geosynthetics: applications, design and construction
TRANSCRIPT
PROCEEDINGS OF THE HRST EUROPEAN GEOSYNTHETICS CONFERENCE EUROGEO 1/MAASTRICHT/NETHERLANDS/30 SEPTEMBER - 2 OCTOBER 1996
Geosynthetics: Applications, Design and Construction Edited by
M.B.DEGROOT Delft Geotechnics, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division, Netherlands
G.DENHOEDT Oosterbeek, Netherlands ^
RJ.TERMAAT Ministry of Public Works, Delft, Netherlands
:C';hV'< VK'
A.A.BALKEMA/ROTTERDAM/BROOKFIELD/1996
Geosynthetics: Applications, Design and Construction, DeGroot, DenHoedtS, Termaat(eds) © 1996Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5410 836 3
Table of contents i
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Preface XVn rA
Organization . i > i;-<; : ?' XIX
Mercer lecture
Geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls as important permanent structures 3 F.Tatsuoka,M.Tateyama, T.Uchimura & J.Koseki
Keynote lectures
Retaining structures with geosynthetics: A mature technique, but with some questions 27 pending.... J.P.Gourc
The use of geosynthetics in pavement engineering 47 S. F.Brown
Landfill liners and covers 55 EGartung
The state-of-the practice regarding in-situ monitoring of geosynthetics 71 R.M.Koerner
Erosion control and bank protection ' 87 K-d'Angremond .APoUfift.
1 Case histories of walls and steep slopes
A geotextile reinforced concrete block wall at the Lirmno Site on Bow Creek, London 101 S.P.Corbet & R.G. Freake
Use of geogrids in stability problems and lateral earth pressure relieve in historical retaining 107 structures K. Parylak & A Pawlowski
Experimental study on geotextile-reinforced soil walls with different facings 113 Y. Ochiai & N. Fukuda
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f a - • i
Nonwoven geotextiles used for temporary reinforcement of a retaining structure 121 under a railroad track G. Mamsbart & C. Kropik
Reinforced soil embankment for London's Heathrow Express Rail Link 125 G. R. Carter, J. H. Dixon & R. C. Watts
Hard facing for steep reinforced soil slopes: A case history from the UK 131 S.S.Dikran&RRimoldi
Abutments of a wooden bridge made of textile reinforcing earth 137 U. Kdhler & G. Setzpfandt
LandShape® - Retaining walls built during the construction of the major road RW 36 141 between the RW 835 and Vriezenveen _ . Th.Huybregts
2 Stressing of geosynthetics during installation and construction on site
Damage of geosynthetics during installation - Experience from real sites and research works 145 G. Brdu rsi!.;' pvn--' -'s'sitpn •.
Installation of geosynthetics in road construction - Possibilities, problems and solutions 151 W.Wilmers
Limits of stress and strain: Design criteria for protective layers for geomembranes in landfill 153 liner systems S.Seeger&W.Muller
Stressing of geosynthetics during installation and construction on site - Installation 159 of geosynthetics in waterways _ H. -U.Abromeit & M.H.Heibaum
Ship induced geotextile tensile stresses during installation under water: Theoretical : ; - • 165 assessment and verification H.-U.Abromeit
3 The design of reinforced slopes and retaining walls
The consideration of the deformations in the design of reinforced retaining walls 171 M.Nimmesgern
4 The interaction between soil and geosynthetics
Deformation behavior of geotextile reinforcement at vicinity of shear surface 177 D.T.Bergado, P.V.Long & G.Werner
Experimental study on behavior of multi-layered geosynthetics 183 S.lmaizumi,Y.Yokoyama, S.Takahashi &M.Tsuboi
Evaluation of soil-PVC geomembrane interface friction for landfill design 189 ABouazza .
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Use of geosynthetics for reinforcing wet cohesive soils 193 GAAthanasopoulos
New understanding of frictional properties at geosynthetic / geosynthetic 199 and geosynthetic/sand interfaces P-R-Rankilor & F.Heiremans
loicfface friction between geosynthetics and soils and between different geosynthetics 209 WBliimel & K. Brummermann
Laboratory study and numerical analysis for pull-out behaviors of geogrids confined 217 by weathered mudstone and sandy soil aT.-T.Chang,T.-S.Sun&F.-Y.Hmg Backanalyses of a steep slope reinforced with nonwovens 225 A Bauer & G. Brdu The creep behavior of geotextiles in soil (short-time tests and long-time tests) ,..\ . , 229 CRecker & J. Muller-Rochholz
5 Geosynthetics-reinforced embankments on soft subsoil with and without supporting elements ^
Long-term measurement on a road embankment reinforced with a high-strength geotextile 237 K.-H.Blume
Embankment foundation on geotextile-coated sand columns in soft ground 245 K-GKempfert
Geogrid reinforced railway embankment on piles - Monitoring 251 EGartung, D.Alexiew, F.Bergmair & J.Verspohl
6 Sesving and bonding of geotextiles
Properties of sewn and adhesive bonded joints between geosynthetic sheets 261 P.RRankilor & F.Heiremans
7 Case histories of (rail)roads and embankments
Coastal embankment on bad soil: The port of Thessalomki 273 VPrqfillidis, G.Botzoris & AGrigoriadis
Geosynthetic clay liner application at road construction in water-protection-areas: 277 Sle report motorway A 96 and general reflections i K. Schmidt
More than 20 years of experience in using a bituminous geomembrane beneath French 283 niway ballast KImbert, B. Breul & R. Herment
Case study of a flexible pavement structure with the EPS geofoam sub-base 287 HDuskov
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Geotextiles in road structures on permafrost 295 AG.Polunovsky
An assessment of geocomposite drain performance after long-term site use 299 N. Hytiris & H. C. Berkhout
Vittel road platform waterproofing ' 307 Y. Matichard, F. Caquel, D.Adam, B. Steiner & M. Cavailly
Reconstruction of the O vergauwseweg in Pijnacker 313 Th.Huybregts
8 Embankment construction over voids and piles
The use of geosynthetics to prevent the structural collapse of fills over areas prone 317 to subsidence G.T.Kempton,C.R.Lawson,C.J.F.P.Jones &M.Demerdash
Design and performance of an embankment supported using low strength geogrids and vibro 325 concrete columns J.D.Maddison, D.B.Jones, AL.Bell & C.G.Jenner
Case history of a geogrid-reinforced embankment supported on vibro concrete columns 333 M.Topolnicki
9 Constructions below groundwater table
Membrane constructions in civil engineering practice 343 G.L.Tan&G.M.Wolsink
The extensive use of geosynthetics in the Athens Metro project: Design and installation 351 procedures CGialides
10 Construction of vegetated retaining walls and steep slopes
Green faced reinforced soil walls and steep slopes: The state-of-the-art in Europe 361 P.Rimoldi & F.Jaecklin
Ten years of experience with fully vegetated retaining walls using geotextile reinforced earth 381 material . . ^ ,. . P.Steiner & R.Ruegger
Highway Frejus Torino: A case history of a green reclamation around a highway viaduct 387 with geogrid reinforced walls P.Fantini & R.Roberti
Vegetation for stabihty and green facing , 393 J.R.Greenwood ,
Long-term behaviour of a 13 m high reinforced steep slope 399 J.Vaslestad
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11 Technical aspects of geotechnics in walls, steep slopes, (rail)roads and embankments
Tiiaxial testing of granular soils reinforced with discrete polypropylene fibres 407 G E Bauer & A Oancea
AHti-hydrodynamic properties of fiber-reinforced soil and its application 411 KMiki, K.Mori, N.Katu & Y.Nagasaka
Strip foundation on geogrid-reinforced clay slope 419 RMDas, M.T.Omar & G.Singh
Seismic design of geosynthetic reinforced slopes 427 ECavalera & ABrancucci
Investigation by centrifuge modelling of the effects of the vertical geosynthetic reinforcement 433 on the stability of steep slopes in clay DKBarker, W.H.Craig, K.Gove & AM. Jackson
Design and construction of tank facilities over near-to-shore quick sands 441 ACollios & G.Stoumaras
The importance of the performance modulus Ep in the design of civil engineering structures 447 F.Donckers &P.R.Rankilor
Study of confinement effect in geocells 455 R.Gourves, P.Reijfsteck & J.F.Vignon
Use of geosynthetic materials for increase bearing capacity of clayish beddings 459 .KBartolomey, APonomaryov, V.Kleveko & V.Ofrikhter
LAwatory and analytical investigation of sleeve reinforced stone columns 463 G £ Bauer & N.Al-Joulani
Improvement of bearing capacity for traffic areas on soft subsoil - Large scale laboratory 467 Ksthig AWatn, H. Spgnen & A Emdal
3D finite elements analysis of a pavement structure with an open joint in the EPS sub-base 473 M-Duskov &AScarpas kiVxis'.
Use of geotextiles to prevent fine material from polluting railway subgrades 479 Y.KFaure&B.Imbert
ftoMems overcome in the successful laying of a 630,000 m^ sewn sheet of geosynthetic 487 irinforcement textile on the floor of a slurry lagoon SKam&P.R.Rankilor
Drainage structures with the use ofgeosynthetics on the roads of Russia 493 RP.Brantman & Yu.V.Pudov
Sreep reinforced retaining wall using woven textiles: Neydens' landfill site, France 497 RPUot & R.Voortman
A stsep slope reinforced with geosynthetic reinforcement and with natural ground cover 501 RdeNiet
Finite difference analysis of geotextile reinforced earth walls 503 PkGotteland, C.Jommi, J.P.Gourc & R.Nova
Settlement upholstery made of drainmats 511 AHerold
Design-technological decisions using geosynthetics in reconstruction of the Moscow Ring 515 Road Yu.Lvovitch, Yu.Aliver & A Kim
Reinforcement of foundations of wet road cuts with geotextile materials 519 B.P.Brantman & Yu.V.Pudov
12 Case histories on landfill liners and covers
Capping system of the Neu Wulmstorf landfill, Hamburg 525 J.Timm & K-H.Albers
Designing geosynthetics for landfill sites 531 AJ.Baskin & B.J.Gregory
Case study on geogrids to prevent sliding of waste in a landfill 537 GFock&APlankel
Reinforcing geotextiles for the slope of a waste disposal site 541 G.Mannsbart ,^
Cover of a landfill for drilling mud , ; 7., 545 U.Sehrbrock&J.Klatt
First results of monitoring of a radioactive waste landfill cap constructed with a bituminous 549 geomembrane ,\ ' G. Ossena, B. Breul & R. Herment
13 Modern landfills in southern Europe - Case histories and environmental policy
French regulations and geomembranes: French disposal concept for hazardous waste 559 and municipal waste Ph.Begassat
Geosynthetics in French landfills: Particular geotechnical aspects 563 Th.Gisbert, O.Oberti,C.Bloquet, J.P.Gourc &J.F.Ouvry
Assessment of different lining systems at the experimental landfill of Montreuil-sur-Barse, 569 France F.Weber, G.Moreau, G.Berroir & P.Pierson "f . .
Environmental policy for landfills and role of geosynthetics, in Italy 575 A Cancelli & A Nobile
An early important application of geosynthetics in Italy: The Seveso case-history 579 D.Cazzuffi & APiepoli
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Application of geosynthetics in a subsoil pollution containment and a hazardous waste 583 landfill M Manassero & E. Pasqualini
Environmental policy for landfills and role of geosynthetics in Greece 587 ACollios iV. ipfi i .n
Case histories of landfills and role of geosynthetics, in Greece 591 CGialides
MS W issues in Portugal - The Seixal sanitary landfill 595 M.Graga, D.ALopes, M.C.P.Barroso, LSantos, L.Q.da Silva & AJ.LCabegas
Sanitary landfill technology - application for rehabilitation of uncontrolled waste dumping 601 site - A case study M-Russo, J.M.P.Vieira & M.LLopes
Present and future of Spanish landfills 605 CM.Orgado , , , , , ,
14 Liner leak monitoring and location technologies and repairing liner leaks
Defect identification, leak location, and leak monitoring in geomembrane liners 611 LD.Peggs
Underliner electrode rapid reading damage detection system - SENSOR DDS™ 619 V.Sosko
Developments in the use of an Electronic Leak Detection Geotextile (ELDEG®) for civil 621 engmeering and waste disposal purposes P.Merlevede
GEOLOGGER - A new type of monitoring system for the total area monitoring of seals 625 on Imdfill sites ARodel
15 Durability
The effect of stress on geosynthetic durability ., 629 AJLHorrocks
DnbOhy standards for geosynthetics: The tests for weathering and biological resistance 637 IKGreenwood, P.Trubiroha, H.E.Schroder, PEranke & R.Hufenus
rmnhflity of geomembranes, test methods 643 ZKogbeck&H.Rathmayer ^.^^.^v ?A hp^-i-
Senriceable life of geotextiles in various environments 651 LJUapodzihska & EDembicki
I compatibihty of geomembranes in presence of synthetic landfill leachate 659 SCnaoUb, GViviani, D. Cazzuffi & L Eede
m
Oxidative induction time: A quality assurance measurement to predict environmental 667 stress-cracking L.Coumrd&J.M.Rigo
Evaluation of possible degradation of synthetic reinforcement casted into concrete panels 673 AWatn
Tensile strength of polyester geogrids embedded in concrete 677 ADamisch
16 Synthetic geomembranes
Flexible landfill covers and barrier liners 685 L E. M.van de Walk
A reassessment of HDPE geomembrane seam specifications 693 LD.Peggs
Geomembranes in the United States: A brief discussion 697 A. Lengen & J. Siebken
VFPE geomembrane installation for landfill capping applications engineering 705 H. Schreiber &LE.M. van de Walk
Lining system using polypropylene geomembrane in waste landfill 709 Y.Matichard, G.Potie, C.Bloquet & T.Gisbert ' '-.Aj v a
Welding and testing of PE geomembranes 715 J.BreenJ.Schut&J.AterLaak J a a ^yij : *
ry-ygXy} :--y<-
17 How to select geotextiles/geosynthetics Educational workshop on 'how to select geotextiles/geosynthetics' ' ' ' ' 725 R.Shishoo
18 Case histories on monitoring and quality control
About the quality assurance of geosynthetics of the landfill cover Sandhausen 731 T.Sasse&F.Saathoff
Diffusion of organic pollutants through HDPE geomembrane and composite liners 737 and its influence on groundwater quality R. K. Rowe, L . Hrapovic & M. D.Armstrong
SENSOR Damage Detection System (DDS) - The unique geomembrane testing method 743 V.Nosko, T.Andrezal, T.Gregor & P.Gankr
Geomembrane liner testing using the GLLS®: A high-voltage electrical leak location system 749 P.Colucci, F.Crozkr & D.LLaine
Experiences with a combined sealing, example landfill Pohlsche Heide 751 B. Becker
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19 Drainage systems in landfills
About the dimensioning of geosynthetic drainage systems in landfill covers 757 F.Saathoff
20 CE-marking ofgeosynthetics, based on a European system of attestation ''^ of conformity and on European standards
CE-marking of geosynthetics based on a system of European certification and of European 767 standards F. Foubert, W.Dierickx & Ph. Delmas ' '
E) 21 Geosynthetic clay liners • .>rjuv,.
Design and construction of sealing systems with geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) 771 D. Heyer & R.Ascherl
Geosynthetic clay liners for landfills in comparison with other mineral seals in relation 779 to the Dutch legislation Evan der Linden
Shear strength tests on geosynthetic liner systems 787 N.Feki, P.Garcin & G.Berroir
Requirements and design of landfill caps with approved geosynthetic clay liners 795 K.von Maubeuge & H. Ehrenberg
Boitonite as sealing material in geosynthetic clay liners 799 T.Egloffstein
22 Technical aspects of geosynthetics in landfill liners, landfill covers, monitoring and quality control
The use of geoprotectors in landfill: Design implications 809 RJones : xX .--y:. . .
Examples for the use of geosynthetics in landfill covers 815 F.Saathoff & D.Keller
Optimisation and testing of liner protection geotextiles used in landfills 823 OAShercliff
H r use of GCLs for landfills in Slovakia - Geotechnical and legislative requirements 829 K.BasUk
Hddpenneabihty measurement of geosynthetic clay liners " *"''' ' • 837 GDidier & D.Cazaux
AH*c^on of geosynthetics to sub-surface water storage system 845 ISMMurty & P.Viswanath
H e effect of carbon black on the physical properties of polypropylene geotextile tapes 851 AJLHorrocks, M.Miraftab & J.Mwila
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Study on production and transfer of leachate in a waste landfill 859 ABaudoin, P.Pierson & F.Weber
Assessment of the resistance of (geotextiles + geomembrane) lining and cover systems 867 against localised mechanical damage O.Artieres & C.Duquennoi r-,
23 Geomembranes for dams
Geomembranes for earth and rock dams: State of the art report 877 P. Sembenelli &E.A Rodriguez
Geomembranes for masonry and concrete dams: State of the art report 889 A M Scuero & G. L . Vaschetti
24 Geosystems in hydraulic and coastal engineering
Geosystems in hydraulic and coastal engineering - An overview 899 K.W.Pilarczyk
Building elements made of geosynthetics and sand resist the North Sea surf 907 H. Nickels &G.Heerten
New developments in the use and construction of injected grout and concrete cellular 911 mattresses F.de Meerleer
Dumping of rock on geotextiles ., • .v i^Mfs E.Berendsen
Design and application of geotubes and geocontainers 925 H.denAdel, C.S.H.Hendrikse & K.W.Pilarczyk
Experimental study on geotextile tube dehydration method of dredged soil 933 H.Miki, T.Yamada, I.Takahashi, H.Kokubo & T.Sasaki
25 Case histories on hydraulic engineering
Waterproofing and rehabilitation of dams by geomembranes in France 945 H.Girard, M.Lefranc & C.Tisserand
Case study of the protection against erosion of a flood barrier in Austria 953 R. Schaufler & H. E. Steinmetz
Innovative, protective three dimensional geocomposite for bank protection - A case study 957 P.Reiffsteck & J.F.Vignon
A critical review of the current filter criteria on the basis of long-term performance tests 961 Th.Kossendey & G.Karam
Contribution according to the behaviour of geosynthetic filters in case of colmation 969 and the borderhne of occurrence Chr. Batereau & J. Baumbusch
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26 New applications in dikes and banks
New applications in dikes and banks ^ 975 G.J.Schiereck
Three dimensional synthetic mats in dike and bank protection 977 J.AvanHerpen
Penetration through geotextiles by riparian plants 985 £.AM./vens
The use of biodegradable geotextiles in hydraulic engineering 991 G.J.Verkade & H.K.T.Kuijper
Geotextile nonwovens made of flax 995 F.Saathoff&ABroers y,_ i.-y : . Geosynthetics and river dike improvements • . . : 2001 M.Geense &W.Ade Haan
27 Filter and revetment design of water imposed embankments induced by wave , and draw-down loadings
Filter and revetment design of water imposed embankments induced by wave and draw-down 1007 loadings ABezuijen &H.-J.Kdhler
28 CEN testing methods
Creep prediction 1027 J.Muller-Rochholz & CKoslowski
Compressive creep testing of geocomposites for the development of the European standard 1031 SRCorbet
Friction measurement by direct shearing or tilting process - Development of a European 1039 standard IP.Gourc, SLalarakotoson, J.Muller-Rochholz & ZBronstein
Characteristic opening size of geotextiles: European intercomparison tests for standardisation 1047 Y.KFaure
Ocdopermeameter, an apparatus for determining geotextile permeability and modelling 1055 Ae filtration capability of soil-geotextile system S-Andrei, S Manea & A Popescu
Ahraskm testing of geosynthetics 1061 JJHUler-Rochholz
A M h o r index 1065