hand book of tamil grammer

8/4/2019 Hand Book of Tamil Grammer

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HAND BOOKOF

TAMIL GRAMMARADAPTED : r P , ; T l \ . , ,iREQu.I~EMENTS O~ THE E. S. L. C,

CAMBR1DGE:'LOCAL), LONDON MATRICULATIONAND dV!L SERVANTp''1ST AND 2ND EXAMINATIONS

'AND

Approved by the Text Book"ommittee.!? y

A. BARR KUMAItAKULASINGHE, ,In te rpre t er Mi1q ti yar , D . C. ,Batt icaloa .

....,,; ' i! 'o ',,'" ,"AUTHOR OF"

"HANeY BOQK OF T~E-tW L.hNGUAG,;; & 6R"AMMAR '

SECOND EDITJONt- - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ !ST. JOSEPH'S Gtr'HOLIG PRESSJAF'F'NAe1930.


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HAND BOOKQF

TAMIL GRAMMAR(ADAPTED TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE E. S. L. C,

CAMB. LOCAL AND LONDON MATRICULATION EXAMINATIONSAND CIVIL SERVANTS' 1ST AND 2ND EXAMINATIONS.)

BYA. BARR KUMARAKULASINGHE,Interpreter Mdliyar, ~ ...!1t.",,~attiC(lloa.

AUTHOR OF':HAND BOOK OF THE

TAMIL LANGUAGE & GRAMMAR"

SECOND EDITION.

ST. JOSEPH'S COTHOLIC PRESSJAFFNA

1930.


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FOREWORD.

Students of Tamil grammar, especially candi-dates preparing for public examinations will find inthis excellent "Hand-book" a great deal of veryuseful information. The material is well chosen,the exposition is lucid and the arrangement clearand logical. Students who have neither the timenor the aptitude to peruse classical treatises such asPavananthi's " Nannool ", Viramamuniver's "Ton-nool Vilakkam", and the "Ilakkana Churukkam"of Arumuga Navalar will find in this book just thatamount of scientific grammar necessary for gainingan insight into the structure of the Tamil language.On pedagogical grounds present-day teachers maydesire to alter the order of treatment preferring todeal with sentences and the function of words beforetaking up the classification of letters and rules ofeuphony, for modern educational practice laysgreat stress on the study of the living language asdistinct from the study of formal grammar. Butneither students nor teachers will find in this bookmuch that they can safely omit. The book is writ-ten in English, a feature not very welcome to theeyes of a true lover of Tamil, but so long as BritishUniversities and other examining bodies insist up-on testing a knowledge of Tamil by means of quest-ion papers framed in English, students, teachersand authors of text-books have no other course butto follow the line of least resistance. The properrendering of grammatical terms and forms of usagefrom one language into another is by no means an


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easy task. Want of suitable terms often compelone to accept an approximately equal term where anidentically correct term cannot be had. The truthof this observation is borne out within the pagesof this book itself where the author uses the word"adjective" to do service for uoiaru'-9-- (page 13)Lrfi.i=Qs:rril> (p. 48) and ~pS!uyUQUflJQff. i=8 ' t.D (p. 121)three distinctly different terms for Tamil grammarians. The book satisfies a real need and I haveno hesitation in recommending it to students andteachers.

SWAMI VIPULANANDA.Trincomalie,

8-6-29.

A FEW APPRECIATIONS.

An appreciative preface over the signature of so emi-nent a scholar as Swami Vipulananda is sufficient testi-mony to the value of this handbook on Tamil grammar.Though written mainly with an eye to the examinationrequirements of students, it may even prove the meansof sending back to the study of their grammar the Tamilswhose progress in English has out-stripped the knowledgeof their own language. ~Ceylon Obserrer, 1,9,29.

' " '" '"The arrangement of the book is very clear and logicaland the author's exposition lucid. The book is not inten-ded to supplant the study of the classical treatises on thesubject such as the "Nanool" and "Thonnool Vilakkam,"which requires time. and much aptitude. It can safely bea guide to higher study and students and teachers will findit eminently useful. ~Daily News, 9,10,29.

'" * '"The need for a Tamil grammar to meet the require,ments of the E. S. L. C., Cambridge Local and LondonMatriculation Examinations was long felt. Civil Servantswill find in this a book that will teach them withoutthe aid of a tutor for their Departmental Examinations.We congratulate the author and recommend the book tostudents and teachers. +-The Chronicle, 17,7,29.

'" * '"Students of Tamil grammar, especially candidatespreparing for public examinations, such as the E. S. L. C.Cambridge Local and London Matriculation Examinations


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and Civil Servants' 1st. and 2nd. Examinations, will findin this excellent "Hand book' a great deal of useful in,formation. -The Hindu Organ, 18,8,29. CONTENTS.* * i~

The book simplifies the grammatical knowledge rcquir-ed and expresses it in plain and clear language and thusfacilitates the study of a subject that is regarded as difficultand irksome by many a student. The variety of typogra-phy will also prove a valuable additional help in masteringthe contents of these pages. We can recommend this bookwithout reserve to those for whom it was primarily in,tended. -The Catholic Guardian, 17,8,29.

I. Orthography1. LETTERS2. COMBINATIONCombination of vowel finalsCombination of Consonant finalsCombination of names of treesCombination of nouns indicating thecardinal pointsCombination of numeral substantivesWhere a hard consonant doublesWhere a hard consonant does not double ...Addenda combination of verbal substan-tives etc.Sanskrit combinations

II. Etymology1. NOUNSClass, gender, number, personCaseDeclension of some nouns and pronouns2. VERBSClass, tense, etc.Formation of the various parts of verbsFormation of adjectival participlesFormation of adverbial participlesThe uses of the adverbial participlesImperative forms of verbsOptative forms of verbsVerbal nounsParticipial nounsIndefinite verbsNegative form

Page.1 - 5311- 539

1529313338414751 - 5354-10854545762707178818 287909193959799


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IINegative imperative of Definite verbs 101Negative participles of Definite verbs 101Negative verbal nouns 102Negative participial nouns 103Negative indefinite f inite verbs .. . 103Negative indefinite adjective participles 104Negative indefinite adverbial participles 104Causative verbs 105Auxiliary verbs 105Passive verbs 106Abstract nouns & indefinite participialnouns 107Conjugation of a verb 108

III. Particles 1 12-119Particles of various meanings 114Sanskrit prefixes 119

IV. Attributives 120-122Classification of attributives 120Formation of adjectival forms 121Formation of adverbial forms 122ApPENDIX 124Transferred nouns. (metonymysynecdoche & Metaphor) 124Sentences 125Combination and ellipsis 146PARSING 128Analysis 130Examination Papers 131Vocabulary and Concordance of Gram-matical terms 137

TAMIL GRAMMAR.1. ORTHOGRAPHY.

( ! : P P ; ! O I J r r6lJ,ffil GT (!f);ip; j h J j r r IIW.1. Letters.

6T ~ P > ~ UJ r o .1. Number and classes of letters.

6 1 "! ! J ~ iw G i! > 1f 6 l l )& I l jW , g ) j 6 U ;D ~ w 6 U 6 1 ) )& I l jW .There are 24 7 letters in Tamil and they are divided into-four classes.Primary letters f 1. Vowels 12l 2. Consonants 18Secondary letters { 3. Guttural aspirate 14. Vowel-consonants 21 6

2472. Vowels. ~tB!T 6 1 " ! ! J ~ ~ '

The twelve Vowels are:- "" ~> " ) ,~ , " " " [OJ, a., r u : r r , 6 1 " , liT, 83,~, , ~1OlI ' .

3. Short Vowels. i D G 1 D ! ! J ~ ~There are 5 Short Vowels, viz:-- , g ) j , @, ~, 6 1 " , ' ~ .

4. LongVowels. G i ' i L G L ! ! J ~ ~There are 7 Long Vowels, viz:-~, [OJ, r u : r r , liT, I:lh , ~1OlI ' .

5. Consonants. G U l I U 6 1" !! J ~ ~The 18 Consonants are:-a., ~J, . f r :, ~ , L, 61I11f,i; , : 1 ; , u, W .ttl, , iT , ~ , ill,~, ~, ill, w .


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26. Vowel-Consonants. !2..IBIl-GllltU'"!!l:ilhl'

The 216 Vowel-Consonants are formed by joining eachof the 12 Vowels with the 18 Consonants.Example.

.$ joined to ..!fI/=tEr i l l " c!P/=1l i1e E " -8=tErrr i l l " -s=:7. Hard letters (Surds) GU~ "'"!!l~IhI.Hard letters are 6, viz:-o!I>, df, L, :iJj, u, JD .

8. Soft letters (Nasals) GIll,,~u!!l:iIhl.Soft letters are 6, viz: --lEI, i! j,' 51 fJ r, ~ , Ill, ~.

9. Medial letters (Liquids) @OGlL u!!l~~'Medial letters. are 6, vizr-e-ur, !J, G\J, GU, !!l, :ofT.

10. Guttural aspirate. ~w:iJjih.There is only one aspirate 00. This always comes bet-ween a short letter and a hard vowel-consonant.Example.

= This=1/24 of a tt l11.

. . ! ! I f 0 0 o G t E G / J T W = a name of the Guttural aspirate,Demonstrative letters. c!l i -LGL~!i~~'Demonstrative letters are 3, viz:-g)J, @, !2...

. . ! ! I f points out presons or things at a distance.~" " "near the speaker.

" near the personspoken to."Example.

c !P /ww=He~w6N=HeI IL6l.I6N =He

(that man) compare with Latin Ille.(this man)(the man near you) " HicIste."

noc ! P /W I J )f fW~w IJ)ffWf lLW I J) ff WIJ)ffW = tree

c!P/ro i ;~(j)J~roi; ~(b)f l _ W ~ 1 J i i' i i i J I J ) } =house

c ! P / e E @~rorilff@ e E ~rorillTf L . e E @~6l5lff~(5 ) lT = horse.

12. Interrogative letters. Gl'i'~ " ' "H!~~ 'There are 5 Interrogative lette:s:-~, u, 'if, @' um,"' " and UJIi are used initially.~ and @ " " finally.'if is used both initially and finally.Example.sr and um ,~ and @

fO fW6N? - = who? iLl IT !?= which?c !P /w~? . .!fI/6JJG~?=Is it he?


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415. The Shortened P-. ~;Dii'lU~ P-ffilJW.

The P- which is in ~,aT, O J , ~ , Lj, !!)I (hard letters) atthe end of a word when preceded by two or moreletters or by a single long letter, is shorter in soundthan the natural P- and hence this P- is called ~;Dii'lU~~ffi!JW i. e. Shortened a.. The natural e. is called !:piDii'lU~ ~ffiJrW or !:p;D!!)IffiJrw.Example.

I15fT! ir! ! ) tongue a ; f T . f !j J eara ; f T e r money ~w y arrow( ! pa ;@ roof a ; fT f D . ! P I air

16. Shortened @. ~iDii 'lU~ @'ff iI JW.The shortened ~ changes into @ before initial ttl. This@ is called ~;DiD'lUw @ff iiTW. i. e. Shortened @.Example.

I 15 fT ! i r ! ! ) + UJfT.f! jJ =15 fT! i$ 'UJ fT. f ! jJ =Which is the tongue?w65i'p + UJ IT30rr = w65i j i )UJ fT3o rr = Elephant is strong.

17. Interchange of letters. GUIT8 .1. CHANGE OF INITIAL LETTER.

In some words.(a) Initial ~ can be replaced by ~(b) Initial < J ) j can be replaced by ffi before.B:,~, or ttl(c) Initial ffi can be replaced by < J ) j followed by ttl or !&(d) Initial ~ IOIT can be replaced by < J ) j followed by

< a U or G l . ! .Example.(a) I 6UJUJ @ jU Jw profit(b) LJ e -~ ~W9'~ judgment

LJ rer 6I5lLIrer cottonLJUJ~ ~WUJ6iJ boy, lad(c) 6 I 5 lW~ jBUJw JuS!~ j i )UJw doctor~ILJlr ~i.JUJ';- priest, brahman

(d) QUJW6 / f fW UJ6 l (6 / f fW silence~W6l5lGl! ~W~ 6 l I a proper noun.

52. CHANGE OF MEDIAL LETTER.

In some words.(a) Medial !E preceded by ffi can be replaced by ~(b) Medial < J ) j can be replaced by ffi before i,~or IIIExample.(a) ~ri;.l5fT $lI & 3 c < " i W T . !PI five hundred(b) UJL~~ UJ6I5lL~~ foolish woman

@6lJr~ @~ r ~ shawllFUJUJUJ lF6 lDUJUJUJ religion.

3. CHANGE OF FINAL LETTER.In some words.(a) Impersonal nouns ending in W preceded by two

short letters can be replaced by m - .(b) Final ~ can be replaced by If.(c) < J ) j l f may be attached to endings in r fu~, {5aT ,

< 5 i f I l J O J , )l;~, wy, m - ! ! ) I .Example.(a) ( ! P$W (!fJa;~ face(b) lF IT W W ~ - lF IT UJWfT ash(c) 6JJ-m@ 6lJ-mL';- beetle

18. Sanscrit letters used in Tamil.iJj tE~u UIT6lJ )Q!p!&~ G lJ !! l'~ ~& G lJ L 6f~:i>~ffioTr.The Sanscrit letters used Il1 Tamil are:-~, i O I I J , 8l.~ , f l ! D .Example.

Sanscrit, Tamil.WfT6 lD1 I i 1 ? - Language WIT~LyD W / Ea ;w Book y~~$Wt ! i, iUW Victory lFUJUJLJ~W Fortnight WL..6'W, LJ / Ea ;W( ]} UJIT f l ! D W Carnal love, Passion ( ] }UJ ITa ;w


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6

PEDIGREE OF uETTERS.

-I1 " ' " 1 " " ' " ~o I ' ' ' ' T ~" ' I

V~'"~''.C''''''''' a re ',",ml .. pirate1

Shorl 5 Long 7 Hard 6, Soft 6, Medial 6.

7Combination.Lj6 l 5 1 I T r f 1 lU r o

19. Mutations. Q]'lJ,lTlJln.There are three kinds of changes in the combination ofwords:-1. G;ili1T63t"lD,z,=Appearancef a letter or letters.2. ~t l' ;i Ii ~ = Change of a letter or letters.3. GIJ,(jj;ili~ = Disappearance of a letter or letters.Examples.1. I lJrr~ + a; r r 60 = !Ur r~$a; r r 60 Elephant's leg

< r r u 9 g J 1 +@/;p!OI5JUJ = < r r u 9 , r D g J I $ @/ ; p 6 1DW Sunday2. a ;6 0 + w 3 0 v = a;< t i rw3ov Stone mountain

I D i + I D r r t i l = I D d J r & ! J t i l Good dog3. (gw rrL. . .


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821. Inflected or Casal Combination. GG l J ; l l ( ) ) l 6 l S l U l c ! f d J - ~ i

Inflected or Casal combination is the combination ofwords, having (1) m , (2) - f j ; r i v , (3) , (4) @ N , (5) . J i J ,(6) e;dar, signs of (1) Accusative (2) Instrumental ab-lative (3 ) Dative (4 ) Ablative (5 ) Genitive and (6 ) Lo-cative cases respectively, expressed or understoodbetween them.Examples.

Understood. Expressed(1) (m ) , > $w ,r J i '- ) fo T N . f o da rJ 6 I D ff d i ,- "s fo rr NHe drank water.(2) ( -f j; ri v ) e ; ri v f ir /l ri s jE r r N . e ; r i v 6 1 1 r r r i v et / l r i s , l b r r f i r Hestoned with a stone.(3) ( C d j ) a n . . . o ; { ) C 8 6 l J ~ . a n .. .0 '6 / d i G ' w ~ Workfor pay.(4) (@ N ) G ' r E lT lu ~ 1 iu f i ' e J N . G ' f6 r ri I 9 N ~ 1 iu f i ' e J N Herecovered from sickness.(5) ( . J . f ! i l ) 6r6N L f f o f o e ; w . f i r 6 I f T i J ' - i f t f o e ;w Mybook.(6) (e;dar) r~ f J l f } ) J w wdar,-, ! @ _ 'f ~ di e; da r f J lf }) J w 6lJdar~Cart running on the road.N . B . The inflected particle ffi is generally expressedin personal nouns.

21. A. The uninflected or non-Casal Combination.. 9 l ~G l J ~ t d J - ~ i Any combination of words not in the inflected formis called the uninflected or non-casal combination.Examples.

G'urr_ 6 I D w f t ~ I J J 2 r . The doctor who went.w r is . f! il G ' u rr e J N . He came and went.. J W N f 6 L / _ r r N . He planted.~ G 'u rr . Go thou.

Many of the Tamil words are splittable into simpleparts: - uf9 (root) . s J f 9 ( termination), @ < O r o / _

9~'~ (medial particle), < F r r r f / 6 I D I J J (euphonic increment),


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10(c) When a word beginning with any vowel followsa word having as final letter any of the remaining

vowels I')],~, @ _ , @_ff i , < O f , 9 , ~ , 9 ~ , the consonant G 1Jappears between them.Examples.(I')]) $/;P + 6T( f ! jO i1DW=E / ; p + .ill + Gr r ( f ! j 6 IDW=F / ; pQw( f ! j 6 IDw.

Old buffalo.w a ;~ + @ priJ ,fE /T @ r = W $~ + ) + @pr i J , fE I T@ r = W $~d ipr iJ , fE /T@ r? Is it the son who died.fB( f ! j + ~6(rL.D= fB( f ! j - ; 1 - ! + fL6 fTW =B( f ! j 6 l fr o rTW . Sacredheart.

(ser) 1;h+@ (f! j r iJ,fE.#i7 =& b + ! + @ C 0 r i J ,f E . # i 7 = id ;d i( f ! j t l ; /5,f f iJ.There W;1S a flower.(sr) 1OT +~@r=6T - ' t - ! + d o /@ r= lOTw@ r . Who.(9) Qn; /T+ d o / f B $W = QI I i /T+ !+do/~$W = Q'D/T . i l lw jB$w.Mucli is pain.(~ ) ( ]JU ff + 6T@ r iJ $ f = ( ]J un + ! + 6T@ r iJJ=( ]JU/TQw@ t l ;. # i7.

Get up and go.(9G1T) Q$6 f T + f i iT@ r ( ! !j@r=Q $6fT + ! + f i iT@ r ( ! !j@r =Q $ 6 f T Q w@ r

( ! ! j@ r . "Grasp" said he.

( @ _ )

~ In the case of Qlli f f + do/ B $W , r u appears betweenthem and is then doubled.

23. Vowel after the three Demonstrative letters andthe Interrogative letter < O f . c l I T L G L H l~ I 1 jI & ., .r r! P m -t m ' ~ L D < O f& lJ Q ) '@ )G Q J H l~ ~ 9 m - [ ! ) ! ' ~ L D t 5 'm - Q J ! ! j L D @ _ I B ~< O f H l ~ I 1 j I (a) When the Demonstrative letters, 1')], @ or @ _ , or theInterrogative letter < O f is followed by initial vowels,there appears between them an ru which doublesand joins with the vowel that follows it.Examples.~ + ~lJ


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1 2Examples.Qu/fII+UJIT~=Qulfifo iUJIT~, Big is the elephant.~( j jJ + UJITI = 5l4 UJIT .ffiJ, Which is the goat?

25. Words ending in Q ) or !l)I. Q ; .JP{6-v6' IJJ ! l) I 1 't ;D [ 6 gwwr n -G


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18Note (a).-Verbal nouns resemble impersonal nouns in their combi-nation with initial "

(b).-Final .., and < i r r preceded by no single short letter aredropped before C ; $ I f . ! ! J 1 W and G I 5 I f . ! !J 1 W .(cj.-All plural nouns ending in " ... drop the final < i r r beforeinitial / " 5 .(d).-Final ,~ and < i n " preceded by one short letter may some-times change to 000 in non-casal combinations.Examples.

(a) u ; . .! E " s6 o+ ~ .f fi J =@ j u ;. ., P , J 5 ; , Drinking is bad(b) fO f fW +( ] ! ,J5f f . !J l1W =fOf f ( ] !L lT. ! ! ) !W, Daily.(c) LfL.q ;W + ,J53iitJ= yL.q ; /_ jJoIJ , Heads of birds.(d) Cbw+f i . f f i l= .q;ooo~. f f iJ , Toddy is harmful.

33. Final ~ and r i f r before ii G\J, G 1T I :Jlw iE .(a) When a final ,N is followed by an initial ~, the

initial ii always changes to G 3 T , while the final ~changes to .U r or drops according as it is preceded bya short letter or preceded otherwise.Examples.

f 0 6 0 +prioJ = fOwWfT r i l J , Good treatise.I i il I lU r i lJ+~6 rTW =~2 I1U6 IJ i 'WW , Length of the field.

(b) When a final r i f r is followed by an initial ii , theinitial iE always changes to 6 i l ' i J r , while the final r i f rchanges to 6 i l ' m or drops according as it is preceded bya short letter or preceded otherwise.

6Tw+QfOtU=r ; ; r . - i tJrQ' i i lMtU, Gingili oil.d!JfIi i l lW+fOLd; , J 5 fTW=!J f !@} ' i i lMLa, jE f fW , She walked.

~ Final ~ and r i f r do not change before medials.34. ~, r i f r before Nasal Consonant. G L O W & 6 I l 1 l T : i i i ~ wfP ~ ~,Qr.

Final - o Z ' , r i f r change respectively to W, 6 i l ' 1 I T beforenasal consonants.

19Examples.

.q;ri lJ+ LD3iitJ=.q;~ L D 3 i i t J , Rocky mount.CY'w+GPu; . .=( !1 l~c!pu; . . , A "Crownof thorns.

35. Final 6 i l ' 1 I T , W before 4, . f r , : i i i , U. 6 I l ( r r , @T I :Jlw & , elf, ,;Ii, U .Final 6 i l ' 1 I T and & of

(1) Personal nouns III the accusative case,(2) Impersonal nouns of one short syllable in (a)casal and (b) appositional combinations and in

(c) non-casal combination of the comparativeellipsis,

(3) Adverbial participles except those ending inG l J I T W and U I T W , and

(4 ) the casal particles &@i lT , Gl.uil&change to L . and ; D respectively before 4, S o , : i i i , u.

Examples.(1) . !P{ f f8 'W +.q;~LfTW =d!Jf f f8 ' ;b.q;~LfTW , He saw

the king.(2) (a) LDd> .r+@jLW=LDL@jLW, Earthen pot.

Q UfT ~+.q ;6 \JW = Qu ff ;b .q ;6 \J W , Gold vessei.(b) . q ; .m -+QUfT , I }= . q ; LQUfTP ! , The organ of eye..(c) U.m-+@ j f fr i lJ=UL@ j f f6 i> , Musical (lit. music

like) voice.(3 ) L .m -G I f l Jf lw+Qa ; I T&UL l f TW= f l_~em f I ; bQ.q ; fT&UU f fW , .

If he eats, he will get fat.Itd I r ,_ t .S Iw + ( ]! U fT ~ w = 'H i il Jr Ll .5 1 ; b( ]! uf T ~t iJ r, He

went after he had eaten.L ~U ff@ J r+ (]!U ff( ]!6 /ffW = fL ~U ffW ( ]!U lT (] !6 /ffW . I

went to eat .(4) c '! ww l ii lI uS 1GX ir + Q8 ' 6 tJ = . ! p {wwwuS1 ;bQ8' r i lJ , Go to him.


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20Exceptions.(I) . .Finalm of the personal noun 6 > um , however, does notchange in the accusative.(2) .>i, Final ",-" and


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2237. Final e l J T and @ r before js . 6 t l J T . G nT !:pw % .

When words ending in I O i l ' J T and ware followed by aninitial js, the initial ili IS always assimilated to thepreceding consonant and the final @ JT and G m - if pre-ceded by no single short letter are dropped.Examples.

f tdM-+~rT=ft~iDJff, Cold water.ft~ +f 5 l1 J w= ;S~ (0 (5 f1 1 JW , Selfishness.j f f f fdM-+$/i idJrp!=jff f fGi5OfJc6r(D!, The pillar stood...f ' ) {6l1~+f5iv6lJ~=dJf( j j)J-6.J6lJ~, He is good.

~ Final d M - and ~ do not change before e.W, tU, ill.Obs: The word C': /Sw. however may either retain or drop the final

W; as Gpdr 0 6 \ ) n - , G'pw" - 'n - ; C! /SW - GWfT~;, C%pGtW fTl; i :.38. Final ~,~, ill, after W . w!:p~ 'fIj, (6, LIl.

Initial .~, ~, ill, are doubled after final w preceded bya single short letter. But when the w is preceded byno single short letter, they are not doubled.Examples.

QLDtU+(/r_w=QLDtU , .!f ,':i!i , w tflw LIl.(a) When words ending in ill, preceded by no singleshort letter, are followed by . f f i , . B e , ~ , u, the final wis dropped and the initial consonant is doubled in(1) Casal combinations and in combinations of the (2)Adjective and (3) Comparative ellipses. In all (4) othercombinations, the final ill changes to r i i t , ~ and ~before , Jf and ~ respectively, and remains unchangedbefore U.Examples.(1) L DI TW+ Q fE !r uL /= L DlT .$ Q fE !r uL f, Branch of a tree.(2 ) ,fF!Jw + U 6 l J V I D < ' 5 =F . { j j J J T U W 6 l J C l I )fE , Square plank.

23!I1JITW+fEL6.J=.4iJI1JIT.$f l iLi l ! , Ocean of sorrow.(3 ) fELD6lJW+fEdM-=$LD6lJ.$f l idM-, Lotus-like eye.

(4) $ / 6 l JW +C5Lf.!= $/6l!r ID$Lf!, Ground is hard.a n . . m ;W + G i , f F ( j j) J 6 . J = 8>L{SG'8'( j j )J6v, Crowing cock.W/T.@ }J liJ+aft f jJWw =U/T~d5af t fi ! [) JW, Milk and honey.R.dlJrL_W + fP;BGi I1JW - = ' lLdM-L-fP;BGii1..Jw, \"re_

the-humble-beings ate,( j j )J/T( l ! jw+U{T6lJGilT=( j j)J!T( l ! jWW/T6lJGiIT, Come, children.Exceptions.Nouns in the (1) accusative and (2) locative cases with theirgoverning or depending verbs expressed, ;JDd


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24 25I 5W+QO " i. J'l l. ILD= ! O ri !;Q. g. i. Jww , Our wealth.6TW+utr6 lJw=~wUlrww, Our sin.

ii. Final & before < f ! j , ~ , Ill . ~, , l 1 i , ill ! : p o W ill.(a) Final & preceded by no single short letter is drop,

ped before < f! j , ~ and le.Examples.

Wffw + ~~LJ =W ff~~L.ffiJ, The tree is long.fl_ G \ Ja ;w + W~ fo ff = fl_GlJBiW~off, Men of the world.IDILJW+, 'OL..Lw=nw_/ I IJL ..LW, Gain and loss.( 96 YT w + lI J~ r( b) =96 '1111J~(b) , Crab in the tank.< B( b) W + w u9 i.J = < B( b) wu 9i.J , Dancing peacock.r i i lJ l5G,wW+lOtrr5Ja;W = Wt5Gfo l lJ t r r5Ja ;w, We came.WI T ( 5W+ I IJ Ir B iJ 5 ff =W I r (5 lO t ra ;G ff , Come, Naga I~,a5lGlLJw+lDL..y=~,a5I!J5lUmL..y, Love of us-who-are-

humble beings.Wf fW '+ IOL..Llr6i5r= WffmL..Ltr6i5r, He planted trees.6llrDNw+U )~t5forr6i5r=W 61lrLD~n,fotr6i5r, He died in the

forest.

Examples.(1) WffW+ILJ{T'thr=LDffILJIT' thr, Wooden elephant.

a;trGlJw+~w~=a;ITGlJIiilI6YT{, Measure of time.(2) 6lJL..LW+6lJu;.{=WL..L6lJ~{, Round shape.

a' JffW+fjl (b) = a' .f f i I f fGwIT(b), Square tile.(3 ) a;wGlJw+.roJySI=a;wGlJ r ru l IyS I , Lotus-like eye.

UW6YTw+@foY-=uW6YT.roJ ,s$ /P, Creal-like lip.(4 ) 6lJ@ (w+ 9rf!t5/E.ff iJ=l@JrDN wrrulIr f l t5/E.ff i I , A forest is

extensive.utr lLfw+(l IWrID66J8i = utr lLfwG6lJr5J66Ja;, Pouncing

tiger.~6'11W + ~a;GlJw= r l f6 fTWBi6VW, Length and breadth.$)GlJw+ 6 l l IT61 l rw= $)61Jwwlr_w,Earth and heaven.y.mllLfw + lutr'thrlLfw = y.mllLfwILJIT'thrlLfw, tiger

and elephant.f l_~L@TW +lLJt rW=f l_~ ' -_WILJ ITW , We ate.Exceptions.Nouns in the 0) accusative and (2) locative cases with theirgoverning or depending verbs expressed, and (3) finite verbsused as nouns do not drop the final lb.

(b) Final & preceded by a single short letter becomes~ and ~ before < f ! j and ~ respectively, and remainsunchanged before &.

Examples.(1) QO",uw+~66JLt5 jEIT6 i5 r=QlF IUWGl5JLt5 fo lTdsr , He

won victory.(lIjE8'w+rrulIL..LITw=(lIjEO"w.roJL..Llrdsr, He leftthe country.

(2 ) 6 lJ_w + ~ ~t5 jE trw '"~ riill_w 'tk ut1 ;/E lrdsr, He wand-ered in the forest.6lJ_W + ' il.'Ir/pt1;/EtrW =W _W iill tr /pt1;jEtrdsr, Helived in the forest .

. (3) ~,a5I( l IUJW + I i i l1tr /p{ = ~;BGIUWl i i l 1 t r /P{, Life ofour -humble-selves

Examples.6rw+IIJIr(b)=~t5mIT( j j) , Our village.~w + @ jfT 6VW = ~ri! ;@jrrGlJw, Beauti ful world.mw+w~/Ef f=mww~J l - f f , Our men.EEW+~~LJ=a;r i~~LJ , The head is long.

iii. Final & before vowels and W , ru . w, GlJ, l ! .tBiT ! : p oW ill.(a) In combinations of the (1) casal, (2) adjectival and(3) comparative ellipses, final & preceded by no single

short letter is dropped before vowels and W , ru .In (4) other combinations, the final & remains un-changed.

(b) Final le preceded by a single short letter undrgoes no change before vowels and W , ru . But;adjective stems such as GdfW and GGlJill changefinal & to ru .


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26 27Examples.

~w+{ 'J { r~=~Twu_ j IT~ , Our elephant.pW +d) f !; p=pW LD/ ;p ( ! !j , Their beauty.Qa ow+W I T 6 1 J T w=Qa oWW I T 6 1 J TW , Red sky.Q61 IW + i Ll lT ~=QwW iL ll T ~ , Fierce elephant.Qaow +@py>=Gao w4 i l I) p y> , t{ed lip.

Chattan andChatti.

i. Personal nouns ending in ~ 1 T and If.~1'arnuGutulf&rn-.

Appositional Ellipsis.9lw ~+G UQ 15 LDIT ~= fRw GU C!!JLDIT W , Lord Siva.& C!!J 8i~ +8 iL fiil{r irr= G P Q 1 5a ;!i;a ;L ..J iiJ lw , God Muruka.aW 6IJ f f+ fL6 lDL iL l lT f f= (] ;W6 l ) f ii l {f i 6JL iL llT f f , Vela Udayar.(]; 6lJ6 l) TIL { P~ + fL U ITftji) tun tuW = aW so IT IL { P 6l{ U ITft fR tuIT

us 615 , Teacher Velayutan.( ] ; a ; ITUIT6 l ) f f+ m l l . .f l r= ( ] ;8 iI T U I T 6 l) g g iL I ff , Gopala Iyar,1 i i l J000B iW+ a ; ~G1J1 I r w = wO i !a ; ri i Ja ;~ iM6WT ~, Karman, aVadugan.a;8 efR iL lw u~ + y 6l)W ~ = a ;8 efR iL lw uw y 6l)W ~ , Poet

Kachchiyappa.1 iilJ 00 0a ;~ +fT jlT p ~= w O i!a ;n ;1 T p ~, The chief who is

a Vaduga.But UlT f fWU ITW + U ffJ JlT iL IG 1 J1 Ir ~ U lT ffW U IT ~ UffJ JlT iL I

G 1J1 I r ~ , Parayana, a Brahman.U IT J JlT iL JG 1 J1 Ir~ + U lT ffW U I T~ = U IT J JlT iL I.m - W UlT ffW U IT ~ ,

Parayana, a Brahman.Lf6l )w~+a ;8e~iL lwu~=y6l )w~a ;#~iL lwu~, Kachchi-

appa, the poet.a; I f ) :LJ~+a;wu~=a; ! f l iL I~a ;wu~ , Kamban, tha Black.( J6 lJ~1 T ~~+ t5 l6 ir~ =aW ~IT ~w t5 l6 ir~ , aW ~ff~ t5 l6 ir~, A person of the Vellala caste.

40. Consonants before I L l. G U ll u II C fJ 1 (B G S t - ! : F G S t- W f f i L TW .(a) When words ending in a consonant which is

not tU combine with other words beginning with [ u , theparticle @ may be interposed or not at option.The interposing of the particle IS, however, com-paratively rare.(b) But words ending in

short letter, drop the finalbeginning with w.

W,W

preceded by no singlebefore other words

Examples.U I TWW + ur IT ffiJ =U lT w t .f }i Ll lT .f fi l, U I TWW I LJ IT . iI , What is sin?UIT ,u+ iL l lTQ158 ; ( ! ! j =UlT iLJ lTQ158 ; ( ! ! j , To whom is the mat?

41. Special Combinations of certain classes of words.

In combinations of the cumulative, appositional, andgenitive ellipses, certain personal nouns (chieflypersonal, caste or clan, and professional names) endingin G S t - and it, vary from the general rule, and havevarious irregular changes, of which the followingare types.

Genitive Case.A street where

Cumulative Ellipsis.a; t5l6l)~+ UJJ


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30(3) Particle .!!i jl l changes the final L c to ~,i!>,:E before di , 5, ,t.(4 ) Particle .!!ijlo drops the final L c before ~ , W ,

IU , G U, and vowels; before vowels .!!i jUJ mayeven elide entirely.

(5 ) In colloquial dialect, however, the particle.!!i jl"o is often used with the final L c retainedbefore vowels, and w, G U .

(6 ) Words ending ID 83 may drop the particle.!!ijill before w, G U .Examples.

Owwl . . f+ QUL . .L 9 - = ( JJwuuwQUL..L9- , Box made ofmargosa wood.

e;(1!;wl..f+7 $ 8 n .. L .. .G o , u 't .i .' 1f T l i8 n . . L . .. G o, A group ofpalmyrah trees.Q,iEri i l ( ! ! j+a ; f fi .U= ( J Ji E r ii lIEITi.U,Q,iEri i la;r i ;JI I i ITi.U(rare), coconut.u?",,+ dP/L..@=u~L..(jj), Dried palmyrah jelly.

Q"" Most names of trees other than those specified above,folloxo the general rule.Examples.

WIT" ' ) / jJ+u / jJw=WIT~ / jJuu / jJw, Plantain fruit.i i lJ lf615 J/ jJ+Lll f fW =W IT6I5 l/ jJLl l ffW, Plantain tree,W IT~O) /jJ + (J JW iT= J ITOil) i j ) ( JJwiT ,W IT 6 1 5 J ij) +liiJ&v =W IT ii


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32WL8;(~+G'LDP=I i i1JLG'LDrD'Qfo ;D+G'LD;D=Qfo6N G'LDprCij,

etc.

The North-West.The South-V\"est.etc.

The South andthe West.

The North andthe East.

The West andthe North.

The NorthernProvince.

The EasternProvince.

Qfo;D+(j j) ioj)uJrr=Qfo6N6IJf1lojR,urr, Southern India.G'LD;D +>Do r ri = G ' LDW i , G 'LDpa ; ,_ i ,The Western village.G 'L D;D + a;L iv =G 'L Dio Jm uiv , G 'L D;D 8 ;a ;L iv , The west-

ern sea.G ' LD ;D (~ + j i) 6 &CF =G 'LDPPO I J J8 ', G ' LDP , 5 ~6 l5 J 8' , The w:st-ern side.

The Southern lang-uage- Tamil.

f if J' 8; +a; 'C If )J T =~ ti Ja ; 6 &J T , l E fJ '8 ; 8 ;a ; 'C I f) JT , The easterrshore$ fJ '8 ; + P 10 6J 8'= ~ti Jfo ,@ a 5 ) 8', f i} fJ 'd ; f o~ O /5 )8 ', The east.L8 ;+ j)'CIf)8'= Lj ) 'C I f) 8 ', L8 ; ) ; jR 6 i 8 ', The west.@ j@ N 8; +a ;L._iv= @ N "$ Lio J, =ri 8;a ;L iv, The

eastern ocean.

30WL8 ; +Qfo ;D (~ ( f i, a; ) = W L G )Q ,f Fp m rr a; , From

north to south.f i} f J'8 ; +G 'L DP ( fi, $) = $f J'$@ j G 'L D; Da ;r ra ;, From east

to west.etc. etc.

WL8;~+G'LJr r~6N=wL8;G'a ;G 'LJr r~6 is r , He went tothe north.QfoP+fL8;$6isr/D.f t i J=Q,fE;DG'a ; lEL8;f i}6isr, / [). f f i J , Itlies

to the south.Obs. f i }fJ '8 ; ( : !! j , G 'LDP may also change to ~ 'CI f) fJ ', ( lLD3o.J,as in f s JO / 5 ) fJ '$ ( : !! jww , ~ 'i 6 Jf J '. ,jG ' 8' If / , G ' LD3o .J8 ;( 8 jWW , G ' LD3o .J ., jG'8'rf1.

43. Combination of Numeral Substantives.GUUJiTa..; ;R@T L j@ i J f i l -< i f I f ' .

I. In certain significations the numeral. substantivesfrom one to ten usually undergo the followingspecial changes when combined with nouns, thoughthey may at times combine without any of thosespecial changes.(1 ) In cardinal

becomes

-----------

"

numeral adjective sense.g i l r T t before vowels, ~( ! !5 before I U , _~( ! !5 or ( g i l r T ) before the other con-sonants, f " f T or (~i) before f ' j ,uSlJTw.( j j) i or ( ( j j ) C 0 ) before vowels. (jj)(!!5 or!'F.+ before 0, (jj)(!!5 or (!'Fi) beforethe other consonants, and!'Fi or ((jj).r)before f j ,u 'JiJTw.f!jJ or ( G P ) before vowels, GP beforethe hard and nasal consonants and0, and f!jJ or GP before w .n;rr ioJ before vowels, and {6 r r .f fJ}J (n;r r' 6 i J + g > _ ) or (16rr iv) before consonants.f E

"""t The forms included in brackets are either rare or foundin a few combinations only.


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""""Exceptions.

"

34 35c%JfgJI before consonants, (~gJI) or


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36 37(3 ) In distributive sense.~'iiirr.!J:ll becomes ~(jj;;ff~@ " ( j j ; ;.f ! :Pw gJJ ,. (!jJlDrrw(!I j " f5~ff;.ffiJ " s a< f / ; . ! J : l I " ., fP{' IV @ " 6T.6rL@ " !DrLJ,.iffJ " u.

ufo.i f fJU+UbP W =u).i f fJuubPW , Ten fruits.u fo .iffJ +w ,-riiJ C8 j= uj i}'iiirrw LlID @ j, u ji}, iJ gJ JW L r5 J@ j , . Tentimes.

(2) In multiplicative adjective sense.~i before vowels and u)5.ffil. and'f)(!3 or (~i) before consonants.'Pi before vowels and u,.ffil, and( j j ; ; ( 0 or (wi) before consonants.(!f' or ((!jJ) before vowels, (!jJ or(!f' before consonants, and (!f' be-f .ore U,Bi.i f fJ.f6 IT6 iJ before vowels, IOrr6iJ or ( 1 O / T . f f ) } J )before consonants and f6rr6iJ or ( f66iJ)before f6 ITW(8 j .

' f ) ' ii i rruji} , iJ.!J: lI ( =~ rWQWL@ , uUu'.iffJ.

Obs. 9Or " < ! ! Jw.f!)I, @ , . ,. . .~, '*( j ;}, etc. are also used occasionally.. I ' J f c@ before consonants,vowels and w f t . i J i l ' IV / p before vowels and wfo.iJi l , and!Dr@ or 'O F / p before consonants.

(4) \Vhen compounded with the first eight numerals,ufo.ffil invariably change to W.ffil or (uooo.iffJ)Ex. @ ff~( j jJ+Llfo.ff i l=@ ,(0U.ff il , Twenty.11. (1) In conjunctive ellipsis of f LW .

(a) wft.ffil becomes uji}w (=Ufo +@ ,w ) or (uw) whencombined with the numerals as far as eight,excepting @, f f ~@ .

(b) W fo.if fJ become w w when combined with @, f f ~@ .Examples.

@, f f ~@+f6 I TW@ j=@ , ( ! ! j IO I TW@, Twice four.f!jJm . i O J + ' l E t5 iJ==f ! :POlJJWr51, Thrice five'.f iT@ +~.ftJJ=fiTbP IT.!J: l I , Seven times six.wfo.ilU+ wfo.if fJ =u j i) , iJ . !J :l IUw f o . ff i] , Ten times ten.

(c) @ ,(0u.if fJ or @( I ! 5uooo .f fi ], ( ! puw . if fJ or ( !puuooo.fI iJ, etc.,and dJilTgJJ becomes @, ( ! !jw f o .i ff J, ( !p uw f o .i Ji l, etc., anddJilTP.!J: l I when combined with numerals.

(d) CJ$ITUf and 6l)8;$W take the particles fiT and ., fP{foAiJrespectively when combined with numerals.


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38 39(6) The nouns


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Examples.(1 ) dbj$ fo+ ll , { r@=.!b f15 j58 ;CE IT ( ] i } , That jungleJ= ( gCEITf o f ta - u , The head of a king.0 j 5 1T + Q8 '1 T 6 o o -u I T uJ J !j 5 1 l #Q8'1T6t>61JlTuJ,Say father.U61JIT+u~w=U61JITUU~W, A jack fruit.(g 'O/T+Qur f !1=(g/6 ITuQut f )1 , Pain is great.~+Q8'v;f/=~';Q8'v;f/, The ear of a cow.ua r+QCE /Twy=wa r8 ;QCEITW I . .. j , The horn of a cow.LD IT~+~r IDCEi r r=DIT~f o fB r IDCE,w,The month ofMasi.j 5 ITLD615J I f+615JCE=fo ITLD615J I f8 ;

the milk.( gCE ITv ; f/J ) l. $ +(gu ff ~@r = ( gCE ITv ; f / dw(gu / T e ;w .

He went to the Church.(17 ) udM-615JL -+CEIT 61JW=udM-6O )LdCEIT61JW, Olden days.( 1 8 ) @ 6IJ f I+Q8 'd..J (glJJw=@ di#Q8 'uJ (gIJJW , In future

I will not do.(19) i ; ; ruuU;+Q8 'uJ fo lTuJ=6TwuU;#Q8 ' iJ ,1F lT iJ , How did

you do.(20 ) J i~gwJ+$/T~P

ening gleamed.45. Where a hard consonant does not double.

A hard consonant does not donble after the following:-(1 ) Impersonal plural substantives ending in .!}{ & 615J6J.J.(2) Adjective participles ending in ~.(3) Impersonal nouns ending in @, m, iJ , r T ,! ii . in thenominative case or in the conjunctive ellipsis of L tD . .(4) The demonstrative and interrogative substantives

~.fI iI , @ A il, fLA il, 6 T1 .(5) The numeral adjectives ~ (!5 , @ (!5 , ~ . !! 1 J, 6 TC ! i' .(6) The casal endings ~(]i), g ! l@, ~.{/i1, ~1, and~.(7) The words -lb, WIT, -lbwtr, ,g in non-casal combinations.(8) The words ~ w .!!1 J, @ W . !!1 J, 6 T W .!!1 J, u dM -@ , (yJ1 6 . f 1 i 1 .(9) Adverbial participles ending in shortened ._ pre-

ceded by any letter but a hard consonant.


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42(10) Substantives ending in shortened ~ preceded by

a vowel, a medial consonant, or the gutturalaspirate 00Substantives ending in shortened f1_ preceded bya nasal consonant in non-casal combinations.Substantives in the vocative case, except thosementioned in rule (4) 44.(a) Verbal adjectives and imperatives identical

in form with roots.(b ) All finite verbs except those ending in shortened

fl_ preceded by a hard consonant.Impersonal substantives ending in @, w, ~, 0, tT ,tp , and shortened fl_ preceded by a nasal c.onsona~tin the accusative and locative cases WIth theirgoverning verbs.When the governing verb is understood, the hard can,sonant doubles.The interrogative letter fiT, ~, ~,and tu,F I r;; :, Of) 0 I T , ; , and shortened L preceded byIna lStJ, Q' , 'i7'a nasal consonant, of impersonal nouns in theablative case when combined with verbs.

(a) Personal and epicene nouns ending m IU , IT ,provided that they are not in the accusative,case or in apposition.

(b ) Personal and epicene nouns ending in ( 2) , ~ ,.provided that they are not in apposition.

I mpersonal nouns ending in shortened ~ preceded by a nasal consonant in the accusative andlocative cases,The substantives f o~, . : p { 6 ' f T ' S J { .

(n)(12)(13)

(I4)

Obs.

(15)(16)

(17)

(18)

(19){2()) Adverbial participles with the suffixes ClUJ, r;;roUJ

.Ail, ~IU, lUff .

43(21) TLe particles 07, ~, JlW U J, J lw UJ IT , J )lU ff, UJ~.(22) The narticle U L 9 - attached to verbs.~-" A hard consonant never doubles after the ceresonants other than 0, ii , tp .Examples.

(1 ) ~6'V+(! ! j fBr ;;rof f8iro ir=~6lJfBr;;rof f" ' ro ir , Some horses.Jl6 I5JW+! l IU=JlO6JW! l IU, They are bad.(2 ) UIT( j ) )$ fD+UL... f i1=UIT@ l fDUL.. . fi 1 , The singing bird.f ; ; fX IU+U~I fJ1=fPp9IUUt6 .! , A small ball.

(3) 8ift,m +a;..r f l lU.! = 8iftfB 1m. r f l lLJ.! ,The knife is sharp.8i6l I f !+fE/: ;pr ID=a;6I I f ! fE/: ;pr ID, Fruits and roots.

(4) J{.!+Qurf l ,J=.J.!Qurf l ,J, That is large.


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44 45f ii lI OD I Jf i j i+ ( 1CE6 I ft n -L f )~ = W6IWf )j tT (1CE6I f tn-L f )~ .

Merchants! listen.( 1 3 ) (a) I D r r f J + / E / ; Q 6 . J = l D r r f J / E / ; Q i . J , The burning fire.

IDrrL..(;+1iJ( I!j~"!!!!J=lDrrL._( j j) i i1(1! j~, Krishna!plant (them).

urr0+ Y & i f f i . J = urr0Y&iff i . J , The runningwater.

(19) ,"W6J.I6Yr.f+(1!Frr.fW= IDrW@ 16Yr.{ '6"rr . fW , How muchrice.

(b ) U fD$ /E& if f +UL ..F )CEW =U/ I ) f5 /E&i f fUL..~CEW ,Away flew the birds.Q6"06J.1i+QurfJa'UJrri=Q6"IU@ 1tTQurfJC1 lJJrr i,The great shall do.

CE6I1fl+/R~C!!Ji=!UXff/ /R~C!!JtT, They ate fruits./ E . . B tP + CE jJ( i!J~= "E Lf) tP6I";DC!!J&Iff,Hestudiedamil.~L-dl + /RrfJd;rt$rr~ = fP{L-q;j jr fJd;/Err~, He

wandered in the forest..!)!6I"tP+ @ )/Rfo /Er r~ = .!) !CEtP(!! j~fo,IErr~, Hejumped into the pit.jFrr l I : l


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48 49U 6D +I 5 IT@=U 6 l JI 5 IT f Ji J, u 6 is r~@ , Many countries.U6D+ I l J I T~=U6 l J I l J I T~ , u i o J I l J I T ~ , Many

elephants.U 6 l J +I @ J ll Jio J= U 6l Jr aH I lJ A l, U 6 r> W Il J6 o J , Many fields.Likewise is combined f P6D .

Examples. 6 P + < H i i n g J . ! = ! f J 1 i a ; 6 i s r g J . ! , A young calf.i56lJf1+(tU6IDjE=156lJf1(]5U6IDjE, A great simpleton.,t 5L + 6IDa;= jEL


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50(7) The initial ~ of the particle ~~.ffi I is dropped

after final ~.(8 ) Some particles change their final dJr, W , o r o , 6ir ,

before a hard consonant, and some do not.Examples.(1) (a ) ~w+~ !P@ j =~wP fD / ;P@ j , Their beauty.

aAJi l . J6OJi i l1+(28i IT@ =IF, f ) iUW PglJt i ( ] }8 i f f@, 'The hornsof the white ones.

(b ) ~dJr glJ+ul ID@ j=~dJr fDdJru, iJ@ j, ~8r r ;BdJ rul ID@j,The parts of unity.(c ) ~ +(28 iIT @ =~8 rr(2{ ff@ , ~ ra l8 rr(2 lF ff@ , The horns

of a cow.(2 ) ~w(2e+GlFt iJ jDf fbi f r=. !P I r ; ; v (2eQlF0jDf fdJr , \Vas it

he who did it?~ L !RG f f6 ll ru +u fD t5 j D.f fiI = ~ L !RG f f- UU fD t5 , fF . ff iI , Of a

sudden it took to flight.(3) ~wd J r +@ j =~Wp@ j ,

jDrr0+@j=jDn0t i@ j ,LD~+@j=LD~t ie ,

To him.To the mother.To the mountain.

(4) jD ff0+ IFW = jD lT t i J I FW ,LD~+ IF~=LD~t i I FW ,

Upon the mother.Upon the mountain.

(5) @~ o r o +@5 =@ ' C 0 ~ P ' To the king.I FL - , . r o+@j= IFL -P , To the sea.I FL - , . r o+ IFW= IFL -P IFW, On the sea.LDt i IF6i r+ IFdtr=LDt ia;6 i ra;w , On the men.(6)

(7) I . J} ff+ . !P I~AV +(2a; r r@ =l .J}f f~. fi18; (2a; !T@ , The branchof a tree.LD~( ] }LD,. ro+UfL 'G1J)W =LD~(2 l .J} fJufD


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52 5 3(3 ) cid !J l+ f L,


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54II. ETYMOLOGY.

@ [frd ML rr6 lJe f5 J Q CFrr r 5 . J 6 l J j} 8) rr [f in.47. Parts of Speech. GIfIf;n&ffi'tO&t" GU6lIl&.

There are four parts of speech:-(1) Noun, GUtU~(2) Verb, Q)'fun- (3) Particle, @61l lL(4) Attributive, 1 2 . . r T ' .

Examples.(1 ) Noun: w6O f / , f Fw , man; ' i&@ , house; ~r ID< '5LD, lion.(2)(3)

(4 )

Verb: e m , Come; ( luff , go; ULf , learn.Particle: (lUIT.ro, like; ( lw ( l6 l ) . on; ( y Jw , before.

I 'adjective: QU(Ij , large;~gv, small1Ii.ro6l), good.Attributives: 1 adverb: u9< '5 , much;


37/82

56(b ) Plural Personal nouns end in if, rrl.J,~, I.J,~, LDIr~~

0LDIrIT/J,


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58Dative case /F1lG0ITUJ GGll) lJ!!)I6IDi.J: l (5) Fifth case orAblative of Separation and Comparison, 83JEil i ITUJGGll)lJ(!)!6IDUl (6 ) Sixth or Genitive case, ~IDil lGGll!D!!)16IDUl (7 ) Seventh or Locative case, ( 2J !! lI lLD GG ll !D(!)!6IDUl (8) Eighth or Vocative case, Gf L.L IlL D d') j6.J6lJ.{f i Idi di'G Gl l) l l ! ! )16 IDUl .

53. The Nominative Case. !fliliG0~lb ~6v6lJ.{f i I aH/GllITIlJGGll)lJ(!)!6IDUl.The Nominative case is the unchanged noun itself.But the nouns ~ @TaJW , ~ @T@ J;;lr, g j,G m": !l)I, g j, Gm "aJif, g j, N

ru~&~, 6TG5TU.@J&, [email protected]~, bT~NU~, 6fGNUSUrr, ~~uGl li i dJ> ; ;l r , awu6IDaJ, etc., are sometimes added to thenoun as signs.Examples.

.q ,6 i r6 fT~=wwrJ iU IT~w. The thief went (2) ) j i )JJIT8'1T-fI ,=w,r C!:PLf-CLLUULLlTi, The king was crowned.(3 ) d ') jm rJ ij E lT 6 ? 5 11 fG i H uw w wm j E lT , ,; T, Antony came.

54. The Second or Accusative Case. @lJ@MLITLDG Gl l:n ( ! )!6 'O" lU l .The sign of this case is 83 only. This may be

understood, but it is generally expressed in personalnouns.Examples.

QUlr6.J.RW QWLLf-~W, He cut a club. (The sign ffiis understood here)I 5 ITW JlW~8; a;oiIn-rJiLw, I saw him. (The sign 83is expressed. here.

55. The Third Case or Ablative of instrument, agent,cause, and association. ! f lQrOOLD GGll ) lJ ( !) !61I lU l.The signs of this case are:-g}~, g j ,w, ~(!), @ (!)~

~LW, and GdJ>Il@IITQJ.

Examples.Ablative of { f} .l, N ",,'i,~IIJniu } QWLLf-~~.Instrument P I , , , S r II '1)lon';'- He cut (it)G


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6 2Examples.

C ! I " , , , R ! , Ascetic! !i'offI! Parrot!G Q I ! Bird! f:. nI D J 1 L 1 . 6 v c ' t:lEtrW~ King! .g' w r r S r 1 Deer!I l J I T E j 5 I r ! People! L f I N 6 i l i T t U ! Stag! o D'" 8 ~JG ' , 5 l T f O N J D G v ! Son! ! " " ' @j'uv! Cuckoc! !" .c ; " ' ' ' " ! Cupid! 4"'! Bird!c!p..JiGIlJ, G",i;r:,Ii, li)offIG.u, ~ c z r , " , e ; ,

} lt . . 5 i % I T C : Q J , GIJ ' IL&va l L l , L{(!JJG6iI, L1[D~6ilG/lJ,C ! 6 r rG rn - , ltJrrfi;pCrr, IDrrC:~, 4 1 o ~ Q J f f C ! l 1 J ,C: ,s IT0r fDc;~ , C6i/C;6tf, @uSc"" L f r f r r G G r t ,QUfi1iJf6GGfi, Women! @ju5i6~.C:GTfl Cuckoos!N. ,liwU1 , Brother. "' ;"$1, Monkey. }V. I $ t iJ t J , Brother. ",rI;f j , Monkey. i i i ! becomes "'.N. c!p..Ji, Ascetic. ~thJ, Gentleman.V. c ! p " " ' , Ascetic. I5WU, Gentleman. 61.N. f5 Jr;;I5;S,V. ~iI&flliJ, Lady.Lady. Crane.Crane. !!8 becomes~iJ.N. G/HwpOo,V. G/f"W@Oo,N. Gu{',irlEw,V. Guwsrri(1',

Son.Son,Women.Women.Hare.Hare.Deer.Deer. }

Penultimative~ becomes es,(]pUJSJ,(YHJ .J IT6 - J ,:.crrWlIiQr,LDrr65r6rr,:r,

B. (1) Personal nouns in Wbelow:-N. G'ennrrw,V. Gl1tID"..!!1W, 4"'"N. ",""'I


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04{ d ) The four nouns : :r ] qJ,;;~D6cJ . S fo b -r (] }e ;C l ii " etW L Dtr i> J ~ r ii JC5 : o rr ff io

et o b - r l l l i , - o b - r . t O r W ( ]} L D I T I } ; J t O r r I D a ; ( g ea I T @ .4 tO r_ d iG , [ tO r. r D ] , tO rL D i0 ! ) t O r i i n a ; ~ $ .t O r o b - r $ I , } )' jE w . t O r w $ l u 9 , p w er lI D a ; w - $I,}) ' jE W .


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665 r D T ,; W 6 I J ! i ~ , r D T '; w 6 IJ ! i z ir r,r D T i r r 6 I J !i ~ ( l ! y 6 . { 1 i 1 .

r D T G 1 s r a r_.ffi],6rW grw


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68SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Case.123456

Case.12

~ IT rin a; i r r jU ff l a ; ' & r r j u is J a ; 6 '[ T I T i o ., i r i n i f ~ d ; .jP r i i i C Em R 6 0 .

j E IT W ,j E U 6 1 5 J L D ,j I W L D l f i o ,j I L D j .j I w ; } , 6 o ,

j E I T ~ .j E m ~ .jE m I5G o , j E m C l 1 5 @ .j E 'i i1 5 r a( :! !j, f t6 1 5 T d ;a ; IT C E .jE m l O l. ll i6 o , jE m l O l. ll im .

or 60 SV iT ( l ! ;WG T 6 0 6 ' I J I T 6 I J ) / T 1 L fW .

j E ! 1 J O I D L D I L ! W .3 G T 6 0 6 ' I J I T / T IT ~ I W ,J E W 1 . I J IT Ji)!JliJ.4 G T 6 0 6 ' I J I T ( I! ;& @ 5 W ,j E L D & W .

5 G T i o 6 ' IJ I T J f J ~ I W ,j E w J ) , g w w .

J E W - a , jE = J f > 7 , jE @ r j I w a , jE r 5 1 $ 6 ' ir a .f ! ! ' ) . f r a r J L . lU . j lL D J f > 7 , j I r 5 J a ;6 ' fT , / i i J .7 jP m d lL .w , jE r c m l O I . l I i i l J j I w u S iL .w , j I r 5 J C E s f f L .W .

jE w u S i6 .J , jE r 5 J 8 . 'tm R io .~ The other case-signs are sim.ilarly added.Obs. In Tamil the personal pronouns of the 1st and 2ndpersons are also used as reflexives.

6 G T 6 . J 6 ' l J 1 T / T . f f i / w , G T 6 . J 6 ' l J I T r i j I L D . f f i/ W .

G T 6 . J 6 ' l J I T W (1mpersonal)

G T 6 . J 6 ' l J I T W .G T . , - 6 ' I J IT 6JJ ; D < O l J )D '4W.

7 G T 6 . J 6 ' l J I T r T a ; w ~ ) J w , G T i o G T 6 . J 6 ' l J 1 T i j ) J ; D ; f i ! r c m a ; w ~ 2 ' w .6 ' l J I T r T . i r i n 8 .' W f j J 1 ) 1 w .

~ The other case-signs are shnilarly added.Case.

are similarly added.~ike .U6\J and .@6\J are declined Participial Nouns

ending In ~ such as Gurt'w, .g).jiPW, .@to'IU, and theImperson:l plural pronouns .g).jsU (=. !J f 66 :~ I,@al (=@.< O l J ) 6 l J ) , l ' 2 . . su (=~1 5 J 6 l J ) I.

E. T~e chief interrogative pronouns are:-(sJ~g)?which? WiT;1liI. (sign), which? WIT61IlGll (pl.)which>, WIT (pl.) which>, Gf~ (sing), which? GfGllW(mas.), who?, GTGll,;IT (fem.), who?, GfGlliT (pl.), who? .Gf~, 'iT~, UJIf~ are declined like .g).j~' Wif likeUG\.', [email protected] like .g).j61llQJ. '

D. The chief Indefinite Pronouns are:-(1) GfGZ'G\.'IlW, All; GT~'G8iT, You all; GfGZ'6\JlliT, They all;

UG\.' , Many; .@G\.', Some.(2) GfGZG8iT is of the personal class, plural number

2nd person.(3) Gf~~lfiT is of th e personal class, plural number

third person.

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~

U 6 ' I J .U 6 ' l J 6 l J ; D 6 1 5 J J D .U 6 ' l J W ; D ( ! ! ? 6 . J .U 6 ' l J W ( 1 ) ,a S ! ; D .U 6 ' I J@ J ; D , aS ! 6 . J .U 6 ' l J W ; D J D . f f i/ .U 6 ' l J W ; D ; 8 d J r a ;w .The other case-signs

(4) UG\.', .@6\J are of the impersonal class, pluralnumber, third person. They are thus declined:-G T 6 . J 6 ' l J I T w . (Personal) G T 6 . J ~ r T .

1ST PERSON.Case.1 l O f i l l 6 ' I J l I . w2 G T 6 . J ~ IT I l5 W 6 1 5 J L D I L fW3 I O f G . J 6 ' l J 1 T I l 5 U L D I T ~'w4 G T 6 . J 6 l J I T I l 5 L D & W5 1 O f 6 r J 6 'l J 1 T I l5 w u S i . ,@ ) } w6 1 O f 6 0 6 l J I T I l 5 L D . f f i /W7 G T 6 . J 6 ' l J 1 T I l 5 r i n a ; w@ t 1 J w

i G T 6 . J ~ ( ! ! ; WI 1 O f6 rJ ~< O lJ ;/T IL fL O 1 O T6 .J ~ rT . lf j! W 6 15 JL DI L fW

G T 6 .J ~ /T I T . ,@ )} w G T iI l~ r T . l f j ! W LD I T ~ ~ J WG T i I l~ ( I ! ;& w G T 6 .J ~ r T ~ L D & WG T 6 o ~ r f i ,g w w G T 6 .J ~ r T ~ w u S ,g w wG T 6 .J ~ /T f f iW G T 6 .J ~ r T ~ L D . f f i /W1 iiT 6o ~r T a;d w@ t1 Jw G T6 .J ~ r T . f f i ! . i iU 5W ~ W

a Here the Case-sign is uderstood.a That is, may be of either class, personal or impersonal.

f j J 6 ' I J .f j J 6 ' IJ . .5 l J ;D 6 O J D ,f j J 6 ' l J 1 i i J jD ( ! ! J io .f j J 6 I l w ; D ; f i ! ; D ( ! I j .fj J 6lJ WD .r/} ill.fj J , A l I i iJ j ; D J D . f f i/ .fj J '0 " eu ;D ,a 9 w - a ; " , m . .


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7 063. Some Remarks on Case.&G ' J iD'uy1J,~.

Pronouns have no vocative case.The sign of one case is sometimes, but rarelyput for that of another in classical prose.In common conversation the case-signs areoften omitted in the accusative of impersonalnouns and in the genitive case.

changes mentioned or shown above as(4) , The b' dnouns and pronouns undergo when com mewith case-signs are also undergone by them whencombined with nouns.

(1 )(2 )(3 )

Examples.(3) ~ u p) ~l ff ir r ( =/ ;: b6 I 5J w uu p5 !) ~lf fir r) , He plucked

flowers.Here m is u nd er sto od .U J J Jd;QlOffUY (=U J J Jf o f ii ~6I5JLUJQiEIfUY), Thebranch of a tree. Here fLfilfiLUJ is understood.6Tfirr66)$ (=6T6i5T"!66)$) My handHere U J I f W is changed into 6TGJr before thenoun 6 6 ) $ .

(4) - t / ;


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72The Past tense, @iD~ i !5 f f i ITWW, the Present tense, ~ff i~f f i f f6 \JW, and the Future tense, 6T


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74The following is a synaptical view of the common-

est terminations of a finite verb III the indicativemood.

First Person

g i l L f - _ W , @1 4 ~W .[@Q i )W]

@ Lf-_W , @ Lf-~W .[ E l lQ i ) W ]

Terminations. Examples.

Second Person

{Sing.'iT w . E llLf-C l_w .

PI. 'iT W , @ w , - 6 L D . El lL f -Cl -w, E l l4 ' e w ,El lL f -Cl~w.

@ 1 - 9- ~, fJ Lf- ~tll.E llL f- 6 l J 8 ff , f P L f - G Z i Fff, @ L f -GZiF f f GlJ! J~ .Personal and Impersonal nominatives cannot take a

common predicate. Hence he and the cattle wentshould be translated w lfQ i)< IiC lw lT {j)J d ){w w C lu IT ~w ord ){w w C lulf~ oiJ r, W I f( [}J< Ii~ W d){6 l1 f!i) JLW C lU lfu 51 _, but notW I T {j )J


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76Though strictly speaking it is grammatically incorrectto use a common predicate to two or more nominativesof different Classes, usage allows it in certain instances; as,

r yn -, i a ,? } ! J J w ( ! f J !F & iJ I L {w Qa;lrdiJrL1 9LIr, the crocodileaud the obstinate fellow will not give up their hold.Here an impet;sonal verb is given, as contempt isimplied.

73. Parts of Definite Verbs.In Tamil, Definite verbs are severally inflected for

tense by means of particles In 14 different ways.Hence all Definite verbs are splittable according totheir modes of tense-inflection by medial particles, into14 classes. These 14 Classes are illustrated by 14Model verbs which are shown in black type.IIlir' These three forms-(l) First person singular present

indicative in .,


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78 79Q8 ' t i J by adding the termination f l U " and Q 8 ' t i J , l D f f 6 i J rIS formed from the base Q8 ' t i J , f f i by adding thetermination ~ 6 i J r .Definite Verbs have three bases.

(b ) Adverbial' participles are some formed from theroot, and most from the base.

(2) The past base, which is obtained by cutting off1 Q T 6 i J r of the first person singular past indicativeending 1 Q T 6 i J r .

Terminations.(i) Of terminations belonging to Definite Verbs Indi-cative some are added to the base only, andothers to the root only. Thus:-

(1 ) fLU, is added to the root;(2 ) all other terminations mentioned in 70 are

added to the base.

(1 ) The present base, which is obtained by cutting off; ; v6 i J r of the first person singular present indicativeending in 1 Q T 6 i J r .

(3 ) The future base, which is obtained by cutting off( j ] 6 i J r of the first person singular, future indicativeending in 1 Q T 6 i J r .

Examples.(1) Q 8 't iJ I I -{ u , , f ) !@ u ,;(2 ) Q 8 't iJ (g jF 6 iJ r , Q 8 't i J , lD f f6 iJ r , Q 8 't i J jF 6 /f f .

75. Some remarks on the formation of the variousparts of the verb. GSfuJrDuir f f ilr G S ~ i l U l T N @ _ : o l l MLIT~ih ijl6llli! l.In forming the various parts of the verb, the follow-ing points should be borne in mind.-

Indicative.Indicative forms are formed from the three basesas well as the root. Those formed from the rootare few, the most important being the form endingin fL u ,.

{ii) Of termination which are added to the basesome are added to all three basei, and some toone or two particular bases only. Thus..(1 ) $J.' is added to the past base only;(2) all other terminations mentioned in 70 areadded to all three bases.

Examples.(1 ) f )! U f; i J . ! J lI , Q j Ff fL r I D f? :; iJ . ! J lI , < E t# 0 f9 ;i J . ! J lI ;(2) f ) ! U f~ w , f ) !@ f i ( ! ! l6 iJ r, f ) ! @ 6 J J f fW .

[This form 10 , , -II> is common to both present and futuretenses.]

( a )Participles.

Present and Past Adjective-participles are formedfrom the base, and Future Adjective-participlesfrom the root.

(iii) When compounded with the base or root, someterminations require the insertion of a euphonicparticle ( 8 ' lT t f l6 W l L I ) after certain bases and roots.Thus:-(1 ) fLU, inserts @i after the root of verbs which

have d i i & . f P J , L._i5l$ll, or ; i J f ? ; . f P J in the present;(2 ) ~ , @ n - , c f P / w , . .f !J j w , . .f !J j n - , ..f!Jjn-a;wandafewothers

insert . . f ! J j 6 i J r after the present base as well asafter the past base that does not end in ~ 6 i J r ;

Imperative and Optative.Imperative and Optative forms are all formed from

the root.


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8 0(3 )(4 )

.iI inserts d'{ after all bases;d'{ inserts d'{raiJr after all bases, except the pastbase ending in @6l i r . (With d'{, howeverthe use of d'{


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82Examples. ( ;U 'f tU j5 , u Lf- ~j 5, ! i I~ ID, t iKI~L-.(iii) The Future Adjectival-participle ( U YfDuU~aL-rrw, Attached to a verbfinite.The sun rising, we started off.~61 l~ (i11 a . , G o ! f W ~ 8.'&rr,,$.f1iI

@ ' & ru ur rf D f L~ a ;{ rf ft i; /E f f6 iJ r, Attached to aparticiple.Being tired of doing work, he sat down to rest.~61l6iJr ~rirJaa; U l Q . - & a ; U aurr j5irJ

rS tI J aUJ ITCF l ii Nw f o fD .1 f jJ .. .. . , . ,. Attached to a verbalnoun.Going there to learn is of no use.~61l.N GUl~6\J f5L-t i ; j5IT.N Attached to a verbfinite.She walked slowly.~fil}6iJr Q!,t~ i0 1T ~


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84Obs.The Past Abverbial Participle has alsoother forms whichend in 4 , ~ , t>J1, 6Tcir , F I ' ". @ h iii; as, I2..M@Li, tLd:V@9:l, ILWwrP,

.lLWG1L~'JT; GJif .b !L/ , C!PLff, Cp(l; P E P ~' SLa~, !L.~trr i.J , iL{;~(ii) The present Adverbial Participle is formed by

the addition of 2)j to the root.ftlir Roots with present base ending III &~!!)I, L..~!!)I,

or iD~!!)1 take the connective particle ~ before thetermination ~.

Examples.Present AdverbialParticiple.Root Connective Termination.Particle.-------------

-f!,@, DanceQo!Fri l , Doa;r rwm, Seet < > r @ . f f iJ , Writea;i i>, Learn11;1._, \Valk(1a i6 iT , HearNote the following;-6JJff, ComejEff , Giveo!Fff , DieaUf f ,Go- f ! " BecomeQ/Of f , SufferQaiff@!!) , Bring

w JJJEJJ

,s;};aia 1 6 ff , ii> , 6 l i r , @j,

85(1) The Future Adverbial Participle in ~~ is formed

by the addition of ~ i i > to the past base.Obs.The word 'formed'here refers to the mechanicalstructureof the words, not to their etymology. .Examples.------Root. Past Base. Termination. Future Adv-Participle.. f f , @ ~~6i r r - f ! , i v 's ;} ; ' -1- I! ! ! )6.:Uff@ U IT u ;. 6 i r r - f ! , i i > u/rUJ-l!!!)ii>Q8'IU Q @ )t6 jElT i i>o!FlT Qo!F"i) . f f , i i > Qo !F~,tJilTii>QU,gJI Qup,gJI - 3 i i > QL i P C ! ! ? i i >L f@ ) Lf@) t6 , iE ~ i i > Lf@) t6 jElT6 t l

L f d@ ) ~ i i > LfdailTi i>Note.- r aUlTuSieN - 3 6 t l a era uSil!!!)6 t laUIT L ( 1U lTeN - 3 i i > C2ulTl!!!)ii>N. B. Et~m.ologically ~U J- I! !! )i v = .p p@ + 1 2 i e N + where

@ T : 5 a connectI:e-particle; Qo!Fri l jElT60=Qo!Fi.J+.if i I+ ~6lJ where .ff iJ IS a connective-particle.(2) The Future Adverbial Participles @~" '@


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8 8N. B. Note how the English and is expressed by the Tamil

Adverbial Participle.(2) To express cause, rea SOil :(a ) a;~ f o .i Ji l f ILL .. .a ; IT f fr 5G~ ITW .Being tired, we sat down.(b ) .1 :/ ~~ d; $ ;D jD ;fJ r5 ~I T@ r ,He knew it by learning,(c ) rL@ r~i tliIT =-dl(!5 1nr.S i @ .W@ j 6lJr5G~@r,

\i'Vishing to see you, I came here.(d ) uu: fo~!5SIC!5r5.f f i1 dI@ ,i;,f j iJ a;IT6v(! j 'J;fJ, i ;~ITw,Falling down from a tree, he broke his leg.(3) To predicate an action jointly with another:(a ) .1 :/ JW UIT~W r5~IT W,She came singing.(b ) ~ a; ~U J!6 L.. .~ @ f fr5 ~r rff a; ., ;r ,They begged stretching forth their hands.(c) w rr@ j(!) dld;Q a;rrc in@ w t6 ,fF IT @ r,

He came drawing the sword.Note. 1. The Past Adverbial Participle must be attached to apredicative of its own subject.

2. An Adverbial Participle is past, present or future ac-cording as the action it expresses is prior to, simul-taneous with, or subsequent to the action of itsgoverning verb.

n. The chief uses of the Present Adverbial Participleare:-(1) To express time:

(a ) @ rf!UJw fLji}ia ;u YjDUUL. . .GLITW,When the sun rose, we started off.(b ) / o IT6V~8;a ;8; a;,_L.. .LW r::;&vr5,i5.ffi/,The meeting dispersed as the clock struck four.

(c ) c lP /w wa ;W UIT L I5 IT riua ;6 fT IT ~G ew ,\Ve danced while they sang.

(2) To express purpose:( a) fIL W~ /.1 )8 ;a ;IT ~T W t6 G,i5 rrw ,

We came to see you.(b ) / .1)f ffo6I5JfoQ6lJL.. .L8; Ga;rrLrf !Qa;rr ..m@ 6lJrr ,Bring me an axe to cut down the tree.

89(3 )( a )

To express reason:@, ( !5 6 iTw f f U J IT " ,, !W LDo l5 J jD .r 5, i5 6 i1 r,Darkness coming on, all things became invisible., i5@ 8 if f f o ,i OWLD~UJ G acC iur.SiW rDlrflL...L.ffi/,The General having died, the army retreated.To express result:a ;uui u tf il O 1 5 J jDUJ .1 :/ 3 c vt li wG /.1) IT~6i1rThe waves beat into the ship so that it was full.$ 3& .i;$ G W 3 cvQ ac tU ,i5 IT W ,He worked so hard that he was tired.( !j 'J $ fo 0 1 5J ,i 58 0 f #w 8 ;a ; f Lf f f# e w ,He rubbed his face red.To express attendant circumstance:uSI';"0r"''''' uJ1';"f'C"J"' I~ . . .. ' 5


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90w Ii;J E I T ill J E (!!/lw . 1 J r ,If you come, I shall give you.y 6 6! U ~ ~ J E 'T ill y il l &v~ fB . 1 J r i f D J L D I T ?Will a tiger eat grass if he be hungry.

(c ) . f P / W . 1 J r wlfliv I 6 1 T . 1 J r ( }j U I T (} jW . 1 J r ,I will go, if he comes.

(d) L D O / 5 )! p Q u i .J ~ < E N yiv 1 ; f, ,, i1 J r ( i) } a ;r ;; fr W 6 f T (T ! 5 w ,If it rains, plants will grow.

( a )(b )

(b ) The Future Adverbial Participle in ~ is usedto express purpose: as-

( a )

Here it may be noted that the Past AdverbialParticiple and the Future Adverbial Participl~in -fj,iv, @ i ll 0:@ < E N joined to the participle f L . L Dare used

To express (1) Concession, (2) Possibility; as-16 IT . 1 J r Q < F I T iv66! t L f W . fP / W . 1J r . fP / < ; I D , f E , g , Q ~ , u 1 1 J . f f i I iv 3 r, v ,Though I told him, he did not do it., f E G i1 J r U f~ ,f E IT .@ ) Jw . f P /@ f < E N J E ;;ir for the plural.

R r I D a ;w = f L . w +a ;w .

Examples.Root. Imp Sing. Imp. PI.f L . t x i N 2_~ f L . ~ ~ I W tL t x iN ~ ) rI D a ;wQ < F t U Q < F , u Q . f F t U l L i w Q . f F t U t L f r I D a ; wNote the following:fillff WIT ~ - J J I T C ! ! 5 W I Q l J f f ( T ! 5 r I D a ; W, f E f f J E I T f t I T ~ W ftT ( T ! 5 r I Da ; r ; ; f r( 2 U I T ! l U l l ( J ' U I T W (2 UT rI Da ;wOther forms of the Imperative, which are seldom used exceptin poetry and dignified prose, ale as shown here-Sing, ._....@!:~ t i J , ~0" 'i!!9J!f il , G

Obs. In the imperative singular identical with the root, theinflective particle o Y , t U is dropped off.

82. The Optative. CO&!IJrfuGII>1T1OTro&b .The Optative is used to express a will or wish aswell as a command or request. It can be used in

all persons and has the same form for all persons,genders, and numbers; as:-(1) I i l r I D ( 2 a ; l ( T ! 5 a ; , come here; . f P / (T ! 5 @ a ; , be gracious to

grant; ~ 6 l J < E N ~ @ ! J I l I T ~$, may he live long; Jf lW Q a ; ( i ) } a ;, may she be ruined.

(2) ' I 6 IT < E N I Q lJ f f. 4 a; , may I prosper; I 6 IT W 1 Q lJ 1 T ~ a ;, may weprosper; ~ l 1 T ~ a ; , mayest thou prosper: ~i l f f ~ a ; ,may you prosper; e J / lW 1 Q lJ 1T ~a ; , may he prosper;. f P / . j J 6 l I 1 T ~ a ; , may it prosper; . f P / < ; I D J . I Q l J I T ~ a ; , may theyprosper.

Note. The Optative has only one tense _-the future.


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92( a ) The Optative (affirmative) is formed from the rootby adding to it (a) a;,..!J(; (b) in poetry and

dignified prose )fiJ1 U, @ /U ff, ..!J( io .Examples.Root. Termination Imperative.6 lJ1T /p Qa;IT{ jJJ q, QCEIT(6}d;q,fill IT q, w" "

..!J( fillJJfillff/p IU , @ lU ff fill IT ; j I1U, fill I T; jI 1 U f f

..!J{io fill IT tp io.Obs. 1. The final .!I i of """IP" ' may be omitted; as,-Al"IP.

2. The chief point of distinction between the imperativeand the optative is that the imperative is confinedto the 2nd. person only, whereas the optative can beused in all persons.(b ) The Optative form ~& added to the participial

noun [see. 83 (b)] of any person with a futuresignification, and the future indicative of thedefective verb &L, ought, added to the presentparticiple of any verb are also used in modernprose to express an optative sense; as,-lII_~ LDIT~ 1 Te 5 Jfill '4 W t SI ~I T, ;r ow '4 w q ,= W LJ 61 M ~W I TI UI T8 i, Honourthy father and thy mother, f 5 fl II Dr6Jq , (! !; !t 6 Q~ I T tJ ;DQL JUJ ff , which are of three kinds,-

{a} Verbal nouns with a past signification, ( j jJ fDt6 ~


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94(b ) Verbal nouns with a present signification, ~ $ t i J

$ rr fN _ g Q , !F r r y 5 1 ;b Q Ul lJ fl ; as,-Q 6lJw ro tf}$ W -lb $rrllJ j; ~ ~ ~ JJ$ rr~ 8;'$ jDr;;I5 ),!F 8; $ irrdiJri rsIlJrr? Do you see the stars shining in the sky.Verbal nouns with a future signification, fH ji Ma ; rr fN ) Q ,l E rr y5 1 ;b Q Ul lJ ff ; as,-I Drr '& rr8 ;w ( l! ju u.ff i/ ~ & to the verbal root asshown below.

(2 )

Root iJ i~ 3J~ 6lI>&Q


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96Future Singular.

Ist Person2nd Person

f6 /_LJJuwf6/_uurriJ

3rd Person Mas. I / j /_uuw~" [ f 1 j/ _ .L ! I. .J f f~ ]Fern. I5L-UU611W" [16 ' /_UU'Tw]" Neut. f6 /_UUj"

I who will walkThou who willwalkHe whowill walkShe who will walkThat which willwalk.

1st PersonPresent Plural.

f6UE 'iO (!!lW } We who walkf6 /_8; '$(], a u cf6/_8; '$; !fff You who walk2nd Person

3rd Person M., F.or C.Neut.

f6 /_8;'$ fI!W ir }[ 1 / j /_8; '$( ! ! l ff ]f 6 /_8; fi } f I !@ 5JW[f6/_8;$: si r f I!~]Past Plural.

They who walkThey who walk

Ist Person f6/_~(Jl5rrw Vilewho walkedf6/_,; ; (Jl5wf6,-,; ;$ir Ycu who walked2nd Person

3rd Person M., F., f6 /_~foWff } They who walkedor C. [ 1 / j /_ ' ;; l5r r ir ]1 / j /_ r i; (J /Ff f ;Neut. ! 1 ; / _~ ,< D 6 IJf } They who walked.f6 /_~ foCl$)6lJ[ f 6 /_m l5 ]

1st PersonFuture Plural.

f6L-u(Jurrwf6/_u(Juwf6,-UL'if If2nd Person

We who will walkYou who will walk

973rd Person M., F.,

or C.

They who will walk

They who will walkNeut.

Obs. The forms included in brackets and those conjugated inthe first and second persons are seldom found in collo-quial dialect.

84. Indefinite Verbs. ~!ii 'uLJ Gl5'~&;;ir.Indefinite verbs are such as a: e derived from substan-tives and have no distinction of tense; as,-~wm ! E ~ 6 \ . ) G 5 r ,

which may mean he is good, he 'was good, or hewill be good according to the context.(1) Indefinite finite verbs (~!ii 'uLJoU'~ ! - J l ) l l ! l ) l d J ) c i r ) are

formed from several nouns, especially names ofqualities, by the addition of personal terminationsmentioned hereafter; as.-f6wC1JW (trom f 6we r>UJ ) ,j JlL lr ri J C fj@ 5 J UJ ), .q;1f!.iJ (a ;(!jw UJ) , UL;$ fo .fP I (U '-.W ) ,f j" ,, )U J ~.f P I ( fj er >U J ).

lIIif' (a) Abstract nouns ending in ..,,, are subject to variouschanges in composition, such as (1) dropping the finalletter; (2) changing the inside ,,- (if any) into Iii; (3)changing the inside consonant w ( if any) into til or .. ;etc.(b ) Nouns ending in Ih drop it and add .!}!~IP in composi-tion.

(2) The personal terminations of indefinite finite verbs. are the following:-Terminations. Examples.

Ist Person Sing. f i T m f 6w ( J 6Il~PI. f iTUJ. f j lUJ f6w(161lW,6W(J61J f fW

Sing. tE , u . J, f / lL l ff iJ , 6l9w66!PI. l i i J l f ,F I'ff ,R 'If$ 6 1r. fj~ lf, fju J If, jJuJ f fE5"jr2nd Person


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98Personal.

3rd Person

~oW , -fj,oW , a ;n 7 I U W , a ;n 7 lU r r w~W, -fj,W a ;n 7 lU w , 8 ir fl lU r rf i r~ t T , ~ tT a ;n 7 lU t T , a ;n 7 lU r rt T~ f f a ;w ,~ f f a ;r ar r. a ;n 7 lU tT a ;r a r r, e ;n 7 lU r rt T a ;~Impersonal../, . ! J I I ,i J ) )

r Sing.II PI.1 Sing.l PI.~.

r o 6 .16 i ! . f f i / , ~ P . ! J I Ie ; t : . . . i J ) )The following points deserve attention:-(1) The indefinite verb has no imperative and optative forms.It is inflected for person, number and gender, but not fortense, It has also no passive,(2) The tense of an indefinite verb can be determined fromthe context only; as,'6i!Q w w ~ w ) , softly< X 5 )U I U ( U 8 i ~ W ) , sloiol,---------~-------------t Also called adjective by some.t Also called adverbs by some.

99N. B. The neuter singular of indefinite participial nouns ofthe form ~..t.B' is often used with the force of an adver-bial participle; as,' ifoo,pleasant ly . " 'pc; vuinl ).

Illustrations of Indefinite Verbs.H;fran;, sf'"" The crow is black. r! uu'v@ .. ru"'triJ, Youwere formerly good, n;tr' ' ' 'IJIEW G'"G;,,,,,tr"' ' ' ' ' Cranes havelong legs. (!Jj' ' i- ,;i."lOfo,, Drinkrng is bad. G'Utrw LD~"1Sm,,,,r, Gold is found in mountains.

NEGATIVE FORM.85. Negative Indicative of D",rinfte Verb. 6T~rrUl61l))! li ;G iii r I ' ! I ! 1 ' . N (fflJ,rr, I f < ; \ , ' ) Gl1 '&;m ffl;' iJ)' ,],.;Jr.The Negative Indicative of Definite Verbs IS formedin three different ways:-(1) With the aid of the negative particl es@~, ~~" ~;(a) The past and persent tenses are formed by add.ing the different personal terminations with thenegative particle @~ - \ J to the past and present bases

respectively; as,-Q8'UJ,Q 8 ' t U f j ) C J 6 i ! o W , I did not do;fL~, 1 L < i i M i w , a 5 i < 1 1 ! 6 Y r , she does not eat.

(b ) The future tense is formed by adding to theroot the different personal terrninafions (1) with thenegative particle @.N prefixed with the connectiveparticle (~ or (2) with the negative ~~ prefixed ornot prefixed with the connective (3) or with thenegative particle ~ which is always dropped beforeterminations beginning with a vowel, as,.Q8'UJ G d J - W~ G G \J ~ , G J f U J~ G \ J & , G tt fU JG ( l JW , I shall not do..The following points should be noted:-

(1) Roots which have past base endmg: in ~.... drop theI i i ' ; " before ~ < f J ; as,,~@ ~'f-G", ......(2) The negative particle 4J, can take only a terminationbeginning with a long vowel 'or a consonant; as"Q8'iJlLll1'.(neur, sing.), 6l8'tiJlJIf' (neut, pl.)


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100(3) Roots which have L, p, 6, or a long vowel before f i I / P Iin the present may put in

l J l 6 ll l iD : i G i! i r J' ~ ~ G lS '~ G U J< l f d f, i i J < f f > ;; l r .(a) The negative adjectival participle of definite verbs.( b T ~ iT lJ l 6 l l l iD ~ G :i J i r J ' ~ ~ G lS 'f u n -u G U I l J G lI d f , f fW ) isformed by adding ~ : i J i to the verbal root. [fo in~/F may be dropped.]

Note. ~ /F=~ , neg. pa~t+,,$, increm.+"'f adjectiveparticipial suffix.Examples.

@LIJ~ f o ) ~ f f }@Lrr f o ) r o r o f f a horse that does not run.Obs. The negative adjective participle common to the threetenses.


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102(b ) The negative adver bia] participle of definite verbs

(Gf~iUl6ID)D, i G:rof 'r fi&J sB fun rufunGwdf .J f .' :i l) is formedby adding to the root of a verb ~IJ)I, ~U l~, ~6 ID Ul,~4ffilT ~, ~ru~~, or ~ruLLIT6ZJ.

Note. .j'j,.ffiJ=~. neg. part. + ~, increm.v+a., adverbialparticipial suffix ..j'j,wil!=~, neg. part.+wil!, adverbial do~6roW= ~,-do-+6l!lw, do do

Examples.GfsniJJ~1J)IbfsJhT~LO~Gfdi JJ~6IDl . I lrujrIT&ffirr~ru!Trrru~~ruLJlTruLLIT~

} W g v " s, .s ; ff lD li r =He

} , iE G 1M '- 9- u( gu ~= Idenied withoutconsidering.will punish youif you do not come

Note. 1. q"j5l'ff,\J is seldom used except in poetry and dignifiedprose.2. The forms ending in .'/ J~ , .' /J "' '''' .'/ J" "'" are said to becommon to the three tenses, and those in .'/J55ITiu, . '/J.Ji

1 . 9 - . . . "


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1 0 4The Negat ive indefinite finite verbs are formed by add-ing the personal terminations to the roots @~ and & l~ ,implying negation.Examples.1. c !P/Su( ] fww, c !P/Su( ] fww, @ ( ] fww , @ ( ] fww2 . c!P/SuWtri lJ, . J1Su ie f f, @wrr iJ , ie f f{ c!P/Suww, c!P/SualJlDir c !P/SuWf f , cf!J{0/Jr.!tJJ,c !P/ iow, ( c !P/ iow~)

8 . @ww, @ww, @Wf f , @w.! tJJ , @w, (@iow~) .The difference between @ io and c!P/io is that thewhile theformer denies existance or possesSIOn,latter denies existance; as,-cf!J{wwc!P/rID(]fg;u9io'&.J, he isnot there; 1 6 {[ (] f~ Q u tr@ f it f; (] fww , Ihave no wealth;

c!P/! ~,flfF1


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1 06(a) uOi and 2. e w 0 IS goo ro6lJ",6lJIT_,56lJ6lJW_,

f6w.g)!, r o 6 i J < N f f i l , That which is good.r o 6 i > < N , ro6i>Ojj6l!f,o 6 . J ; r o 6 l J ) I Q J } , Those that aregood.

'95. Many worded Finite Verbs, Participles andParticipial nouns. 'J !j G dflT w~iT 6lI1U lU U LL UWGU lIT~~ GiJ jI rL~ Q ) '2 6 ur !: p iD ! !J .I "'~ I' D , 6 f af .I F" "f fi ~U J , Q ) '~ lI Jl TG \ Jf uI Jr!!..fillGuw~",~UJ.


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PARTICIPIAL NOUNS.Third Person. b

PRESENT.Singular. Plural.

108The following sentencesnoticeable forms of manyand participial nounsr+-

afford examplesworded verbs, of someparticiples Singular.. f 6 I Tfir Q8 iJ C 26lJfir~ Q8 iJ 6lJ ITiJ

12; ITa;w ffi[!i61l)UlIUITGlIT~, The crow is black..!J{l ~,i GULLUlITGlIT (JLD!WJiF, It is a round table.! '5


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65/82

3 m 115i!JSiJW, 1 1 5 6 0 S i J I T Wf 1 6 i ! J S iJW , I 6 6 0 S i J I T Wna I 66 v S iJ , if iI , 1 1 5 w .! W

112 U81 .) (6) Particles of signification ( j F " i f o wQ U I T ( ! ! 5 w ) :(a) Expressing grief, pity: ~ C I U I T , . ! P j t iC f o r r , ~ ~ ~

f 1 3 < 0 1 D I U C I U I T etc.(b) Expressing contempt: ~, r ; ; r ; ; , etc.(c) Expressing fear: an_, an_an_, ~ /l , ulT , ~ 1 ii ( j) IU C IU IT , etc,(d) Expressing wonder: - 5 fE lT , . ! P jw U J IT , f jI C 8 i I T , etc.(e) Expressing alternation (either-or). < f J ,@ , if iI , . /f bf o6 v ,

etc.(f) Expressing purposelessness: S i W U J I T , etc ..(g) Expressing time when: I f j , I i i d J (in future), . ! P j w . !W

(that day), ( j i ) w . fW this day), f i T w . ! W (when), u~(j)J(formerly). ( ! p @ T , or ( ! p a r y (previously), t . S I w o rDIary (afterwards), etc.

(h) Expressing place where: . % J f r I D @ j (there), ( j i) r I D@ j(here), ro t r I D @ j (when), ( ! p @ r or ( ! p 6 a y (before), D I @ ror t . S I @ r y (after), f l iP (below), C U J 6 v (upon), etc.

(i) Expressing interrogation: . / f b , fjI, f i T , etc.(j) Expressing dernonstrationr za, ( j i ) , . !P j t5 f o , ( ji )t 5 fo , etc ..(k) Expressing emphasis: er , j F lT @ r , etc.( 1 ) Expressing cumulation: ~W , et est , etc.(m) Expressing doubt: fJ. W , etc.

etc. etc.(7) Metrical expletives ( ( j i ) < 0 1 D 8 ' r & < 0 1 D f D ) : fiT, etc.(8 ) Terminal expletives ( . ! P j < 0 1 D 8 ' r & l i i l D f D ) : fjI, etc.(2 ) Symbolical particles (@ j ; l i u t .S l < 0 1 D L - # Q 8 ' l T j J 8 i w ) :

(a) Indicative of rapidity: 8'CSiJQIJIiiI5r, 8 ' L I T Q I J _ , etc.(b) do fear: j iF l i/ d ;Q 8 i Ii il 5 r, ' /p ~ Q I i iI fI J r _ , etc.(c) do sound; 8 iW 8 iQ Ii iY T_ , Q II 5 . fW Q fl jQ fD li i I 5 r , 8 '1 -

8 'Q L - _ , U L - u Q L - _ , ( y J . ! W ( ! p Q fD - , U J I DU J Q f D l ii I5 r , 8 i L- C b Q L -I ii l5 r , C 8 i rr Q I ii ll 'D l rr , etc.

.Illustrations of the use of some particles.riJ '".. . .. . . ~""'.. , . . .. .,IIJprrfir. The king came. [ " ' % 4 1 ' ,."b--d\..t.ll1.t 1~"'ITL'I./, The branch of a tree. (;..,uuIiJl.IT,u (CQJlbl./-~.Ib-,.rrtiJ)tThe unripe fruit of amargosa tree, l./oJ/..,IJU aurr~rrtiJlJplP.It pounced like a tiger. ~LJIT""@".II1 ~ . " ' " " d ' J t r , . , l ! P - - - - ' ; ; , Give(me) either gold or silver. .,..,..t(!!j f Y J ; ; ' t i l w , Stand before me:.rraw ~"tiJr:/fffir, I myself did (it). "~'1th ",&or",w S~""', A dog anda cat ran. ""PITYW " C ! f ~ . . , . . . . I may perhaps come.

Adjcctioal. PARTICIPLES. Adverbial.(Compound form)1 1 5 6 v S iJ I T U J , 1 1 5 6 v S iJ I T 8 i.

Third Person.PARTICIPIAL NOUNS.

bSingular.

m m i lJ c vr ci r r, r oio 6U r r 6N1 1 5 iv O S i J IT @ r1 1 5 i ! J S i J I i i l l W

n a 1 1 5 6 0 S i J . / p

Plural.1 1 5 60 S iJ f f, 1 1 5 6v S iJ r r f1 1 5 6 v C S i J lT f f, 1 1 5 6 v S iJ l ii ll ff1 1 5 6 0 iJIiillf f a ; wl o 60 S i J < il J J I ii l1 , I 6 6 0 S iJ O I J r .

ABSTRACT NOUNS.1 1 5 @ r 6 /5 ) U J 1 1 5 @ r ; l i .

3. PARTICLES.(!p~ (!!J''ill,jjiJ @!OIDL.uS)UJ i t> .

Classification of Particles. @ 6 l I lL o f G o ! f lT ; . U & G J l ' ~ Ql61I)iJ>& m .96.Particles are divided into the following groups:-(1 ) Case endings ( C l i i l 1 jJ . ! tL '~ U J '4 (! !5 ya ;w ) : - fj , _ I i i l 1 ~ , 6_U

I i i l lW , ~ , ~ 6 0 , @ j, etc.(2 ) Terminations ( < i! l I ( 8 jf o l$ w ) : . ! P j@ r , ~w, ( j i ) , 8 iW , etc(3) Middle-particles ( ( j i ) 6 / 5 ) L - r & 3 o o J a ; w ) : "i , u, I$i)@r; < 9 , etc.(4 ) Increments ( 6 C lT tf iO t D I U ): . ! P j@ r , . ! P j" i J , ~ !T @ r, I $ j ) w , . ! P j u "

. ! P j , ~ , ~ , @j, . ! P j ;D . ! W , etc.(5 ) Particles expressing similitude ( f I . _ I ii l 1 O I DU J ' 4 ( ! ! 5 L . . {8 i W ) :

C U I T 60 , Y I i i lD IJ , C lI 5 ff , etc.a Or impersonal.b Participial nouns of the other two persons are rare in use-


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114 11596. a. Particles of various meanings. uw Gurr[!)~&~

14S1J1Ir~~IJ}lW @6lI l I -ofGn) lJ&lr .

This particle is used-(1) To imPly negation, denial (bTii~i1l6lll ;n):

f J iW f 5 l/ Q 8 'i J u S if j ! )J L o Q U iT iU Q 8 ' 1 T 6 i J 6 I J I T C j E , Even if you steal(implying that one should not steal), do not tell a lie.

(2) To express a high scale (


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116(5) To express a negation (bf i~UlOID)! l):

-= , , / i i l l@r W$ jE IT IJ_ , He came, did he? (implying hedid not.)To express a contempt (@ff i~,f f5'):i T ! " J ! Uu9~ fo1 i1YEa ; IT J J IT , Fie! Fie! thou mad fellow.As a final expletive (,g)jOIDdf! i i lW):flirr.ir -= , , /UU'~& Q


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118 119(5) To link a verb 'with another verb:

~LDr is , fE6 i5 r t5 l jDt i;~ l fQ6I5T - fo , fEr is~ ,$ ILf ( jjJ j ri s /F f fdrr , The fatherwas happy that a son was born.

(6 ) To express similitude (~uLJ):ydlQUJ6I5Tu UlftUm,fElfdrr,He sprang like a tiger.

(7 ) To link a duplex term (@In " :6 l I lLm -6 I5 ') with an-other "word:~4'-~4'- ro r ' ; " . fPJ ~(jjJj~ ~4'- fo,fElfdrr, He beat him rightand left.(8 ) To express the sense of "appointed for", "sacred to"(~ILI tULJ) :i:ts;lfuS.9J)}8;Qa;drr'!p~6lI,sf(]},fEdrr, I kept it for the church.

(9) To express enumeration ( 6 T 6 O O r ) :t fi ! 6 lJQLD6I5T~QI f6 I5T ,sf { iQUJ_d; S;1fd JQ jD - .~ S; ff 8'Q LD _U~ jE rin s; 6ir 'fI lm !, There are five elements, viz. earth,water, fire, air and ether.

(2) As an expletice (~6(J).!f~~):~,ffi1 UlfwyQS;ff6tJ,U@~,fE';;iS;lf6tJ,s that a serpent ora rope?

:2 ) To express a disjunctive sense:Q a;( ;uu.ffiJw LDpQ jD@ UU jW LD


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120 121100. Formation of adjectival forms from substantives.

(1 ) From substantives of quality ending in O X O L D areformed adjectives (or indefinite adjectival partici-ples @ j ,2 9 u y u QUIUQf f~


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122 123Obs. The form in ~"'" is the most common; the other twoforms are rather stiff and pedantic.(3) All substantives of quality may also express theadjective idea by being prefixed to a noun as shownin the following examples.Q U(1 J6 I5 JL D. G u i- ""I ff9 i- , Q U( 1J riil- ( 6/ II ffu " Q U(1 J- LD 6/ II ffW , Q U( 1J -

eu u S ! gJ J,or QU1J u,6lJ u S ! gJJ~gJJ6 I5 JLD. ~;i;fDL- (~gJJ-""IL-)' ~gJJ-f ff6 rJ, r;}fDL-, (~gJJ-

. " "I L -) '(!fJJfiil5JLD. (!;ppi, ( ( ! fJ . ff i I-@1i ) , ( ! ;P. ff i !-LDf fW.U9i- IO IDLD. W F$ l~, (W F9i--@ ~), U9i--LDffU" U9i-rID-IE '6 tfi or

6 l f JU r I D - $ : 6 t f i .Q lF U,6 I5 JL D. Q lF 6 iU ilf!D @ , G lF -6 lJ L -, Q lF rI D- f (_ 6rJ , Q lF ti;- ~fD U"

, Q lFW- l i i2 l ff6 I fTU, .Q Iii2lW ~ . Q Iii2lW ~ ';lF L6 I5 Jl- .

Examples.Noun. Adv, from.

f6@r f i roLDUJIT f , $@ r f ii l 5JLDiLJf f tU , f66rJCCI !ft E , f 66 rJ 6U IT UQ.a;6tf iwff$, Q


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124 125Appendix.

~@GuWrT. 'TRANSFERRED NOUN.(METONYMY, SYNEDOCHE AND METAPHOR.)Transferred noun is name of a thing substituted forthat of the thing meant with which it is associated.~ Q ? QU I TQ?61F I 5 I5 r .f fi lr jj )1 L I ;DQU lL lf Jl T io ~~ ;D@ j ' ; 8 'WU l 6 , iDW I T 5 I 5 r

a @ J Q (!!lQ ? Q U IT Q? ' & r r , i F Q,iDITW . !OJQI E I TL@ 61 / Q?(!p!O l5JD a I Ll @ J /;p rI D@ 561 / 6 lf f ~ ~ GUlU!rITW.

1. GUll !!>101T1TGL! lU~ One noun for another noun.e. g. I E I TW~iJjrrGUrr~GulU~. Cause for the effect.e. g. fO Q ?W ro Yr@ 6 lJ ff u Lffo jF rr& . fO Q ?W W@W ff 6 1 " & i f D J r i D

a ; fo jF ,I 61 9& Qu lL lff, ~ W fJ rr ;DQ 8'U JIL IU UL L- .,fJ ifT ~pa ; r r~ ;D .!OJ 13. ~GU61LDlUlT~GU[U~. Implied simile (metaphor)-

e. g . UITw , 6\ lW for ~6 'O !W IT_ / d J .

6. Gi!irr~G\lIl~GulUiT. Verbal noun for the concrete.e. g. w ;D fD io f L6 . il Jr L -I TW . l ii lI ;D fD io for w ;Dp961 !TUSL-w .7. ~I01TGUrr~GulUiT. The measure for the vessel

used for measuring.e. g. ULf fL


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126 1277. A particle, @6l I lLo ! l=GdF lT~GIDL1T.e. g. LD;DOIJJ;n


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128PARSING.

@, l Jl rr u@ l l fG 5T J6 lI li Jj 6l l> l U ff i i l> r u~ ~ ~W~J6l Il il >G& fG5T ID ~ '@'!Tlrru@Ilf~-I ! . ILI ' ;- j3owr, -ff,fiiiMLJtrio, ~(! ! j615JLlJU LJL. f f8 ;615Ja;uQu'

lUff; & /E io a J; D. f! 1J 61 5 JL lJ ~io ~ fi ir .f !1 J, "Q 8'fi ir (!! Jfi ir " r; ;r fi ir fi Jl) Jw d /~ 8; @ 5sr ( ! :f l ii l l t r ILl I TtU o l1 l5 /E . I .A noun of the personal class and masculine gender, in thesingular number, and in the nominative case, being thesubject of the verb Qa-w( ! !Jrn- .Ji'6l l>iJj6l l>lU-lLlLlf f f E & w r , QLJ~TLJlr io, ~(! ! j615JLlJU LJL.f fd615Ja;uQLJIUff j)fj,)ITfiiiML.trW ali i l l ;D.f !1J615JLlJrsi/ t f1{ J6 1 5 J j E 6 1 5 J lL I = { J0 1 5 l jE +~), 'a;liillffI5.iJ"

- o rf ii rW l w 1 ii T '; 8' ii J9 ~ 8; ! ij '; Q 8 'l LI ud JJ iQ L Jt r( !! jr or rI T tU li il l$ / E . iJ .A noun of the personal class and feminine gender in thesingular number and in the inflected objective-case {J66J/E

1Oif l1Ll=~615J/E+~, being the object of the verb "a;f i i l l f f$, fP"JJ,-wtr65160tr ~ooo j i 3ow r ~ ( l! j6 1 5J L lJU ~ L .f f8 ;6 15 Ja ;U QW lU lr ~

16 t r f i i r IE tr I_n a ea ;D.f !1J615JLlJ,f f i fo IT615J; , "Q 8 ' fi i r ( ! !J f i i r" etf i ir f i Jl ) JW &;D.f ! )J ' i I ~(1 ILl tr(iiJ & f- fl; , !E . I A noun of the impersonal class and neuter gender in thesingular number and in the uninflected dative-case joined

adverbially to the verb "G8'm-( ! !J6N".G

tLL._6N WtrL.JJJi.i Q8 ',ud l~ '; Q8'lL IudliJQw ll(1 !jW @ jW jilL l Q,!E,f }~3G.JtJY~&;D.fPJ; I!. IL I ff f 93 ow r, ~.-m wtrio , f)( l!j6 IJ 'L lJ , W L- ff 8;1Oif la;~L.,ffi~io"I j j .) I T 1 T@}


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ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES.6U < ' F t N U ui iJ ~ ffi IT G l 5 \ f f L D .

131EXAl'vIINATION PAPERS.

A few examples are given below for the benefitof the E. S. L. C. students.1. . g; ,i ;8 ; . g; G 1 t ' G 3 r '-I~IIT~cIf5'ffi{!j G B i f f i L ! D l < l J > .

2. "w ,ffi.ffilw ~( !? W ~W W IT J5 )(!?UUfiTtUj;fo rID 1 ii:( !? 8; (!! jW ~

JJffDw I fo~ fo~ QalI $ IT I4W.u S ) w($ WlT;ro


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132October, 1927.

1. I 5 1 6 i J r 6J.J(!! ;6J.J_6J.JD .gJJW ~ iJ JQ6J.J ff 6 iJ r fi l5 J fD '4w R_ fo f f JJmfTr ID8;f if1 f i l lt i lW8;(:! ! j8;;-f Lr fi .i Q, 6 I~ lU ff 6 'l !&w r' 4WQU lUf f, 0 6 J. J;D, i! JJ fi 5; LD ,! f' ;DQ fD .i


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1 3 6 1 3 71927.

1. Parse the words in the sentence:-""!tiJrm clh':"'L ~ L . U f . r o a;tiJrmcl 1 Lwrof I J J IT ?VOCABULARY AND CONCORDANCE

OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS.Section

" " ! o o , , p 9 3 . w r u Q U U J f f Impersonal noun. 48" " ! @ ' J S ' r f) 6 I D f D Terminal expletive. 96~.ro& ! IJ . iS ' ti ; jB Uninflected or noncasalcombination. 20< f ! , ( ! i j Q U U J f f Transferred nouns (Metonymy,synedoche, metaphor).~ d t . - u f f . r o Q U U J f f Masculine nouns.< f ! , i l 1 5 u , Guttural Aspirate.< f ! ,( ! !J u , a 6 1 J ; D . ff ) J 6 I D 1 J J The sixth or Genitive case. Q J ) S ' r f ) 6 I D f D Metrical expletive.@6IDS't f J . i Q S ' . ' ! " . r o Attributives expressive of

sounds.@LW Person.@6IDL,@6IDL.iQS'ff.ro Particles.@6IDLQiU(!:ffo1 Medial letters.@6IDLrf)&.! Medial particle. f f d l J r L f f w a w ; D . f f ) J 6 I D 1 J J The Second or Ac-

cusative Case.@ @ Q U U J Q f ff fL .@ U udlJrYfoQ,fGff6IDa;The ap-positional ellipsis.@ f D t i; ,f G a ; r r w r o u , Past Tense.@ f D t iJ , fG a ; rr w ro u Q U U J Q / J lF < F W Past Adjectivalparticiple.@ f D t i; 1 5a ; i rw r o t J I'& w Q U J l F < F U , Past Adverbialparticiple.@- g ( ! : f , . $ . i f j J Kindred Letters.LLtiJrurrL.@ r & lI '& w Q U J l F < F ~ u l ii J a; w Signs of

affirmative adverbial participles.l 1 . , . .u F f f a , a ; W Prefix,

2. Give the present, past and future tenses (first singular)and the so-called infiinitive of r & l I ( ! : f , Y(6), L Ew , jB tiJ r, l 1 'r r ,a w , L@, L ( ! : f , a;wro," ! . f f ) J , 1 5@ , and a 1 5 @ '

3. Explain with examples, the formation of all the parts ofthe negative verb.4. Give the accusative, gemtive, and locative singular andplural of:-IJJa;6lir, a;.ro, I J J r r@ , U lJ i- , I J J / J u " f l j r r t i J r and , f G r r ~ .5. Translate into Tamil:--

(a) He has not yet given me the money.(b ) As soon as he came, all went away.(c ) He would have gone to the school by this time.(d) The horse which I used to ride formerly is dead.(e ) He came while I was at work and so I did notsee him.(f) Go and tell him that Iwill come to his houseto dinner this evening.

Page54'113

7Appendix.49 5510 '}58 6096 11399 12051 5796 1129 221 A. 8..954 58Appendix.66 7277 II 8179 8313 379 8397 119


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138f L W 6 1 J ) w , ; iG f o I T 6 1 5 l a ; The cumulative ellipsis.f L U J f f j i) 3 c w rU G L l U J f f Personal nouns.f L u S / G J J ( ! g j ; . f I i I Vc.wels.fL a s ! ffGw t .U G U J ( ! g j ; .f Ii I Vowel-Consonants.f L u S /I P . fP i u Y 6 m t fi U J i rJ Combination of consonant

final.f L t f i , fLn75GS'ITirJ Attributives.f L W 6 1 J ) w j ; G f o IT 6 1 J ) a ; The comparative ellipsis.fLW61J)w'4(ljya;w Particles expressing similitude.G r d w r Number.@ " 6 1 i l l r' i f! l J u G U U J f f Numeral Substantive.et j i U a ; I T 6 ' i J w Future Tense.< ii Tf B ff W i i1 5 )f D j; G _ < b tf i$ J & ! ( ( !f J $< E IT 6 'i J ) 9 ~ (! fJ p . I J 1 1a ;1 M

Negative Indicative of Definite Verbs.G r ,~ f fW 6 1 J )f D j; G , ib tf i$ J & ! 9 ~ w w ir J ( ! f J ,t D .I J 1 1 Neg-

ative Imperative of Definite Verbs.G r f N r i W 6 1 J ) f D j; G"stfi$J&!6:iJl~U G U U J G J J 5 S ' W Neg-

ative adjectival participle of definiteverbs.G r f N t T W 6 1 J ) f D j ; G"stfi$J&!6l5I~ 6 J 9 ~ c ; ; , U J 5 S ' W Neg-

ative adverbial participle of definiteverbs.I ii T fN f fW f X Q f D ,, $ G " s IT ; }I ,t D G U U J f f Negative Verbal

nouns.


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142

9~ R . t f l . ; c ; , )6 ' f f 6 i J Adverbial Attributives.t i K J ~ _iG,6ff6lJ)e; Verbal ellipsis.~~QUJ';8'-W Adverbial Participles.6 J 5 J ? a r r y P J l ! Finite verbs.~~ /u ffO lJ? - rIL {W G W /u ff Participial nouns.Clfil lP.8Jiw;rJjU> Case.Cl6lJppOXDw' ;8 ' -m jB Casal or Inflected com-bination.(Je lJP./ l l Ie rouQ,6f f f i / l fJl lS Casal ellipsis.

Section Page.99 120Appendix.78 8269 7383 ii 9552 5720 7Appendix.


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hand book of tamil grammer

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