Kevin Murphy

Ben PetryJack Rumpel

Terry SchellerGeraldine M. SellKatherine SolomonsonDan Spock

Amanda Dawn AbneyJenny L. AckersonKaitlyn E. BenzZhifei Chen

Brandon CutlerDon Keshika M. De SaramNakia S. EdmundsAnasmita GhoshDevon Salvatore HeathRachel L. Hines

Jennifer Marie Kallenbach

Kendra Marie KiszerTessa R. Klaes

Jessica Mariela Patino

Rosaura R. RamosMatthew J. Rhein

Hanna Kathryn ShafferBrian James TeachRebekah Elizabeth TradLeonides Victoria CastroMadeline Therese WentzellSharanda Lee Whittaker

GUEST CURATORS

Laurel Fritz, Master of Science in Architecture Candidate,

COMMUNITY COLLABORATORS

STUDENT CONTRIBUTORSErica Schwartz, Brandon Cutler, and Eduard Krakhmalnikov

ARCH 3641: INTRODUCTION TO HERITAGE PRESERVATION

Goldstein Museum of Design programming made possible in part by a grant provided by the Minnesota

State Arts Board through an appropriation by the Minnesota State Legislature from the Minnesota arts

and cultural heritage fund with money from the vote of the people of Minnesota on November 4, 2008,

and a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.

EXHIBITION SPONSORS

GMD STAFFKathleen Campbell Grant WriterMary Alice Chaney Exhibitions Coordinator Laureen Gibson Waller Collections Assistant

Abbey Kleinert Waller Communications Assistant Barbara Lutz Administrative Assistant

Director Jean McElvain Assistant Curator Jeanne SchachtNatasha Thornson Lila Bath Collections Assistant

364 McNeal Hall1985 Buford AvenueSt. Paul, MN 55108

goldstein.design.umn.edu

The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer.

Printed on recycled and recyclable paper with at least 10 percent post-consumer material.

To request disability accommodations or to receive this publication/material in alternative formats please contact Goldstein Museum of Design, 364 McNeal Hall, 612.624.7434.

All GMD programming is made possible in part by a grant provided by the Minnesota State Arts Board through an appropriation by the Minnesota Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund with money from the vote of the people of Minnesota on November �, ��, and a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.

Nonprofit Org.

U.S. Postage

PAIDTwin Cities, MNPermit No. ��

In August ��, Arthur and Edith Lee, a young African-American couple, purchased a home at �� Columbus Avenue South, Minneapolis, in what many considered a “white neighborhood”. A Right to Establish a Home examines the protests that followed in the context of race and housing in Minneapolis, racism in Minnesota, and the individuals and organizations that defended the Lees, including the NAACP and the distinguished attorney Lena Olive Smith.

GUEST CURATORS: Greg Donofrio, Laurel Fritz

COMMUNITY COLLABORATORS: Stearline Rucker and the Field Regina Northrop Neighborhood Group

SUPPORTED BY: The IAS Heritage Collaborative; Minnesota Historical Society/University of Minnesota Heritage Partnership; Imagine Fund, the McKnight Arts and Humanities Endowment; and Rapson Hall Exhibitions Fund with support from Judy Dayton.

HGA Gallery, Rapson Hall, 89 Church Street SE, Minneapolis

A RIGHT TO ESTABLISH A

HOMEAUGUST 23, 2014—JANUARY 4, 2015

OPENING RECEPTION AUGUST 22, 6–8 PMFeaturing the Dove Choir of Greater Friendship Missionary Baptist Church

“A Right to Establish a Home”Exhibition credits and invitation postcard


“A Right to Establish a Home”Exhibition credits and class photo

Research that established the content for the exhibition was conducted by forty undergraduate students in the workshop “Introduction to Heritage Preservation” taught by Professor Greg Donofrio in fall 2012. Students worked in small teams, and with several community collaborators, to conduct oral histories with neighborhood residents, to research the historical events and individuals associated with the property, and to experiment with creative ways to visually represent the information they found.


Greg Donofrio, Stearline Rucker, and Laurel Fritz

“A Right to Establish a Home”Exhibition invitation and photographs, opening reception, August 22, 2014


“A Right to Establish a Home”Exhibition photographs, opening reception, August 22, 2014


“A Right to Establish a Home” exhibition publicity “Community Engaged Preservation,” Emerging 9, no. 2: (2015) 12.


“A Right to Establish a Home” exhibition publicity Goldstein Museum of Design Exhibitions Catalog Fall 2014, page 5.


“A Right to Establish a Home” Traveling exhibition photos


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Brandt, Steve, “Site of racial showdown in Minneapolis heading to National Register,” Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), July 24, 2014.

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Featured on the National Register of Historic Places website as part of the National Park Service’s African American History Month 2015 programming.http://www.nps.gov/nr

“A Right to Establish a Home” Project publicity and social media


“A Right to Establish a Home” Project publicity and social media

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.27:;2'<'=367:'/""'0%;>"'*2%?"#7'!%#6+C'9"36+'E'I"+7;2"3'%&'7:"'56&&">%7+'!7+7"'06>7%26#'*2">"2Q+$%&'f`#"'4+#"A%%_'B+,"'U7%B'69+,"V'+&3'7:"'.>>%#6+$%&'%4'.#+3"96#'5;>";9>'+&3'F+CC"26">'4+#"A%%_'B+,"'UA%]%9'69+,"V'Featured on the Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office Facebook

page, December 2014. Featured on the Association of Academic Museums and Galleries Facebook page.

greg donofrio

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