GHSGT Science Review—2006

GHSGT Science Review

Day 1-BiologyMrs. M. DavisMrs. K. Rigdon

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Animal Cell

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Plant Cell

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Homeostasis The maintenance of a stable internal

environment, by regulating substances traveling into and out of the cell.

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Passive Transport Osmosis = the unregulated movement

of water across the cell membrane Does not require energy to take place Cellular response in 3 types of solutions:

– Isotonic = same conc. materials as the cytoplasm

– Hypertonic = greater conc. of materials than the cytoplasm

– Hypotonic = lesser conc. of materials than the cytoplasm

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Examples—Animal cell

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Example—Plant Cell

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Organic Compounds Carbohydrates = used for short-term

storage of energy and fuel (converted to ATP)

Fats = used for long-term storage of energy and fuel (also eventually converted to ATP)

Proteins = used for growth and repair of cells and tissues. Many proteins function as enzymes, allowing physiological reactions to occur (no reaction = NO LIFE!)

Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) = store information for reproduction of cells

GHSGT Science Review—2006

DNA DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid shape = twisted ladder (double helix)

– Backbone (sides of ladder) = alternating sugars and phosphates

– Rungs of ladder = nitrogen bases (C, G, A, and T)

GHSGT Science Review—2006

DNA vs. RNA DNA = A, T, G,

C, double helix– A bonds to T, G

bonds to C

RNA = A, U, G, C, single strand – RNA bonds to

DNA to read the genetic code

– A bonds to U, G bonds to C

GHSGT Science Review—2006

DNA Replication Replication = DNA copies itself during

mitosis, meiosis

GHSGT Science Review—2006

DNA Replication con’t.

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Genetics Gene = sequence of

3 base pairs in DNA, controls traits in all living things

Can be one of two types (alleles):– Dominant = always

expressed in phenotype

– Recessive = only expressed when there is no dominant gene present

Homozygous = 2 of the same allele (RR, rr)

Heterozygous = 1 of each type of allele (Rr)

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Genetic Crosses Punnett Square =

allows prediction of traits in offspring from parent’s known traits

Monohybrid cross = shows offspring that would results from 2 heterozygous parents for 1 trait

Dihybrid cross = 2 parents heterozygous for 2 traits

R rR RR Rrr Rr rr

3 red (RR, Rr) : 1 white

(rr)RT Rt rT rt

RT RRTTRRTtRrTT RrTt

Rt RRTt RRtt RrTt Rrtt

rT RrTT RrTt rrTT rrTt

rt RrTt Rrtt rrTt rrtt9 red/tall : 3 red/short :

3 white/tall : 1 white/short

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Cellular Reproduction Mitosis

-somatic (body) cell reproduction-conserves original chromosome number (diploid)-produces daughter cell identical to parent-Interphase is a period between cell divisions for resting & growth.

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Cellular Reproduction Meiosis

– occurs in repro-ductive organs

– produces gametes (sex cells) containing ½ the chromosome number (haploid) of the parent cell

– requires two cell divisions in order to reduce original chromosome number by ½ (haploid)

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Classification Taxonomy = study of

how organisms are named and classified.

System is from most general to most specific: Kingdom PhylumClassOrder

FamilyGenusSpecies“King Phillip Comes Over For Great Spaghetti.”

Binomial Nomenclature = scientific name for organism; consists of Latin genus & species designationsex: humans = Homo sapiens

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Crossing Over crossing over = varies the genetic

information of the offspring

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Five Kingdoms

Bacteria, virusblue-green algae

Euglena, paramecium

Mushrooms,Yeast

Athlete’s footBread Mold

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Biomes (Ecology) Aquatic = marine (saltwater) and

freshwater– Majority of world’s oxygen produced by

phytoplankton here Terrestrial (from coldest to warmest)

– Tundra = temp never above zero– Taiga = coniferous forest (think Canada)– Grassland = prairies and savannah– Desert = arid (very dry)– Temperate = deciduous forest (trees lose

leaves) Think Georgia!– Tropical = Rain forest, lots of rain, 80

degrees

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Biomes

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Resources Non-Renewable = any resource that is

used faster than it can be replaced– Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)– Metal ores (copper, aluminum, iron)– Building materials (rock, such as granite,

limestone, sandstone, marble) Renewable = any resource that can be

continually replaced or used– Solar/wind/geothermal/nuclear energy– Plants and animals (biomass)

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Communities Niche = role an organism plays in its

environment Habitat = where the organism lives Feeding Relationships

– Producers:• Autotrophs = makes its own food (plants)• Heterotrophs = must obtain food elsewhere

(animals)– Consumers:

• Herbivore = eats autotrophs• Carnivore = eats herbivores• Decomposer = breaks down organisms• Omnivore = eats everything above

Predation = one organism kills another in order to consume them for energy (animal-animal relationship)

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Communities, con’t. Living relationships

– Commensalism = one organism benefits, the other is unaffected

– Mutualism = both organisms benefit– Parasitism = one organism benefits, the

other is harmed• Kudzu is a parasite

In 2000, the City of Tallahassee implemented a program that uses sheep to “mob-graze” kudzu, an efficient and effective method of eliminating the invasive vine. The program is saving hundreds of acres of native plants and trees from destruction without using pesticides or heavy labor.

GHSGT Science Review—2006

Energy Flow (Ecosystem)