Enkamat®

Permanent Erosion Prevention MatEROSION CONTROL

2

Colbond GeosyntheticsColbond Geosynthetics supplies special geosyntheticproducts for civil engineering applications. The range ofproducts includes Enkamat, Enkadrain, Colbonddrain,Fortrac, TRC-Grid and Armater. Based on polymertechnology, these products are used all over the world fordifferent types of erosion control, drainage, wastecontainment, and soil improvement needs. The company is a market leader in the erosion control sector.

ISO 9001

The Quality Management System of Colbond Geosynthetics,at Arnhem (developed and sales) and Obernburg(production), has been approved by Lloyd’s Register QualityAssurance Limited for the NEN-EN-ISO 9001:1994 qualitymanagement system standard (Certificate No. 935136).

Colbond Geosynthetics is part of Colbond bv which is amember of the Acordis group. Acordis is a multinationalgroup of businesses, supplying customers throughout theworld with man-made fibres and specialty materials forindustrial, textile, medical and hygiene applications. The Acordis group has sales of some USD 3 billion, employs16,000 people and has production facilities in Germany,the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States ofAmerica, Brazil, Italy, Spain and Poland.

A member of the group

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Erosion - the problemErosion by wind and water often causes a great deal ofinconvenience and considerable damage. Various erosionproblems are too serious to be corrected by simple “natural”methods, such as planting vegetation, or using biodegradableproducts. Instead, an additional, permanent rootreinforcement system is required that stops erosion but is notin any way harmful to man or the environment.This is where Enkamat comes in. It is designed for situationswhere nature alone cannot cope and where permanenterosion protection is essential.

Enkamat - the solutionEnkamat is a proven, lightweight, flexible alternative to rigidconcrete, asphalt and stone riprap systems for controllingerosion. It is designed to help nature develop strongvegetation for permanent erosion protection of slopes, rivers,banks, ditches, channels, spillways, landfills, shorelines, andother vulnerable erosion-prone areas.

The structureEnkamat is a dense three-dimensional permanent erosionprevention mat, made of thick polyamide filaments fusedwhere they cross. Over 90% of the volume of the mat isavailable for soil filling, which ensures positive integration andimmediate stabilization of slope surfaces, while providing anenhanced environment for seed germination. Once a layer ofvegetation is established, Enkamat provides root systemswith permanent reinforcement, resulting in an integrated,effective erosion control system. On steep slopes, Enkamatis sometimes used only with hydromulching acting as aprotective layer. Enkamat’s filament core structure slows down wind speedand percolating water, thus preventing erosion and evenpromoting sedimentation.

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• Integrated systemEnkamat has a three-dimensional structure whichprovides root systems with permanent reinforcementand offers an integrated, effective erosion controlsystem.

• Superior Area Holding CapacityThe quantity of soil which is retained in the mat isdefined as Area Holding Capacity (AHC). Enkamat has a superior AHC. In addition, Enkamat’seffective thickness is equal to its nominal thickness.The effective thickness indicates the AHC and can,as such, be considered as an indication of theperformance of the mat.

• Specific gravityIn contrast with mats of polypropylene orpolyethylene, Enkamat’s specific gravity exceeds1.0. (Erosion control mats with a specific gravity ofless than 1 will float in the water and are difficult toinstall.)

• Multiwidth: economical installationEnkamat can be supplied in widths up to 5.75 mand comes in different lengths. 5.75 m is the largestwidth available in erosion prevention mats andcontributes to economical installation due to the reduced number of overlaps.The mats have to be pinned at the overlaps; thewider the mat, the less overlaps, and less pinning.Material cost savings can amount to 5% in dryapplications with 100 mm overlaps and 15% in wetapplications with 300 mm overlaps. It is only logical that less labour costs and fasterinstallation go with the multiwidth.

• Economies of scaleEnkamat is produced in large quantities because itis used all over the world. This allows forcompetitive prices, enabling selection of the best product for the various application areas at favourable costs.

Enkamat - keeping erosion under control

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Enkamat - the product rangeThe Enkamat range consists of varioustypes of products.

EnkamatA three-dimensional polyamide mattingfor immediate and permanent protectionof all types of slopes. The open mattype, which has the same appearanceon both sides, is particularly suited foruse in erosion-prone situations wheregrass is also required. The toughfilament core structure of Enkamateffectively prevents the soil from beingeroded into a barren, channelled slopeby rain and wind, but at the same timehelps to reinforce the root system of thevegetation.

Enkamat flatback is a variant with amore closed, flat structure on theunderside to enable 2 - 6 mm stonechippings (with which the mat is filledafter installation) to be retained in themat where no vegetation is present,usually below the water level and forlow velocity streams and rivers or onreservoir banks. The filament corestructure securely holds the stonechippings and provides protection belowthe water line.

Enkamat AEnkamat A is a high performancespecial Enkamat, 20 mm thick, prefilledwith a mineral filter of 2 - 6 mm chippings with a bitumenbinder. The prefabricated permanenterosion mat is flexible and permeableand allows vegetation to grow through.Enkamat A is used where vegetationhas little chance to develop, usually atand below the water level on the banksof watercourses.

Enkamat SEnkamat S is a geocomposite thatconsists of Enkamat with a polyesterreinforcing grid. The combination of theopen-structured Enkamat and the hightensile strength of the PET grid (20 to110 kN/m) renders Enkamat S verysuitable for use on steep slopes andslippery liners that require vegetationcover on a reinforced layer of soil.

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Application areasProtection of river banksagainst erosion

Dense vegetation is the basis of naturalprotection of banks against erosion. Toachieve this, a strong root system isrequired, supported by an artificial rootsystem or some other means. Greenbanks are an ecologically acceptablebarrier which blends harmoniously intothe landscape. This aspect is alsoincreasingly being incorporated into thedesign and (re)construction ofenvironmentally friendly banks forimproving the habitat in residential andrecreational areas.On account of its high permeability, itsweight (20 kg/m2) and the immediateprotection it offers with velocities up toapproximately 2.5 m/s, the prefilled Enkamat A20 is being widely used forbank protection, controlling erosiveaction at and below the waterline.Standard Enkamat can be installedfrom approximately 0.50 m above thewaterline. In this area, these types ofEnkamat offer efficient protection.

Enkamat is used in three mainapplication areas.

• Erosion prevention forembankments and slopes

• Protection of river banksagainst erosion

• Support of vegetationon steep slopes andgeomembranes

Erosion control forembankments and slopes

Since Enkamat already offers adequateprotection before any vegetation isestablished, it is often used to protectnew or repaired embankments andslopes.For example, road and railwayembankments are protected byEnkamat, either seeded and filled withtopsoil or hydroseeded after installation.Enkamat can keep the fertile soil fill andthe germinating seeds in place,preventing the seeds from beingwashed out by heavy rain andencouraging active plant growth.Although proper filling is most efficient,Enkamat may, under special conditions,be installed unfilled. The matting must then be secured withextra pegs to ensure firm contact withthe subsoil. When Enkamat is to beused to repair eroded banks, thesurface has to be regraded. Any largeholes must be filled and wellcompacted, and any potential surfacewater runoff channels should bediverted.

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• Vegetation on steep and rockyslopesEnkamat S is used for projectsinvolving seeding on steep, rockysubsoil. Enkamat S combines themat’s characteristic three-dimensionalstructure with a PET reinforcing grid.This grid, forming an integrated wholewith the mat, is made of high-moduluspolyester yarns, protected by a PVCcoating. The combination of a mattingstructure with a high strength grid (20to 110 kN/m) helps dense vegetationdevelop under the often unfavourablecircumstances on rocky, erodedslopes. Enkamat S forms a flexiblegrip layer in which soil is retained andseeds are encouraged to germinate.Enkamat S is used on weatheredrocky slopes in urban areas and onslopes in cut-and-fill situations in roadconstruction. On very steep slopes,Enkamat S is filled and seededhydraulically.Creeping and climbing plants mayalso reinforce the vegetation.

Support of vegetation on steep slopes and geomembranes

120 mm soil cover

Enkamat ® W

Liner

1 1.5

h = 11 m

• Stabilization of earth ongeomembranes and other smoothsurfacesEnkamat S is also used on slopescovered with geomembranes or whichhave other smooth surfaces that mustbe covered by a layer of soil uponwhich vegetation should develop. Insuch cases, a stable cover isestablished by the combination of thehigh tensile strength of the grid andthe friction between Enkamat S andthe soil. Enkamat S is anchored in atrench at the top of the slope.Examples of other applications ofEnkamat S on slippery surfaces arerain and potable water reservoirs,lined with a geomembrane orgeosynthetic clay liner.Enkamat S is also used on the

inside of refuse dumps withgeomembranes where durableprotection against UV radiation andmechanical damage during tippingoperations is required.Enkamat W, a composite of Enkamatsewn to a fabric, is also available foruse in these applications.

Special applications

Enkamat’s vast potential also allows forapplications other than erosion controland (re)vegetation, for example inplaygrounds with natural grass andgreen parking areas. In these cases,Enkamat 7020 permits greaterutilization. On soccer fields, forexample, the use of Enkamat doublesor even triples the frequency in whichthe fields can be used.

• Permanent solutionEnkamat provides root systems with permanentreinforcement and offers an integrated, effectiveerosion control system.

• Various application possibilitiesRanging from bank protection to stabilization of soillayers.

• Tailor-made dimensionsFor large quantities.

• Excellent product properties- light weight and high flexibility - thus easy

to install- excellent bonding of the

individual filaments- over 90% open spacing- non-toxic- high resistance to weathering

and UV radiation- frost-proof- low flammability - does not

support combustion

• Proven performanceIntroduced in the Seventies, today over 12 million m2

have been installed world wide.

• International recognitionCIRIA (Construction Industry Research andInformation Association), 1987Delft Hydraulics Lab, M 1421, report 116Karlsruhe University, 1983Silsoe University, 1984

• Quality managementColbond Geosynthetics’ materials are producedand supplied in accordance with the EN-ISO 9001: 1994 quality assurance ofmanagement system standard, certified by Lloyd’sunder approval number 935136.

• Various types of productsEnkamat is available in various thicknesses. Therange comprises several types, including Enkamatwith a reinforcing grid and a type prefilled with 2 - 6 mm stone chippings bound with bitumen. It is available in various widths (1 - 5.75 m).

Enkamat - the right dimension in erosion prevention

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9

InstallationIntegration of the roots with Enkamat’sfilament core structure provides the bestpossible protection for banks andembankments.The embankment subsoil must bestable and the surface should be evenlygraded. Cutting back is preferable tofilling hollows in a slope, but large openareas and gullies need to be filled andwell compacted.

After pinning Enkamat to the slope, thegrass seed mixture selected should beplaced into the matting at a rate ofapproximately 20-30 g/m2.

Topsoil is then raked into the mat untilthe area is completely covered.For the prefilled Enkamat A, the subsoilmust be seeded before installation ofthe matting.Enkamat flat-back below the water levelis to be filled with stone chippings (2 - 6mm) and also to approximately 0.5 mabove the normal water level. Alwayslay Enkamat from the downstream endwith all overlaps upstream overdownstream.To ensure evenly distributed contactwith the subsoil, Enkamat must besecured with pegs or pins. All edges(top, bottom and sides) should be firmlyanchored in spade-deep trenches withpins. All overlaps should be pinnedtightly. Any concentrated flow of surfacerunoff that could cause problems shouldbe dealt with.If rainfall causes some washout beforevegetation has been established,replenish what is lost with friabletopsoil.

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Wet conditionsDesignIn the simplified design methoddeveloped for the use ofEnkamat, a distinction is madebetween use in wet and dryconditions.Wet conditions are defined asapplications where Enkamat is incontact with flowing water instreams, watercourses, ditchesor waterstorm drainagechannels.Dry conditions coverapplications where no direct flowwater along the mat occurs anderosion is only caused byrainfall.

10

5

3 2

1

0.5

0.3

0.2

0.1

Wat

er v

eloc

ity (

m/s

)

Average particle size (mm)

Enkamat required

No Enkamat required

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Clay Silt Sand Gravel Stones

0.20

Run up (see table)

High water level

Low water level

0.50

1.00

1. Check the need for erosion protection with Enkamat.

2. Determine the length of the mat.

L = 0.20 + 0.50 + (run-up + (HW-LW) x conversion factor) + 1.00

Slope

0.100.200.30

Wave height Hs (m)

0.100.200.30

1 : 2

0.400.801.20

1 : 3

0.250.550.80

1 : 4

0.200.400.60

Run upWave run up (m) (measured vertically above the high waterlevel), depending on significant wave height (Hs) and slopeangle. The run-up height and the difference between HW andLW have to be multiplied by the slope conversion factor tofind the length of the mat on the slope.

Slope(v:h)

1 : 11 : 21 : 31 : 4

Conversionfactor

1.402.253.154.10

Conversion factor

11

3. Select mat type:

• determine the maximum flow in theperiod with no vegetation (v - no vegetation)

• determine the maximum time for thisflow (t - no vegetation)

• determine the maximum flow in the period after permanentvegetation has developed (v - permanent)

• determine the maximum time for thisflow in a condition of permanentvegetation (t - permanent)

The flow V can be calculated e.g. byusing a channel design method,applying Manning’s equation:

V = 1/n . R2/3 . i1/2

withV = velocity (m/s)i = hydraulic gradientR = hydraulic radius (m)n = retardance coefficient (s/m1/3)

based on Manning’s roughness coefficient

Manning’s roughness coefficient Km = 1/n (m1/3/s)

For calculations with Enkamat n = 0.020 s/m1/3

Enkamat A20

Enkamat + chippings

Enkamat + soil

Bare soil

5

4

3

2

1

0

Max

. wat

er v

eloc

ity (

m/s

)

1 K 2 K 5 K 10 K 20 50 100

Time (hrs) No vegetation

18 mm 8 mm18 mm 8 mm

Matthickness

Enkamat + grass

Plain grass on clay

Plain grassC

heck

if th

e ve

geta

tion

rem

ains

inta

ct

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Max

. wat

er v

eloc

ity (

m/s

)

1 K 2 K 5 K 10 K 20 50 100

Time (hrs) = Permanent vegetation

Select the mat types based on the most critical conditionsusing the following graphs.

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Dry conditions

0.50

H = height of the slope

L = 0.50 + H x conversion factor

100

80

60

40

20

0

Max

imum

rai

n in

tens

ity(m

m/h

r)

Average particle size (mm)

Enkamat required

No Enkamat required

0.001 K 0.01K 0.1 1 10 100 K 1,000

Clay Silt Sand Gravel Stones

1. Check the need for erosion protection with Enkamat.

2. Determine the length of the mat.

For anchoring details see installation manual.

The height has to be multiplied by the conversion factor to find the length of themat on the slope.

Slope(v:h)

1 : 11 : 21 : 31 : 4

Conversionfactor

1.402.253.154.10

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Polar

Temporate

Subtropic

Tropical

Subtropic

Temporate

Polar

A. Germination effects:When you expect enough rainfall � "germination factor" = 2In case you expect less rainfall or temperatures less than 10°C � "germination factor" = 3If you do not know if you will get enough water � "germination factor" = 3

B. Slope angle effects:Determination of the “slope effect factor”:

Determine the required volume ofrainfall in the month after installation forrelatively rapid germination, related tothe temperature and the climatic area.

Required, mean volume of rainfall(mm/month) necessary for vegetation.

Compare this volume of rainfall withwhat you expect to get.

Select mat type:“germination factor” + “slope effect factor”≤ 5 � Enkamat with thickness of 8 mm“germination factor” + “slope effect factor”> 5 � Enkamat with thickness of 18 mm

Slope (v:h)

1 : 3 and smoother1 : 2.51 : 21 : 1.51 : 1 and steeper

“Slope effect factor”

12345

3. Determine the type of the mat.

10-15

3070

Temperature °C

Climate

TropicalHumidArid

SubtropicHumid

Arid

TemporateHumidArid

15-20

30757590

7090

20-30

90130

90

145

90110

30-40

110165

110

200

130165

Winter

Summer

Winter

Summer

Type

Open matting701070187020

With flatback7220

WithreinforcementS20S35S55S110

W types on request

PrefilledA 20

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Enkamat - product details

Material properties

Polymer type:Polyamide 6

Enkamat density:Approximately 25 kg/m3

Strength at filament crossing points:Excellent because of total fusion of the filaments where they cross.

Ageing:Good resistance to weatheringand UV radiation because of theaddition of carbon black and UV stabilizers.

Chemical resistance:Resistant to all chemicals inconcentrations which arenormally contained in the earthand surface water.

Temperature resistance:From -30°C to +100°C; can easilybe installed during winter periods.

Flammability:Low flammability and low smoke formation; approved foruse in tunnels.

Toxicity:None; approved for use inpotable water reservoirs;Enkamat is inert and not harmfulto the environment.

Rodent damage:No nutritive value; the tangledstructure of the mat is unpleasant to burrowing animals and rodents.

Dimensions and weights

Enkamat Thicknessmm(EN 964-1@ 0.5 kPa)

101820

18

15161718

22

Tensile strength(EN ISO 10319)

1.8 kN/m 1.9 kN/m 2.2 kN/m

2.1 kN/m

Characteristic strength(mean value minus 2 x s.d.)20 kN/m35 kN/m55 kN/m110 kN/m

n.a. Weight 20 kg/m2

The above dimensions and weights are indicative values which can vary slightly.

Roll dimensionsEnkamat can be supplied in rolls of 1.0; 1.95; 3.85 and 5.75 m wide. The length can vary between 50 and 150 m, depending on which type and width isselected.

Contact your national agent to obtain detailed product data sheets.

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Material specifications

Enkamat type 7010The erosion prevention mats are athree-dimensional filament structurepolyamide matting with a thickness of10 ± 0.5 mm and supplied in rolls1.00/1.95/3.85/5.75 m wide. The lengthof the mat is 150 m. The free volume is95%, the AHC* 9.7 x 106 mm3/m2. Thespecific gravity of the polymer is 1.14.

Enkamat type 7018The erosion prevention mats are athree-dimensional filament structurepolyamide matting with a thickness of18 ± 2 mm and supplied in rolls1.00/5.75 m wide. The length of the matis 120 m. The free volume is 95%, theAHC* 17.7 x 106 mm3/m2. The specificgravity of the polymer is 1.14.

Enkamat type 7020The erosion prevention mats are athree-dimensional filament structurepolyamide matting with a thickness of20 ± 1 mm and supplied in rolls1.00/1.95/3.85/5.75 m wide. The lengthof the mat is 100 m. The free volume is95%, the AHC* 19.7 x 106 mm3/m2.The specific gravity of the polymer is1.14.

Enkamat type 7220The erosion prevention mats are athree-dimensional filament structureof polyamide matting with a flatbackand thickness of 18 ± 1 mm.Therolls are supplied in widths of1.00/1.95/3.85/5.75 m.The length ofthe mat is 60 m. The free volume is95%, the AHC 19.7 x 106 mm3/m2.Thespecific gravity of the polymer is 1.14.

* AHC - Area Holding Capacity

Colbond Geosynthetics

P.O. Box 9600

6800 TC Arnhem

The Netherlands

Tel. (+31) 26 366 46 00

Fax (+31) 26 366 58 12

E-mail: geosynthetics@colbond.com

Internet: www.colbond.com

EM-10-GB-A-04/1999

© Colbond Geosynthetics

® registered trademark

The information set forth in this brochure reflects our

best knowledge at the time of issue. The brochure is

subject to changes arising from new developments and

findings; the same applies to our products.

We undertake no liability for the results of usage of our

products and information.

Enkamat type A20The erosion prevention mats are athree-dimensional filament structurepolyamide matting with a thickness of22 ± 2 mm and supplied in rolls 4.80 mwide. The length of the mat is 20 m.The mat is factory filled with 20 kg/m2 ofbitumen bound aggregate. The fill has awater permeability of 30 l/m2 /s al 100mm head.

Worldwide network

Country Firm, place Phone Fax

Andorra Sapec, Andorra la Vella (+376) 825123 (+376) 862593Argentina Maccaferri de Argentinas, Buenos Aires (+54) 332 7457552 (+54) 332 7455394Australia Maccaferri Pty Ltd., Seven Hills (+61) 2 88256300 (+61) 2 88256399 Austria Leopold Wintoniak Industrievertretungen, Vienna (+43) 1 3697373 (+43) 1 3697303

Schneider Baukunststoffe GmbH, Lauterach (+43) 5574 64350 (+43) 5574 64351

Belgium Tecmat N.V., Alleur (+32) 4 2390700 (+32) 4 2474626Montauban N.V., Nieuwkerken-Waas (+32) 3 7779695 (+32) 3 7779743

Bolivia Maccaferri Gaviones de Bolivia, La Paz (+591) 2342226 (+591) 2342226Brunei Chrisphilip Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Seri Begawan (+673) 2 652561 (+673) 2 652563Brazil Maccaferri do Brasil Ltda. (Saõ Paulo, Brazil) (+55) 1173925222 (+55) 1173923272Canada Maccaferri Gabions of Canada Ltd., Ayr, Ontario (+1) 519 6239990 (+1) 519 6231309Caribbean Maccaferri Gabions, Inc, Williamsport MD, USA (+1) 301 223 6910 (+1)301 223 61 34Central America Maccaferri de Centro America Ltda. (+506) 2895564 (+506) 2895464

(San José, Costa Rica)China Akzo Nobel China bv, Shanghai (+86) 21 6354 88 48 (+86) 21 6354 8845Cyprus Tsircon Co. Ltd., Nicosia (+357) 2 487029 (+357) 2 487716Denmark Byggros A/S, Holbaek (+45) 59489000 (+45) 59489005Egypt Geos, Cairo (+20) 2 243 52 63 (+20) 2 2918236Equador Maccaferri Equador, Quito (+593) 2283817 (+593) 2283817Finland Kaitos Oy, Helsinki (+358) 9 3507060 (+358) 9 35070610France Colbond Geosynthetics SarL, Saint Denis la Plaine (+33) 1 49462430 (+33) 1 49462435French Guyana Ets Serge Ampigny, Lamentin (+596) 504949 (+596) 500195Germany Colbond Geosynthetics GmbH, Wuppertal (+49) 202 323365 (+49) 202 324888Greece Polykem SA, Agios Stefanos Attica (+30) 1 8161857 (+30) 1 8161131Hong Kong B + B Ground Treatment Ltd., Hong Kong (+852) 23360118 (+852) 23364374

Spray Engineering Corporation, Hong Kong (+852) 25757871 (+852) 28382615India Z-Tech (India) Pte. Ltd., New Delhi (+91) 11 6227271 (+91) 11 6227273Indian Ocean Islands Omniplast, Sainte-Marie, Réunion (+262) 534131 (+262) 531524Indonesia P.T. Tetrasa Geosinindo, Jakarta (+62) 21 633 0150 (+62) 21 633 6706Iran Iran Bana Arian Co., Teheran (+98) 21 877 9440 (+98) 21 8771457Ireland Lining Services Ltd. Waterford (+353) 51879944 (353) 51855416Israel Admir Technologies Ltd., Tel Aviv (+972) 3 9604016 (+972) 3 9604713Italy Harpo Seic, Trieste (+39) 0403186611 (+39) 0403186666Japan Nippon Zeon/Zeon Trading Co. Ltd., Tokyo (+81) 3 54708974 (+81) 3 54708984Kuwait Al Bahar & Bardawill Specialties Co. W.L.L., Safat (+965) 481 2144 (+965) 483 6193Luxemburg Montauban N.V. (Nieuwkerken-Waas/Belgium) (+32) 3 7779695 (+32) 3 7779743

Polyma & Polycolor S.A., Esch-sur-Alzette (+352) 551616 (+352) 570487Malaysia-E. Tradimas Sdn. Bhd., Kuching, Sarawak (+60) 82 338254 (+60) 82 337793Malaysia-W. L & M Agencies Sdn. Bhd., Shah Alam (+60) 53 18 318 (+60) 53 18 327Martinique Ets Serge Ampigny, Lamentin (+596) 504949 (+596) 500195Mexico Maccaferri Gabions, Inc, Williamsport MD, USA (+1) 301 223 6910 (+1)301 223 61 34The Netherlands Colbond Geosynthetics, Arnhem (+31) 26 3664600 (+31) 26 3665812Nepal Maccaferri PVT. LTD., Kathmandu (+977) 1 414271 (+977) 1 420049New Zealand Maccaferri NZ Ltd., Auckland (+64) 9 6346495 (+64) 9 6346492Norway Geonor A/S, Oslo (+47) 67147550 (+47) 67145846Oman Suhail & Saud Bahwan, Muscat (+968) 771 0983 (+968) 793 755Peru Maccaferri Peru S.A.C., Lima (+511) 4300292 (+511) 4300289Philippines Supreme Systems & Products Inc., Manila (+632) 723 90 79 (+632) 723 84 09Poland GTT, Kielce (+48) 601801443 (+48 ) 413315639Portugal Arco Systems Portuguesa, Lisboa (+351) 1 3430556 (+351) 1 3430558Qatar Al Obeidly & Gulf Eternit, Doha (+974) 325111 (+974) 367217Russia Arean Ltd., St. Petersburg (+7) 812 1107319 (+7) 812 2743473Saudi Arabia Trading & Development Partnership, Riyadh (+966) 1 4194444 (+966) 1 4193058Singapore Colbond Geosynthetics, Singapore (+65) 2581333 (+65) 2598607South Africa Kaytech Geotechnical & Industrial Fabrics, Pinetown (+27) 31 7010352 (+27) 31 702 44 77South Korea Yuyang Construction & Industry Co. Ltd, Seoul (+82) 2 5893571 (+82) 2 5893579Spain Grupo Terratest, Cimyson, Icos, S.A. Madrid (+34) 91 4237562 (+34) 91 4237501 Sweden AB Periskopet, Stockholm (+46) 8 673 5522 (+46) 8 673 2040Switzerland Schoellkopf AG, Zürich (+41) 1 3121616 (+41) 1 3121626

Bossard & Staerkle AG, Zug (+41) 41 7691240 (+41) 41 7614569Taiwan Jess Enterprise Co. Ltd., Taipei (+886) 2 25042243 (+886) 2 25050407

Newmark Engineering Products Co Ltd, Taichung (+886) 4 319 61 23 (+886) 4 319 61 22Thailand Teo Hong Silom Co. Ltd., Samuthprakarn (+66) 2 3120045 (+66) 2 3120700Turkey Imtek Ltd. STI, Istanbul (+90) 216 3863274 (+90) 216 3586737United Kingdom Maccaferri Ltd., Oxford (+44) 1865 770 555 (+44) 1865 774 550U.A.E. Mirjana Engineering Supplies, Abu Dhabi (+971) 2725985 (+971) 274 80 65U.S.A. Colbond Geosynthetics Co., Enka, N.C. (+1) 828 6655010 (+1) 828 6655009Vietnam Akzo Nobel Trade, Ho Chi Minh City (+84) 8 8221047 (+84) 8 8221048