foundation of management welcome! lars walter [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
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Today!
What is method?
Method has to with how you do research
To understand method help you conduct research, but also to understand and evaluate research
- That is, to read scientific texts!
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Why did Flyvberg write this text about case studies?
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Flyvberg
• When I first became interested in-depth-case study…
• Why? According to Flyberg because – Context important for learning– Represent a way to get a nuanced view of reality – There are benefits to learn from concrete situations– There are no generalized, context independent
theories in social science
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His arguments!
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The significance of black swans
• Falsification – the benefit of conductingin-depth studies
• Formal generalization is over rated and the force of examples are under rated
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Strategies for case selection
• Extreme/deviant cases - To obtain information on unusually cases
• Maximum variation cases - To obtain information about the significance circumstances
• Critical cases - To obtain about Information for logic deduction - if this
valid for this case, it applies to all cases
• Paradigmatic cases Highlights more general characteristics of
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Case studies and the idea of Subjective Bias?
• A similar problem with all scientific methods• The ”closeness to” and the ”richness of” data
works against that – case studies typically reports that preconceived assumptions are wrong
• The study objects ”talks back”• Are in the business of falsification rather than of
verification
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The value of thick description
• Depth• Complexity• Contradictions • Variety in perspectives • Power games
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What is (valuable) konwledge According to Flyvberg?
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Society and Research
• Natural Sciences• Quantitative research– deductive
• ”Mode 1”– Evidence– Systematically– Measurable– Objectivity
• Social Sciences• Qualitative research– inductive (or abductive)
• ”Mode 2”– Experinces– ”Trial and error”– Qualitative measures– The significance of
context and subjectivity
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Ontological considerations
• The philosophical study of the nature of being, existence or reality… …”How we understand the world”– Objectivism– Constructionism
• Implications for the questions we ask:WHAT or HOW
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Research designIts components…
• Purpose and research question of the study and what they are relevance
• Empirical and analytical framework of the proposed study – previous research and theoretical perspectives
• Research methods – techniques for collecting and analyzing data and why they are suitable
• Analysis and its implications
And their relations…
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Research design:
• Experimental• Cross-sectional• Longitudinal• Case study• Comparative
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What do you want to study?
• The phenomenon– Based on something that you have observed– Based on something someone else has observed
• Labeling
The research question is rules!!!
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Formulate a research question
• Qualitative or quantitative questions• Different kinds of questions:– Descriptive– Analytical– normative
• Make sure that you are able to answer the question!!
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Why do you want to study that and the issue of relevance?
• Own interest (curiosity); previous knowledge• It is of current interest (a problem)– sensitivity
• It is of interest for others; utility– assignment
• It is fashionable– trends in research– trends in practice
• Is it feasible?– Problems of: time, space and participation (access)
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Research as dialogue – the reviewing of literature
• A least three types of literature reviews are required• • End up with:– Your theoretical frame of reference (connect to research
question)– Indicating studies that will serve as comparison to your
study– Connect to the methodology and techniques that will be
used• Chose a perspective and be stick with it!
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Reviewing literatureTheoretical approaches
• Explication - describe• Explanation – put in a context and draw some
conclusions from the text• Exploration – based on what you have read –
develop your arguments and connect to research question
• Compile the literature you have read!
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How to study what you want to study
FIELDWORK!!!• The field is where other people live and work;– people who construct their worlds– by acting and producing accounts of their (and
others) actions• Actors – Observers
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Reviewing literature – topic/phenomenon
• What have others written about the topic/phenomenon?– Similar topics– Type of study/research design/methods– What kind of theoretical reference are used
• Accumulative – research as dialogue• Exegetic versus inspirational
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According to Corvellec (2013) it is both un-fair and un-informed for a teacher to ask students
what theory is,
So, what is theory?
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According to Czarniawska (2013) theory is an attempt at a meaningful interpretation of
life and the world.
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The fit of ”theories”?
Levels of analysis– Individuals– Groups– Organizations– Societies
The power of grand theories!
What type of questions to they dress.- what, how or why….
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Method
Method is what makes your text potentially legitimate as science
Both in the way you do and the way you describe what you done!
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Referencing• Who do you talk to?– Research as dialogue (“friends and enemies”)– Makes sure that you use proper “style” – see SJM– Examples of how you make references in the text
– see articles• Scrutinize the texts you use– Check the sources (avoid using 2nd hand sources)– “Critical thinking”
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