G. K. Panda gopalkrishna_panda@yahoo.co.uk

Climate Change, Coastal Vulnerability& Policy Choices

Focus on

Foot prints of climate extremes i.e. Floods, Cyclones, Lightning, Heat Waves and Coastal Erosion

Impacts and Vulnerabilities Practices and policy options

Areas of Possible Submergence

ORISSA : TOP 10 DISASTERS BASED ON No. of Deaths (1970 2007)

Sl.NoYearDeathHazard119999924Cyclone219715307Cyclone319982042Heatwaves42007351Lightning52005303Lightning62004298Lightning72006283Lightning82001270Lightning92003262Lightning102005235Heat waves

Chart3

21

18

9

13

15

21

30

22

27

18

38

38

33

22

24

30

34

10

17

21

38

29

16

18

50

33

54

84

92

125

135

235

179

246

290

297

291

332

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Climatic Hazards (1970-2007)

Time Series

Disaster Events in Nos ( 1970-2007 )

YearFloodCycloneLightningHeatwavesFireEpidemicsClimaticOtherTotal Disaster Events

1970105511331321146167

1971114301381718155173

19725112197189215224

197372311511213163176

1974201212711415285300

1975100110981521113134

1976641911681230180210

1977801401181122129151

197860156901427104131

1979101701781518193211

1980482332162038236274

19815141811622038182220

1982542311432333166199

1983341321221922141163

1984631411682424192216

19851351201682930197227

1986155131843034114148

19872260842710111121

198860101883217120137

1989721111173221149170

199081290823238114152

1991812001073329140169

199284401543616190206

1993101701863718223241

1994863241273350160210

1995632221103633146179

199671442983354131185

1997727411203184151235

1998408628309283175

19996211071200125120245

20000012961450135145280

20012123205071023550715306

20020017906747017967476926

20033224105574024655745820

20042128705500029055005790

20055229006558029765586855

20065727905018029150185309

20074232605157033251575489

Total216982644474385166830054451947524

Mean637011154187911721251

For event Data above

Flood1970-2007

Cyclone1970-2007

Lightning1970-2007

Heatwave1970-2000

Fire1970-2007

Epidemics1970-1997

232

179

241

2875306

2906926

2795820

3265790

6855

18345309

2625489

41495

5927.8571428571

1970133

1971138

1972197

1973151

1974271

197598

1976168

1977118

197890

19791785157

19802165018

19811626558

19821435500

19831225574

19841686747

19851685071

198684

198784

198888

1989117

199082

1991107

1992154

1993186

1994127

1995110

199698

1997120

199883

1999120

2000145

20015071

20026747

20035574

20045500

20056558

20065018

20075157

43851

1153.9736842105

Time Series

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Floods (1970-2007)

Seasonal

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Cyclones (1970-2007)

Spatial

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Lightning (1970-2007)

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Heatwaves (1970-2000)

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Fires (1970-2007)

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Epidemics (1970-97)

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Climatic Hazards (1970-2007)

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Fires & Epidemics (1970-2007)

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Disasters (1970-2007)

Orissa : Event of Disaster (No.) - (1970-2007)

SI.No.MonthFloodCycloneLightningHeatwavesFireEpidemicsClimaticOtherTotal Disaster Events

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(9)

1Jan.4010432535485490

2Feb.232005023725539564

3March236937633577798875

4April010153766837170705875

5May8232772059660328656984

6June19203171528849371337708

7July42628327782333159492

8Aug.691026006076339136475

9Sept.45521905669269125394

10Oct.15713208361154144298

11Nov.781002615425315340

12Dec.3300440556495501

Total216981741474226668210248946996

For event Data above

Flood1970-2007

Cyclone1970-2007

Lightning1970-2007

Heatwave1970-2000

Fire1970-2007

Epidemics1970-1997

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Floods (1970-2007)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Cyclones (1970-2007)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Lightnings (1970-2007)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Heatwaves (1970-2000)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Fires (1970-2007)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Epidemics (1970-97)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Climatic Disasters (1970-2007)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Fires & Epidemics (1970-2007)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

Orissa : No. of Disasters (1970-07)

Table E 02 - Orissa : Impact of Disasters (1970-2007)

SI.No.DistrictFloodCycloneLightningHeatwavesFireEpidemicsClimaticOtherTotal Events

1Anugul125119219191213819312069

2Balasore507108737783217238103982

3Bargarh605513601062370432

4Bhadrak407149035544019635943790

5Bolangir2306954142297436533

6Boudh1113037744045814859

7Cuttack4210214433599027034493719

8Deogarh512012441627260287

9Dhenkanal143155316252317516481823

10Gajapati1221134892228511539

11Ganjam179131332837516033583518

12Jagatsinghpur291070518394211418811995

13Jajpur586140726297721127062917

14Jharsuguda404427255077127

15Kalahandi1725711983377231308

16Kandhamal1401701239153112541285

17Kendrapara4991333254710319426502844

18Kendujhar24680114195311114721583

19Khordha205160521116319021742364

20Koraput1935241758587818161894

21Malkangiri402506961229708737

22Mayurbhanj243207228122423628363072

23Nawarangpur709608805103885988

24Nayagarh27887315954912516441769

25Nuapara7028096735103138

26Puri448109423607316524332598

27Rayagarh1203105374443581624

28Sambalpur1865743891985408493

29Sonepur122243733841741782

30Sundargarh90145573815981240

Total63011326238143782108034474486248309

For event Data above

Flood1970-2007

Cyclone1970-2007

Lightning1970-2007

Heatwave1970-2000

Fire1970-2007

Epidemics1970-1997

Balasore7

Jajpur7

Bolangir5

Jagatsinghpur5

Khordha5

Sundargarh5

Cuttack4

Koraput4

Puri4

Sambalpur4

Boudh3

Dhenkanal3

Gajapati3

Ganjam3

Kendrapara3

Nayagarh3

Sonepur3

Anugul2

Jharsuguda2

Mayurbhanj2

Bargarh1

Deogarh1

Kalahandi1

Kendujhar1

Bhadrak0

Kandhamal0

Malkangiri0

Nawarangpur0

Nuapara0

Rayagarh0

Anugul12

Balasore50

Bargarh6

Bhadrak40

Bolangir23

Boudh11

Cuttack42

Deogarh5

Dhenkanal14

Gajapati12

Ganjam17

Jagatsinghpur29

Jajpur58

Jharsuguda4

Kalahandi17

Kandhamal14

Kendrapara49

Kendujhar24

Khordha20

Koraput19

Malkangiri4

Mayurbhanj24

Nawarangpur7

Nayagarh27

Nuapara7

Puri44

Rayagarh12

Sambalpur18

Sonepur12

Sundargarh9

Climatic Hazards : Population Affected

Climatic Hazards : Loss of Life Death due to climatic hazards increasing since 1998

Max. Temp (oC) of coastal stations of Orissa (1965-2010)MarchAprilMayBalasoreChandabaliParadeepPuriGopalpur

Heat waves : Human Death (1998-2007) Annual average human death is 5 times of Flood. Highest human death was in 1998 (2042). Coastal & North Western dists show higher human death

Lightning : Human Death (1998-2007) Human Causality Increasing. Annual average human death is 205. Highest causality is in 2007 (351).

PuriPhoto courtesy: Prof. G.K. PandaDept. of Geography, Utkal UniversityBhubaneswarCoastal Erosion in Orissa

Coastal Erosion in OrissaGopalpur

Podampeta village 10 km NE of Ganjam , Orissa(September 2011 dated Newspaper clipping)

Coastal Erosion in Pentha Village & Puri Marine Drive

(a)

Coastal Erosion in Pentha Village

LITTORAL DRIFTWIND DIRECTIONBAY OF BENGAL10255075100Agents along Orissa Coast Coastal Wind Costal Wave Littoral Drift Storm Surges Flood Discharge Tides Human InterferencePARADIP GOPALPURCHANDBALIADVANCING WAVE CREST

IRS P6, LISS-III Image of Northern Part of Orissa Coastal Zone from Subarnarekha Mouth to Mahanadi MouthB E N G A LB A YO F25 Km. Buffer Zone

Erasama Plain Puri PlainChilikaGanjam PlainB A YO FB E N G A LIRS P6, LISS-III Image of Southern Part of Orissa Coastal Zone from Mahanadi Mouth to South of Rusikulya Mouth. 25 Km. Buffer Zone

Possible Impacts on. Coastal Habitation Fishing Communities Low & Marginal Farmers Daily Wagers & Ag. Laborers Agriculture & Plantations Small Traders & Artisans

Cyclone & Storm Surges Flood & Tidal Inundations Coastal erosion Migration of Sand dunes. Popln. Pres. & LU change Coastal encroachments Loss of Mangroves Loss of Habitat & Bio-Diversity Mangrove based LHSS Fishing & Aquaculture Eco-Tourism PlantationsProblemsPotential for LHSS

50 % of the farmers had already applied adaptation strategies to respond to their experience of climate change. i.e changes in crops, crop varieties, planting dates, along with increased irrigation and supplementing livestock.

Impediments to adaptation, including poverty, lack of savings and access to credit, insecure property rights and lack of social protection mechanisms to insure against the risks of using new techniques or technologies.

Microcredit programs can provide the direct provision of livestock or poultry through asset transfers

Mitigation Options Interventions Capacity Building & Knowledge Management Adaptations Policy and Programs Research & Development

Mitigation Opportunities..

Interventions

1. Reduction of Climate Change Hazards through Coastal Afforestation with community focus.

2. Providing drinking water to coastal communities to

combat enhanced salinity due to sea level rise.

3. Construction of flood shelter, information and

assistance centre to cope with enhanced recurrent

floods in major floodplains.

Capacity Building

Capacity building for integrating Climate Change in planning, designing of infrastructure, conflict management and land use zoning & management.

2. Climate change and adaptation information dissemination to vulnerable community to raise awareness.3. Mainstreaming adaptation into policies and Programs in different sectors, focusing on disaster management, water, agriculture, health and industry

Reducing risks to Livelihoods through

Developing context specific crop packages and promoting improved agricultural practices Addressing Fishermans issues Pre- flood paddy cultivation, Safe storage of seeds and food- grains, Promoting organic agriculture Formation and strengthening of Farmers ClubPromotion of crop insurance

1. Overall Objective Enhance disaster risk reduction & reduce vulnerability of the poor women, men and children with increased resilience to risks & preparedness and new challenges emanating from climate change.2. Economic Justice Need to focus on policies & programs to ensure poor peoples right to resilient and sustainable livelihoods through the reduction of poverty and vulnerability.3. Essential Services Policies on empowering poor people to realize their rights to accessible and affordable health, education, water and sanitation.

Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, ORISSAThank You

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