fukushima npp disaster and implications for human health

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Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implica6ons for Human Health Assessment of Low Dose Radia6on Exposure James P. Seward, MD MPP FACOEM Clinical Professor of Medicine UCSF Presented at USJapan Roundtable October 24, 2013

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Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health - Assessment of Low Dose Radiation Exposure

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Page 1: Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health

Fukushima  NPP  Disaster  and  Implica6ons  for  Human  Health  

Assessment  of  Low  Dose  Radia6on  Exposure  

James  P.  Seward,  MD  MPP    FACOEM  Clinical  Professor  of  Medicine    UCSF    Presented  at  US-­‐Japan  Roundtable  October  24,  2013  

Page 2: Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health
Page 3: Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health

       Risk  Assessment    Hazard  Iden6fica6on  Dose-­‐Response  Exposure  Assessment  Risk  Characteriza6on    

Risk  Management    Risk  Evalua6on  Op6on  Assessment  Op6on  Implementa6on  Monitoring  and  Review      

 Risk    

Communica2on  

The  Risk  Paradigm  

Page 4: Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health

Core Concepts in Radiation Exposure

•  Equivalent Dose measures the biological damage potential and health risk from radiation

•  Equivalent dose is measured in Sieverts (Sv) •  “Low dose” is <0.1 Sv (100 mSv)

Page 5: Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health

Natural  Background  Radia6on  Natural  background  radia2on  dose  approx  2  mSv/year  (range  1-­‐10  mSv)  without  known  health  effects  

5  

2.3  mSv  0.38  mSv  

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Page 6: Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health

Average  Natural+  Man-­‐made  Background  Dose  (USA)                          6  mSv      Established  Human  Cancer  Threshold    100  mSv      Fatal  Acute  Dose  (LD-­‐50)          4000  mSv                              

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____    Linear  No  Threshold                            (  High  Energy)    ._._._      Linear  No  Threshold                              (Low  Energy)    _  _  _  _    Linear  Quadra2c  

   (leukemias)    …………    Linear  with                                                                                    Threshold  

Uncertainty  of  dose  response  rela6onship  for  radia6on-­‐induced  cancers  

Source:  BEIR  VII    7  

Page 8: Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health

Linear No-Threshold Hypothesis (LNT) for Cancer Causation

•  US  Na6onal  Academy  of  Science  (BEIR  VII):  •  “Difficult  to  evaluate  cancer  risk  at  less  than  100  mSv”  •  “Risk    would  con6nue  at  lower  doses  without  threshold”  

•  “Smallest  dose  has  poten6al  to  cause  small  increase  in  risk”  

•  Predicts  1  person  in  100  gets  cancer  from          dose>  100  mSV  •  Errs  on  safe  side  

8  

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Concerns  about  the  Linear  No  Threshold  Approach  

•  Studies  of  areas  with  higher  background  radia6on  show  no  increased  cancer  rates  

•  Biologic  repair  may  reduce  risk  •  UNSCEAR:  “does  not  recommend  mul6plying  low  dose  by  

large  numbers  of  individuals  to  es6mate  numbers  of  radia6on-­‐induced  health  effects  …”  

•  Example:        100  Sieverts:        Effect  of  1  Sv  to  100  people  ≠.001Sv  to  100,000  people  

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 “Es6mates  of  risk  should  be  limited    to  individuals  receiving  a  dose  of  

50  mSv  in  one  year    or  a  life6me  dose  of  100  mSv  

 in  addi6on  to  natural  background.”      

The  Health  Physics  Society  

Page 11: Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health

____    Linear  No  Threshold                            (  High  Energy)    ._._._      Linear  No  Threshold                              Low  Energy)    _  _  _  _    Linear  Quadra2c  

   (leukemias)    …………    Linear  with  Threshold    

Human  Epidemiology  Shows  Increased    Cancer  Risk  Above  100  mSv  

Modified  from:  BEIR  VII    

?  ∧              ∧  

100  mSv  11  

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Health  Concerns  for      >20,000  Fukushima  Workers  

•  No  Rad-­‐related  fatali6es  or  determinis6c  effects  seen  acutely  

•   Less  than  1%  receive  doses>  100  mSv  – Uncertainty  of  dose  measurements  – Small  projected  increased  risk  for        leukemias  and  solid  tumors  – Psychological  concerns  

•  Ongoing  exposure  poten6al  •     Health    monitoring      

12  

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Radio-­‐Iodine  Exposures  near  Fukushima    much  lower  than  Chernobyl  

WHO  es6mates  thyroid  cancer  risk  of  most  highly  exposed  female  infant  increases  by  0.5%    

(from  0.75%  to  1.25%  life6me  risk)  

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WHO  Preliminary  Dose  Reconstruc6on  Whole  Body—All  Key  Radioisotopes  

High  Areas:  10-­‐50  mSv  effec6ve  dose—mostly  external    Lower  areas:  1-­‐10  mSv    effec6ve  dose—mostly  internal      

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Japanese  Food  Radioac6vity  Standards  Highly  Protec6ve  

15  

<  100  Bq/Kg  

•  ~0.075  mSv    dose  to  Japanese  consumer  ea6ng  fish  for  a  year            at  maximal  regulatory  limit  •  Naturally  occurring  radia6on  in  fish  (210Po  ,  40K  )  a  greater  risk  

Page 16: Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health

Life6me  Cancer  Mortality  Risk  per  Becquerel    

(not  adjusted  for  rela6ve  amounts  in  different  fish)  

0.0E+00  

5.0E-­‐09  

1.0E-­‐08  

1.5E-­‐08  

2.0E-­‐08  

2.5E-­‐08  

3.0E-­‐08  

3.5E-­‐08  

4.0E-­‐08  

4.5E-­‐08  

5.0E-­‐08  

HTO   Cs-­‐134   Cs-­‐137   Sr-­‐90   K-­‐40   I-­‐129   Po-­‐210   U-­‐238   Pu-­‐239  

Life6me  CA  Mortality  Risk  (per  Bq)  

For  fish  mee6ng  Japanese  food  safety  standards  radia6on  dose    from  Po-­‐210  far  exceeds  Fukushima-­‐related  dose    

Page 17: Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Health

Ongoing  Water  Leaks  Are  an  Environmental  Concern  

Not  a  significant  health  risk  to  general  popula6on  as  long  as  seafood  safety  standards  are  maintained  

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Mental  Health  Issues    •  Surveys  show  high  levels  of  stress  in  adults  and  children  •  Fear  of  radioac6vity  and  health  consequences  •  Long  las6ng  psychological  health  consequences  in  Chernobyl  evacuees  

•  S6gma6za6on  •  Reluctance  to  discuss                    personal  issues  •  Con6nued  displacement  

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Summary  of  Health  Implica6ons  for  people  living  near  Fukushima  Dai-­‐ichi  

•  WHO  es6mates    small  increased  radia6on-­‐related  cancer  risk  that  may  be  difficult  to  measure  –   greatest  risk  is  thyroid  cancer  in  infants  

•  Psychological  distress  in  the  local  popula6on  has  been  very  high  

•  Leaks  of  contaminated  water  from  the  NPP  are  not  likely  to  be    significant  health  risk    –   Contribu6on  to  total  radioac6ve  material  in  ocean  likely  to  be  small  

rela6ve  to  ini6al  disaster  –  Current  food  safety  standards  are  very  protec6ve  –  Natural  radia6on  in  seafood  is  higher  than  contribu6on  from  NPP  

emissions  in  marketable  fish