Grammer BookAlejandro Cohen

Contents1 Preterito

2 Trigger palabras

3 Car, Gar, Zar

4 Spock

5 Cucaracha

6 Snake

7 Imperfecto

8 Trigger palapras

9 Irregulares

10 Preterito vs. Imperfecto

11 Ser vs. Estar

12 Verbs like gustar

13 Comparatives/superlatives

14 Transition palabras

15 El Futuro

16 Trigger palabras

17 Irregulares

18 Por

19 Para

20 Demonstrative adjectives

21 Demonstrative pronouns

El Preterito

• El preterito aron/ieron Ellos/ Ellas/ Ustedes ó/ió Él/ Ella/ Usted aste/iste Tú amos/imos Nosotros é/í Yo

Trigger Palabras

1 Anoche- Last night

2 Ayer- Yesterday

3 Anteayer- Day before yesterday

4 El año pasado- Last year

5 La semana pasada- Last week

Car Gar Zar

• Verbs ending in –car, -gar, or –zar change the ending in the preterito conjugation of the yo form to preserve the sound of the verb.

Spock Words

1 These are 5 of the irregular verbs in the preterito and are grouped based on their new form.• hice…hicimos hiciste hizo…hicieron hacer i …imos iste io…ieron dar/ver fui…fuimos fuiste fue…fueron ir/ser

Cucaracha words

1 These are another set of the irregular preterito verbs.

2 Andar, Estar, Poder, Poner, Querer, Saber, Tener, Venir, Decir, Conducir, Traducir, Producir, Traer

3 These verbs take the following forms,

4 Anduv, Estuv, Pud, Pus, Quis, Sup, Tuv, Vin, Dij, Produj, Traj.

5 And all use the following endings:

6 é, iste, ó, imos, ieron

Snake and Snakey

1 These are another form of irregular preterito verbs.

2 These verbs change in the third person singular and plural forms, and include:

3 (e i): Pedir, Preferir, Competir, Repetir, Servir, Sentir►

4 (o u): Dormir, Morir►

• Sirven Durmen Sirve Durme Serviste Dormiste Servimos Dormimos Serví Dormí

8 These are another form of irregular preterito verbs.

9 These verbs change in the third person singular and plural forms, and include:

10 (e/i y): Leer, Creer, and Oir►

11 All use the same endings.• Leyeron Leyó Leíste Leímos Leí

Imperfecto

• El Imperfecto aban/ían Ellos/ Ellas/ Ustedes aba/ ía Él/ Ella/ Usted abas/ías Tú abamos/íamos Nosotros aba/ía Yo

Trigger Palabras

1 A veces- sometimes

2 Cada día- everyday

3 Todo los días- everyday

4 Siempre- always

5 Mientras- meanwhile

6 Cuando- when

7 De vez en cuando- once in a while

Irregulares

1 A veces- sometimes

2 Cada día- everyday

3 Todo los días- everyday

4 Siempre- always

5 Mientras- meanwhile

6 Cuando- when

7 De vez en cuando- once in a while

Preterito Vs. Imperfecto

1 Shows a completed action in the past

2 Events in a sequence

3 Used for specific events in the past

4 Repeated actions (specific number of times)

5 “ Picture”

6 Shows an incomplete action in the past

7 Continuous story

8 Describing characteristics or state of something.

9 Repeated actions (habitual reptetion of said actions)

10 “ Movie”

Ser Vs. Estar1 D- Description

2 O- Occupation

3 C- Characteristics

4 T- Time

5 O- Origin

6 R- Relationship

7 P- Possession

8 E- Events

9 D- Dates

10 H- Health

11 E- Emotions

12 L- Location

13 P- Present condition

14 ING-

1 (er) -endo

2 (ir) -yendo

3 (ar) -ando

Verbs Like Gustar

1 These verbs are used in conjunction with direct and indirect objects to show a relation

2 If the noun is singular or the verb is followed by one or more infinitive verbs, then use the singular form of the verb.

3 If the noun is plural, then us the plural form of the verb.

4 These verbs include: Aburrir, Encantar, Faltar, Fascinar, Importar, Interesar, Molestar, Quedar, Dolar, Disgustar, Preocupar, Sorprender, Apetecer.

5 These verbs can also be used in conjunction with the conditional tense.

Comparatives and Superlatives

1 These are used to compare and contrast.

2 Expressions are set up using:

1 Más… que/de (de= #)

2 Menos… que/de (de= #)

3 Tan… como

4 El/ La …

1 Mejor (bueno), Peor (malo), Mayor (viejo), Menor (joven)

Transition Palabras

1 Aunque- even though

2 Támbien- also

3 Por lo tanto- therefore

4 Sin embargo- nevertheless

5 Pero- but

6 Mientras- contrast to

7 A pensar de- in spite of

El Futuro

1 Note: these verbs are formed as infinitive + ending• án Ellos/ Ellas/ Ustedes á Él/ Ella/ Usted ás Tú emos Nosotros é Yo

Trigger Palabras

1 Mañana- Tomorrow

2 El proximo año- next year

3 El proximo semana- next week

4 En (tiempo)- In (x) time increments

5 En cuatro minutos

6 En noventa y cinco semanas.

Por

1 This is one of the forms of “for” and is used for the following cases:

2 Passing through a portal

3 General location

4 How long something lasts

5 Cause of something

6 An exchange

7 Doing something in place of or instead of someone else

8 A means of transportation

Irregulares

1 Some of the irregular verbs in the future tense include: Decir, Hacer, Poner, Salir, Tener, Valer, Venir, Poder, Querer, Saber, Caber, Haber

2 The irregular roots of these words are: Dir, Har, Pondr, Saldr, Tendr, Valdr, Vendr, Podr, Querr, Sabr, Cabr, Habr

3 Hay es habrá = there will be

Para

1 This is one of the forms of “for” and is used for the following cases:

2 For whom something is done

3 Destination (specific location)

4 Purpose for which something is done

5 Express an opinion

6 Compare and contrast

7 Express idea of deadlines