Grammar Book

By:Alec Cohen

Table of Contents• Preterite

• Preterite trigger words

• Car, gar, zar

• Spock

• Cucaracha

• Snake

• Snakey

• Imperfect

• Imperfect trigger words

• Preterite vs imperfect

• Ser vs estar

• Verbs like gustar

• Comparatives/superlatives

• Transition words

 Conditional + irregulars Perfect Tenses

 Present Past

 Present perfect irregulars Subjunctive perfect

tanto y tanImpersonal ‘se’

Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandatos

 Informal/Formal Affirmative Negative Irregular

 DOP + IOP placement Nosotros command

 -mono verbs Subjunctive + irregulars

 Trigger phrases   □ Impersonal expressions   □ Expressions of emotion

   □ Conjunctions of time Demonstrative Adjectives +

Pronouns

• Future

• Future trigger words

• Future irregulars

• Por

• Para

• Demonstrative adjectives,

• Demonstrative pronouns

Preterite Tense

• Preterite tense is a completed action in the past and not ongoing. Verbs end in ar, ir, or er have different endings.

• Ar: Er/Ir: Example: Comí mi pizza al mediodía.

• E í

• Aste iste

• Ó ió

• Amos imos

• Aron ieron

• Uses of preterite: used to express complete actions and to express the beginning or end of a past action

Preterite trigger words

• Ayer

• Año pasado

• Anoche

• Anteayer

• El mes pasado

• Ayer por la tarde

• La semana pasada

• El otro día

Que

camos

Caste casteís

Cócaron

Car, Gar, Zar

• In the car, gar,and zar verbs the endings of the conjugations are varied.

• Verbs ending in:

• -car: -gar-zar:

Gue

gamos

Gaste

gasteís

Gógaron

Cézamos

Zaste

zasteís

Zózaron

Spock Verbs

Ir Ser

Dar Ver

Hacer

The verbs Ir (to go) and ser (to be) are conjugated the same way.

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste Fuisteis

Fue Fueron

The verbs dar (to give) and ver (to see) are also conjugated the same way.

Í imos

Iste isteis

Ió ieron

The verb hacer (to make or do) is conjugated differently from the rest of the “Spock” verbs.

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste Hicisteis

Hizo Hicieron

Cucaracha Verbs

• Andar- anduv__

• Estar- estuv__

• Poder- pude__

• Poner-pus__

• Querer-quis__

• Saber- sup__

• Tener- tuv__

• Venir- vin__

• Conducir- conduj__

• Producir- produj__

• Traducir- traduj__

• Decir- dij__

• Traer-traj__

Changes into:

E

Iste

Imos

Isteis

Ieron

“j” verbs drop the “I”-

eron

Snake Verbs

• Snake verbs are verbs that only change in the third person.

• The verbs that change from e to I are: pedir, preferir, competir, repetir, servir, sentir, and venir.

• The verbs that change from o to u are dormir and morir.

Snakey Verbs

• Snakey verbs are also irregular preterite verbs that change in third person only.

• In these verbs either an I or an E changes to a y.

• In the verb oír the I changes to a y.

• In the verbs leer and creer the E changes to a y.

Imperfect Tense

• Imperfect tense is a tense in spanish that is an imperfected or uncompleted action in the past that does not have a definite beginning or an end.

• Ar: Er/Ir:

• Aba ía

• Abas ías

• Aba ía

• Abamos íamos

• Aban ían

• Uses of the imperfect: describes an ongoing past action with no definite beginning or end, to express habitual, and to describe physical or emotional states or characteristics.

Imperfect irregulars

• The irregular verbs for the imperfect tense are the verbs ir, ser, and ver. The conjugation is below.

• Ir: Ser: Ver:

• Iba era veía

• Ibas eras veías

• Iba era veía

• Íbamos éramos veíamos

• Iban eran veían

Imperfect trigger words

• Siempre

• A veces

• Mientras

• Frecuentamente

• A menudo

• Todos los dias

• Cada dia

Imperfecto vs Preterito

Definition: An imperfect or uncompleted action in the past that has no sure beginning or end and is

ongoing.Verbs ending in ar and er/ir :

Aba íaAbas íasAba ía

Abamos íamosAban íban

Ex: Ayer , comía mi pizza al mediodía.

Irregulares: Ser, Ver, and Ir

Era iba veíaEras ibas veíasEra iba veíaÉramos íbamos veíamosEran iban veían

Definition: A completed action in the past that has a sure beginning and end and is not ongoing.

Verbs ending in ar and er/ir:E í

Aste isteÓ ió

Amos imosAron ieron

Ex: Comí mi pizza al mediodía.

Irregulares:Yo tú él, ella, usted nosotros ellos, ellas, ustedes

Andar: anduve anduviste anduvo anduvimos anduvieron  Conducir:* conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujeron

Decir:* dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijeron Estar: estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvieron

Hacer: hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron Poner: puse pusiste puso pusimos pusieron

Poder: pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudieron Querer: quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisieron

Saber: supe supiste supo supimos supieron Tener: tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvieron Traer:* traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajeron

Venir: vine viniste vino vinimos vinieronDar: di diste dio dimos dieron

Ser/Ir: Fui fuiste fue fuimos fueronVer: vi viste vio vimos vieron

VS

Ser vs. Estar

• Both of these verbs mean to be but are used in different contexts. Ser is used for to express time or the day, place of origin, to express nationality, to express relationship, to express where an event is taking place, and to express possession. Estar is used to express geographical or physical location and to express state or condition.

• Ser: Estar:

• Soy estoy

• Eres estás

• Es está

• Somos estamos

• Son están

Verbs like gustar

• aburrir to bore

• fascinar to be fascinating

• bastar to be sufficient

• importar to be important

• caer bien (mal) to (not) suit

• interesar to be interesting

• molestar to be a bother

• disgustar to hate something

• parecer to appear to be

• doler (o:ue) to be painful

• picar to itch

• encantar to "love" something

• quedar to be left over, remain

• faltar to be lacking something

• volver loco to be crazy about

Comparatives/Superlatives

• In order to say something is more than another you use más + ajective+ que.

• In order to say something is the most you use el/la más + adjective+ de.

• In order to say something is less than another you use menos+ adjective+que.

• In order to say something is the least you use el/la menos+ adjective+ de.

• The irregular forms of certain adjectives are: bueno-> mejor, malo->peor, viejo->, and joven -> menor.

Transition Words

• Aunque- even though

• Mientras-while

• Por lo tanto-therefore

• A pesar de- in spite of

• También-also

• No obstante- nevertheless

• Sin embargo- nevertheless

Futuro

• In the future tense is an infinitive plus an ending.

• All the endings are the same for -ar,-ir, and -er verbs.

• É emos

• Ás éis

• Á an

Futuro trigger words

• Mañana

• En (numero) días, semanas, horas, años, minutos…

• El proximo día, hora, año, semana, minuto etc..

Future irregulars

• Caber-> cabr

• Decir -> dir

• Haber -> habr

• Hacer-> har

• Hay-> habrá

• Poder -> podr

• Poner -> pondr

• Querer ->querr

• Saber -> sabr

• Salir -> saldr

• Tener -> tendr

• Valer-> valdr

• Venir -> vendr

Por

• Por has many things that its used for:

• To express passing through

• To express general rather than specific locations

• To express a period of how long something lasts

• To express the cause of something

• To express an exchange

• To replace something

• To express a means of transportation

Para

• Para is used to express many things such as por. Para is used for:

• To express for whom something is done.

• A specific rather than general location

• To express the purpose for which something is done

• To express an opinion

• To contrast or compare

• To express the idea of a deadline

Conditional + Irregulars

• To express probability, possibility, wonder, or conjecture (an inference).

Endings:

ía íamos

ías ían

ía

Used to make polite requests

What would happen

Past habitual action = imperfect

Conditional probability- conjecture, probability, past (event, action)

Would, should, could, wondered if, must have been, probably was

Irregular stem verbs and ending:

Hacer- haría haber- habría

Saber- sabría tener- tendría

Perfect Tenses

• Perfect tense consists of a helping verb + past participle.

• Three main perfect tenses: past, present, and future.

• Portrays an action or state as completed from a different point of view.

Present Perfect

• The present perfect tense is one of seven compound tenses, which means you use the helping verb haber (to have), in the present tense with a past participle.

• he hemos

• has habeís

• ha han

• Past perfect is haber (conjugated in the preterite) + past participle

• Había habíamos

• Habías

• Había habían

Past perfect

• The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.

• Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

Present Perfect Irregulars

• Abrir- abierto poner- puesto

• Cubrir- cubierto resolver- resuelto

• Decir- dicho romper- roto

• Escribir- escrito ver- visto

• Hacer- hecho volver- vuelto

• Morir- muerto ir- ido

Subjunctive Perfect

• The present perfect subjunctive is a compound verb formed with the subjunctive of the auxiliary verb haber + the past participle of the main verb.

• used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect

• SALIR

• yo haya salido nosotros hayamos salido

• tú hayas salido

• Él/ella/Ud. haya salido

• Ellos/ellas/Uds. hayan salido

Tanto y tan

• Tanto is used to form comparisons of equalities with nouns.

• Tanto (os, as, a) + noun + como

• Tan is used to form comparisons of equlaities with adjectives or adverbs

• Tan + adjective/adverb+como

Impersonal se

1) Use se to avoid specifiying a person who is doing the action of the verb

Ex: Se vende fruta en la frutería

2) When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person

- Aquí se habla español

3) Se can be used in all tenses

- Se hizo mucho- Se hará mucho- Se había hecho

Saber v. Conocer

• Saber: to know facts, information, or how to do something

• Conocer: to know people, places, literary works

Saber Conjugation:

Sé Sabemos supe supimos

Sabes saben supiste supieron

Sabe supo

Conocer Conjugation:

Conozco conocemos

Conocí conocimosConoces

conocenconociste conocieron

Conoceconoció

Los mandatos

• Used to directly address someone and give them an order

• Can be formal or informal

• Can be affirmative or negative

• Can be used in the nosotros form

Informal and formal commands

• Informal commands are given in the tú form and can be affirmative or negative.

• Formal commands are given in the usted form and can be affirmative or negative.

Affirmative Informal and Formal Commands

Informal:

Conjugated in the same form as the present subjunctive. Conjugate in the yo form, drop the ending and add the opposite vowel.

Ex: Comer-> Coma

Formal:

Conjugated in the same form as the usted present indicative . Conjugate in the yo form, drop the ending and put an a for –ar verbs and e for –er/ir verbs

Ex:Comer-> come

Negative Informal and Formal Commands

• Informal: uses the same form as the present subjunctive.

• Ex: no hable

• Formal: uses the same form as the formal affirmative

• Ex: No hables

Irregulars

• Decir-> di

• Hacer-> haz

• Ir-> ve

• Poner-> pon

• Salir-> sal

• Tener-> ten

• venir-> ven

DOP and IOP Placement

• DOPs: are placed before the verb and answers the questions of who and what.

• yo-> me tú-> te él/ella/ud.-> lo, la nosotros-> nos ellos/uds-> los, las

• IOPs: are placed before the verb and answers the questions for whom and to whom.

• Yo-> me tú-> te él/ella/ud.-> le nosotros-> nos ellos/uds.-> les

Nosotros Commands

✦Nosotros commands are used when a speaker is included in the command and are used to express “let’s” plus a verb

✦Has the opposite nosotros ending, -ar verbs: emos/imos, -er/ir verbs: amos

✦To make it negative, just add no in front

Mono Verbs

• For affirmative nosotros commands, the ending “s” of the verb is dropped and then you add the pronouns “nos” or “se”.

• Ex: comemos+ nos is comemonos

• For negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verb.

• Ex: no nos comemos

Subjunctive

• The subjunctive form is used to express everything but uncertainty and objectivity.

• To conjugate it, start with the yo form of the present indicative, drop the o, and add the opposite ending. Ar verbs: e, es, e, emos, en Ir/Er verbs: a, as, a, amos

• Ex: hablar-> hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hablen

Irregulars

• -car, -gar, -zar(s)

• TVDISHES

• Ex: Estar-> esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén

• Ex: Ir-> vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan

• Ex: Ser-> sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean

Trigger phrases

• A menos que…

• Es malo que…

• Es impossible que…

• Es mejor que…

• Sin que…

• Es posible que…

• Es bueno que…

Impersonal Expressions of the Present Subjunctive

• Es necessario que…

• Es mejor que…

• Es importante que…

• Es malo que…

• Es facíl que…

• Es bueno que….

Expressions of Emotions

• alegrarse de que to be happy that

• es bueno que it's good that

• es difícil que it's hard

• es extraño que it's strange that

• es fácil que it's easy

• es increíble que it's incredible that

• es justo que it's fair that

• es mejor que it's better that

•

•es peor que it's worse that •es triste que it's sad that

•estar contento que to be happy that

•estar triste que to be sad that •extrañarse que to be amazed

that•más vale que it's better that

•sentir que to regret, be sorry that •sorprenderse que to be

surprised that

Conjunctions of time

• Cuando- when

• Tan pronto como- as soon as

• Luego que- as soon as

• Depues de que- after

• Así que- as soon as

• En cuanto- as soon as

• Hasta que- until

Demonstrative Adjectives

• Adjectives that describe a noun

• éste- this

• Aquel- that over there

• ése- that

Demonstrative Pronouns

• Like demonstrative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns also describe a noun.

• esto (this matter, this thing)

• aquello (that matter/thing over there)

• eso (that matter, that thing)