By: Emilia Peecher

Table of Contents1. Preterit2. Preterit Trigger Words3. -Car, Gar, Zars4. Spock5. Snake and Snakey6. Cucaracha 7. Imperfect8. Imperfect Trigger Words9. Imperfect Irregulars10. Preterit vs. Imperfect11. Ser12. Estar13. Verbs Like Gustar14. Comparatives and Superlatives 15. Comparative and Superlative Irregulars16. Transition Words17. Future18. Future Trigger Words19. Future Irregulars20. Por21. Para22. Conditional23. Present Tenses

24. Present Perfect25. Present Perfect Irregulars26.Past Perfect27. Subjunctive Perfect28. Impersonal Se39. Saber vs. Conocer30. Tan31. Tanto32. Informal Commands33. Informal Irregulars34. Informal Negative Irregulars35. Formal Commands36.Formal Irregulars37. Nosotros Commands38. IOP and DOP39. Subjunctive40. Subjunctive Irregulars41. Impersonal Expressions42. Impersonal Expressions of Emotions43. Conjunctions of Time44. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

1. Independent Event

2. Start or completion of an event

3. Specific time reference

4. Actions part of a chain of events

5. Actions repeated a specific number of times

-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs

é amos

aste

ó aron

í imos

iste

ió ieron

í imos

iste

ió ieron

Preterit Trigger Words

Preterit

AnocheAyer

Ante ayerLa semana

El añoPasado(a)

Hace (tiempo) que

-Car, Gar, Zars

que camos

caste

có caron

cé zamos

zaste

zó zaron

gue gamos

gaste

gó garon

-Car

-Gar

-Zar

Spock

fui fuimos

fuiste

fue fueron

í imos

iste

ió ieron

hice hicimos

hiciste

hizo hicieron

Ir- to go Ser- to beDar- to give Ver- to

see( use d or v )

Hacer- to make

Snake and Snakey

Both change in only 3rd person

CucarachaAll have the same endings.

Andar – aduvEstar – estuvPoder – pudPoner – pusSaber – supTener – tuvVenir – vinConducer – condujProducir – produjTraducir – tradujDecir - dij }

e

iste

o

imos

ieron

Imperfect1. Repeated actions

2. “set the stage” for past action

3. Time

4. Age

5. Mental states

6. Physical sensations

7. characteristics

-ar verbs -er/ir verbs

aba abamos

abas

aba aban

ia iamos

ias

ia ian

Imperfect Trigger Words

ImperfectSiempreA veces

De vez un cuandoMientras

Muchos vecesLos martes

Imperfect Irregulars

era eramos

eras

era eran

iba ibamos

ibas

iba iban

veía veíamos

veías

veía veían

Ser

Ir Ver

Preterit vs. Imperfect

1. Beginning or end of an action

2. Narrate a series of past actions

3. Action with a definite ending

4. An interrupted action (snapshot)

1. Habitual past

2. Physical or emotional states

3. Characteristics

4. No definite ending

5. Continuous action (movie)

Preterit Imperfect

Ser(to be)

Ddoctor

Oorigin

Ccharacteristic

Ttime

Ooccupation

Rrelationship

Ppossession

Eevent

Ddate

Estar(to be)

Hhealth

Eemotion

Llocation

Ppresent

condition

I

N

G

ING: ando, endo, iendo

Verbs like Gustar

• Aburrir – to bore• Encantar – to love• Faltar – to fail• Fascinar – to fascinate• Importar – to be important• Interesar – to interest• Molestar – to bother

• Caer bien/mal – to fall• Doler – to hurt• Disgustar – to disgust• Preocupar – to preoccupy• Apetecer – to wish for• Quedar – to be

1. When gustar is followed by one or more infinitives, the singular form is used.

2. Gustar is often used in conditional tense for a request

(more)

(less)

(than)

(than)

(the most) (of)

(the least) (of)

Viejo

Mayor

Bueno

Mejor

Malo

Peor

Joven

Menor

Aunque – even though

Tambien – also

Mientras – while

A pesar de – in spite of

Pero – but

Por lo tanto – therefore

Sin embargo/no obstante – never the less

*WILL*Endings for –ar, er, and ir verbs are the same

Infinitive + é Infinitive + emos

Infinitive + ás Infinitive + éis

Infinitive + á Infinitive + an

Future Trigger Words

FutureEl proximo (hora, día, semana,..)

MañanaEn (dos, cuatro,..semanas,

días, horas,..)

Future IrregularsDecir – dir

Hacer – harPoner – pondrSalir – saldr

Tener – tendrValer – valdrVenir – vendrPoder – podr

Querer – querrCaber – cabrHaber - habr

Passingthrough

Generallocation

How longsomething

lasts

TransportationAn exchange NumbersIn place of/Instead of

Cause ofsomething

For whomsomething is

doneDestination

Purpose ofwhich

somethingIs done

Express ideaof deadline

Express anopinion

Compare orcontrast

Uncertainty, possibility

Infinitive + ía Infinitive + íamos

Infinitive + ías Infinitive + íais

Infinitive + ía Infinitive + ían

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Irregulars

Subjunctive Perfect

• Has or have + past participle• Use haber as auxiliary verb

• -ar verbs: -ado• -ir/er verbs: -ido

he hemos

has habéis

ha han

abrir cubrirdecir

describirdescubrirdevolver escribirhacermorirponer

romper ver

volver

Present Perfect Irregulars

• Had + the past participle• Use haber as auxiliary verb• Conjugate haber into the

imperfect tense.

había habíamos

habías habíais

había habían

Subjunctive Perfect

• Used when a verb requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the past, present, or future perfect

tense.

• The subjunctive perfect is used when the dependent clause is in the present or future, but the present

perfect subjunctive is only used when the dependent clause isin the past.

Used when a subject is unspecified

IMPERSONAL SE

sé3rd

person singular

• Saber– To know

information– To express

knowledge of how to do something• Saber + infinitive

• Conocer– To know a person,

place, or thing

sé sabemos

sabes sabéis

sabe saben

conozco conocemos

conoces conocéis

conoce conocen

Saber vs. Conocer

Tan

Tan + Adjective+ como

Tanto

Tanto + Ajective or noun como

Affirmative*conjugate into the 3rd person

present*

Negative*yo form, drop the “o”, opposite tú

ending*

Informal Commands

-ar verbs: -a

-ir/er verbs: -e

-ar verbs: -es

-ir/er verbs: -as

Informal IrregularsDecir - di

Hacer - haz

Ir - ve

Poner - pon

Salir - sal

Tener - ten

Venir - ven

Informal Negative Irregulars•T

ener – tengue / tenguen

•Ver – vengue / venguen

•Dar - dé / den Decir – diga / digan

•Ir – vaya / vayan

•Ser – sea / sean

•Hacer – haya / hayan

•Estar – esté/ estén

•Saber – sepa / sepan

Formal Commands

Yo form Drop “o” Opposite ending

-e

-en

-ar verbs

-a

-an

-ir/er verbs

Formal Irregulars•T

ener – tengue / tenguen

•Ver – vengue / venguen

•Dar - dé / den Decir – diga / digan

•Ir – vaya / vayan

•Ser – sea / sean

•Hacer – haya / hayan

•Estar – esté/ estén

•Saber – sepa / sepan

Nosotros Commands

Mono verbs

With reflexive, drop the final s, attach the reflexive pronoun

Mosnos monos

Laventemos + nos

-s

Laventémonos

*Pronoun must come after the affirmative, but before the negative*

Yo form drop the “o” opposite nosotros ending

me te lo/la nos las/los

DOP IOP

*DOP must be placed in front of the negative command form with no

accents*

*DOP must be attached the end of affirmative*

Add accent over stressed syllable if it proceeds two or more syllables

*If both the IOP and DOP are used, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun*

Subjunctive

Yo form

drop the “O”

opposite ending

Attitudes, feelings

*The uncertain, doubt, hypothetical*

Subjunctive Irregulars

• Tener - tenga• Venir - venga• Decir – diga / Dar - e• Ir - vaya• Ser - sea• Hacer – haga / Haber - haya• Estar – este• Saber - sepa

• -car– que

• -gar– gue

• -zar– ce

Subjunctive Trigger Phrases

Es bueno que..

Es malo que..

Es importante que..

Es mejor que..

Es urgente que..

Depues que..

Subjunctive with Emotion• Expresses how you are feeling (anger, fear, happy, regret)

– es bueno queit's good that– es difícil que it's hard– es extraño queit's strange that– es fácil que it's easy– es increíble que it's incredible that– es interesante it's interesting that– es inútil queit's useless that (there's no point)– es (una) lástima queit's a pity that– es preferible queit's preferable that– es raro queit's strange that– es triste queit's sad that– es útil queit's useful that– estar contento queto be happy that– estar triste queto be sad that– extrañarse queto be amazed that– sentir queto regret, be sorry that– sorprenderse queto be surprised that– temer queto fear that

Main clause: expresses fear, pity, hope, or

surpriseSubordinate clause: use the subjunctive

•así que - as soon as •cuando - when•despues de que -

after•en cuanto - as soon

as•hasta que - until•luego que - as soon

as•tan pronto como -

as soon as

Used when the main

clause is a command or in the possible

future

Conjunctions of Time

Adjective

Describes a noun

Pronoun

Takes place of a noun

Has an accent over

the “e”

Ese - that

Este - this

Aquel – that one over there

*four forms of each word

*must apply to number and gender

Ese

Esos

Esa

Esas

Este

Estos

Esta

Estas

Aquel

Aquellos

Aquella

Aquellas

Demonstrative