GRAMMAR BOOKCarolina Usry 6th

Table of Contents (1st Semester)

1. Constructions of se2. Adverbs 3. Preterite vs. Imperfect 4. Por vs. Para 5. Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns6. Commands: Informal, Formal, Nosotros, Irregulars,

Affirmative, Negative7. Object Pronoun Placement: IOP, DOP, SE8. Present Subjunctive9. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence10. Bibliography

1. Constructions of Se• Impersonal:- No specific person is being addressed.- They are often used in advertisements, directions,

and signs.- Se + 3rd person singular verb- Se can also be used to show unplanned or

accidental events.

Examples:- Se habla español en Costa Rica.They speak Spanish in Costa Rica.- Se prohibe fumar.Smoking is prohibited.

2. Adverbs

- Adverbs are words that describe, or modify, verbs adjectives or other adverbs.- They can be formed by adding -mente to the end of the femininesingular form of the adjective.- When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the second one uses the -mente ending. Note that the first adverb is the same as the feminine singular

form of the adjective.- Example: Leo rapidamente. - I read quickly.

3. Preterite vs. Imperfect

• Preterite:- Used for completed past actions. - Car-Gar-Zar:

- Verbs that end in -gar change g to gu- Verbs that end in -car change c to qu- Verbs that end in -zar change z to c

• Imperfect:- Used for past actions with an indefinite beginning or end.• Differences: Triggers-ayer (yesterday), anoche (last night), pasada semana (last week), anteayer (the day before yesterday), el fin de semana pasada (last weekend), el mes pasado (last month), ayer por la mañana/tarde (yesterday morning/afternoon), el otro dia (the other day),

4. Por vs. ParaPor- Motion or general

location: around, through, along, by

- Duration of an action: for, during, in

- Reason or motive for an action: because of, on account of, etc

- Object of a search: for, in search ofPurpose + (noun): for, used for

- Means by which something is done: by, by way of, by means ofExchange or substitution: for, in exchange for

- Units of measure: per, by *por ejemplo, por eso, por fin

Para- Destination: toward, in the direction of- Deadline or specific time in the future: by, for- Purpose or goal + (infinitive): in order to- Recipient of something; for- Comparison w/ others or an opinion: for, considering- In the employ of: for

Por and Para are both translated to “for”.

5. Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns• Possessive Adjectives

- Indicates to whom or to what something belongs.- Agrees with gender and number of the noun being modified- Noun + Stressed Possessive Adjective

• Possessive Pronouns- Words which replace nouns modified by possessive adjectives.

6. Commands • Formal commands- Used to give orders and advice.- For usted and ustedes forms.- Start with verb’s yo form- Drop the -o- Use these endings: • Informal (tu) commands- Singular third person form (usted form)

- Example: Hablar becomes habla- Negative Informal Commands

- Add “no” in front of formal commands- Pronouns go before the verb and after the negative modifier.- No + tu form of present subjunctive (put verb in the opposite tu form)

- Ar = es- Er/Ir = as

• Nosotros commands- Used for “let’s + verb” when the speaker is included- Use the nosotros form of present subjunctive

- Yo form, drop the -o, add nosotros ending- To become negative, add “no”• Irregular Commands- Formed using subjunctive form- DISHES

- Dar, Ir, Ser, Haber, Estar, Saber

7. Object Pronoun Placement

• Direct Objects- In affirmative sentences with one verb, the pronoun is placed directly before the conjugated verb.- In affirmative commands, the pronoun directly proceeds the verb. - Direct object must agree with the correct gender. (Masculine and feminine)• Indirect Objects- Same placement rules as direct objects.• SE- In sentences with indirect object pronouns and direct object pronouns, the IO comes first. Whenever both pronouns begin with the letter “I” change the first pronoun to “se”.- Se is used as a reflexive companion to the verb. (In addition to constructions of se)

8. Present Subjunctive

- The subjunctive mood is used to show how the speaker feels about an action(For an uncertain event)- Start with the yo form of the present indicative, drop the -o, and add the opposite ending- Example: Es importante que + verb- Irregular yo forms of verbs keep the irregular form when conjugating to present subjunctive.

9. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence

-Verbs of will and influence are often used when someone wants to affect the actions or behavior of other people. - Some impersonal expressions, such as es necesario que, es importante que, es mejor que, and es urgente que, are considered expressions of will or influence. - The infinitive is used with words or expressions of will and influence, if there is no change of subject in the sentence.- Common verbs of will and influence:querer - to wantpreferir - to preferdesear - to desireinsistir en - to insistmandar - to commandprohibir - to prohibitrequerir - to requireexigir - to demand, requirerecomendar - to recommendpedir - to request/ask foralentar - to encouragedecir - to tell, say

Bibliography

• VHL• studyspanish.com

• cliffnotes.com

Table of Contents (2nd Semester)

10. Subjunctive w/emotions11. Subjunctive w/doubt + certainty12. Subjunctive w/conjunctions13. Subjunctive w/adverbial clauses14. IYF (in your face) command page including nosotros commands15. Past participles used as adjectives16. Present perfect17. Past perfect18. Acabar de + infinitive AND ya19. Future20. Conditional21. Past subjunctive22. Bibliography 2

10. Subjunctive with Emotions

- The subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause when the main clause expresses emotion or judgement on the part of the speaker.

- Add “que" to the expression before using the subjunctive.

- Example:¡Me alegro de que tú vayas a España! I am happy that you are going to Spain!

11. Subjunctive with Doubt + Certainty

- Like said earlier, subjunctive mood is used whenever the speaker feels uncertain about the action of the sentence, or when the speaker is expressing a subjective opinion.

- This subjunctive is used to express ignorance or doubt. - Conjunctions of (un)certainty may be followed by the indicative or the

subjunctive, depending on the certainty and reality of the subordinate clause. - Some expressions are used to introduce an aspect of ignorance or doubt to the

sentence, and therefore trigger the use of the subjunctive.- Examples: Present Subjunctive (Ignorance or doubt)- dudar que, es improbable

que, es incierto que, es posible que, no creer que, puede ser que, es aconsejable que, and temer que.

- Examples: Quizás tu puedes hacerlo. Maybe you can do it (I think you can). Quizás tu puedas hacerlo. Maybe you can do it (but I doubt it).

12. Subjunctive with Conjunctions

- Some conjugations require the subjunctive to be added.

- Example: Conjunctions which require the subjunctive-a condición de queon the condition thata fin de que so thata menos queunlessantes (de) quebeforecon tal (de) queprovided thaten caso de quein caseojalá quehopefullypara queso thatpor miedo de quefor fear thatsiempre queprovided thatsin quewithout

13. Subjunctive with Adverbial Clauses

- Adverb clauses modify the verb in the main clauses. - The subjunctive is used in adverb clauses when the action described in

the clause is anticipated or hypothetical (a reservation, a condition not yet met, a mere intention).

- They say something about how, when, where or why that action occurs, and are always introduced by a conjunction. Adverbial clauses are introduced by conjunctions, such as para que (so that), antes de que (before), and hasta que (until).

- Some adverbial clauses are always followed by the subjunctive because they always indicate a pending/hypothetical action or state.

- Example: Ahorra su dinero para poder comprar un coche. He's saving his money so he can buy a car.

14. IYF Commands including Nosotros Commands

• Formal commands- Used to give orders and advice.- For usted and ustedes forms.- Start with verb’s yo form- Drop the -o- Use these endings: • Informal (tu) commands- Singular third person form (usted form)

- Example: Hablar becomes habla- Negative Informal Commands

- Add “no” in front of formal commands- Pronouns go before the verb and after the negative modifier.- No + tu form of present subjunctive (put verb in the opposite tu form)

- Ar = es- Er/Ir = as

• Nosotros commands- Used for “let’s + verb” when the speaker is included- Use the nosotros form of present subjunctive

- Yo form, drop the -o, add nosotros ending- To become negative, add “no”• Irregular Commands- Formed using subjunctive form- DISHES

- Dar, Ir, Ser, Haber, Estar, Saber

15. Past participles used as Adjectives

- Ar: ado - Ir/Er: ido - Used when writing an english adjective ending in –

ed. - Example: Su coche está lavado. His car is washed.

•.•

16. Present perfect

- Because the present perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

- Use when writing someone has done something.- The second verb looks like a past participle.- In Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by using the

present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.

- The present perfect tense is frequently used for past actions that continue into the present, or continue to affect the present.

- He, Has, Ha, Hemos, Han- Example: He comido. I have eaten. Ya han comido. They have

already eaten.

17. Past perfect

- The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Saying that something in the past has done something.

- Use infinitive + past participle. - [had + past participle]- Había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían- Examples:

- You had studied English before you moved to New York.- Had you studied English before you moved to New York? - You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

18. Acabar de + Infinitive AND ya

- When two verbs are used in an expression the first verb is conjugated, while the second verb remains in the infinitive form.

- The preposition "de" is always used. - The formula is: acabar de + infinitive = to have just done something

(recently)- Example: Nosotros acabamos de leer el libro. We just read the book.- (Acabo, acabas, acaba, acabamos. acabáis, acaban)

19. Future

- Used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen and to express wonder or probability in the present state.

- Infinitive + ending- -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.- Example: Estará viajando solo. He is probably traveling

alone.

20. Conditional

- The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.

- ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían- Infinitive + ending- Examples:

- Estaría en su casa. He must have been at home.- Estaríamos ocupados cuando llamaste. We were probably busy when you

called.- The same twelve common verbs that are irregular in the future tense are also

irregular in the conditional tense. Their endings are regular, but their stems change in the same way they change in the future tense. Only “yo” form. Be careful which are irregular or future tense.

- Examples: - hacer- yo haría - poder- yo podría

21. Past Subjunctive

- Introduced with a preterite, imperfect, conditional, or past perfect verb in the independent clause, the imperfect subjunctive often refers to a previous experience but can also refer to unlikely events or possibilities.

- Conjugated using the 3rd person plural of the preterit.- Used in; Formal Request, Clauses, To Indicate Unlikely Events, The

Independent Clause Refers to a Previous Occurrence, and The Independent Clause is in the Past.

- (AR, ER, -IR) have the same endings in the imperfect subjunctive- Example: Si tuviera más dinero, viajaría por todo el mundo. If I had more

money, I would travel around the whole world.

Bibliography

• VHL• studyspanish.com

• cliffnotes.com