GHSGT ReviewGHSGT Review

Week 1: Week 1:

CellsCells

Cell TransportCell Transport

Chemistry of LIfeChemistry of LIfe

CellsCells

Cell TheoryCell Theory

All living things are made of cellsAll living things are made of cells

All come from preexisting cells All come from preexisting cells

Cells are the basic unit of structure and Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of lifefunction of life

Robert HookeRobert Hooke

11stst saw cells under microscope saw cells under microscope

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic CellsCells

Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells

DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUSDO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS

Example – BACTERIA BACTERIA and Example – BACTERIA BACTERIA and NOTHING BUT BACTERIANOTHING BUT BACTERIA

Prokaryotic Cells continuedProkaryotic Cells continued

Kingdom – EUBACTERIA or Kingdom – EUBACTERIA or ARCHEABACTERIA (these used to be ARCHEABACTERIA (these used to be the old single kingdom MONERA) the old single kingdom MONERA) EUBACTERIA are the common bacteria EUBACTERIA are the common bacteria that are found everywherethat are found everywhereARCHEABACTERIA are found only in ARCHEABACTERIA are found only in very hostile environments (hot steam very hostile environments (hot steam vents, areas with very high or low pH or vents, areas with very high or low pH or places that have a high salt content)places that have a high salt content)

EUKARYOTIC CELLSEUKARYOTIC CELLS

HAVE A NUCLEUSHAVE A NUCLEUS

All:All:PlantsPlantsAnimalsAnimalsFungiFungiProtistaProtistaAre examples of organisms that have eukaryotic Are examples of organisms that have eukaryotic

cellscells

Plant Cells vs. Animal CellsPlant Cells vs. Animal Cells

Animal CellsAnimal CellsNucleus – The control center of the cellNucleus – The control center of the cell

Ribosomes- the site of protein synthesisRibosomes- the site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum – a system of transport pathways Endoplasmic Reticulum – a system of transport pathways throughout the cellthroughout the cell

Golgi (apparatus, body, complex) a stack of flattened Golgi (apparatus, body, complex) a stack of flattened sacks, sacks are filled with materials that exit the cellsacks, sacks are filled with materials that exit the cell

Cell Membrane - also called the PLASMA MEMBRANE –a Cell Membrane - also called the PLASMA MEMBRANE –a barrier that keeps the inside in and the outside out. barrier that keeps the inside in and the outside out.

Mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell – the site of Mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell – the site of Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

More Animal Cell OrganellesMore Animal Cell Organelles

Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive enzymes – Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive enzymes – the stomach of the cell.the stomach of the cell.

Vacuoles – Water filled sacks – animal cell have manyVacuoles – Water filled sacks – animal cell have many small water vacuolessmall water vacuoles

Cilia & Flagella – long hair like structures used for Cilia & Flagella – long hair like structures used for locomotion –locomotion –

flagella = one long whip, flagella = one long whip, Cilia = many short - allover the outer Cilia = many short - allover the outer

surface of the cellsurface of the cell

Vesicles – fluid filled sacks that contain various materialsVesicles – fluid filled sacks that contain various materials

And MORE animal cell organellesAnd MORE animal cell organelles

Cytoplasm – (cyto=cell; plasm=liquid)Cytoplasm – (cyto=cell; plasm=liquid)the gel in the cell in whichthe gel in the cell in which

the organelles arethe organelles are suspended.suspended.

Chromosomes – Coiled DNAChromosomes – Coiled DNA

Nuclear Membrane – separates the nucleus Nuclear Membrane – separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell – also called,”the from the rest of the cell – also called,”the nuclear envelope”nuclear envelope”

Nucleolus- Found inside the nucleus – this produces Nucleolus- Found inside the nucleus – this produces ribosomesribosomes

Plant CellsPlant Cells

Same as animal, EXCEPT:Same as animal, EXCEPT:– Have cell wall – made of CELLULOSEHave cell wall – made of CELLULOSE

– Have chloroplast (plastid) – contains the Have chloroplast (plastid) – contains the photosynthetic pigment called CHLOROPHYLLphotosynthetic pigment called CHLOROPHYLL

– Have one LARGE vacuoleHave one LARGE vacuole

– Do NOT have centriolesDo NOT have centrioles

DAY TWODAY TWO

Cell Transport and Cell Transport and HomeostasisHomeostasis

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environmentMaintaining a stable internal environment

Examples:Examples:

maintaining a constant internal body maintaining a constant internal body temperaturetemperature

Water regulationWater regulation

Crossing the Plasma Crossing the Plasma MembraneMembrane

Passive Transport – does not Passive Transport – does not require energy input on the part of require energy input on the part of the cell. the cell.

Active Transport – requires the Active Transport – requires the cell to expend energycell to expend energy

Passive TransportPassive Transport

Diffusion – particles moving from an area of Diffusion – particles moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low high concentration to an area of low concentrationconcentration

examples – smells, water evaporation,examples – smells, water evaporation,

Osmosis – Osmosis – water moving across a cell water moving across a cell membranemembrane from an area of high from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to an area of low concentrationconcentration

Active TransportActive Transport

Sodium – Potassium Pump – Sodium – Potassium Pump –

Endocytosis – (into the cell)Endocytosis – (into the cell)phagocytosis – large solid particles are phagocytosis – large solid particles are

brought into the cellbrought into the cellpinocytosis – small or liquid (non-water)pinocytosis – small or liquid (non-water)

particles are brought into the particles are brought into the

cell.cell.Exocytosis (out of the cell) materials are Exocytosis (out of the cell) materials are released from the cellreleased from the cell

Day threeDay three

Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life

ElementsElements

6 elements in all living things: 6 elements in all living things: CPHONSCPHONS

WaterWater

AdhesionAdhesion

CohesionCohesion

PolarPolar

MeniscusMeniscus

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

LipidsLipids

ProteinsProteins

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

Carbohydrates – saccharidesCarbohydrates – saccharides

Lipids – fats and oilsLipids – fats and oils

Proteins **** Proteins **** – Made of Amino AcidsMade of Amino Acids– Enzymes (Catalysts)Enzymes (Catalysts)

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids– DNA & RNADNA & RNA

What Do Living Things Do?What Do Living Things Do?

What Do Living Things Do?What Do Living Things Do?

Absorb (take in nutrients)Absorb (take in nutrients)ExcreteExcreteDigestDigestBiosynthesisBiosynthesisSecreteSecreteReproduceReproduceAdaptAdaptUse EnergyUse Energy

Photosynthesis & Cellular Photosynthesis & Cellular RespirationRespiration

1. In this process, cells use 1. In this process, cells use glucose to produce energyglucose to produce energy

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

HomeostasisHomeostasis

RespirationRespiration

lysosomelysosome

2. This describes how our body 2. This describes how our body temperature stays at a safe temperature stays at a safe level.level.

RespirationRespiration

HeterotrophHeterotroph

MitochondrionMitochondrion

homeostasishomeostasis

3. Which of the following is an 3. Which of the following is an autotroph?autotroph?

FungiFungi

TreeTree

AmoebaAmoeba

GoldfishGoldfish

4. Which of the following is a 4. Which of the following is a heterotroph?heterotroph?

WheatWheat

HumanHuman

DandelionDandelion

grassgrass

5. What controls movement in 5. What controls movement in and out of the cell?and out of the cell?

Cell wallCell wall

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Cell membraneCell membrane

nucleusnucleus

6. The site of photosynthesis is 6. The site of photosynthesis is the the

Cell wallCell wall

NucleusNucleus

MitochondrionMitochondrion

chloroplastchloroplast

7. It is where protein synthesis 7. It is where protein synthesis takes placetakes place

CytoplasmCytoplasm

RibosomeRibosome

NucleusNucleus

chromosomechromosome

8. It controls the movement in 8. It controls the movement in and out of the nucleus.and out of the nucleus.

Cell membraneCell membrane

NucleolusNucleolus

Nuclear membraneNuclear membrane

ribosomeribosome

9. It is involved in the 9. It is involved in the breakdown of food in the cell.breakdown of food in the cell.

LysosomeLysosome

RibosomeRibosome

VacuoleVacuole

MitochondrionMitochondrion

10. It is the rigid structure that 10. It is the rigid structure that gives shape to plant cells.gives shape to plant cells.

Cell wallCell wall

Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum

Cell membraneCell membrane

Nuclear membraneNuclear membrane

11. Glucose is changed into 11. Glucose is changed into pyruvic acid duringpyruvic acid during

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

GlycolysisGlycolysis

Electron transportElectron transport

The Kreb’s CycleThe Kreb’s Cycle

12. In this process, pyruvic acid 12. In this process, pyruvic acid and oxygen yield carbon and oxygen yield carbon dioxide, water and ATP.dioxide, water and ATP.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

GlycolysisGlycolysis

Electron transportElectron transport

Kreb’s CycleKreb’s Cycle

13. Two structures found in 13. Two structures found in plant cells and not in animal plant cells and not in animal cells arecells are

Mitochondria and chloroplastsMitochondria and chloroplasts

Ribosomes and cell wallsRibosomes and cell walls

Cell wall and chloroplastsCell wall and chloroplasts

Cell membrane and cell wallCell membrane and cell wall

14. When more water goes into 14. When more water goes into a cell than out of a cell, the a cell than out of a cell, the solution around the cell issolution around the cell is

HypertonicHypertonic

HypotonicHypotonic

IsotonicIsotonic

destroyeddestroyed

15. Which element is present in 15. Which element is present in all living things?all living things?

IronIron

CarbonCarbon

HeliumHelium

SodiumSodium

16. What is the function of an 16. What is the function of an enzyme in a biochemical enzyme in a biochemical reaction?reaction?

CatalystCatalyst

SolventSolvent

InhibitorInhibitor

nutrientnutrient

17. All living things exhibit the 17. All living things exhibit the following characteristics following characteristics EXCEPT:EXCEPT:

Growth and developmentGrowth and development

Response to the environmentResponse to the environment

Respiration of oxygenRespiration of oxygen

Transfer of genetic informationTransfer of genetic information

18. Which of the following is 18. Which of the following is true of MOST living things?true of MOST living things?

A male and female are required for reproductionA male and female are required for reproduction

All cells of the organism are the sameAll cells of the organism are the same

All organisms have cells arranged into tissuesAll organisms have cells arranged into tissues

The ultimate source of energy for all organisms The ultimate source of energy for all organisms is the sun.is the sun.

NEXT WEEK:HeredityNEXT WEEK:Heredity

Mitosis & MeiosisMitosis & Meiosis

Transcription, Translation, ReplicationTranscription, Translation, Replication

Punnett Squares, DominancePunnett Squares, Dominance

Genetic DiseasesGenetic Diseases