Grammar Book

Mateo Tucker

Presente (Ar, Er, Ir)

-ArYo: -oTu: -asEl/Ella/Ustd: -aNosotros -amosEllos/Ellas/Ustd: -an

-ErYo: -oTu: -esEl/Ella/Ustd: -esNosotros: -emosEllos/Ellas/Ustds: -en

-IrYo: Tu:El/Ella/Ustd:Nosotros:Ellos/Ellas/Ustds

Stem Changers

e -> ie                 

e -> i

o -> ue

i -> ie

i -> ue

o -> hue

comenzar -> comienzo (yo)

medir -> mido (yo)

dormir -> duermo (yo)

adquirir -> adquiero (yo)

jugar -> juego (yo)

oler -> huelo (yo)

Irregular "yo"These verbs have an irregular first person:Caber - quepoCaer - CaigoConducir - ConduzcoConocer - ConozcoEscoger - EscojoDirigir - DirijoHacer - HagoPoner - PongoSaber - SéSalir - SalgoSeguir - SigoTraer - TraigoValer - ValgoVer - Veo

Saber VS Conocer

Saber: to know (a fact or how

to do something)• it is normally followed by

an infinitive

Conocer: to know (someone, somewhere)

• followed by a direct object• never followed by an

infinitive• preposition must be used if

the DO is a person

Reflexives

Used when the action is being done unto one's self.

"i wash myself" <- reflexive"i wash my cat" <- not 

Lavar (to wash)Lavarse (to wash oneself)

the "se" means that the action is being done to the one doing the action

Reflexive Pronouns

•  me•  te•  se•  nos•  os

Verbs like...Uir/Guir Cer/Cir Ger/Gir

Verbs that end in -cer and -cir, the "c" changes to "zc" in the yo form•  conocer -> conozco

Verbs that end in -ger and -gir, the "g" changes to to "j" in the yo form.•  escoger -> escojo

Verbs that end in -guir, the "gu" changes to "g" in the yo form.•  seguir -> sigo

 

Imperfecto

A continuous action from the past. Ar yo -abatu -abas el/ella/ustd -abanosotros -abamosellos/ellas/ustds -aban

Trigger Words: siempre, todos los dias,etc, cada dia

  Er/Ir   yo -íatu -íasel/ella/ustd: -íanosotros -íamosellos/ellas/ustd -ían

Hace + _ + Que + _

• Hace + the time + que + present tense verb.

Preterite

Past Tense, with a known beginning and end.• "Snapshot" of time

Trigger Words: ayer, anoche, anteayer, la semana pasada                      ar     er/iryo:                 e       i tu:                 aste   isteel/ello/usd:     o       ionosostros:     amos imosustedes:        aron  ieron  

Car/Gar/Zar

These are irrgular preterite verbs. They only change in the singular yo form, though. 

Verbs ending in -car then c -> qu, before the spot where the e is normally.Verbs ending in -gar you should put a u before where the e usually is.Verbs ending in -zar you change the z -> c which goes before the place where the e normally isex. practique

Spock

HThese are the 5 irregular conjugations of the preterite. They are: Ir/Ser: Fui, Fuiste, Fue, Fuimos, Fueron       Dar: Di, Diste, Dio, Dimos, Dieron       Ver: Vi, Viste, Vio, Vimos, Vieron       Hacer: Hice, Hicisite, Hizo, Hicimos, Hicieron  

Snakey

This is an irregular pretierite where it changes to a e -> y

yo: lei       nosotros: leimostu: leiste    ------el: leyo     ello: leyeron

others: creer, destruir, construir

Snake

This is a type of irreuglar preterite, with a stem change. The u -> i , in the el and ellos form.

yo- dormi     nosotros- dormimostu- dormiste  -----------el- durmio   ellos- durmieron   

Cucaracha

They are called this because of the song we sing that goes along to this tune.

Andar AnduvEstar EstuvePoder Pud-Poner Pus- Querer Quis-Saber Sup-Tener Tuv-Venir Vin- 

Comparatives/SuperlativesSuperlatives are when you are comparing something with the upmost best of something.Comparatives are just comparing something with something else. Mas/Menos always goes with QueTan/Tanto/Tantos always goes with como

màs...que : more... thanmenos...que : less... thantan...como : as... astanto(a, os, as)...como : as much/many... as

Mato Tucker es mas inteligente que el perro.Yo no tengo tanto dinero como los smurfs.

For comparatives, mas or menos always must be before the adjective or adverb. For superlatives add the definite article before the comparative.

Future

Future Tense: indicates an action in the future

All endings for Future: yo: -étu: -ás el/ella/ustd:-ánosotros: -emos (NOTICE no accent)vosotros: -éis,ellos/ellas/ustds: -án

Exceptions: Hablar, Comer, Vivir

Part 2

Preterite / Imperfect

These are both meant to define something that happened in the past.Preterite, though, is meant for a COMPLETED action, while imperfect is meant for a CONTINUOUS action without a definite ending time. Preterite Endings: ar                    er/ir           yo:                 e       i tu:                 aste   isteel/ello/usd:     o       ionosostros:     amos imosustedes:        aron  ieron 

Future / Conditional

Future is saying you "will" do somethingConditional is saying you "would" do something. For Future/Conditional is where you add the ending to the infinitive.

íaisían  Future Endings                                     Conditional Endings 

INFINITIVE + é                                          INFINITIVE + íaINFINITIVE + ás                                        INFINITIVE + ías   INFINITIVE + á                                          INFINITIVE + ía INFINITIVE + emos                                   INFINITIVE + íamos INFINITIVE + éis                                       INFINITIVE + íais INFINITIVE + án                                        INFINITIVE + ian

PorPor is one of the most common prepositions in spanish. It can be translated as "for". There are many different times to use por including:•  indicating the cause of or reason for something,•  to indicate support for, • or an action on behalf of someperson, • to indciate an exchange of some sort, • to indicated being in a place, • a direct translation of "per" ,•  it could mean "by" when it points to someone

performing an action.

Para

Para is another useful and common preposition. It is also a translation of "for".These are the times to use para:

• to mean "in order to"• to indicate purpose, intent, usefulness or need• to indicate a destination• to mean "no later than" or "by"• to mean "considering" or "in view of"• to indicate personal reaction• used with "estar" to mean "to be about to" or "to be ready to"

With estar to mean "to be about to" or "to be ready to": This phrase is followed by the infinitive.Examples: Estoy para salir. (I'm ready to leave. I am about to leave.) Estamos para hacer negocios. (We're ready to do business. We're ready for doing business.)

Por and Para

Por:o Cause or Reasono Length of timeo Duration of an Action  o Movement througho By a placeo Agento Substitution         

Para• Purpose• Time Limit• Destination• Movement towards a place• Adressee• Comparsion

Formal CommandsTvDishes: Tener, Venir, Dar/Decir, Ir, Ser, Hacer/Haber, Estar, Saber

Affirmative•Tu Commands: Drop the “s” •Ud/Uds: In the “yo” form and change to opposite vowel.

Tu: Irregulars: Di, Haz, Pn, Sal, Ve, Se, Ven, Ten

Ud/Uds: Irregulars: TVDISHES

NegativeTu Commands: Put it in “yo” form and put in opposite vowel & add an “S”Ud/Uds: In the “yo” form and change to opposite vowel

Tu & Ud/Uds Irregulars: TV Dishes

Present Perfect

• Present Perfect is formed by using the present tense of “Haber”

• Haber: He, Has, Ha, Hemos, Han

• Then, you add the past participle of whatever verb you are using, by adding –ado or -ido

Double Object Pronouns

Indirect Prounons: Me, Te, Le, Nos, LesDirect Pronouns: Me, Te, Lo/La, Nos, Los/Las

Used with commands, rather than saying a full name.

Adverbs

• Add –mente to the end of a verb.

• It is the same as –ly in english.

Subjunctive

• Subjuctive Tense is used to show doubt or hypothetical things

Se impersonal

Impersonal expressions are used when the verb is unspecified. They are usually for general statements.

To form the "se impersonal"

se + 3rd person singlar

Example: se necesitase hablase dice

 

Verbs like Gustar

The verbs are either conjugated to the singluar 3rd person or the plural 3rd person (el/ella/ustd or ello/ella/ustdes)

I like girls.Me gustan chicas.Me signifies that is it myself who is doing the liking. The reason gustan is in the ello/ella/ustdes form is because chicas is plural.

Pronouns: Me, Te, Se, Nos, SeMe, you, him/her/, us, them

Faltar- to lackEncantar- To love